U.S. patent application number 14/454577 was filed with the patent office on 2014-11-27 for sample injector for liquid chromatography, particularly for high performance liquid chromatography.
The applicant listed for this patent is Dionex Softron GmbH. Invention is credited to Hermann Hochgraeber.
Application Number | 20140345371 14/454577 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 40568221 |
Filed Date | 2014-11-27 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140345371 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hochgraeber; Hermann |
November 27, 2014 |
Sample Injector For Liquid Chromatography, Particularly For High
Performance Liquid Chromatography
Abstract
A sample injector for liquid chromatography includes an
injection valve having a waste port, two sample loop ports, and two
high-pressure ports. One high-pressure port can be connected to a
pump and the other high-pressure port can be connected to a
chromatography column. A sample loop is connected to one of the
sample loop ports on one end and to a pump volume of a sample
conveying device on the other end. A section of the sample loop can
be separated to facilitate receiving a sample fluid in the sample
loop. A control unit controls the injection valve and the sample
conveying device. The sample injector allows a sample to be loaded
into the sample loop and then pressurized to an operating pressure
prior to injecting the sample into the chromatography column. The
sample loop may also be isolated from the operating pressure for
facilitating depressurization of the loop.
Inventors: |
Hochgraeber; Hermann;
(Offenberg-Neuhausen, DE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Dionex Softron GmbH |
Germering |
|
DE |
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|
Family ID: |
40568221 |
Appl. No.: |
14/454577 |
Filed: |
August 7, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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12863976 |
Jul 21, 2010 |
8806922 |
|
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PCT/DE09/00004 |
Jan 7, 2009 |
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14454577 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
73/61.55 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01N 2030/207 20130101;
G01N 30/20 20130101; G01N 2030/027 20130101; G01N 30/24 20130101;
G01N 30/32 20130101; G01N 35/1097 20130101; G01N 2030/201
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
73/61.55 |
International
Class: |
G01N 30/20 20060101
G01N030/20 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jan 25, 2008 |
DE |
10 2008 006 266.9 |
Claims
1. A sample injector for liquid chromatography, the sample injector
including: (a) an injection valve having a waste port, first and
second sample loop ports, and first and second high-pressure ports,
the first high-pressure port adapted to be connected to a HPLC pump
and the second high-pressure port adapted to be connected to a
chromatography column; (b) a sample loop having (i) a first sample
loop section operatively connected between the first sample loop
port and a pump volume of a sample conveying device, (ii) a second
sample loop section operatively connected between the second sample
loop port and the pump volume of the sample conveying device, and
(iii) an intake arrangement connected in the sample loop operable
to selectively provide an opening in the sample loop to facilitate
the intake of a sample fluid into a volume of the sample loop; and
(c) wherein the injection valve includes (i) a LOAD position in
which the first and second high-pressure ports are connected to one
another and isolated from the sample loop, and (ii) a PRESSURE
COMPENSATION position in which the first and second sample loop
ports are closed so as to facilitate pressurization of the sample
loop by the sample conveying device to essentially an operating
pressure of the chromatography column, and (iii) an INJECT position
in which the first high-pressure port is operatively connected to
the first sample loop port and the second high-pressure port is
operatively connected to the second sample loop port so as to
facilitate a flow of the sample fluid in the sample loop into the
second sample loop port and toward the second high-pressure port
under a pressure applied to the first high-pressure port.
2. The sample injector of claim 1 wherein the sample conveying
device includes: (a) a device body having a cavity formed therein;
(b) a movable element mounted in the cavity of the device body,
with the pump volume of the sample conveying device defined between
the cavity of the device body and the moveable element, the
moveable element being movable with respect to the device body to
vary the pump volume; and (c) a drive operatively connected to move
the movable element with respect to the device body.
3. The sample injector of claim 2 wherein the first sample loop
portion is connected to the pump volume of the sample conveying
device at a first end of the cavity formed in the device body and
the second sample loop section is connected to the pump volume of
the sample conveying device at a second end of the cavity formed in
the device body opposite the first end of the cavity.
4. The sample injector of claim 2 wherein the second sample loop
section is connected to the pump volume of the sample conveying
device at a first point along the length of the cavity formed in
the device body and the first sample loop section is connected to
the pump volume of the sample conveying device at a second point
along the length of the cavity formed in the device body, the
second point being spaced apart from the first point along the
length of the cavity.
5. The sample injector of claim 2 further including a control unit
operable to control the movement of the movable element of the
sample conveying device.
6. The sample injector of claim 5 wherein the control unit is also
operable to place the injection valve in any of the LOAD position,
PRESSURE COMPENSATION position, and INJECT position.
7. The sample injector of claim 1 wherein in the LOAD position the
second sample loop port is operatively connected to the waste
port.
8. The sample injector of claim 1 wherein the first and second
high-pressure ports are connected when the injection valve is in
the PRESSURE COMPENSATION position.
9. A sample injector for liquid chromatography, the sample injector
including: (a) an injection valve having first and second sample
loop ports, and first and second high-pressure ports, the first
high-pressure port adapted to be connected to a HPLC pump and the
second high-pressure port adapted to be connected to a
chromatography column; (b) a sample conveying device having a
device body with a cavity formed therein and a movable element
mounted in the cavity so as to define a pump volume of the sample
conveying device between the surface of the cavity and an outer
surface of the movable element; (c) a drive operatively connected
to move the movable element with respect to the device body to vary
the pump volume; (d) a sample loop having (i) a first sample loop
section operatively connected between the first sample loop port
and the pump volume of a sample conveying device, (ii) a second
sample loop section operatively connected between the second sample
loop port and the pump volume of the sample conveying device, and
(iii) an intake arrangement operable to selectively provide an
opening in the sample loop to facilitate the intake of a sample
fluid into the sample loop; and (e) wherein the injection valve
includes (i) a LOAD position in which the first and second
high-pressure ports are connected to one another and isolated from
the sample loop, and (ii) a PRESSURE COMPENSATION position in which
the first and second sample loop ports are closed so as to
facilitate pressurization of the sample loop by the sample
conveying device to essentially the operating pressure of the
chromatography column, and (iii) an INJECT position in which the
first high-pressure port is operatively connected to the first
sample loop port and the second high-pressure port is operatively
connected to the second sample loop port so as to facilitate a flow
of the sample fluid in the sample loop into the second sample loop
port and toward the second high-pressure port under a pressure
applied to the first high-pressure port.
10. The sample injector of claim 9 wherein the first sample loop
portion is connected to the pump volume of the sample conveying
device at a first end of the cavity formed in the device body and
the second sample loop section is connected to the pump volume of
the sample conveying device at a second end of the cavity formed in
the device body opposite the first end of the cavity.
11. The sample injector of claim 9 wherein the second sample loop
section is connected to the pump volume of the sample conveying
device at a first point along the length of the cavity formed in
the device body and the first sample loop section is connected to
the pump volume of the sample conveying device at a second point
along the length of the cavity formed in the device body, the
second point being spaced apart from the first point along the
length of the cavity.
12. The sample injector of claim 9 further including a control unit
operable to control the movement of the movable element of the
sample conveying device.
13. The sample injector of claim 12 wherein the control unit is
also operable to place the injection valve in any of the LOAD
position, PRESSURE COMPENSATION position, and INJECT position.
14. The sample injector of claim 9 wherein when the injection valve
is in the PRESSURE COMPENSATION position and the pressure in the
sample loop is ambient pressure, the drive is selectively operative
to move the movable element relative to the device body so as to
increase the pressure in the sample loop to the operating pressure
of the chromatography column.
15. The sample injector of claim 9 wherein when the injection valve
is in the PRESSURE COMPENSATION position and the pressure in the
sample loop is at the operating pressure of the chromatography
column, the drive is selectively operative to move the movable
element relative to the device body so as to decrease the pressure
in the sample loop to ambient pressure.
16. A liquid chromatography system including: (a) a HPLC pump; (b)
a chromatography column; (c) an injection valve having first and
second sample loop ports and first and second high-pressure ports,
the first high-pressure port connected to the HPLC pump and the
second high-pressure port connected to the chromatography column;
(d) a sample loop having (i) a first sample loop section
operatively connected between the first sample loop port and a pump
volume of a sample conveying device, (ii) a second sample loop
section operatively connected between the second sample loop port
and the pump volume of the sample conveying device, and (iii) an
intake arrangement connected in the sample loop operable to
selectively provide an opening in the sample loop to facilitate the
intake of a sample fluid into a volume of the sample loop; and (e)
wherein the injection valve includes (i) a LOAD position in which
the first and second high-pressure ports are connected to one
another and isolated from the sample loop, and (ii) a PRESSURE
COMPENSATION position in which the first and second sample loop
ports are closed so as to facilitate pressurization of the sample
loop by the sample conveying device to essentially the operating
pressure of the chromatography column, and (iii) an INJECT position
in which the first high-pressure port is operatively connected to
the first sample loop port and the second high-pressure port is
operatively connected to the second sample loop port so as to
facilitate a flow of the sample fluid in the sample loop into the
second sample loop port and toward the second high-pressure port
under a pressure applied by the HPLC pump to the first
high-pressure port.
17. The liquid chromatography system of claim 16 wherein the sample
conveying device includes: (a) a device body having a cavity formed
therein; (b) a movable element mounted in the cavity of the device
body, with the pump volume of the sample conveying device defined
between the cavity of the device body and the moveable element, the
moveable element being movable with respect to the device body to
vary the pump volume; and (c) a drive operatively connected to move
the movable element with respect to the device body.
18. The liquid chromatography system of claim 17 wherein the first
sample loop portion is connected to the pump volume of the sample
conveying device at a first end of the cavity formed in the device
body and the second sample loop section is connected to the pump
volume of the sample conveying device at a second end of the cavity
formed in the device body opposite the first end of the cavity.
19. The liquid chromatography system of claim 17 wherein the second
sample loop section is connected to the pump volume of the sample
conveying device at a first point along the length of the cavity
formed in the device body and the first sample loop section is
connected to the pump volume of the sample conveying device at a
second point along the length of the cavity formed in the device
body, the second point being spaced apart from the first point
along the length of the cavity.
20. The liquid chromatography system of claim 17 wherein when the
injection valve is in the PRESSURE COMPENSATION position and the
pressure in the sample loop is ambient pressure, the drive is
selectively operative to move the movable element relative to the
device body so as to increase the pressure in the sample loop to
the operating pressure of the chromatography column.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] Applicant claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.120, of
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/863,976 filed Jul. 21, 2010,
and entitled "Sample Injector for Liquid Chromatography,
Particularly for High Performance Liquid Chromatography." The
entire content of this prior patent application is incorporated
herein by this reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The invention pertains to apparatus and methods for
injecting samples for liquid chromatography, particularly for high
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The sample injection
apparatus and processes provide for pressure compensation during a
sample injection sequence, or during a post sample injection
sequence, or during both sequences.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] In HPLC, a sample to be examined needs to be injected into a
high-pressure fluid flow, wherein this flow can be interrupted only
as briefly as possible. For this purpose, high-pressure injection
valves are used that allow a nearly uninterrupted change-over of
the fluid flow. Such a design is described, for example, in U.S.
Pat. No. 3,530,721. This patent was derived from an original
application that was published in 1965.
[0004] U.S. Pat. No. 4,939,943 discloses a sample injector with a
"high pressure syringe unit." The basic Split Loop Principle of the
sample injector disclosed in this application has proven effective
in HPLC.
[0005] Furthermore, WO 2006/083776 discloses a sample injector for
preventing pressure surges that occur during the actuation of the
high-pressure valve and could negatively affect the efficiency and
the service life of the chromatography column.
[0006] During the actuation of the injection valve, compression and
decompression volumes flow through the valve with high speeds.
According to non-previously-published German Patent Application DE
10 2007 059 651 A1 of the applicant of Dec. 10, 2007, which
pertains to a sample injector for high performance liquid
chromatography and features a high-pressure change-over valve with
optimized service life, these flows cause damage to the
high-pressure valve components.
[0007] The service life of the high-pressure change-over valve
determines the operating costs of an HPLC system. These costs
should be maintained as low as possible by minimizing the wear of
the high-pressure valve components.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The invention includes a sample injector for liquid
chromatography, particularly for high performance liquid
chromatography, in which the injection valve also has an improved
service life under extremely high pressures.
[0009] Embodiments of the invention apply the Split Loop Principle
for a sample injector to facilitate a pressure compensation when
the switching positions of the injection valve are changed. The
pressure compensation is made possible by an injection valve which
features a PRESSURE COMPENSATION position, in which the sample loop
ports of the injection valve connected to the ends of the sample
loop are not connected to other ports in the injection valve.
[0010] In the Split Loop Principle, the sample loop is divided in
the connecting piece between the sample conveying device that may
be realized, for example, in the form of a syringe and the
respective sample loop port of the injection valve. In order to
take in the required sample volume or to take in a flushing medium,
the end of the intake segment of the separated connecting piece of
the sample loop that is connected to the sample conveying device is
moved to a sample container or a container for a flushing medium.
Subsequently, the divided connecting piece of the sample loop is
reconnected such that the sample volume can be injected into the
chromatography column by means of the pump in the INJECT position
of the injection valve. This basic principle is already described
in U.S. Pat. No. 4,939,943. In this case, the special Split Loop
Principle provides the advantage that the sample conveying device
is flushed with eluent after the injection of the sample such that
it is normally not required to flush the sample conveying device,
the sample loop and the injection valve after the injection of a
sample.
[0011] After taking in the sample volume in the LOAD position, the
injection valve is, according to one or more embodiments of the
invention, changed over into the PRESSURE COMPENSATION position, in
which the sample loop ports are shut in a pressure-tight fashion.
In this position, the drive of the sample conveying device is
controlled in such a way that pressure builds up in the closed
sample loop and in the pump volume of the sample conveying device,
wherein this pressure essentially corresponds to the pressure, with
which the pump feeds the fluid to the chromatography column in the
LOAD position or in the INJECT position. Even if the pressure in
the sample loop is not identical to the pressure of the pump before
the injection valve is changed over from the PRESSURE COMPENSATION
position into the INJECT position and a slight differential
pressure remains, this slight differential pressure is, according
to the invention, maintained so low that it can neither
disadvantageously effect the flow through the chromatography column
nor cause damage to the injection valve or the chromatography
column.
[0012] This applies analogously to the change-over from the INJECT
position into the LOAD position. In this case, the valve also is
initially changed over from the INJECT position into the PRESSURE
COMPENSATION position, in which the pressure that essentially
corresponds to the pump pressure is reduced until essentially the
ambient pressure is reached. If applicable, a slight, harmless
differential pressure may also remain in this case when the valve
is changed over from the PRESSURE COMPENSATION into the LOAD
position.
[0013] According to the invention, the pressure compensation
(pressure increase or pressure reduction) in the sample loop is
achieved by controlling the drive of the sample conveying device
accordingly.
[0014] In contrast to prior sample injectors, the fluid flows
created during the pressure compensation no longer flow through the
change-over valve such that damage to valve components due to
excessively high flow speeds can no longer occur.
[0015] Naturally, this objective also is at least partially
attained if the pressure compensation is only carried out in one of
the two change-over directions described above.
[0016] According to one preferred embodiment of the invention, the
two high-pressure ports are connected in the PRESSURE COMPENSATION
position of the injection valve. Due to this measure, the flow of
the fluid through the chromatography column is maintained and no
undesirable peaks can occur in the progression of pressure during
the change-over processes.
[0017] According to one embodiment of the invention, the injection
valve features a rotor and a stator, wherein the rotor features a
face that cooperates with the face of the stator and contains at
least three grooves that either connect or shut port opening cross
sections of the high-pressure ports, the sample loop ports and the
waste port arranged in the face of the stator in a pressure-tight
fashion as a function of the rotational position of the rotor
relative to the stator. The groove that connects the two
high-pressure ports in the LOAD position of the injection valve is
realized so long that it still connects the high-pressure ports
after the stator and the rotor are turned into the PRESSURE
COMPENSATION position. This groove therefore is elongated in
comparison with the corresponding groove of conventional injection
valves.
[0018] According to the preferred field of application of the
invention, namely in HPLC, the sample conveying device is realized
in a high-pressure-resistant fashion and can generate the pressures
used in HPLC, preferably pressures greater than 500-600 bar,
particularly pressures greater than 1000 bar.
[0019] The sample conveying device may feature a movable element
that is guided in a pump volume in a sealed fashion and can be
moved by means of a drive of the sample conveying device that is
controlled by the control unit in order to convey the fluid
contained in the pump volume. The sample conveying device may, in
particular, be realized in the form of a syringe that is driven by
means of a drive, wherein the movable element is formed by the
plunger of the syringe.
[0020] The control unit can move the plunger or the movable element
by a predetermined distance after the PRESSURE COMPENSATION
position of the injection valve is reached by controlling the drive
accordingly, wherein this predetermined distance suffices for
realizing a change of the pump volume of the sample conveying
device required due to the elasticities of the devices conveying
the fluid and the compressibility of the fluid itself such that a
pressure reduction in the sample loop to essentially the ambient
pressure can be achieved by increasing the pump volume and a
pressure increase in the sample loop to essentially the operating
pressure of the pump can be achieved by decreasing the pump volume.
The movement of the movable element may take place in a controlled
or regulated fashion.
[0021] In order to allow a control of the pressure or the ultimate
pressure during the pressure compensation in the sample loop, a
sensor may be provided that measures the pressure of the fluid in
the closed sample loop or in the pump volume of the sample
conveying device at least while the injection valve is in the
PRESSURE COMPENSATION position.
[0022] In this variation, the signal of the pressure sensor is
preferably fed to the control unit, wherein the control unit
compares the pressure of the fluid with a nominal pressure value
and controls the sample conveying device in such a way that the
pressure of the fluid reaches a nominal high-pressure value before
the injection valve is changed over from the PRESSURE COMPENSATION
position into the INJECT position and/or that the pressure of the
fluid reaches a nominal low-pressure value before the injection
valve is changed over from the PRESSURE COMPENSATION position into
the LOAD position.
[0023] These and other advantages and features of the invention
will be apparent from the following description of the preferred
embodiments, considered along with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0024] The invention is described in greater detail below with
reference to the drawings. In these drawings.
[0025] FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of an HPLC system
with a sample injector according to the invention, to which a
chromatography column is connected, wherein the injection valve is
situated in the LOAD position and the process of taking in a sample
volume can begin in the state shown;
[0026] FIG. 2 shows the HPLC system of FIG. 1, wherein the plunger
of the syringe was moved into the end position (position C) in
order to take in the sample volume;
[0027] FIG. 3 shows the HPLC system of FIG. 2, wherein the sample
needle was moved into the injection port;
[0028] FIG. 4 shows the HPLC system of FIG. 3, wherein the
injection valve was changed over from the LOAD position into the
PRESSURE COMPENSATION position;
[0029] FIG. 5 shows the HPLC system of FIG. 4, wherein the plunger
was moved into the position B in order to realize a pressure
compensation (pressure increase) in the sample loop;
[0030] FIG. 6 shows the HPLC system of FIG. 5, wherein the
injection valve was changed over from the PRESSURE COMPENSATION
position into the INJECT position;
[0031] FIG. 7 shows the HPLC system of FIG. 6, wherein the
injection valve was changed over from the INJECT position into the
PRESSURE COMPENSATION position after the injection of the sample
volume;
[0032] FIG. 8 shows the HPLC system of FIG. 7, wherein the plunger
was moved into the end position (position C) in order to realize a
pressure compensation (pressure reduction), and
[0033] FIG. 9 shows the HPLC system of FIG. 8, wherein the
injection valve was changed over from the PRESSURE COMPENSATION
position into the LOAD position.
DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS
[0034] FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of an HPLC system
with a sample injector 10 that operates in accordance with the
Split Loop Principle and features a sample conveying device 5, an
injection valve 3 and a high-pressure pump 40. The sample injector
10 furthermore features a sample loop that includes a first
connecting piece 51 and a second connecting piece 52, 44. These may
be comprised of a pressure-resistant line with a small diameter,
for example in the form of a capillary tube of glass or stainless
steel. The connecting piece 51 is connected to a first sample loop
port 16 of the injection valve 3 and to the sample conveying device
or its pump volume V, respectively. The second connecting piece is
comprised of an intake segment 44 and a feed segment 52 and is
realized in a separable fashion. For this purpose, the feed segment
52 leads into an injection port 45 that is connected to a second
sample loop port 13 of the injection valve 3 via the feed segment
52. The intake segment 44 that is connected to the pump volume V of
the sample conveying device 5 with one end features on its other
end a sample needle 42, by means of which the intake segment 44 can
be connected to the injection port 45.
[0035] However, the sample needle 42 can also be moved to a sample
container 43 and take in a defined sample volume into the intake
segment 44 as described in greater detail below. Furthermore, the
sample needle 42 can also be moved to a (not-shown) container for a
flushing fluid in order to withdraw flushing fluid for a flushing
process and to clean the sample loop 51, 52, 44, the pump volume V
and, if applicable, also the ports and the grooves or channels of
the injection valve. Due to the special topology of the Split Loop
Principle shown, flushing of the sample loop 51, 52, 44 and of the
sample conveying device 5 is normally not required because they are
flushed during an injection process anyway, namely with eluent
supplied by the pump 40. However, the outside of the sample needle
42 can also be cleaned by immersing the needle into a container
with cleaning or flushing fluid.
[0036] In the embodiment shown, the sample conveying device 5
comprises a syringe 50, in which a plunger 53 is guided in a
displaceable and pressure-tight fashion. The plunger 53 is driven
by means of a drive 55 that is realized, for example, in the form
of a stepping motor. The drive 55 is controlled by a control unit
60. The control unit 60 also controls the change-over processes of
the injection valve 3 that features a not-shown controllable
drive.
[0037] A waste port 12 of the injection valve is connected to a
waste line 47, from which fluid can be discharged into a not-shown
waste reservoir.
[0038] The high-pressure pump 40 is connected to a high-pressure
port 15 of the injection valve. A chromatography column 41 is
connected to the other high-pressure port 14. The high-pressure
pump 40 may be integrated into and form part of the sample injector
or be arranged in another unit or a separate pump unit.
[0039] The injection valve 3 includes a stator 1 and a rotor 2. The
stator 1 features the two high-pressure ports 14, 15, the two
sample loop ports 13, 16 and the waste port 12. The injection valve
3 is connected to the other functional elements of the HPLC system
via these ports and the above-described connecting lines that may
be realized in the form of capillary connections. The high-pressure
screw connections required for this purpose are not illustrated in
FIG. 1 in order to provide a better overview. For reasons of
simplicity, the injection valve is illustrated in the interface
between the stator 1 and the rotor 2, wherein the design of the
face of the stator 1 and the design of the face of the rotor 2 are
shown in order to better comprehend the function of the injection
valve. Within the injection valve 3, the ports are realized in the
form of bores that lead to the other side of the stator 1. The
rotor 2 features a number of arc-shaped grooves 21, 23, 25 that are
exactly aligned with the bores of the input and output ports.
[0040] The rotor 2 is pressed against the stator with a certain
pressing force such that a common interface between the rotor 1 and
the stator 2 is formed, at which both components are mutually
sealed. In this case, the pressing force is chosen so high that the
arrangement also remains sealed at the highest pressures to be
expected.
[0041] In the first LOAD position of the valve 3 illustrated in
FIG. 1, the grooves 21, 23, 25 are aligned relative to the ports
12-16 in such a way that the grooves 23 and 25 respectively connect
the two high-pressure ports 14, 15 and the waste port 12 to the
sample loop port 13. In this LOAD position, the high-pressure pump
40 therefore conveys fluid in the direction of the chromatography
column 41. Furthermore, the sample loop port 16 is closed in a
pressure-tight fashion.
[0042] In the state illustrated in FIG. 1, the sample needle 42 is
moved into the sample container 43 such that a sample volume can be
taken in. For this purpose, the plunger 53 is situated in the
position A and can be moved into the position C by the control unit
60 in order to take in the sample volume. The desired defined
sample volume is then withdrawn into the intake segment 44, wherein
the volume of the sample is smaller than the volume of the intake
segment 44 such that the sample fluid cannot mix with the fluid
supplied by the high-pressure pump in the pump volume. FIG. 2 shows
the state of the HPLC system after the intake process is
completed.
[0043] In order to inject the sample volume situated in the intake
segment 44, the sample needle 42 is moved into the injection port
45. This port seals the needle point in a high-pressure-resistant
fashion. This state is illustrated in FIG. 3.
[0044] In the next step, the pressure in the sample loop is
adjusted to the operating pressure of the chromatography column 41,
i.e., to the pressure, with which the high-pressure pump 40
supplies fluid to the inlet of the chromatography column 41. For
this purpose, the injection valve is initially changed over into a
PRESSURE COMPENSATION position, in which the connecting piece 51
and the second connecting piece or the feed segment 52 of the
sample loop are not connected to the other components connected to
the injection valve 3 (FIG. 4).
[0045] In this PRESSURE COMPENSATION position, the plunger 53 of
the high-pressure-resistant sample conveying device is moved into
the position B (FIG. 5). In order to prevent an interruption of the
flow through the chromatography column 41 while conveying the
volume required for the compression of the sample loop content, the
groove 25 in the rotor 2 of the valve is realized in a
correspondingly elongated fashion such that the two high-pressure
ports 14, 15 are still connected in the PRESSURE COMPENSATION
position. The travel of the plunger 53 from position C into
position B required for building up the pressure can be calculated
from the compressibility of the fluid volume enclosed in the sample
conveying device 5 and in the sample loop, the elasticity of the
arrangement and the current pump pressure. Alternatively, a
pressure compensation can be achieved with the aid of a control
circuit for the pressure in the high-pressure-resistant sample
conveying device. For this purpose, the pressure needs to be
measured at a suitable location and the position of the plunger 53
in the sample conveying device 5 needs to be adjusted by the drive
55 in such a way that the pressure corresponds to the required
target pressure (=column pressure). Pressure measurement may be
realized with a pressure sensor such as sensor 56 or indirectly by
means of a force measurement. Conceivable solutions are force
measurements on the plunger 53 or in the drive 55. After pressure
equality is achieved, the valve is changed over into the INJECT
position in order to inject the sample volume into the column 41
(FIG. 6).
[0046] In the embodiment shown, the control unit 60 measures the
force that the drive 55 needs to exert in order to achieve a
corresponding compression in the sample loop. For this purpose, the
drive 55 may feature an integrated sensor 57, the signal of which
is fed to the control unit 60 (as indicated with a double arrow
between the drive 55 and the control unit 60). Due to this measure,
the control unit can determine the actual pressure in the pump
volume and therefore in the sample loop (the pressure drop in the
connecting pieces and in the valve is negligibly small) and adjust
this pressure to the desired value.
[0047] After the entire sample volume has been conveyed from the
intake segment 44 to the column 41 by means of the fluid conveyed
by the pump 40, the valve can be once again changed over into the
PRESSURE COMPENSATION position in order to decompress the sample
loop (FIG. 7).
[0048] The plunger 53 is moved from the position illustrated in
FIG. 7 into position C. This causes the pressure in the sample loop
to be adjusted to the atmospheric pressure. This state of the HPLC
system is illustrated in FIG. 8. During this decompression time in
the PRESSURE COMPENSATION position of the injection valve 3, the
column 41 is already connected to the pump 40 via the elongated
groove 25 in order to prevent pressure drops. The travel of the
plunger 53 from position B to position C can either be calculated
analogous to the compression in FIG. 5 or determined by measuring
and controlling the pressure. Alternatively, the pressure can also
be determined indirectly by means of a force measurement on the
plunger 53 or on the drive 55 of the plunger.
[0049] After the sample loop has been decompressed, the valve 3 is
changed over into the LOAD position (FIG. 9). No damaging flows in
the injection valve occur during this process.
[0050] The plunger 53 of the high-pressure-resistant sample
conveying device 5 can now be moved back into the starting position
A. The excess quantity of fluid is discharged via the waste
connection 47. The unpressurized needle 42 can subsequently be
moved from the needle seat of the injection port 45 to the
corresponding sample container 43 in order to take in the next
sample.
[0051] The position C during the decompression may also differ from
the starting position A prior to the compression. For example, if
gradients (time-controlled mixing ratio of the eluent) are pumped
through the column, the position C at the end of the decompression
may differ because the compressibility of the loop content may have
changed.
[0052] The control unit 60 can store predetermined positions A, B,
C and/or differences in the distance between these positions as a
function of parameters of the entire sample injector, particularly
the compressibility of the eluent, elasticity properties of the
sample loop and the sample conveying device, etc. The plunger can
then be automatically moved into these positions (i.e., without a
control) or these positions may serve as approximate values or
initial values for a controlled movement.
[0053] In order to determine the positions A, B, C and the
respective travel of the plunger, a change-over of the injection
valve 3 may be carried out without compression or decompression,
respectively. The pressure drop can then be determined by means of
a pressure sensor and the required travel as well as the respective
positions B or C can be determined based on this pressure drop. The
thusly determined values can then be stored and used for other
change-over processes, in which a compression or decompression
takes place. A corresponding sensor may also be provided in the
pump 40. Pumps of this type for HPLC always feature a pressure
sensor for controlling the conveyed eluent anyway. The
compressibility of the medium, particularly of the eluent, can also
be determined by means of the pump 40. Such pumps are realized, for
example, in the form of dual-plunger pumps, in which the
change-over from one plunger to the other plunger is suitably
controlled or regulated by means of a pressure sensor and a control
unit in such a way that a highly constant flow rate is achieved.
Since the compressibility of the medium also needs to be taken into
account during this change-over process, the compressibility can be
determined by suitably controlling the dual-plunger pump during the
change-over from one plunger to the other plunger and fed to the
control unit 60 as information. This connection between the pump 40
and the control unit 60 is merely illustrated with broken lines in
FIG. 9.
[0054] In the automatic sample injector shown, it is therefore
ensured that the pressure in the sample loop is adjusted to the
current operating pressure of the chromatography column by means of
decompression in the sufficiently (high) pressure-resistant sample
conveying device when the injection valve is in a special
intermediate position, namely the PRESSURE COMPENSATION position,
before the intake segment is moved into the flow path toward the
chromatography column, i.e., before the injection valve is changed
over into the INJECT position.
[0055] In addition, the pressure in the sample loop is adjusted to
the atmospheric pressure (decompression) in the same intermediate
position of the injection valve, namely the PRESSURE COMPENSATION
position, by taking in an exactly defined additional fluid quantity
into the sample conveying device before the sample loop is
separated in order to take in a sample volume from a sample
container, i.e., before the injection valve is changed over into
the LOAD position.
[0056] The compression and decompression volumes do not flow
through the injection valve. Consequently, the service life of the
(high-pressure) injection valve of the sample injector is only
limited by the unavoidable abrasion between the rotor and the
stator and, if applicable, the abrasive effect, for example, of
dirt particles or sample material.
[0057] As used herein, whether in the above description or the
following claims, the terms "comprising," "including," "carrying,"
"having," "containing," "involving," and the like are to be
understood to be open-ended, that is, to mean including but not
limited to. Any use of ordinal terms such as "first," "second,"
"third," etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by
itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim
element over another, or the temporal order in which acts of a
method are performed. Rather, unless specifically stated otherwise,
such ordinal terms are used merely as labels to distinguish one
claim element having a certain name from another element having a
same name (but for use of the ordinal term).
[0058] The above described preferred embodiments are intended to
illustrate the principles of the invention, but not to limit the
scope of the invention. Various other embodiments and modifications
to these preferred embodiments may be made by those skilled in the
art without departing from the scope of the present invention.
* * * * *