U.S. patent application number 14/256325 was filed with the patent office on 2014-11-20 for compositions and methods for the storage of red blood cells.
The applicant listed for this patent is Tibor J. Greenwalt, John R. Hess. Invention is credited to Tibor J. Greenwalt, John R. Hess.
Application Number | 20140342347 14/256325 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 35096690 |
Filed Date | 2014-11-20 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140342347 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hess; John R. ; et
al. |
November 20, 2014 |
Compositions and Methods for the Storage of Red Blood Cells
Abstract
The present invention provides an aqueous composition for
storage of red blood cells consisting essentially of: adenine;
dextrose; at least one nonmetabolizable membrane-protectant sugar;
and a specifically defined pH buffering system. Also provided are
improved methods for preserving red blood cells and methods for
increasing the viability, membrane retention, and recoverability
while suppressing apoptosis, hemolysis, and post-reinfusion
clearance of stored red blood cells which utilize the novel
compositions.
Inventors: |
Hess; John R.; (Seattle,
WA) ; Greenwalt; Tibor J.; (Cincinnati, OH) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Hess; John R.
Greenwalt; Tibor J. |
Seattle
Cincinnati |
WA
OH |
US
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
35096690 |
Appl. No.: |
14/256325 |
Filed: |
April 18, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13608682 |
Sep 10, 2012 |
8709707 |
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14256325 |
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11060026 |
Feb 17, 2005 |
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13608682 |
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60545582 |
Feb 18, 2004 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
435/2 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01N 1/02 20130101; A01N
1/021 20130101; C12N 5/0641 20130101; A01N 1/0226 20130101; A01N
1/0221 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
435/2 |
International
Class: |
C12N 5/078 20060101
C12N005/078 |
Goverment Interests
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
[0002] Portions of this work were performed under U.S. Army
contract DAMD 17-95-C-5029 and the U.S. government may have an
ownership interest herein.
Claims
1. A composition for the storage of red blood cells (RBCs) wherein
the composition consists essentially of adenine in an amount of
about 2 mM, dextrose in an amount of about 80 mM, nonmetabolizable
membrane-protectant sugar in an amount of about 55 mM, sodium
bicarbonate in an amount of about 26 mM, and disodium phosphate in
an amount of about 12 mM.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a pH of
about 8.5.
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the volume ratio of the
composition to collected whole blood is about 1:4.5.
4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has an
osmolarity of from about 200 to about 310 mOsm.
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has an
osmolarity of from about 221 to about 280 mOsm.
6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has an
osmolarity of about 270 mOsm.
7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is operable
to maintain the pH of the red blood cells (RBC) to which the
composition has been added to between about 6.4 to about 7.4.
8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the composition is operable
to maintain the pH of the red blood cells (RBCs) to which the
composition has been added to between 7.0 to less than about
7.2.
9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the composition is operable
to maintain the pH of the red blood cells (RBCs) to which the
composition has been added to between greater than about 7.1 and
less than 7.2.
10. A composition for the storage of red blood cells (RBCs), said
composition consisting essentially of: 1 to 3 mM adenine, 20 to 115
mM dextrose, 15 to 60 mM non-metabolizeable membrane protectant
sugar, and a pH buffering system, wherein the pH buffering system
is selected so that the composition is operable to maintain the pH
of the red blood cells (RBCs) to which the composition has been
added between about 6.4 to 7.4.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of and, pursuant to 35
U.S.C. .sctn.120, claims the benefit of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 13/608,682, filed on Sep. 10, 2012 (now U.S. Pat. No.
8,709,707). U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/608,682 is a
continuation of and, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. .sctn.120, claims
benefit of 11/060,026, filed on Feb. 17, 2005. application Ser. No.
11/060,026, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. .sctn.119(e)(1), claimed priority
from Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/545,582, filed on Feb. 18,
2004, under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.111 (b). application Ser. No.
13/608,682, application Ser. No. 11/060,026 and Provisional
Application Ser. No. 60/545,582 are hereby incorporated by
reference in their entireties.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The invention generally relates to compositions and methods
associated with the storage of red blood cells (RBCs). In
particular, it relates to an improved RBC storage composition and
processes and applications thereof.
[0004] The ability to store and preserve red blood cells (RBCs) for
later re-infusion into patients is a relatively recent
technological development that was the harbinger to modern surgical
practice. Such preservation is scientifically tricky and the steps
to achieving longer storage duration and higher quality re-infused
red blood cells have been incremental. As soon as they are
collected from a donor, red blood cells begin to die as they
coagulate, starve, lose ATP, 2,3-DPG, membrane surface area and
integrity, and hemoglobin (Hb). Rous & Turner in 1916 and
Robertson in 1917 first demonstrated successful whole blood
storage. Acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD, 1943), comprising citrate as
an anti-coagulant and dextrose as the sole nutrient utilized by red
blood cells, and Citrate-phosphate-dextrose solution (CPD, 1957),
adding phosphate as a metabolic source and for membrane retention,
were subsequently approved for 21-day storage of whole blood. CPD
with adenine (CPDA-1, 1979) was later introduced and used for
extending the shelf life of stored whole blood and packed RBCs for
up to 5 weeks.
[0005] Initially, storage compositions were designed to be acidic
to prevent the caramelization of the glucose during the heat
sterilization performed in the final production step. In the 1950s,
adenine was discovered to be useful as an additive and replaces the
adenine lost by deamination. In the 1970s it became desirable to
remove the plasma from the collected whole blood for platelets and
for the manufacture of plasma derivatives. This, however, led to a
reduction in the percent recovery of the resulting "packed
RBC."
[0006] To circumvent this, compositions known in the art as
additive solutions (AS) were developed to restore volume,
nutrients, and other useful RBC stabilizers. Additive solution
compositions for the preservation of red blood cells (RBCs) after
their separation from whole blood are intended to be tailored
specifically to the needs of RBCs. The development of certain
additive solutions extended RBC storage to 6 weeks in 1981. Red
blood cells (RBCs) stored in these solutions, however, undergo
steady deterioration after about 6 weeks as determined by the
inability of 75% of such cells to survive in the circulation for 24
hours after re-infusion back into the human donor. It has been
observed that during continued refrigerated storage, glucose is
consumed at a decreasing rate, as the concentration of metabolic
waste, i.e. lactic acid and hydrogen ions, increases. Such a
decrease in the rate of glucose metabolism leads to depletion of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which directly correlates to the
recovery of RBCs when the cells are returned to the circulation.
Additive solutions such as Adsol..RTM. (AS-1), Nutricel.RTM.
(AS-3), Optisol.RTM. (AS-5), and ErythroSol.RTM. were designed to
extend the storage of RBCs at 1-6.degree. C. All three ASs
currently licensed in the U.S., AS-1, AS-3, and AS-5. contain
saline, adenine, glucose and some citrate and/or mannitol as
"membrane protectants." AS-3 also contains monosodium phosphate.
Each of the U.S.-licensed ASs meet the licensure requirements for
6-week RBC storage, but fail to achieve 7-week storage. Presently
licensed RBC additive solution compositions were developed before
the RBC storage lesion (defined herein as the sum of the survival-
and/or function-limiting effects of storage on RBCs) was understood
to be an apoptotic process.
[0007] Almost all of the whole blood collected now is made into
components, and the RBC fraction is stored as packed RBCs. For
blood drawn into the additive solution systems, RBCs are packed by
centrifugation, plasma is removed so that RBCs make up 80% of the
volume, and then 100 ml of additive solution is added sterilely.
The resulting suspensions have a RBC volume fraction of
approximately 55%. RBCs stored in the conventional FDA-approved
additive solutions can be stored for only 6 weeks with an
acceptable 24-hour in vivo recovery.
[0008] To increase the time of acceptable in vivo recovery of RBCs
re-infused into patients after a storage period, attempts have been
made to improve the additive solutions and storage processes. In
"Studies In Red Blood Cell Preservation-7. In vivo and in vitro
Studies With A Modified Phosphate-Ammonium Additive Solution," by
Greenwalt et al., Vox. Sang. 65:87-94 (1993), the authors
determined that an experimental additive solution (designated
EAS-2) containing (in mM): 20NH.sub.4Cl, 30Na.sub.2 HPO.sub.4, 2
adenine, 110 dextrose, 55 mannitol, formulated at a pH of 7.15, is
useful in extending the storage shelf-life of human RBCs from the
current standard of 5-6 weeks to an improved standard of 8-9 weeks.
However, packed RBCs stored in EAS-2 were not directly infusible
but required the removal of the supernatant with a washing step
prior to transfusion due to the presence of ammonium in the
additive solution.
[0009] In "Studies in Red Blood Cell Preservation-8; Liquid Storage
of Red Cells in Glycerol-Containing Additive Solution," Vox. Sang.
67:139-143 (1994), Greenwalt et al. described an additive solution
(designated EAS-25) that allowed 73 percent recovery of packed red
cells after nine weeks. However, the resulting RBC units contained
about 1 percent glycerol and thus, are not safe for transfusion in
humans in large amounts.
[0010] In "Extending the Storage of Red Cells at 4.degree. C.,"
Transfus. Sci. 15:105-115 (1994) by Meryman et al., acceptable
viability of RBCs stored in very dilute suspensions at low
hematocrit for as long as 27 weeks were demonstrated. However, such
stored RBC suspensions were not acceptable for direct infusion due
to their high content of potassium and ammonia and their low volume
fraction of RBCs. The 5 L of solution for 200 mL of RBC required to
produce his observed beneficial effects were not clinically
practicable.
[0011] With respect to approved and commercially available
products, the additive solutions presently licensed in the U.S.
work for only about 6 weeks with an average recovery of about 80%.
Two additive solutions presently licensed in Europe work for about
7 weeks with an average recoveries of 77% (ErythroSol from Baxter
Healthcare, La Chatre, France) and 75% (PAGGS mannitol from Maco
Pharnna). Novel solutions recently described by Kurup et al. (Vox
Sang 2003: 85:253-261) may be expected to have shorter storage
times because of the lower ATP concentrations.
[0012] In response to the deficiencies in these prior findings, the
present inventors developed lower volume disodium
phosphate-containing alkaline experimental additive solutions
(EASs) that partially neutralize the effect of collecting blood
into acidic anticoagulant solutions such as CPD
(citrate-phosphate-dextrose), and showed that these EASs improved
RBC ATP concentrations, reduced hemolysis, and appeared to decrease
RBC membrane morphological changes and loss (see U.S. Pat. Nos.
6,150,085 and 6,447,987 to Hess and Greenwalt, the complete
disclosures of which are fully incorporated herein by reference).
Various EASs were shown to support between 9 and 12 weeks of
storage. Although these EASs yielded superior performance results,
they contained sodium chloride and were formulated to require a
relatively large volume resulting in greater dilution of the stored
RBC, thus increasing the risk of hemodilution in multiply
transfused patient recipients. In addition, the presence of sodium
chloride created a solubility limit on the amount of buffering
salts and phosphates that the system could sustain at desirable
volumes.
[0013] Increased duration of RBC storage remains an important
consideration during periods when demand is high but intermittent,
such as during wartime, and for geographical regions that require
transfusable blood but only on an inconsistent and sporadic basis.
In fact, given the current level of reported waste due to
expiration of the safe storage period prior to realization of a
demand in general, increasing the duration of time that RBCs may be
safely stored is an ongoing ubiquitous concern.
[0014] Thus, there is a need for RBC storage compositions
formulated to retain or enhance recovery and performance benefits
in the lower volumes of conventional additive solutions. There is a
continuing need in the blood storage and transfusion art for
improved RBC storage that results in longer storage duration,
better recovery percentage, and improved physiological functioning
of the transfused RBC.
[0015] Consequently, there remains a need for improved RBC storage
compositions and processes of manufacture thereof. There is also a
continuing need for additive compositions which allow the RBC
suspension to which the composition is added to be directly infused
into humans, and which permit an acceptable post-infusion
recoverability of viable RBCs possessing enhanced physiological
functioning capabilities and lower rates of clearance from the
infused patient's circulation.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0016] Accordingly, the present invention provides novel
compositions suitable for the storage and preservation of collected
red blood cells. The present inventors surprisingly discovered that
substantially eliminating sodium chloride from such compositions,
previously considered to be essential to proper operation of
storage compositions, provides an increased capacity in the
composition for an enhanced pH buffering system which, in turn,
provides benefits both in terms of the integrity and physiological
functioning quality of the stored and then re-infused red blood
cells, and with respect to the length of time the RBCs may be
stored with retention of the recoverability and hemolysis levels
required under regulatory law for licensing. In addition, the
inventive compositions retain their superior performance at
conventional volumes, making them particularly suitable for storing
red blood cells which may be targeted for infusion into multiply or
massively transfused patients.
[0017] One embodiment of the present invention provides a
composition for storage of red blood cells at about 1 to about
6.degree. C. The composition consists essentially of: adenine;
dextrose; at least one nonmetabolizable membrane-protectant sugar;
and a pH buffering system. The pH buffering system comprises sodium
bicarbonate and disodium phosphate and is present in an amount
sufficient for the composition to have a pH of from about 8 to
about 9. The composition is operable to maintain a pH of a red
blood cell (RBC) suspension to which the composition is added at a
value sufficient to establish and maintain during a storage period
a reaction equilibrium in the red blood cell that favors glycolysis
over synthesis of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) from 1,3-DPG,
thereby generating a net gain in adenosine tri phosphate (ATP) with
respect to the reaction equilibrium during the storage period.
Another embodiment of the invention provides that the composition
is substantially free of sodium chloride.
[0018] More specific embodiments of the inventive composition are
directed to particular components and amounts thereof, and ranges
for the osmolarity and pH of the compositions. Other specific
embodiments are directed to inventive compositions that are
operable to maintain the pH of the red blood cell within particular
value ranges.
[0019] A further embodiment of the invention is directed to a
suspension of red blood cells comprising the inventive
composition.
[0020] Method embodiments are also provided. One such embodiment is
direct to a method of preserving red blood cells (RBCs) for a
storage period. The method comprise: (a) mixing a sample of
collected whole blood containing the RBCs to be stored and plasma
with an anticoagulant solution, thereby forming a suspension of
collected whole blood; (b) treating the suspension of collected
whole blood to deplete the plasma and concentrate the RBCs, thereby
forming packed RBCs; (c) mixing the packed RBCs with an amount of a
composition sufficient to form a suspension of RBCs having about
35% to about 70% RBCs by volume; (d) cooling the suspension of RBCs
to about 1 to about 6.degree. C.; and (e) storing the cooled
suspension of RBCs according to standard bank procedures. The
composition consists essentially of: adenine; dextrose; at least
one nonmetabolizable membrane-protectant sugar; and a pH buffering
system. The pH buffering system comprises sodium bicarbonate and
disodium phosphate and is present in an amount sufficient for the
composition to have a pH of from about 8 to about 9. The
composition is operable to maintain a pH of a red blood cell (RBC)
suspension to which the composition is added at a value sufficient
to establish and maintain during a storage period a reaction
equilibrium in the red blood cell that favors glycolysis over
synthesis of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) from 1,3-DPG, thereby
generating a net gain in adenosine tri phosphate (ATP) with respect
to the reaction equilibrium during the storage period. More
specific embodiments are also provided.
[0021] Additional embodiments are provided which are directed to
methods of using the inventive compositions to improve red blood
cell (RBC) membrane maintenance and suppress RBC apoptosis during a
storage period, to decrease red blood cell (RBC) fragility and
suppress RBC hemolysis during a storage period, and to increase
viability of red blood cells (RBCs) subsequent to a storage period
and after infusion into a patient in need of such an infusion, and
decrease a rate of post-infusion clearance of the RBCs by the
patient.
[0022] Compositions and RBC suspensions produced in accordance with
the invention provide a storage period for RBCs throughout which a
sufficiently therapeutic amount of the RBCs is recoverable and are
directly infusible into patients without further processing in
accordance with known standards established and recognized for
transfusion of RBCs.
[0023] These and additional embodiments and aspects of the present
invention will be more fully appreciated by reference to the brief
description of the figures, detailed description of the preferred
embodiments and examples provided below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0024] FIG. 1: is a graphical representation of the results of a
pooling study showing the effects on RBCs of storage as a function
of time in weeks, in 4 different additive solution compositions: 1)
AS-3, 110 mL volume (-.diamond.-); EAS-61, 170 mL volume
(-.diamond-solid.-); EAS-78, 170 mL, (- -); and EAS-81, 110 mL,
(-.largecircle.-). Bicarbonate-containing compositions, represented
by circles, yield higher ATP concentrations, as illustrated in
panel A, than the equivalent volume compositions without
bicarbonate, represented by the diamonds. These compositions are
also associated with higher lactate concentrations (panel D),
higher extracellular and intracellular pH (panels E and F), and
higher bicarbonate and PCO.sub.2 concentrations (panels E and F).
Higher volume compositions, represented by the solid figures,
demonstrate reduced hemolysis and reduced storage hematocrit,
illustrated in panels B and C, respectively.
[0025] FIG. 2: illustrates the in vivo recovery of red blood cells
sampled 24 hours after reinfusion into a subject for RBCs stored in
EAS-81 for 6 weeks (n=6), EAS-81 for 8 weeks (n=6), compared to a
historic control, the licensure study for AS-3 published by Simon
et al. in 1985. Both studies used the .sup.51Cr single-label
method.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0026] The invention generally relates to compositions and methods
associated with the storage of red blood cells (RBC). In
particular, it relates to novel additive solution compositions and
related methods for storage of RBCs that have been separated from
whole blood collected in citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) solution,
its variant, citrate phosphate double dextrose (CP2D) solution, or
by aphaeresis (removal of whole blood from a patient or donor) in
acid citrate dextrose (ACD) or similar solutions.
[0027] For purposes of this invention, the term "recovery" is used
herein to indicate the fraction of stored RBCs that remains in
circulation for 24 hours, after re-infusion into the original human
donor.
[0028] As used herein, "chloride" refers to anionic chloride. Thus,
the term "chloride" includes anionic chloride and the salt forms
thereof, such as may be formed from chloride anion(s) and
physiologically-acceptable cation(s). The term "chloride" is not
intended to include compounds wherein the chloride atom is
covalently bonded to, for example, a carbon atom in an organic
molecule.
[0029] As used herein, the phrase "physiologically-acceptable
buffering agent" refers to buffering agents which yield cations and
anions either normally found in the blood, plasma, or serum of a
human, or that may be tolerated when introduced into a human.
Suitable cations include protons, ammonium cations and metal
cations. Suitable metal cations include, but are not limited to,
the cationic forms of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium,
where sodium and potassium are preferred, and sodium is more
preferred. An ammonium cation, i.e., a compound of the formula
R.sub.4N.sup.+ where R is hydrogen or an organic group, may be used
so long as it is physiologically acceptable.
[0030] In a preferred embodiment, the cation is selected from
hydrogen (i.e., proton), sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and
combinations thereof. As used herein, "buffering agent" refers to
an agent that adjusts and regulates the pH of a composition.
[0031] The inventive compositions disclosed herein are aqueous,
that is, they are formulated in water. A preferred water of the
invention is treated in order that it is essentially pyrogen-free
(i.e., is sterile).
[0032] As used herein, "mEq/L" refers to the concentration of a
particular component (solute) present in proportion to the amount
of water present. More specifically, mEq/L refers to the number of
milli-equivalents of solute per liter of water. Milli-equivalents
per liter are calculated by multiplying the moles per liter of
solute by the number of charged species (groups) per molecule of
solute, which is then multiplied by a factor of 1,000.
[0033] One embodiment of the present invention provides an aqueous
composition for storage of red blood cells at about 1 to about
6.degree. C. The composition consists essentially of adenine;
dextrose; at least one non-metabolizable membrane-protectant sugar;
and a pH buffering system. The pH buffering system comprises a
combination of physiologically acceptable buffering agents and must
include at least one agent that provides bicarbonate anions, at
least one agent that provides phosphate anions, and at least one
agent that provides sodium cations. The invention contemplates that
a single buffering salt may satisfy more than one of these
requirements.
[0034] It is well known in the red blood cell preservation arts
that the concentration of ATP in the red blood cell suspension
system is the best correlate of the health of the system. The red
blood cell generates ATP through glycolysis via the glycolytic
conversion of d-glucose (dextrose) ultimately to lactate. Hence,
the concentration curve of lactate is a good indicator of ATP
synthesis as well. Regardless of the preservation capacity of the
system, red blood cells have a finite life span and the collected
red blood cells include a normal distribution of red blood cell
ages and proximities to natural death. As no new RBCs are entering
the preservation system, there is a limit to the maximum storage
period duration that will provide the requisite post-re-infusion
recovery percentage. Hence, the ATP-generating capacity of the
system as a whole will decrease over time, though; it is typical to
see an initial increase upon addition of an additive fluid as it
provides nutrients in higher than natural concentrations and the
RBC's initially undergo "swelling," which is associated with
decreased ATP utilization as well.
[0035] Without being bound by theory, it is believed that when
stored in additive solution in accordance with the invention, the
increased volume of nutrient solution allows an increased mass of
substrate to be delivered at acceptable concentrations while
providing solute for dilution of metabolic waste products thereby
reducing feedback inhibition of glucose metabolism. It is further
postulated that another feature of the additive solutions of the
invention is that they produce swelling of the RBCs initially
followed by a gradual reduction of red cell volume during storage.
Such a process has been called "regulated volume decrease." It is
hypothesized that during this process either the tyrosine
phosphatase activity present in the RBC is suppressed or the
tyrosine kinase is activated. Both of these enzymes have been
demonstrated to be abundant in the membranes of these cells
(Zipser, Y. and Kosower, N. 5. (1996) Biochem. J. 314:881;
Mallozzi, C. et al. (1997) FASEB J. 11:1281). It is anticipated
that the net phosphorylation of the band 3 protein in the RBC
membrane would result in the release of phosphofructokinase,
aldolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the
cytoplasm from their bound state to band 3 (Harrison, M. L. et al.
(1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266:4106; Cossins, A. R. and Gibson J. S.
(1997) J. Exper. Biol. 200:343; Low, P. S. et al. (1993) J. Biol.
Chem. 268:14627; Low, P. S. et al. (1995) Protoplasma 184:1961. The
availability of these three enzymes in the glycolytic pathway would
be expected to increase the metabolism of glucose by the RBC,
thereby promoting the levels of ATP synthesis and ATP concentration
in the RBCs. So, the goal of formulating additive solution
compositions is to maintain the ATP synthesis at as high a rate as
possible for as long duration as possible.
[0036] The present inventors discovered that a key to maximizing
the ATP synthesis of the system is to keep the RBC intracellular pH
at a level as close to 7.2 as possible without actually reaching
it. During storage, the ATP concentration characteristically
remains level or even increases for a period of time early in
storage and then declines. When the RBC ATP concentration falls
below 2 .mu.mol/g Hb, RBC recovery is typically below 75%. RBC's
lose 2,3-DPG early in storage. The starting concentration is
characteristically about 15 pmol/g Hb or about 1.1 mol/mol Hb. The
concentration typically falls to one-tenth the starting amount in 7
to 10 days. The rate of synthesis of 2,3-DPG is a function of pH,
occurring in excess above pH 7.2 but with breakdown favored below
that pH. Attempts to increase 2,3-DPG syntheses by increasing
storage-system pH have been limited by the mole for mole loss of
ATP synthesis with each 2,3-DPG molecule formed. Thus, raising RBC
2,3-DPG concentrations, something previously considered to be
desirable, actually tends to reduce RBC storage time.
[0037] A more acidic environment diminishes RBC metabolism. The pH
of 7.2 is the point wherein a mechanism, known as the Rappaport
shunt (see Hess et al. "Alkaline CPD and the preservation of red
blood cell 2,3-DPG" (2002) Transfusion, 42:747-752, fully
incorporated herein by reference) is triggered whereby 2,3-DPG is
synthesized from 1,3-DPG, consuming the phosphate needed for the
synthesis of ATP and, additionally, routing around a glycolytic
step which produces two of the glycolytically generated ATPs. The
net effect to the system is a depletion of ATP. If the
intracellular pH can be maintained below 7.2, the shunt is
effectively closed down and ATP synthesis is maximized. In a
natural state, the shunt operates to some extent and the production
and maintenance of some 2,3-DPG is important to other cellular
events. However, the present inventors discovered that for purposes
of preservation of the red blood cell during storage outside of the
in vivo environment, minimization of the shunt operation is
desirable.
[0038] Therefore, embodiments of the present inventive composition
provide that the pH buffering system is present in an amount
sufficient for the composition to be operable to maintain a pH of a
red blood cell (RBC) suspension to which the composition is added
at a value sufficient to establish and maintain during a storage
period a reaction equilibrium in the red blood cell that favors
g!ycolysis over synthesis of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) from
1,3-DPG, thereby generating a net gain in adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) synthesis with respect to the reaction equilibrium during the
storage period. A specific embodiment of the presently inventive
compositions provides that the composition is operable to maintain
the pH of the RBC suspension to which the composition has been
added at between about 6.4 and 7.4. In more specific embodiments,
the composition is operable to maintain the pH of the red blood
cell (RBC) suspension to which the composition has been added at
between 7.0 and less than about 7.2. In very specific embodiments
the composition is operable to maintain the pH of the red blood
cell (RBC) suspension to which the composition has been added at a
value greater than about 7.1 and less than 7.2.
[0039] The present inventors have formulated additive solution
compositions substantially free of chloride that surprisingly
yields no negative effect on the system and permits the addition of
increased amounts of the buffering system to provide additional pH
buffering. One embodiment of the invention is directed to an
aqueous composition for storage of red blood cells at about 1 to
about 6.degree. C. as well. This composition comprises: adenine;
dextrose; at least one nonmetabolizable membrane-protectant sugar;
and a pH buffering system. The pH buffering system comprises a
combination of physiologically acceptable buffering agents
including at least one agent providing bicarbonate anions, at least
one agent providing phosphate anions, and at least one agent
providing sodium cations. The pH buffering system is present in an
amount sufficient for the composition to be operable to maintain a
pH of a red blood cell (RBC) suspension to which the composition is
added at a value sufficient to establish and maintain during a
storage period a reaction equilibrium in the red blood cell that
favors glycolysis over synthesis of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG)
from 1,3-DPG, thereby generating a net gain in adenosine tri
phosphate (ATP) with respect to the reaction equilibrium during the
storage period. The composition is substantially free of
exogenously derived chloride ions. As used herein, "substantially
free of exogenously derived chloride ions" is defined as whatever
the concentration of chloride ions is given that no source of
chloride ions has been added to the composition.
[0040] Additional embodiments are directed to a suspension of red
blood cells comprising any of the inventive compositions, and
embodiments wherein the suspension is suitable for direct infusion
into a patient in need of such an infusion.
[0041] Further embodiments of the inventive composition provide
that the at least one agent providing sodium cations is selected
from the group consisting of sodium bicarbonate, disodium
phosphate, and combinations thereof. In a more specific embodiment
the at least one agent providing bicarbonate anions is sodium
bicarbonate. Additional embodiments provide that the at least one
agent providing phosphate ions is selected from the group
consisting of sodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, trisodium
phosphate, and combinations thereof. In more specific embodiments
the at least one agent providing phosphate ions is disodium
phosphate. In other embodiments of the inventive composition the
combination of physiologically acceptable buffering agents
additionally comprises at least one agent providing a
physiologically acceptable cation selected from the group
consisting of H.sup.+, potassium, ammonium, magnesium and
combinations thereof.
[0042] In a further embodiment of the present inventive
compositions, the at least one non-metabolizable
membrane-protectant sugar is mannitol. Some sugar alcohols, in
particular the monosaccharide-derived sugar alcohols (e.g.,
sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, erythritol), are small hydrophilic
molecules that appear to diffuse readily through some lipid
harriers and may play an important role in cellular stability.
Mannitol, in particular, is a known antioxidant that acts as a
hydroxyl radical scavenger in vivo. It appears to play a
substantial role in the maintenance of cell membrane integrity and
is considered a membrane-protectant sugar. Other small polyols may
also function as membrane protectant sugars. It is significant to
note that glucose and mannitol have the same mole weight, that is,
180 g/mole. Sugar alcohols are not metabolized by the red blood
cell.
[0043] As used herein, the reported osmolarity is an empirically
derived value. Osmolarity is a measure of the osmotic pressure
exerted by a solution across a perfect semi-permeable membrane (one
which allows free passage of water and completely prevents movement
of solute) compared to pure water. Osmolarity is dependent on the
number of particles in solution but independent of the nature of
the particles. The osmolarity of a simple solution is equal to the
molarity times the number of particles per molecule. Real solutions
may be much more complex. Proteins with many equivalents/L may only
contribute a small amount to the osmolarity, since they consist of
a few very large "particles". Not all ions are free in a solution.
Cations may be bound to other anions or to proteins. Not all the
solution volume is aqueous. To be truly accurate, all these factors
should be included in the calculation.
[0044] Tonicity, a value highly related to osmolarity and somewhat
more useful for describing biocellular conditions, is a measure of
the osmotic pressure that a substance can exert across a cell
membrane, compared to blood plasma. Osmolarity measures the
effective gradient for water assuming that all the osmotic solute
is completely impermeant. It is simply a count of the number of
dissolved particles. A 300 mM solution of glucose and a 150 mM
solution of NaCl each have the same osmolarity, for example.
However, a cell placed in each of these solutions would behave very
differently. Tonicity is a functional term describing the tendency
of a solution to resist expansion of the intracellular volume.
[0045] Additional embodiments provide that the inventive
compositions have an osmolarity of from about 200 to about 310
mOsm. In more specific embodiments the compositions have an
osmolarity of from about 221 to about 280 mOsm. In a very specific
embodiment the osmolarity is about 270 mOsm.
[0046] As noted, RBCs metabolize glucose (d-glucose="dextrose") to
make ATP. The waste products are lactate and protons. The protons
accumulate, driving down the pH and inhibiting further metabolism.
Bicarbonate has been suggested as a buffer system wherein it
combines with the protons and, in the presence of RBC carbonic
anhydrase, is converted to water and carbon dioxide. In a storage
container that permits diffusion of the carbon dioxide, the reverse
reaction is prevented and the reaction is driven toward the
formation of CO2, A buffering system based on bicarbonate has
considerable capacity. Bicarbonate in physiologic concentrations in
the additive solution creates the pCO.sub.2 in the solution that
drives the diffusion of up to 1 to 2 mmol of CO.sub.2 from a 600 mL
PVC bag each week. However, previous attempts to formulate RBC
storage additive solutions with bicarbonate have failed with
respect to increasing ATP synthesis and prolonging the effective
storage period. For instance, Beutler (BAG-PM) described the
addition of bicarbonate to RBC storage solutions, but failed to
control for a high pH that led to rapid ATP depletion.
[0047] In discovering that saline is not a necessary ingredient to
RBC additive solution compositions, and that the concentration of
dextrose could be lowered without negative
[0048] effects on ATP synthesis, the present inventors were able to
utilize the resultant increased "play" in solution parameters to
increase and fine-tune the pH buffering system. The presently
disclosed buffering system provides not only an initially
appropriate pH to the additive solution composition, but is able to
impart to the RBC suspension a pH that, in turn, modulates the
intracellular pH of the RBC to maximize ATP synthesis. The
buffering system achieves these pH modulation targets over the
storage period. Hence, the buffering capacity or strength of the pH
buffering system is deliberately controlled. One embodiment of the
present inventive compositions provide that the composition have a
pH of from about 8 to about 9. In more specific embodiments the pH
is from about 8.2 to about 8.8. In even more specific embodiments
the pH of the composition is from about 8.4 to about 8.6, and in a
very specific embodiment the pH of the composition is about 8.5.
Another embodiment is directed to the inventive compositions
wherein the buffering system has a buffering capacity in the red
blood cell (RBC) suspension to which the composition is added which
increases by at least about 2 mEq between a pH of 6.5 and 7.2 over
a storage period of 6 weeks. The presently disclosed buffering
system should provide a buffering capacity of at least this value,
but is capable of providing even greater buffering capacities to
the RBC suspension thereby lengthening the storage period even
further.
[0049] The present inventors determined ranges for the necessary
composition ingredients that permit the instantly disclosed
advantages. In one embodiment of the inventive composition, the
composition comprises adenine in an amount of about 1-3 mM,
dextrose in an amount of from about 20 to about 115 mM,
un-metabolizable membrane-protectant sugar in an amount of about 15
to about 60 mM, sodium bicarbonate in an amount from about 20 to
about 130 mM, and disodium phosphate in an amount of from about 4
to about 20 mM. In a more specific embodiment the composition
comprises adenine in an amount of about 2 mM, dextrose in an amount
of from about 60 to about 100 mM, unmetabolizable
membrane-protectant sugar in an amount of about 40 to about 60 mM,
sodium bicarbonate in an amount of from about 22 to about 40 mM,
and disodium phosphate in an amount of from about 7 to about 15 mM.
In an even more specific embodiment the composition comprises
adenine in an amount of about 2 mM, dextrose in an amount of about
80 mM, unmetabolizable membrane-protectant sugar in an amount of
about 55 mM, sodium bicarbonate in an amount of about 26 mM, and
disodium phosphate in an amount of about 12 mM, and the composition
has a pH of about 8.5.
[0050] The present invention also provides method embodiments. In
one such embodiment a method of preserving red blood cells (RBCs)
for a storage period is provided. The method comprises: (a) mixing
a sample of collected whole blood containing the RBCs to be stored
and plasma with an anticoagulant solution, thereby forming a
suspension of collected whole blood; (b) treating the suspension of
collected whole blood to deplete the plasma and concentrate the
RBCs, thereby forming packed RBCs; (c) mixing the packed RBCs with
an amount of an aqueous composition sufficient to form a suspension
of RBCs having about 35% to about 70% RBCs by volume; (d) cooling
the suspension of RBCs to about 1 to about 6.degree. C.; and (e)
storing the cooled suspension of RBCs according to standard bank
procedures known in the art. The aqueous composition consists
essentially of: adenine; dextrose; at least one non-metabolizable
membrane-protectant sugar; and a pH buffering system. The pH
buffering system comprises a combination of physiologically
acceptable buffering agents including at least one agent providing
bicarbonate anions, at least one agent providing phosphate anions,
and at least one agent providing sodium cations, wherein the pH
buffering system is present in an amount sufficient for the
composition to be operable to maintain a pH of a red blood cell
(RBC) suspension to which the composition is added at a value
sufficient to establish and maintain during a storage period a
reaction equilibrium in the red blood cell that favors glycolysis
over synthesis of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) from 1,3-DPG,
thereby generating a net gain in adenosine tri phosphate (ATP)
synthesis with respect to the reaction equilibrium during the
storage period. The solution is divided in manufacture to separate
the dextrose and the phosphate and bicarbonate during heat
sterilization.
[0051] RBCs useful in the present invention are those that have
been separated from their plasma and resuspended in an
anticoagulant solution in the normal course of component
manufacture. Briefly stated, a standard whole blood sample
(450.+/-45 ml) containing RBCs and plasma is mixed with an
anticoagulation solution (about 63 ml) to form a suspension of
whole blood. Proportional increases or decreases in solution
volumes to reflect different donor blood volumes such as 400.+/-40
ml-500. +/-50 ml can also be used. The whole blood suspension is
thereafter centrifuged to separate the RBCs from the blood plasma
thereby forming packed RBCs. The performance of the overall process
is improved by leukocyte reduction using conventional
techniques.
[0052] Suitable anticoagulants include conventional anticoagulants
known for storage of RBCs. Preferably; the anticoagulants include
citrate anticoagulants having a pH of 5.5 to 8.0, e.g. CPD,
half-strength CPD and the like. The most preferred anticoagulant is
CPD.
[0053] The RBC suspension is then generally stored in standard
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blood storage bags using either the
collection bag or PVC transfer packs of different sizes depending
on the volume of the stored aliquot. The RBC suspension is stored
at about 1 to 6.degree. C. according to standard blood bank
procedure as described in Clinical-Practice of Blood Transfusion
editors: Petz & Swisher, Churchill-Livingston publishers, N.Y.,
1981. All documents cited herein infra and supra are hereby
incorporated by reference thereto. In a specific embodiment of the
inventive method, the suspension of RBCs is suitable for direct
infusion into a patient in need of such an infusion. While PVC
blood storage bags are the industry-approved standard; the present
invention contemplates storage in a wide variety of bags adapted
for RBC suspension storage, for example, by including appropriate
plastisizers as needed. Ingredients related to the bag or container
component of RBC storage technology are not discussed herein but it
will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that
many container technologies may be employed to practice the present
invention. The additive solutions of the invention can also be used
to rehydrate lyophilized RBC or in the thawing of stored frozen
blood or blood component, e.g. RBC.
[0054] In specific embodiments of the inventive method of
preserving RBCs, the at least one non-metabolizable
membrane-protectant sugar is a monosaccharide derived sugar
alchohol and in a more specific embodiment the non-metabolizable
membrane-protectant sugar is mannitol. In additional embodiments of
the method, the at least one agent providing sodium cations is
selected from the group consisting of sodium bicarbonate, disodium
phosphate, and combinations thereof. In specific embodiments the at
least one agent providing bicarbonate anions is sodium bicarbonate.
Further embodiments are directed to the inventive method of
preserving RBCs wherein the at least one agent providing phosphate
ions is selected from the group consisting of sodium phosphate,
disodium phosphate, trisodium phosphate, and combinations thereof,
and in more specific embodiments that at least one agent providing
phosphate ions is disodiunn phosphate. In other embodiments of the
inventive method the combination of physiologically acceptable
buffering agents additionally comprises at least one agent
providing a physiologically acceptable cation selected from the
group consisting of H.sup.+, potassium, ammonium, magnesium and
combinations thereof.
[0055] Further embodiments are directed to the inventive method of
preserving RBCs wherein the composition has an osmolarity of from
about 200 to about 310 mOsm. In specific embodiments the osmolarity
is from about 221 to about 280 mOsm, and in a very specific
embodiment the osmolarity is about 270 mOsm. In other embodiments
inventive methods are provided wherein the composition has a pH of
from about 8 to about 9. In specific embodiments the pH is from
about 8.2 to about 8.8 and in more specific embodiments the pH of
the composition is from about 8.4 to about 8.6. In a very specific
embodiment the pH of the composition is about 8.5. An additional
embodiment of the inventive method of preserving RBCs provides that
the buffering system has a buffering capacity in the red blood cell
(RBC) suspension to which the composition is added which increases
by 2 mEq between a pH of 6.5 and 7.2 over a storage period of 6
weeks.
[0056] The present invention also provides embodiments of the
inventive method of preserving RBCs wherein the composition is
operable to maintain the pH of the red blood cell (RBC) suspension
to which the composition has been added at between about 6.4 and
about 7.4. In specific method embodiments the composition is
operable to maintain the pH of the red blood cell (RBC) suspension
to which the composition has been added at between 7.0 and less
than about 7.2, and in even more specific method embodiments the
composition is operable to maintain the pH of the red blood cell
(RBC) suspension to which the composition has been added at a value
greater than about 7.1 and less than 7.2.
[0057] Methods according to the present invention directed to
specific ranges of the necessary ingredients of the composition are
also provided. In one method embodiment the composition comprises
adenine in an amount of about 1-3 mM, dextrose in an amount of from
about 20 to about 115 nnM, un-metabolizable membrane-protectant
sugar in an amount of about 15 to about 60 nnM, sodium bicarbonate
in an amount from about 20 to about 130 mM, and disodium phosphate
in an amount of from about 4 to about 20 mM. In a more specific
embodiment the composition comprises adenine in an amount of about
2 mM, dextrose in an amount of from about 60 to about 100 mM,
unmetabolizable membrane protectant sugar in an amount of about 40
to about 60 mM, sodium bicarbonate in an amount of from about 22 to
about 40 mM, and disodiunn phosphate in an amount of from about 7
to about 15 mM, and in a very specific embodiment the composition
comprises adenine in an amount of about 2 mM, dextrose in an amount
of about 80 mM, unmetabolizable membrane-protectant sugar in an
amount of about 55 nnM, sodium bicarbonate in an amount of about 26
mM, and disodium phosphate in an amount of about 12 mM, and further
wherein the composition has a pH of about 8.5.
[0058] In accordance with the method of the invention, additive
solution is added to the packed RBC suspension in an amount
sufficient to provide a therapeutically effective amount of
recoverable RBCs in the cell suspension. Preferably, the additive
solution is added at a volume ranging from about 60 ml to about 400
ml, preferably about 100 to about 150 ml, most preferably about 110
ml. The solution is typically used in a 1:4.5 volume ratio of
solution to whole blood collected (100 mL for a 450 mL whole blood
collection, 111 mL for a 500 mL whole blood collection, or
equivalent). In specific embodiments of the present inventive
methods of preserving RBCs, the volume ratio of the composition to
the collected whole blood is about 1:4.5. In a more specific
embodiment the volume of the composition is about 110 mL and the
volume of the collected whole blood is about 500 mL.
[0059] The RBC volume fraction in the cell suspension, i.e. after
addition of additive solution, is about 27 to 70% of the total
suspension. More preferably, the RBC volume fraction in the cell
suspension is about 35 to about 50%. Most preferably, the RBC
volume fraction in the cell suspension is about 43% of the total
suspension.
[0060] Over the course of the storage period the present inventors
monitored and collected data relevant to the health of the red
blood cell. As noted in FIGS. 1 and 2, storage according to the
present invention resulted in superior red blood cell quality for
longer durations as smaller volumes. As noted above, the blood
storage "lesion" is an apoptotic event and the red blood cell
membrane undergoes physiological and morphological changes
commensurate with programmed cell death. Over the course of the
storage period, it is known that the red blood cell membrane
surface area decreases so that its shape changes from the biconcave
shape that permits maximum surface area per volume, facilitating
diffusion of gases and nutrients, to a more spherical shape
characteristic of a dying, fragile cell. The red blood cell
membrane is initially flexible and deformable, facilitating passage
through small capillaries. This overall shape change is accompanied
by the pinching off from the membrane of microvesicles, forming
spicules on the outer surface of the red blood cell, so that a cell
at the end stage this process, upon observation, resembles a spiny
urchin (hence the process is referred to as an echinocytic change
and the final form prior to lyses is called an echinocyte). The
ensuing fragility eventually leads to lyses and death of the cell.
Determining hemolysis rate permits an indication of the scope and
severity of this activity. In addition to engendering unacceptable
levels of hemolysis during storage, these morphological changes
trigger clearance mechanisms within a recipient patient's body upon
re-infusion of the stored red blood cells, decreasing the
post-infusion recovery and decreasing the efficiency of the
transfusion. Employment of the compositions according to the
present invention, and methods of preserving red blood cells which
utilize them, leads to a decreased osmotic fragility, and a
decreased rate of hemolysis. This corresponds to an increase in
retention of cell membrane surface area and morphological state,
and, therefore, an increase in recovery of viable red blood cells
and a decrease in post-infusion clearance of the re-infused red
blood cells from the recipient patient's body.
[0061] One embodiment of the present invention provides a method of
improving red blood cell (RBC) membrane maintenance and suppressing
RBC apoptosis during a storage period. The method comprises storing
the RBCs during the storage period in suspensions to which the
inventive compositions have been added. In a specific embodiment,
the microvesicular concentration is reduced about 75% from
concentrations observed in red blood cells stored for the same
storage period in RBC suspensions comprising AS-3.
[0062] Another embodiment of the present invention provides a
method of decreasing red blood cell (RBC) fragility and suppressing
RBC hemolysis during a storage period. The method comprises storing
the RBCs during the storage period in suspensions to which the
inventive compositions have been added. A further embodiment is
directed to methods of increasing viability of red blood cells
(RBCs) subsequent to a storage period and after infusion into a
patient in need of such an infusion, and decreasing a rate of
post-infusion clearance of the RBCs by the patient. The methods
comprise storing the RBCs during the storage period in suspensions
to which the inventive compositions have been added.
[0063] The inventive additive solution composition confers several
advantages over prior art additive solutions. The red blood cells
stored therein may be stored longer, at least 8 weeks with better
radioactive chrome-labeled RBC 24 hour in vivo recovery, than any
presently licensed solution. Use of the inventive compositions
clearly diminishes the scope and severity of the storage lesion.
During the storage period, the red blood cells exhibit an
acceptable range of hemolysis: 0.2% at 6 weeks and 0.4% at 8 weeks,
all below the FDA limit of 1% at the end of licensed storage. Red
blood cells stored in the inventive additive solutions exhibit less
membrane loss during storage as demonstrated by lower
concentrations of membrane microvesicles and less osmotic
fragility. Preservation of membrane during storage is expected to
help RBC stored in solution to have better flow properties than
cells that have lost more membrane. Retention of normal membrane
physiology also suppresses the mechanisms present in the
recipient-patient's body that trigger selective clearance from
circulation and destruction of red blood cells. Hence, the
re-infused red blood cells last longer in the recipient-patient and
enhanced longer-term recovery of the re-infused red blood cells is
possible. Moreover, enhanced longer-term survival of infused red
blood cells should lessen the need for repeat transfusions lowering
associated risks to the patient. The inventive solutions also
permit higher RBC ATP concentrations during the late phases of
storage, which is expected to allow better RBC ATP secretion and
therefore improved flow and longevity after the cells are
transfused. Pragmatically, the present solutions are useful while
working with conventional collection systems that collect whole
blood in CPD or CP2D for the production of fresh frozen plasma and
random donor platelets, or for the collection of fresh whole blood
in emergencies.
[0064] The following examples are provided for illustrative
purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the scope of
the present invention as defined herein by the claims.
EXAMPLES
TABLE-US-00001 [0065] TABLE 1 Compositions of the Tested Additive
Solutions AS-3 EAS-61 EAS-76v6 EAS-81 NaCl 70 26 30 NaHCO.sub.3 30
26 NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4 23 Na.sub.2HPO.sub.4 12 9 12 Adenine 2 2 2 2
Na.sub.3Citrate 18 Dextrose 55 110 50 80 Mannitol 55 30 55 Volume
110 170 170 110 pH 5.8 8.3 8.4 8.5
Example 1
[0066] This example illustrates a performance profile and the
advantages of one embodiment of the inventive additive solution
composition, designated as EAS-81 (see Table 1). EAS-81 and
comparative example AS-3 (Nutricel, Pal Biomedical) are both
provided in conventional volumes, while comparative examples EAS-61
and EAS-76v6 are provided in more dilute, larger volumes. EAS-81
and EAS-76v6 both comprise bicarbonate. See FIG. 1, wherein the
bicarbonate-containing compositions are represented by circles,
while those without bicarbonate are represented by diamonds. Higher
volume compositions are represented by solid figures while the
conventional volume compositions are represented by open figures.
All volumes of additive solution compositions disclosed herein are
understood to be per 500 mL unit of whole blood for an approximate
volumetric ratio of 1:4.5.
[0067] The first example is conducted as a pooling study in order
to evaluate the effect of storage solution ingredients on RBC
metabolism and integrity over the course of 10 weeks of storage in
PVC bags. Pooling reduces the largest source of variability in
conventional blood storage studies, that is, the innate differences
between the RBCs from different donors. Pooling places some of the
cells from each donor in every group of the study while maintaining
conventional unit size. RBC units, unreactive in the indirect
antiglobulin test (IAT) are grouped into sets of 4 ABO-identical
units. Each set is then pooled, mixed and aliquoted to make four
identical pooled units. One unit from each pool is used in each of
the four arms of the study.
[0068] The compositions of AS-3 and the EASs are disclosed in Table
1. The EASs are made in the laboratory from USP adenine, sugars and
salts available from Sigma Chemicals, St. Louis, Mo., and sterilely
filtered into one-liter storage bags (Code 4R2032, Baxter
Healthcare, Deerfield, Ill.), as detailed in Hess et al. "The
effects of phosphate, pH, and AS volume on RBCs stored in
saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol solutions," Transfusion, vol. 40:
1000-1006, August 2000, fully incorporated herein by reference. The
storage bags are held at 37.degree. C. for two weeks. The solutions
are then cultured and the cultures incubated for another two weeks.
Sterility is confirmed by the absence of bacterial and fungal
growth for 7-14 days (SeptiCheck, Becton-Dickinson Microbiology
Systems, Sparks, Md.), and the solutions are aliquoted by weight
into 600 mL PVC bags (Code 4R2023, Baxter Healthcare Corp.,
Deerfield, Ill.). All connections are made using a sterile
connecting device (SCD 312, Terumo Medical Corp. Elkton, Md.).
[0069] RBC Unit Preparation:
[0070] Standard units of blood (500.+-.55 mL) are collected in 70
mL of CP2D solution in a triple-bag collection system (Item code
#127-23, Pall Corporation, East Hills, N.Y.). Units are
leukoreduced with the integral leukoreduction filter. Packed RBCs
are prepared by centrifiigation for 5 minutes followed by removal
of all but 65 mL of the plasma, after which the listed volume of AS
or EAS is added sterilely. Units are stored upright at 1-6.degree.
C. for 10 weeks except for approximately weekly mixing and removal
of a 15 mL sample.
[0071] In Vitro Measurements
[0072] Leukoreduction (elimination of white blood cells from the
whole blood product) is confirmed by flow cytometry. The total
hemoglobin (Hb) concentration is measure with a clinical hematology
analyzer (Hematology Cell Counter System Series 9110+, Baker,
Allentown, Pa.). Mean cell volume (MCV is determined from the RBC
count and the microhematocrit of the storage suspension.
Supernatant Hb is measured spectrophotometrically using the
modified Drabkin assay as discussed in Moore et al, "A
micromodification of the Drabkin hemoglobin assay for measuring
plasma hemoglobin in the range of 5 to 2000 mg/dl. Biochem Med
26:167-173 (1981), incorporated fully herein by reference. Percent
hemolysis is determined by measuring the ratio of free to total Hb
and the hematocrit.
[0073] RBC ATP concentrations are measured in supernatants of
deproteinized PRBCs. Cell aliquots are mixed with cold 10%
trichloroacetic acid to precipitate blood proteins, centrifuged at
2700.times.g for 10 minutes, and the protein free supernatant
frozen at -80.degree. C. until tested. ATP is assayed enzymatically
using a commercially available test kit (Procedures 366-UV, Sigma
Diagnostics, St. Louis, Mo.).
[0074] Blood gases, bicarbonate, and pH are measured or calculated
on a blood gas analyzer (Corning 855, Ithica, N.Y.). Thus, pH is
measured at 37.degree. C. Extracellular sodium, potassium,
chloride, phosphate, lactate, and glucose are measured on a
programmable chemical analyzer (Hitachi 902 Analyzer, Boehringer
Mannheim Corporation, Indianapolis, Ind.). The average degree of
RBC shape change from discocytes to echinocytes to spherocytes is
measured according to the method of Usry, Moore, and Manolo,
described in "Morphology of stored, rejuvenated human erythrocytes"
Vox Sang 28:176-183 (1975), fully incorporated herein by reference.
Microvesicles are measured in the supernatant at the end of
storage. Plasma is untracentrifuged, the vesicle pellet washed
three times in saline, and then the total protein is quantified
using Bradford's method (BioRad, Richmond, Calif.).
[0075] The results of the comparison testing of the 4 RBC storage
solutions are illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. In all storage
solutions, RBC ATP concentrations increased in the first week of
storage (FIG. 1A). In the EASs the ATP concentration continued to
rise in the second week and remained higher than in the AS-3 for
the duration of the study. At eight weeks of storage and beyond,
EAS-81 exhibited ATP concentrations equivalent to the
increased-volume EAS-61, while EAS-78, having both the increased
volume and bicarbonate buffer system, exhibited somewhat higher
concentrations.
[0076] Hemolysis (the breakdown of red blood cells), increases with
duration of storage in all storage solutions (FIG. 1B). At all
times, however, hemolysis was higher in AS-3. It was modestly
reduced in EAS-81 and reduced further in the other EASs. There was
no additional reduction of hemolysis with bicarbonate in the high
volume solutions. As expected, a lower AS volume resulted in a
higher storage hematocrit (FIG. 1C) and RBCs lost volume in all of
the solutions during storage.
[0077] Lactate concentrations were higher across all time points in
the bicarbonate-containing EASs (FIG. 1D). Total lactate production
over 8 weeks of storage was 9 mM in AS-3, 12 mM in EAS-61, 13 mM in
EAS-81, and 15 mM in EAS-78. Extra and intracellular pH was also
higher at most time points, but the differences in intracellular pH
did not achieve statistical significance (FIGS. 1E and 1F). The
time course of bicarbonate loss and PCO2 rise and fall that provide
the buffering in the suspending solution is shown in (FIGS. 1G and
1H).
[0078] Generally, comparison of the inventive EAS-81 to the AS-3
stored cells reveals greater energy utilization with resultant
higher ATP concentrations, less hemolysis better morphology, less
microvesiculation, and slightly higher pH in the former. The older
EAS's, especially EAS-76v6, perform even better in certain
respects, but their greater volume results in greater dilution of
the stored RBC which could result in hemodilution of
multiply-transfused patient recipients.
Example 2
[0079] This example illustrates that an inventive EAS formulation
permitted the storage of RBC in conventional-volume additive
solution for 8 weeks, with better recovery, lower hemolysis and
enhanced membrane preservation over the known 6-week storage
solution.
[0080] 12 volunteer subjects meeting the United States Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) and American Association of Blood Banks
donor criteria were selected. The subjects donated 500 mL (one
unite) of whole blood, which was collected in CP2D primary bag
(Item code #127-23, Pall Corporation, East Hills, N.Y.), and
leuko-reduced with all but about 65 mL of the plasma removed.
EAS-81, 110 mL, was added and the packed RBC solutions were stored
upright at 1-6.degree. C. with half the samples (n=6) being stored
for 6 weeks and half (n=6) for 8 weeks. The week prior to the end
of storage, the units were sterilely sampled and cultured. If the
culture exhibited no growth, a small aliquot of the stored RBC was
labeled with 51-Cr and returned to the donor using the Moroff
protocol for single label measurement of RBC recovery.
[0081] Graphs of means and standard errors were created and other
descriptive statistics of the storage groups were calculated using
spreadsheet program software (Excel, Microsoft, Redmond, Wash.).
Lactate production in each of the storage systems was calculated
from the beginning and ending concentrations and the storage system
volumes were adjusted to account for the hemoglobin and serum
protein content. Box plots of RBC recovery values were produced
using SyStat Ver. 6 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill.).
[0082] Leuko-reduced RBC stored in CP2D/EAS-81 for 6 weeks had an
average autologous 24-hour in vivo recovery of 85.+-.5%, with in
vivo recovery after 8 weeks at 87.+-.2% (FIG. 2). The apparent
anomaly of higher recovery at longer time is probably a result of
the small size of the study and the great variability in the
storability of blood from different individuals. These recoveries,
however, are superior to any currently licensed storage solution
and would meet the criteria for licensure in the US and Europe
(that is, exhibiting a recovery greater than 75% and hemolysis less
than 1% for the U.S., or a recovery greater than 75% and hemolysis
less than 0.8% for Europe). RBC Hemolysis fraction during this
study was 0.2.+-.0.2 at six weeks and 0.4.+-.0.2 at 8 weeks. RBC
microvesicle protein concentrations were 8.+-.4 at 6 weeks and
12.+-.6 mg/dL RBC at 8 weeks, and thus accounted for only about 5%
of the RBC hemoglobin loss.
[0083] The superior storage performance of the inventive EAS-81 in
terms of both duration of storage and improved physiological
functioning of the infused product, appears to derive from several
bases. First, the novel pH modulating system permits sustained
buffering of the pH of the suspended solution across the tested
storage period which is sufficient to maintain a pH in the
intracellular space sufficient to drive the internal cell
equilibrium toward glycolysis and away from the ATP-consuming
production of 2,3-DPG. In addition, the higher extracellular
phosphate concentrations in this formulation contribute toward
limiting extracellar Ca++ concentrations, which in turn suppresses
several apoptotic processes such as phospholipids scrambling and
membrane deformation and loss. This leads to improved post-infusion
recovery and a higher membrane quality in the infused RBCs, further
diminishing the triggering of rapid in vivo clearance mechanisms in
infused patients and resulting a higher percentage of recoverable
infused RBCs for an extended period beyond infusion. The EAS-81
formulation, which eliminates NaCl in favor of increasing the
amount of the particular buffering compounds while maintaining
suitable osmolarity, permits more effective, longer lasting pH
modulation of the RBC-additive solution suspension, and more
phosphate available to minimize adverse cellular events associated
with increasing Ca++ concentrations and decreasing ATP
concentration. Moreover, the ability to formulate EAS-81 in
conventional volumes makes it particularly suitable for use in
multiply and massively transfused patients.
* * * * *