U.S. patent application number 14/318130 was filed with the patent office on 2014-10-16 for composition comprising a biological control agent and a fungicide selected from inhibitors of amino acid or protein biosynthesis and inhibitors of cell wall synthesis.
The applicant listed for this patent is Bayer CorpScience AG. Invention is credited to Wolfram ANDERSCH, Bernd SPRINGER, Klaus STENZEL, Ulrike WACHENDORFF-NEUMANN.
Application Number | 20140309107 14/318130 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 48576390 |
Filed Date | 2014-10-16 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140309107 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
WACHENDORFF-NEUMANN; Ulrike ;
et al. |
October 16, 2014 |
COMPOSITION COMPRISING A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT AND A FUNGICIDE
SELECTED FROM INHIBITORS OF AMINO ACID OR PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS AND
INHIBITORS OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS
Abstract
The present invention relates to a composition comprising at
least one biological control agent selected from the group
consisting Bacillus subtilis AQ713 (NRRL Accession No. B-21661),
Bacillus subtilis AQ30002 (NRRL Accession No. B-50421), and
Bacillus subtilis AQ 30004 (NRRL Accession No. B-50455), and/or a
mutant of these strains having all the identifying characteristics
of the respective strain, and/or a metabolite produced by the
respective strain that exhibits activity against insects, mites,
nematodes and/or phytopathogens and at least one fungicide (I)
selected from the group consisting of inhibitors of amino acid
and/or protein biosynthesis and inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
in a synergistically effective amount. Furthermore, the present
invention relates to the use of this composition as well as a
method for reducing overall damage of plants and plant parts.
Inventors: |
WACHENDORFF-NEUMANN; Ulrike;
(Monheim, DE) ; ANDERSCH; Wolfram; (Monheim,
DE) ; SPRINGER; Bernd; (Monheim, DE) ;
STENZEL; Klaus; (Monheim, DE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Bayer CorpScience AG |
Monheim |
|
DE |
|
|
Family ID: |
48576390 |
Appl. No.: |
14/318130 |
Filed: |
June 27, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
PCT/EP2013/061016 |
May 29, 2013 |
|
|
|
14318130 |
|
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
504/100 ;
424/780; 424/93.462 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01N 63/10 20200101;
A01N 43/54 20130101; A01N 37/36 20130101; A01N 63/00 20130101; A01N
25/00 20130101; A01N 25/00 20130101; A01N 37/36 20130101; A01N
63/00 20130101; A01N 63/00 20130101; A01N 37/36 20130101; A01N
63/00 20130101; A01N 37/36 20130101; A01N 43/54 20130101; A01N
47/12 20130101; A01N 55/00 20130101; A01N 63/10 20200101; A01N
37/36 20130101; A01N 43/54 20130101; A01N 47/12 20130101; A01N
55/00 20130101; A01N 63/10 20200101; A01N 37/36 20130101; A01N
43/54 20130101; A01N 47/12 20130101; A01N 55/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
504/100 ;
424/93.462; 424/780 |
International
Class: |
A01N 63/02 20060101
A01N063/02; A01N 43/54 20060101 A01N043/54; A01N 37/36 20060101
A01N037/36 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
May 30, 2012 |
EP |
12004160.3 |
Dec 19, 2012 |
EP |
12197942.1 |
Claims
1. A composition comprising at least one biological control agent
selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus subtilis AQ713
(NRRL Accession No. B-21661), Bacillus subtilis AQ30002 (NRRL
Accession No. B-50421), and Bacillus subtilis AQ 30004 (NRRL
Accession No. B-50455), and/or a mutant of these strains having all
the identifying characteristics of the respective strain, and/or a
metabolite produced by the respective strain that exhibits activity
against insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens and at
least one fungicide (I) selected from the group consisting of
inhibitors of amino acid and/or protein biosynthesis and inhibitors
of cell wall synthesis in a synergistically effective amount.
2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein fungicide (I) is
an inhibitor of amino acid and/or protein biosynthesis.
3. The composition according to claim 2, wherein fungicide (I) is
cyprodinil or pyrimethanil.
4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein fungicide (I) is
an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis.
5. The composition according to claim 4, wherein fungicide (I) is
benthiavalicarb, dimethomorph, iprovalicarb, mandipropamid, or
valifenalate.
6. The composition according to claim 5, wherein fungicide (I) is
mandipropamid.
7. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising at
least one additional fungicide (II), with the proviso that the
biological control agent, fungicide (I) and fungicide (II) are not
identical.
8. The composition according to claim 7, wherein fungicide (II) is
a synthetic fungicide.
9. The composition according to claim 8, wherein fungicide (II) is
selected from the group consisting of inhibitors of the ergosterol
biosynthesis, inhibitors of the respiratory chain at complex I or
II, inhibitors of the respiratory chain at complex III, inhibitors
of the mitosis and cell division, compounds capable to have a
multisite action, compounds capable to induce a host defense,
inhibitors of the amino acid and/or protein biosynthesis,
inhibitors of the ATP production, inhibitors of the cell wall
synthesis, inhibitors of the lipid and membrane synthesis,
inhibitors of the melanine biosynthesis, inhibitors of the nucleic
acid synthesis, inhibitors of the signal transduction, compounds
capable to act as an uncoupler, further compounds such as
benthiazole, bethoxazin, capsimycin, carvone, chinomethionat,
pyriofenone (chlazafenone), cufraneb, cyflufenamid, cymoxanil,
cyprosulfamide, dazomet, debacarb, dichlorophen, diclomezine,
difenzoquat, difenzoquat methylsulphate, diphenylamine, ecomate,
fenpyrazamine, flumetover, fluoroimide, flusulfamide, flutianil,
fosetyl-aluminium, fosetyl-calcium, fosetyl-sodium,
hexachlorobenzene, irumamycin, methasulfocarb, methyl
isothiocyanate, metrafenone, mildiomycin, natamycin, nickel
dimethyldithiocarbamate, nitrothal-isopropyl, octhilinone,
oxamocarb, oxyfenthiin, pentachlorophenol and salts (87-86-5),
(F297) phenothrin, (F298) phosphorous acid and its salts,
propamocarb-fosetylate, propanosine-sodium, proquinazid, pyrimorph,
(2E)-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-3-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-1-(morpholin-4-yl)pr-
op-2-en-1-one,
(2Z)-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-3-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-1-(morpholin-4-yl)pr-
op-2-en-1-one, pyrrolnitrine, tebufloquin, tecloftalam,
tolnifanide, triazoxide, trichlamide, zarilamid,
(3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[({3-[(isobutyryloxy)methoxy]-4-methoxypyridin-2-
-yl}carbonyl)amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl
2-methylpropanoate,
1-(4-{4-[(5R)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thi-
azol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-
ethanone,
1-(4-{4-[(5S)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl-
]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyra-
zol-1-yl]ethanone,
1-(4-{4-[5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol--
2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethan-
one, 1-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl
1H-imidazole-1-carboxylate,
2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)pyridine,
2,3-dibutyl-6-chlorothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one,
2,6-dimethyl-1H,5H-[1,4]dithiino[2,3-c:5,6-c']dipyrrole-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-te-
trone,
2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-(4-{4-[(5R)-5-ph-
enyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)ethanone-
,
2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-(4-{4-[(5S)-5-phenyl--
4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)ethanone,
2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-{4-[4-(5-phenyl-4,5-di-
hydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]piperidin-1-yl}ethanone,
2-butoxy-6-iodo-3-propyl-4H-chromen-4-one,
2-chloro-5-[2-chloro-1-(2,6-difluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-1H-imidazo-
l-5-yl]pyridine, 2-phenylphenol and salts,
3-(4,4,5-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinolone,
3,4,5-trichloropyridine-2,6-dicarbonitrile,
3-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-1,2-oxazolidin-3-yl]pyridine,
3-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-methylpyridazine,
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-3,6-dimethylpyridazine,
5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol,
5-chloro-N'-phenyl-N'-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)thiophene-2-sulfonohydrazide,
5-fluoro-2-[(4-fluorobenzyl)oxy]pyrimidin-4-amine,
5-fluoro-2-[(4-methylbenzyl)oxy]pyrimidin-4-amine,
5-methyl-6-octyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amine, ethyl
(2Z)-3-amino-2-cyano-3-phenylprop-2-enoate,
N'-(4-{[3-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]oxy}-2,5-dimethylphenyl)-
-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide,
N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]propanamide,
N-[(4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl]-3-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)pheny-
l]propanamide,
N-[(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-2,4-dichloropyridine-3-carboxami-
de,
N-[1-(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-2,4-dichloropyridine-3-carbo-
xamide,
N-[1-(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-2-fluoro-4-iodopyridine--
3-carboxamide,
N-{(E)-[(cyclopropylmethoxy)imino][6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,3-difluorophenyl-
]methyl}-2-phenyl acetamide,
N-{(Z)-[(cyclopropylmethoxy)imino][6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,3-difluorophenyl-
]methyl}-2-phenylacetamide,
N'-{4-[(3-tert-butyl-4-cyano-1,2-thiazolo-5-yl)oxy]-2-chloro-5-methylphen-
yl}-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide,
N-methyl-2-(1-{[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piper-
idin-4-yl)-N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamid-
e,
N-methyl-2-(1-{[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}pip-
eridin-4-yl)-N-[(1R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-1,3-thiazole-4-car-
boxamide,
N-methyl-2-(1-{[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ace-
tyl}piperidin-4-yl)-N-[(1S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-1,3-thiazol-
e-4-carboxamide, pentyl
{6-[({[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylidene]amino}oxy)methyl]py-
ridin-2-yl}carbamate, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, quinolin-8-ol
(134-31-6), quinolin-8-ol sulfate (2:1), tert-butyl
{6-[({[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)
(phenyl)methylene]amino}oxy)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}carbamate,
1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-N-[2'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyr-
azole-4-carboxamide,
N-(4'-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carb-
oxamide,
N-(2',4'-dichlorobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-py-
razole-4-carboxamide,
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyra-
zole-4-carboxamide,
N-(2',5'-difluorobiphenyl-2-yl)-1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole--
4-carboxamide,
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[4'-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyraz-
ole-4-carboxamide,
5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-N-[4'-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4--
carboxamide,
2-chloro-N-[4'-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide,
3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[4'-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1-meth-
yl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,
N-[4'-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-1H--
pyrazole-4-carboxamide,
3-(difluoromethyl)-N-(4'-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-car-
boxamide,
N-(4'-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4--
carboxamide,
2-chloro-N-(4'-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamide,
2-chloro-N-[4'-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]pyridine-3-carbox-
amide,
4-(difluoromethyl)-2-methyl-N-[4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1-
,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide,
5-fluoro-N-[4'-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1,3-dimeth-
yl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,
2-chloro-N-[4'-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]pyridine-3--
carboxamide,
3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[4'-(3-methoxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]--
1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,
5-fluoro-N-[4'-(3-methoxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1,3-dimeth-
yl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,
2-chloro-N-[4'-(3-methoxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]pyridine-3--
carboxamide,
(5-bromo-2-methoxy-4-methylpyridin-3-yl)(2,3,4-trimethoxy-6-methylphenyl)-
methanone,
N-[2-(4-{[3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-yn-1-yl]oxy}-3-methoxyphenyl-
)ethyl]-N2-(methylsulfonyl)valinamide,
4-oxo-4-[(2-phenylethyl)amino]butanoic acid, but-3-yn-1-yl
{6-[({[(Z)-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylene]amino}oxy)methyl]-
pyridin-2-yl}carbamate, 4-Amino-5-fluorpyrimidin-2-ol (mesomeric
form: 6-Amino-5-fluorpyrimidin-2(1H)-on), propyl
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate and oryzastrobin.
10. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising at
least one auxiliary selected from the group consisting of
extenders, solvents, spontaneity promoters, carriers, emulsifiers,
dispersants, frost protectants, thickeners and adjuvants.
11. A seed treated with the composition according to claim 1.
12. The use of the composition according to claim 1 as a fungicide
and/or an insecticide on a plant with the step of simultaneously or
sequentially applying the at least one biological control agent and
the at least one fungicide (I) to the plant.
13. The use according to claim 11 for reducing overall damage of
plants and plant parts as well as losses in harvested fruits or
vegetables caused by insects, mites, nematodes and/or
phytopathogens.
14. The use according to claim 10 for treating conventional or
transgenic plants or seeds thereof.
15. A method for reducing overall damage of plants and plant parts
as well as losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by
insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens comprising the step
of simultaneously or sequentially applying at least one biological
control agent selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus
subtilis AQ713 (NRRL Accession No. B-21661), Bacillus subtilis
AQ30002 (NRRL Accession No. B-50421), and Bacillus subtilis AQ
30004 (NRRL Accession No. B-50455), and/or a mutant of these
strains having all the identifying characteristics of the
respective strain, and/or a metabolite produced by the respective
strain that exhibits activity against insects, mites, nematodes
and/or phytopathogens and at least one fungicide (I) selected from
the group consisting of inhibitors of amino acid and/or protein
biosynthesis and inhibitors of cell wall synthesis in a
synergistically effective amount.
16. The method according to claim 15, wherein fungicide (I) is an
inhibitor of amino acid and/or protein biosynthesis.
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein fungicide (I) is
cyprodinil or pyrimethanil.
18. The method according to claim 15, wherein fungicide (I) is an
inhibitor of cell wall synthesis.
19. The composition according to claim 18, wherein fungicide (I) is
benthiavalicarb, dimethomorph, iprovalicarb, mandipropamid, or
valifenalate.
20. The method according to claim 15 further comprising at least
one additional fungicide (II), with the proviso that the biological
control agent, fungicide (I) and fungicide (II) are not identical.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims priority to and is a
Continuation-In-Part of International Patent Application No.
PCT/EP2013/061016, filed May 29, 2013, which claims priority to
European Patent Application No. 12004160.3 filed on May 30, 2012,
and to European Patent Application No. 12197942.1, filed on Dec.
19, 2012. Each of the foregoing applications is hereby incorporated
by reference in its entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The invention relates to the technical field of biological
and chemical plant protection agents and synergistic combinations
thereof.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Synthetic insecticides or fungicides often are non-specific
and therefore can act on organisms other than the target ones,
including other naturally occurring beneficial organisms. Because
of their chemical nature, they may be also toxic and
non-biodegradable. Consumers worldwide are increasingly conscious
of the potential environmental and health problems associated with
the residuals of chemicals, particularly in food products. This has
resulted in growing consumer pressure to reduce the use or at least
the quantity of chemical (i.e., synthetic) pesticides. Thus, there
is a need to manage food chain requirements while still allowing
effective pest control.
[0004] A further problem arising with the use of synthetic
insecticides or fungicides is that the repeated and exclusive
application of an insecticide or fungicides often leads to
selection of resistant microorganisms. Normally, such strains are
also cross-resistant against other active ingredients having the
same mode of action. An effective control of the pathogens with
said active compounds is then not possible any longer. However,
active ingredients having new mechanisms of action are difficult
and expensive to develop.
[0005] The risk of resistance development in pathogen populations
as well as environmental and human health concerns have fostered
interest in identifying alternatives to synthetic insecticides and
fungicides for managing plant diseases. The use of biological
control agents (BCAs) is one alternative. However, the
effectiveness of most BCAs is not at the same level as for
conventional insecticides and fungicides, especially in case of
severe infection pressure. Consequently, known biological control
agents, their mutants and metabolites produced by them are, in
particular in low application rates, not entirely satisfactory.
[0006] Thus, there is a constant need for developing new,
alternative plant protection agents which in some areas at least
help to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
SUMMARY
[0007] The present invention relates to a composition comprising at
least one biological control agent selected from specific
microorganisms and/or a mutant of these strains having all the
identifying characteristics of the respective strain, and/or a
metabolite produced by the respective strain that exhibits activity
against insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens and at
least one fungicide (I) selected from the group consisting of
inhibitors of the amino acid and/or protein biosynthesis,
inhibitors of the ATP production and inhibitors of the cell wall
synthesis in a synergistically effective amount. Furthermore, the
present invention relates to the use of this composition as well as
a method for reducing overall damage of plants and plant parts.
[0008] It was in particular an object of the present invention to
provide compositions which exhibit activity against insects, mites,
nematodes and/or phytopathogens. Moreover, it was a further
particular object of the present invention, to reduce the
application rates and broaden the activity spectrum of the
biological control agents and fungicides, and thereby to provide a
composition which, preferably at a reduced total amount of active
compounds applied, has improved activity against insects, mites,
nematodes and/or phytopathogens. In particular, it was a further
object of the present invention to provide a composition which,
when applied to a crop, results in a decreased amount of residues
in the crop, thereby reducing the risk of resistance formation and
nevertheless provides efficient disease control.
[0009] Accordingly, it was found that these objects at least partly
are solved by the compositions according to the invention as
defined in the following. The composition according to the present
invention preferably fulfills the above-described needs. It has
been surprisingly discovered that the application of the
composition according to the present invention in a simultaneous or
sequential way to plants, plant parts, harvested fruits, vegetables
and/or plant's locus of growth preferably allows better control of
insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens than it is possible
with the strains, their mutants and/or their metabolites produced
by the strains on the one hand and with the individual fungicides
on the other hand, alone (synergistic mixtures). By applying the
biological control agent and the specified fungicide according to
the invention the activity against insects, mites, nematodes and/or
phytopathogens is preferably increased in a superadditive manner.
Preferably, the application of the composition according to the
invention induces an increase in the activity of phytopathogens in
a superadditive manner.
[0010] As a consequence, the composition according to the present
invention preferably allows a reduced total amount of active
compounds to be used and thus the crops which have been treated by
this composition preferably show a decreased amount of residues in
the crop. Accordingly, the risk of resistance formation of harmful
microorganisms is decreased.
[0011] The present invention is directed to a composition
comprising at least one biological control agent selected from the
group consisting of Bacillus chitinosporus AQ746 (NRRL Accession
No. B-21618), Bacillus mycoides AQ726 (NRRL Accession No. B-21664),
Bacillus pumilus (NRRL Accession No. B-30087), Bacillus pumilus
AQ717 (NRRL Accession No. B-21662), Bacillus sp. AQ175 (ATCC
Accession No. 55608), Bacillus sp. AQ177 (ATCC Accession No.
55609), Bacillus sp. AQ178 (ATCC Accession No. 53522), Bacillus
subtilis AQ743 (NRRL Accession No. B-21665), Bacillus subtilis
AQ713 (NRRL Accession No. B-21661), Bacillus subtilis AQ153 (ATCC
Accession No. 55614), Bacillus thuringiensis BD#32 (NRRL Accession
No. B-21530), Bacillus thuringiensis AQ52 (NRRL Accession No.
B-21619), Muscodor albus 620 (NRRL Accession No. 30547), Muscodor
roseus A3-5 (NRRL Accession No. 30548), Rhodococcus globerulus
AQ719 (NRRL Accession No. B-21663), Streptomyces galbus (NRRL
Accession No. 30232), Streptomyces sp. (NRRL Accession No.
B-30145), Bacillus thuringiensis subspec. kurstaki BMP 123,
Bacillus subtilis AQ30002 (NRRL Accession No. B-50421), and
Bacillus subtilis AQ 30004 (NRRL Accession No. B-50455) and/or a
mutant of these strains having all the identifying characteristics
of the respective strain, and/or a metabolite produced by the
respective strain that exhibits activity against insects, mites,
nematodes and/or phytopathogens and at least one fungicide (I)
selected from the group consisting of inhibitors of the amino acid
and/or protein biosynthesis, inhibitors of the ATP production and
inhibitors of the cell wall synthesis in a synergistically
effective amount.
[0012] Furthermore, the present invention relates to a kit of parts
comprising at least one of the specific biological control agents
and the at least one fungicide (I). The present invention is
further directed to the use of said composition as fungicide and/or
insecticide. Moreover, it is directed to the use of said
composition for reducing overall damage of plants and plant parts
as well as losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by
insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens.
[0013] Moreover, the present invention provides a method for
reducing overall damage of plants and plant parts as well as losses
in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by insects, mites,
nematodes and/or phytopathogens.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0014] The present invention is directed to various compositions
comprising biological control agents, chemical fungicides, and/or
additives. The compositions described herein may be present in a
combination (e.g., an in-can combination), a kit of parts, or a
seed treatment. The present invention also provides uses of the
compositions and methods of applying the compositions to reduce
overall damage of plants and plant parts as well as losses in
harvested fruits or vegetables caused by insects, mites, nematodes
and/or phytopathogens.
Biological Control Agents
[0015] In general "pesticidal" means the ability of a substance to
increase mortality or inhibit the growth rate of plant pests. The
term is used herein, to describe the property of a substance to
exhibit activity against insects, mites, nematodes and/or
phytopathogens. In the sense of the present invention the term
"pests" include insects, mites, nematodes and/or
phytopathogens.
[0016] As used herein, "biological control" is defined as control
of a pathogen and/or insect and/or an acarid and/or a nematode by
the use of a second organism. Known mechanisms of biological
control include enteric bacteria that control root rot by
out-competing fungi for space on the surface of the root. Bacterial
toxins, such as antibiotics, have been used to control pathogens.
The toxin can be isolated and applied directly to the plant or the
bacterial species may be administered so it produces the toxin in
situ.
[0017] "Insecticides" as well as the term "insecticidal" refers to
the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit growth
rate of insects. As used herein, the term "insects" includes all
organisms in the class "Insecta". The term "pre-adult" insects
refers to any form of an organism prior to the adult stage,
including, for example, eggs, larvae, and nymphs.
[0018] "Nematicides" and "nematicidal" refers to the ability of a
substance to increase mortality or inhibit the growth rate of
nematodes. In general, the term "nematode" comprises eggs, larvae,
juvenile and mature forms of said organism.
[0019] "Acaricide" and "acaricidal" refers to the ability of a
substance to increase mortality or inhibit growth rate of
ectoparasites belonging to the class Arachnida, sub-class
Acari.
[0020] The term "metabolite" refers to any compound, substance or
byproduct of a fermentation of a microorganism that has pesticidal
activity.
[0021] The term "mutant" refers to a variant of the parental strain
as well as methods for obtaining a mutant or variant in which the
pesticidal activity is greater than that expressed by the parental
strain. The "parent strain" is defined herein as the original
strain before mutagenesis. To obtain such mutants the parental
strain may be treated with a chemical such as
N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, ethylmethanesulfone, or by
irradiation using gamma, x-ray, or UV-irradiation, or by other
means well known to those skilled in the art.
[0022] A "variant" is a strain having all the identifying
characteristics of the NRRL or ATCC Accession Numbers as indicated
in this text and can be identified as having a genome that
hybridizes under conditions of high stringency to the genome of the
NRRL or ATCC Accession Numbers.
[0023] "Hybridization" refers to a reaction in which one or more
polynucleotides react to form a complex that is stabilized via
hydrogen bonding between the bases of the nucleotide residues. The
hydrogen bonding may occur by Watson-Crick base pairing, Hoogstein
binding, or in any other sequence-specific manner. The complex may
comprise two strands forming a duplex structure, three or more
strands forming a multi-stranded complex, a single self-hybridizing
strand, or any combination of these. Hybridization reactions can be
performed under conditions of different "stringency". In general, a
low stringency hybridization reaction is carried out at about
40.degree. C. in 10.times.SSC or a solution of equivalent ionic
strength/temperature. A moderate stringency hybridization is
typically performed at about 50.degree. C. in 6.times.SSC, and a
high stringency hybridization reaction is generally performed at
about 60.degree. C. in 1.times.SSC.
[0024] A variant of the indicated NRRL or ATCC Accession Number may
also be defined as a strain having a genomic sequence that is
greater than 85%, more preferably greater than 90% or more
preferably greater than 95% sequence identity to the genome of the
indicated NRRL or ATCC Accession Number. A polynucleotide or
polynucleotide region (or a polypeptide or polypeptide region) has
a certain percentage (for example, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%) of
"sequence identity" to another sequence means that, when aligned,
that percentage of bases (or amino acids) are the same in comparing
the two sequences. This alignment and the percent homology or
sequence identity can be determined using software programs known
in the art, for example, those described in Current Protocols in
Molecular Biology (F. M. Ausubel et al., eds., 1987) Supplement 30,
section 7.7.18, Table 7.7.1.
[0025] NRRL is the abbreviation for the Agricultural Research
Service Culture Collection, an international depositary authority
for the purposes of deposing microorganism strains under the
Budapest Treaty on the international recognition of the deposit of
microorganisms for the purposes of patent procedure, having the
address National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research,
Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815
North University Street, Peoria, Ill. 61604, U.S.A.
[0026] ATCC is the abbreviation for the American Type Culture
Collection, an international depositary authority for the purposes
of deposing microorganism strains under the Budapest treaty on the
international recognition of the deposit of microorganisms for the
purposes of patent procedure, having the address ATCC Patent
Depository, 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, Va. 10110, U.S.A.
[0027] The biological control agents used in the present invention
are known in the art as follows:
[0028] Bacillus chitinosporus AQ746 (NRRL Accession No. B-21618)
(in the following sometimes referred to as B1) is known from WO
98/21966 A2. It is specifically active against nematodes and
insects and produces non-exotoxin, non-proteinaceous, active
metabolites in its supernatant. Those metabolites are active
against nematodes and cockroaches, but inactive against flies, corn
rootworm or beet armyworm.
[0029] Bacillus mycoides AQ726 (NRRL Accession No. B-21664) (in the
following sometimes referred to as B2) and its water-soluble
metabolites kill or stunt insects such as corn rootworm larvae and
aphids (WO 99/09820 A1).
[0030] As described in WO 00/58442 A1 Bacillus pumilus QST2808
(NRRL Accession No. B-30087) (in the following sometimes referred
to as B3) is able to inhibit a broad range of fungal plant diseases
in vivo. Moreover, the combination of this strain with Bacillus
thuringiensis enhances the insecticidal activity of the latter.
Commercially available formulations of this strain are sold under
the trade names SONATA.RTM. and BALLAD.RTM. PLUS from Bayer
CropScience LP, U.S.A.
[0031] Bacillus pumilus AQ717 (NRRL Accession B-21662) (in the
following sometimes referred to as B4) is known from WO 99/10477
A1. It produces a metabolite that exhibits pesticidal activity
against corn rootworms, nematodes and beet armyworms.
[0032] The bacterial strains Bacillus sp. AQ175 (ATCC Accession No.
55608) (in the following sometimes referred to as B5), Bacillus sp.
AQ 177 (ATCC Accession No. 55609) (in the following sometimes
referred to as B6) and Bacillus sp. AQ178 (ATCC Accession No.
53522) (in the following sometimes referred to as B7) described in
WO 98/21967 A1 are effective in treating and protecting plants from
aboveground fungal and bacterial infections.
[0033] The metabolite-producing strain Bacillus subtilis AQ743
(NRRL Accession No. B-21665) (in the following sometimes referred
to as B8) kills or stunts corn rootworm larvae, beet armyworm
larvae, fly adults and nematodes (cf. WO 99/09819).
[0034] Bacillus subtilis AQ713 (Accession No. B-21661), also named
Bacillus subtilis QST713, (in the following sometimes referred to
as B9) exhibits broad fungicidal and bactericidal activity and also
exhibits corn rootworm activity (WO 98/50422 A1). Commercially
available formulation of this strain are available under the trade
names SERENADE.RTM. MAX, SERENADE SOIL.RTM., SERENADE.RTM. ASO,
SERENADE.RTM. CPB and RHAPSODY.RTM. from Bayer CropScience LP,
USA.
[0035] Bacillus subtilis AQ153 (ATCC Accession No. 55614) (in the
following sometimes referred to as B10) as described in WO 98/21964
A1 is effective in inhibiting growth of plant pathogenic bacteria
and fungi.
[0036] Bacillus thuringiensis BD#32 (NRRL Accession No. B-21530)
(in the following sometimes referred to as B11) exhibits
insecticidal activity (U.S. Pat. No. 5,645,831). It produces a
non-exotoxin, solvent-extractable, non-proteinaceous metabolite
that is 100% effective in killing corn rootworm. The biopesticide
produced by this bacterial strain is active against corn rootworm
but inactive against flies.
[0037] According to WO 98/21965 A1 the antibiotic producing strain
Bacillus thuringiensis AQ52 (NRRL Accession No. B-21619) (in the
following sometimes referred to as B12) exhibits broad fungicidal
and bactericidal activity.
[0038] WO 02/02082898 A1 describes endophytic fungi including
Muscodor albus 620, also known as Muscodor albus QST 20799 (NRRL
Accession No. 30547) (in the following sometimes referred to as
B13) and Muscodor roseus A3-5 (NRRL Accession No. 30548) (in the
following sometimes referred to as B14) that produce a mixture of
volatile antibiotics with activity against fungi, bacteria, insects
and nematodes.
[0039] Rhodococcus globerulus AQ719 (NRRL Accession No. B-21663)
(in the following sometimes referred to as B15) produces
metabolites that exhibits pesticidal activity against corn
rootworms (U.S. Pat. No. 6,027,723).
[0040] WO 01/79480 A2 describes a strain of Streptomyces galbus
(NRRL Accession No. 30232) (in the following sometimes referred to
as B16) which shows insecticidal activity against Lepidoptera.
[0041] The Streptomyces sp. strain described in WO 02/26041 A2
(NRRL Accession No. B-30145) (in the following sometimes referred
to as B17) exhibits antifungal activity on specific plant pathogens
such as Alternaria, Phytophthora, Botrytis, Rhizoctonia and
Sclerotinia.
[0042] Commercially available formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis
subspec. kurstaki BMP 123 (in the following sometimes referred to
as B18) are available under the trade name BARITONE.RTM.. It
exhibits insecticidal activity and is effective on lepidopterous
insects, including loopers, armyworms and moths. BARITONE.RTM. is
distributed subject to EPA Reg. No. 62637-5-69592.
[0043] The strains Bacillus subtilis AQ30002 (also known as
QST30002) (NRRL Accession No. B-50421, deposited on Oct. 5, 2010)
(in the following sometimes referred to as B19) and Bacillus
subtilis AQ30004 (also known as QST30004) (NRRL Accession No.
B-50455, deposited on Oct. 5, 2010) (in the following sometimes
referred to as B20) are known from WO 2012/087980 A1, which is
incorporated herein by reference. As described therein, these BCAs
exhibit a broad fungicidal and bactericidal activity. B19 and B20
have a mutation in the swrA gene that results in impaired swarming
ability and enhanced plant health promotion compared to a strain
containing a wild type swrA gene. The mutation causes these BCAs to
form a more robust biofilm than the wild type strain, thereby
enhancing its fungicidal and bactericidal activity.
[0044] In a preferred embodiment the composition of the present
invention is characterized in that the biological control agent is
selected from the group consisting of Bacillus pumilus (NRRL
Accession No. B-30087) and Bacillus subtilis AQ713 (NRRL Accession
No. B-21661) and/or a mutant of these stains having all the
identifying characteristics of the respective strain, and/or a
metabolite produced by the respective strain that exhibits activity
against insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens.
[0045] In another preferred embodiment the composition of the
present invention is characterized in that the biological control
agent is selected from the group consisting of Bacillus subtilis
AQ30002 (also known as QST30002) (NRRL Accession No. B-50421),
Bacillus subtilis AQ30004 (also known as QST30004) (NRRL Accession
No. B-50455, or a Bacillus subtilis strain having a mutation in the
swrA gene that results in impaired swarming ability and enhanced
plant health promotion compared to a strain containing a wild type
swrA gene, and/or a mutant of these stains having all the
identifying characteristics of the respective strain, and/or a
metabolite produced by the respective strain that exhibits activity
against insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens.
[0046] In another preferred embodiment the composition of the
present invention comprises a combination of at least two
biological control agents selected from the group consisting of
Bacillus chitinosporus AQ746 (NRRL Accession No. B-21618), Bacillus
mycoides AQ726 (NRRL Accession No. B-21664), Bacillus pumilus (NRRL
Accession No. B-30087), Bacillus pumilus AQ717 (NRRL Accession No.
B-21662), Bacillus sp. AQ175 (ATCC Accession No. 55608), Bacillus
sp. AQ177 (ATCC Accession No. 55609), Bacillus sp. AQ178 (ATCC
Accession No. 53522), Bacillus subtilis AQ743 (NRRL Accession No.
B-21665), Bacillus subtilis AQ713 (NRRL Accession No. B-21661),
Bacillus subtilis AQ153 (ATCC Accession No. 55614), Bacillus
thuringiensis BD#32 (NRRL Accession No. B-21530), Bacillus
thuringiensis AQ52 (NRRL Accession No. B-21619), Muscodor albus 620
(NRRL Accession No. 30547), Muscodor roseus A3-5 (NRRL Accession
No. 30548), Rhodococcus globerulus AQ719 (NRRL Accession No.
B-21663), Streptomyces galbus (NRRL Accession No. 30232),
Streptomyces sp. (NRRL Accession No. B-30145), Bacillus
thuringiensis subspec. kurstaki BMP 123, Bacillus subtilis AQ30002
(NRRL Accession No. B-50421), and Bacillus subtilis AQ 30004 (NRRL
Accession No. B-50455) and/or a mutant of these strains having all
the identifying characteristics of the respective strain, and/or a
metabolite produced by the respective strain that exhibits activity
against insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens.
[0047] According to one embodiment of the present invention the
biological control agent comprises not only the isolated, pure
cultures of the respective microorganisms, but also their
suspensions in a whole broth culture or a metabolite-containing
supernatant or a purified metabolite obtained from whole broth
culture of the strain. "Whole broth culture" refers to a liquid
culture containing both cells and media. "Supernatant" refers to
the liquid broth remaining when cells grown in broth are removed by
centrifugation, filtration, sedimentation, or other means well
known in the art.
[0048] The above-mentioned metabolites produced by the
nonpathogenic microorganisms include antibiotics, enzymes,
siderophores and growth promoting agents, for example
zwittermicin-A, kanosamine, polyoxine, enzymes such as a-amylase,
chitinases, and pektinases, phytohormones and precursors thereof,
such as auxines, gibberlin-like substances, cytokinin-like
compounds, lipopeptides such as iturins, plipastatins or
surfactins, e.g., agrastatin A, bacillomycin D, bacilysin,
difficidin, macrolactin, fengycin, bacilysin and bacilaene.
Preferred metabolites of the above listed are lipopeptides, in
particular those produced by Bacillus pumilus (NRRL Accession No.
B-30087) or Bacillus subtilis AQ713 (NRRL Accession No. B-21661).
Especially preferred metabolites are Iturin A, Surfactin,
Plipastatin and Agrastatin A. An even more preferred metabolite is
agrastatin A.
[0049] According to the invention, the biological control agent may
be employed or used in any physiologic state such as active or
dormant.
Fungicide (I)
[0050] In general, "fungicidal" means the ability of a substance to
increase mortality or inhibit the growth rate of fungi.
[0051] The term "fungus" or "fungi" includes a wide variety of
nucleated spore bearing organisms that are devoid of chlorophyll.
Examples of fungi include yeasts, molds, mildews, rusts, and
mushrooms.
[0052] The composition according to the present invention comprises
at least one fungicide (I) which is selected from the group
consisting of inhibitors of the amino acid and/or protein
biosynthesis, inhibitors of the ATP production and inhibitors of
the cell wall synthesis.
[0053] Preferably the fungicide (I) does not have any fungicidal
activity against the biological control agent of the invention.
[0054] Preferably, the fungicide (I) is selected from the group
consisting of:
[0055] (7) (F190) andoprim (23951-85-1), (F191) blasticidin-S
(2079-00-7), (F192) cyprodinil (121552-61-2), (F193) kasugamycin
(6980-18-3), (F194) kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate (19408-46-9),
(F195) mepanipyrim (110235-47-7), (F196) pyrimethanil (53112-28-0),
(F197)
3-(5-fluoro-3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline
(861647-32-7);
[0056] (8) (F198) fentin acetate (900-95-8), (F199) fentin chloride
(639-58-7), (F200) fentin hydroxide (76-87-9), (F201) silthiofam
(175217-20-6);
[0057] (9) (F202) benthiavalicarb (177406-68-7), (F203)
dimethomorph (110488-70-5), (F204) flumorph (211867-47-9), (F205)
iprovalicarb (140923-17-7), (F206) mandipropamid (374726-62-2),
(F207) polyoxins (11113-80-7), (F208) polyoxorim (22976-86-9),
(F209) validamycin A (37248-47-8), (F210) valifenalate
(283159-94-4; 283159-90-0).
[0058] All named fungicides mentioned in the present application
(i.e., F1 to F380) can, if their functional groups enable this,
optionally form salts with suitable bases or acids.
[0059] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the
fungicide (I) is a synthetic fungicide. As used herein, the term
"synthetic" defines a compound that has not been obtained from a
biological control agent. Especially a synthetic fungicide is no
metabolite of the biological control agents according to the
present invention.
[0060] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention
fungicide (I) is selected from the group consisting of:
[0061] (7) Inhibitors of the amino acid and/or protein
biosynthesis, for example (F192) cyprodinil (121552-61-2), (F196)
pyrimethanil (53112-28-0); and
[0062] (9) Inhibitors of the cell wall synthesis, for example
(F202) benthiavalicarb (177406-68-7), (F203) dimethomorph
(110488-70-5), (F205) iprovalicarb (140923-17-7), (F206)
mandipropamid (374726-62-2), (F210) valifenalate (283159-94-4;
283159-90-0).
[0063] According to another preferred embodiment of the present
invention fungicide (I) is (F206) mandipropamid (374726-62-2).
[0064] In one embodiment of the present invention, fungicide (I),
e.g., the fungicide for use in seed treatment is Silthiofam
(F201).
Compositions According to the Present Invention
[0065] According to the present invention the composition comprises
at least one biological control agent selected from the group
consisting of Bacillus chitinosporus AQ746 (NRRL Accession No.
B-21618), Bacillus mycoides AQ726 (NRRL Accession No. B-21664),
Bacillus pumilus (NRRL Accession No. B-30087), Bacillus pumilus
AQ717 (NRRL Accession No. B-21662), Bacillus sp. AQ175 (ATCC
Accession No. 55608), Bacillus sp. AQ177 (ATCC Accession No.
55609), Bacillus sp. AQ178 (ATCC Accession No. 53522), Bacillus
subtilis AQ743 (NRRL Accession No. B-21665), Bacillus subtilis
AQ713 (NRRL Accession No. B-21661), Bacillus subtilis AQ153 (ATCC
Accession No. 55614), Bacillus thuringiensis BD#32 (NRRL Accession
No. B-21530), Bacillus thuringiensis AQ52 (NRRL Accession No.
B-21619), Muscodor albus 620 (NRRL Accession No. 30547), Muscodor
roseus A3-5 (NRRL Accession No. 30548), Rhodococcus globerulus
AQ719 (NRRL Accession No. B-21663), Streptomyces galbus (NRRL
Accession No. 30232), Streptomyces sp. (NRRL Accession No.
B-30145), Bacillus thuringiensis subspec. kurstaki BMP 123,
Bacillus subtilis AQ30002 (NRRL Accession No. B-50421), and
Bacillus subtilis AQ 30004 (NRRL Accession No. B-50455) and/or a
mutant of these stains having all the identifying characteristics
of the respective strain, and/or a metabolite produced by the
respective strain that exhibits activity against insects, mites,
nematodes and/or phytopathogens and the at least one fungicide (I)
as specified in claim 1 in a synergistically effective amount.
[0066] A "synergistically effective amount" according to the
present invention represents a quantity of a combination of a
biological control agent and a fungicide that is statistically
significantly more effective against insects, mites, nematodes
and/or phytopathogens than the biological control agent or the
fungicide only.
[0067] In a preferred embodiment the composition according to the
present invention comprises the following combinations:
[0068] B1+F190, B1+F191, B1+F192, B1+F193, B1+F194, B1+F195,
B1+F196, B1+F197, B1+F198, B1+F199, B1+F200, B1+F201, B1+F202,
B1+F203, B1+F204, B1+F205, B1+F206, B1+F207, B1+F208, B1+F209,
B1+F210;
[0069] B2+F190, B2+F191, B2+F192, B2+F193, B2+F194, B2+F195,
B2+F196, B2+F197, B2+F198, B2+F199, B2+F200, B2+F201, B2+F202,
B2+F203, B2+F204, B2+F205, B2+F206, B2+F207, B2+F208, B2+F209,
B2+F210;
[0070] B3+F190, B3+F191, B3+F192, B3+F193, B3+F194, B3+F195,
B3+F196, B3+F197, B3+F198, B3+F199, B3+F200, B3+F201, B3+F202,
B3+F203, B3+F204, B3+F205, B3+F206, B3+F207, B3+F208, B3+F209,
B3+F210;
[0071] B4+F190, B4+F191, B4+F192, B4+F193, B4+F194, B4+F195,
B4+F196, B4+F197, B4+F198, B4+F199, B4+F200, B4+F201, B4+F202,
B4+F203, B4+F204, B4+F205, B4+F206, B4+F207, B4+F208, B4+F209,
B4+F210;
[0072] B5+F190, B5+F191, B5+F192, B5+F193, B5+F194, B5+F195,
B5+F196, B5+F197, B5+F198, B5+F199, B5+F200, B5+F201, B5+F202,
B5+F203, B5+F204, B5+F205, B5+F206, B5+F207, B5+F208, B5+F209,
B5+F210;
[0073] B6+F190, B6+F191, B6+F192, B6+F193, B6+F194, B6+F195,
B6+F196, B6+F197, B6+F198, B6+F199, B6+F200, B6+F201, B6+F202,
B6+F203, B6+F204, B6+F205, B6+F206, B6+F207, B6+F208, B6+F209,
B6+F210;
[0074] B7+F190, B7+F191, B7+F192, B7+F193, B7+F194, B7+F195,
B7+F196, B7+F197, B7+F198, B7+F199, B7+F200, B7+F201, B7+F202,
B7+F203, B7+F204, B7+F205, B7+F206, B7+F207, B7+F208, B7+F209,
B7+F210;
[0075] B8+F190, B8+F191, B8+F192, B8+F193, B8+F194, B8+F195,
B8+F196, B8+F197, B8+F198, B8+F199, B8+F200, B8+F201, B8+F202,
B8+F203, B8+F204, B8+F205, B8+F206, B8+F207, B8+F208, B8+F209,
B8+F210B9+F190, B9+F191, B9+F192,
[0076] B9+F193, B9+F194, B9+F195, B9+F196, B9+F197, B9+F198,
B9+F199, B9+F200, B9+F201, B9+F202, B9+F203, B9+F204, B9+F205,
B9+F206, B9+F207, B9+F208, B9+F209, B9+F210;
[0077] B10+F190, B10+F191, B10+F192, B10+F193, B10+F194, B10+F195,
B10+F196, B10+F197, B10+F198, B10+F199, B10+F200, B10+F201,
B10+F202, B10+F203, B10+F204, B10+F205, B10+F206, B10+F207,
B10+F208, B10+F209, B10+F210;
[0078] B11+F190, B11+F191, B11+F192, B11+F193, B11+F194, B11+F195,
B11+F196, B11+F197, B11+F198, B11+F199, B11+F200, B11+F201,
B11+F202, B11+F203, B11+F204, B11+F205, B11+F206, B11+F207,
B11+F208, B11+F209, B11+F210;
[0079] B12+F190, B12+F191, B12+F192, B12+F193, B12+F194, B12+F195,
B12+F196, B12+F197, B12+F198, B12+F199, B12+F200, B12+F201,
B12+F202, B12+F203, B12+F204, B12+F205, B12+F206, B12+F207,
B12+F208, B12+F209, B12+F210;
[0080] B13+F190, B13+F191, B13+F192, B13+F193, B13+F194, B13+F195,
B13+F196, B13+F197, B13+F198, B13+F199, B13+F200, B13+F201,
B13+F202, B13+F203, B13+F204, B13+F205, B13+F206, B13+F207,
B13+F208, B13+F209, B13+F210
[0081] B14+F190, B14+F191, B14+F192, B14+F193, B14+F194, B14+F195,
B14+F196, B14+F197, B14+F198, B14+F199, B14+F200, B14+F201,
B14+F202, B14+F203, B14+F204, B14+F205, B14+F206, B14+F207,
B14+F208, B14+F209, B14+F210
[0082] B15+F190, B15+F191, B15+F192, B15+F193, B15+F194, B15+F195,
B15+F196, B15+F197, B15+F198, B15+F199, B15+F200, B15+F201,
B15+F202, B15+F203, B15+F204, B15+F205, B15+F206, B15+F207,
B15+F208, B15+F209, B15+F210;
[0083] B16+F190, B16+F191, B16+F192, B16+F193, B16+F194, B16+F195,
B16+F196, B16+F197, B16+F198, B16+F199, B16+F200, B16+F201,
B16+F202, B16+F203, B16+F204, B16+F205, B16+F206, B16+F207,
B16+F208, B16+F209, B16+F210;
[0084] B17+F190, B17+F191, B17+F192, B17+F193, B17+F194, B17+F195,
B17+F196, B17+F197, B17+F198, B17+F199, B17+F200, B17+F201,
B17+F202, B17+F203, B17+F204, B17+F205, B17+F206, B17+F207,
B17+F208, B17+F209, B17+F210;
[0085] B18+F190, B18+F191, B18+F192, B18+F193, B18+F194, B18+F195,
B18+F196, B18+F197, B18+F198, B18+F199, B18+F200, B18+F201,
B18+F202, B18+F203, B18+F204, B18+F205, B18+F206, B18+F207,
B18+F208, B18+F209, B18+F210.
[0086] B19+F190, B19+F191, B19+F192, B19+F193, B19+F194, B19+F195,
B19+F196, B19+F197, B19+F198, B19+F199, B19+F200, B19+F201,
B19+F202, B19+F203, B19+F204, B19+F205, B19+F206, B19+F207,
B19+F208, B19+F209, B19+F210
[0087] B20+F190, B20+F191, B20+F192, B20+F193, B20+F194, B20+F195,
B20+F196, B20+F197, B20+F198, B20+F199, B20+F200, B20+F201,
B20+F202, B20+F203, B20+F204, B20+F205, B20+F206, B20+F207,
B20+F208, B20+F209, B20+F210.
[0088] In a more preferred embodiment the composition according to
the present invention comprises the following combinations:
[0089] B1+F192, B1+F196, B1+F201, B1+F202, B1+F203, B1+F205,
B1+F206, B1+F210;
[0090] B2+F192, B2+F196, B2+F201, B2+F202, B2+F203, B2+F205,
B2+F206, B2+F210;
[0091] B3+F192, B3+F196, B3+F201, B3+F202, B3+F203, B3+F205,
B3+F206, B3+F210;
[0092] B4+F192, B4+F196, B4+F201, B4+F202, B4+F203, B4+F205,
B4+F206, B4+F210;
[0093] B5+F192, B5+F196, B5+F201, B5+F202, B5+F203, B5+F205,
B5+F206, B5+F210;
[0094] B6+F192, B6+F196, B6+F201, B6+F202, B6+F203, B6+F205,
B6+F206, B6+F210;
[0095] B7+F192, B7+F196, B7+F201, B7+F202, B7+F203, B7+F205,
B7+F206, B7+F210;
[0096] B8+F192, B8+F196, B8+F201, B8+F202, B8+F203, B8+F205,
B8+F206, B8+F210;
[0097] B9+F192, B9+F196, B9+F201, B9+F202, B9+F203, B9+F205,
B9+F206, B9+F210;
[0098] B10+F192, B10+F196, B10+F201, B10+F202, B10+F203, B10+F205,
B10+F206, B10+F210;
[0099] B11+F192, B11+F196, B11+F201, B11+F202, B11+F203, B11+F205,
B11+F206, B11+F210;
[0100] B12+F192, B12+F196, B12+F201, B12+F202, B12+F203, B12+F205,
B12+F206, B12+F210;
[0101] B13+F192, B13+F196, B13+F201, B13+F202, B13+F203, B13+F205,
B13+F206, B13+F210;
[0102] B14+F192, B14+F196, B14+F201, B14+F202, B14+F203, B14+F205,
B14+F206, B14+F210;
[0103] B15+F192, B15+F196, B15+F201, B15+F202, B15+F203, B15+F205,
B15+F206, B15+F210;
[0104] B16+F192, B16+F196, B16+F201, B16+F202, B16+F203, B16+F205,
B16+F206, B16+F210;
[0105] B17+F192, B17+F196, B17+F201, B17+F202, B17+F203, B17+F205,
B17+F206, B17+F210
[0106] B18+F192, B18+F196, B18+F201, B18+F202, B18+F203, B18+F205,
B18+F206, B18+F210;
[0107] B19+F192, B19+F196, B19+F201, B19+F202, B19+F203, B19+F205,
B19+F206, B19+F210;
[0108] B20+F192, B20+F196, B20+F201, B20+F202, B20+F203, B20+F205,
B20+F206, B20+F210.
[0109] Still preferably, the composition according to the present
invention is selected from the group consisting of:
[0110] B1+F206, B2+F206, B3+F206, B4+F206, B5+F206, B6+F206,
B7+F206, B8+F206, B9+F206, B10+F206, B11+F206, B12+F206,
B13+F206B14+F206, B15+F206, B16+F206, B17+F206, B18+F206, B19+F206,
B20+F206.
[0111] Still preferably, the composition according to the present
invention is B19+F206.
[0112] In a preferred embodiment the composition according to the
present invention comprises at least one additional fungicide (II),
with the proviso that the biological control agent, fungicide (I)
and fungicide (II) are not identical.
Fungicide (II)
[0113] Preferably, fungicide (II) is selected so as not to have any
fungicidal activity against the biological control agent of the
present invention.
[0114] In a preferred embodiment fungicide (II) is a synthetic
fungicide.
[0115] Fungicides which may be used as fungicide (II) explained
below are as follows:
[0116] (1) Inhibitors of the ergosterol biosynthesis, for example
(F1) aldimorph (1704-28-5), (F2) azaconazole (60207-31-0), (F3)
bitertanol (55179-31-2), (F4) bromuconazole (116255-48-2), (F5)
cyproconazole (113096-99-4), (F6) diclobutrazole (75736-33-3), (F7)
difenoconazole (119446-68-3), (F8) diniconazole (83657-24-3), (F9)
diniconazole-M (83657-18-5), (F10) dodemorph (1593-77-7), (F11)
dodemorph acetate (31717-87-0), (F12) epoxiconazole (106325-08-0),
(F13) etaconazole (60207-93-4), (F14) fenarimol (60168-88-9), (F15)
fenbuconazole (114369-43-6), (F16) fenhexamid (126833-17-8), (F17)
fenpropidin (67306-00-7), (F18) fenpropimorph (67306-03-0), (F19)
fluquinconazole (136426-54-5), (F20) flurprimidol (56425-91-3),
(F21) flusilazole (85509-19-9), (F22) flutriafol (76674-21-0),
(F23) furconazole (112839-33-5), (F24) furconazole-cis
(112839-32-4), (F25) hexaconazole (79983-71-4), (F26) imazalil
(60534-80-7), (F27) imazalil sulfate (58594-72-2), (F28)
imibenconazole (86598-92-7), (F29) ipconazole (125225-28-7), (F30)
metconazole (125116-23-6), (F31) myclobutanil (88671-89-0), (F32)
naftifine (65472-88-0), (F33) nuarimol (63284-71-9), (F34)
oxpoconazole (174212-12-5), (F35) paclobutrazol (76738-62-0), (F36)
pefurazoate (101903-30-4), (F37) penconazole (66246-88-6), (F38)
piperalin (3478-94-2), (F39) prochloraz (67747-09-5), (F40)
propiconazole (60207-90-1), (F41) prothioconazole (178928-70-6),
(F42) pyributicarb (88678-67-5), (F43) pyrifenox (88283-41-4),
(F44) quinconazole (103970-75-8), (F45) simeconazole (149508-90-7),
(F46) spiroxamine (118134-30-8), (F47) tebuconazole (107534-96-3),
(F48) terbinafine (91161-71-6), (F49) tetraconazole (112281-77-3),
(F50) triadimefon (43121-43-3), (F51) triadimenol (89482-17-7),
(F52) tridemorph (81412-43-3), (F53) triflumizole (68694-11-1),
(F54) triforine (26644-46-2), (F55) triticonazole (131983-72-7),
(F56) uniconazole (83657-22-1), (F57) uniconazole-p (83657-17-4),
(F58) viniconazole (77174-66-4), (F59) voriconazole (137234-62-9),
(F60) 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)cycloheptanol
(129586-32-9), (F61) methyl
1-(2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate
(110323-95-0), (F62)
N'-{5-(difluoromethyl)-2-methyl-4-[3-(trimethylsilyl)propoxy]phenyl}-N-et-
hyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (F63)
N-ethyl-N-methyl-N'-{2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4-[3-(trimethylsilyl)pr-
opoxy]phenyl}imidoformamide, (F64)
O-[1-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl]1H-imidazole-1-carbothioat-
e (111226-71-2);
[0117] (2) inhibitors of the respiratory chain at complex I or II,
for example (F65) bixafen (581809-46-3), (F66) boscalid
(188425-85-6), (F67) carboxin (5234-68-4), (F68) diflumetorim
(130339-07-0), (F69) fenfuram (24691-80-3), (F70) fluopyram
(658066-35-4), (F71) flutolanil (66332-96-5), (F72) fluxapyroxad
(907204-31-3), (F73) furametpyr (123572-88-3), (F74) furmecyclox
(60568-05-0), (F75) isopyrazam (mixture of syn-epimeric racemate
1RS,4SR,9RS and anti-epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9SR) (881685-58-1),
(F76) isopyrazam (anti-epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9SR), (F77)
isopyrazam (anti-epimeric enantiomer 1R,4S,9S), (F78) isopyrazam
(anti-epimeric enantiomer 1S,4R,9R), (F79) isopyrazam (syn epimeric
racemate 1RS,4SR,9RS), (F80) isopyrazam (syn-epimeric enantiomer
1R,4S,9R), (F81) isopyrazam (syn-epimeric enantiomer 1S,4R,9S),
(F82) mepronil (55814-41-0), (F83) oxycarboxin (5259-88-1), (F84)
penflufen (494793-67-8), (F85) penthiopyrad (183675-82-3), (F86)
sedaxane (874967-67-6), (F87) thifluzamide (130000-40-7), (F88)
1-methyl-N-[2-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-p-
yrazole-4-carboxamide, (F89)
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[2-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl]-1H-py-
razole-4-carboxamide, (F90)
3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[4-fluoro-2-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)phenyl]-1-
-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (F91)
N-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxypropan-2-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-meth-
yl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (1092400-95-7), (F92)
5,8-difluoro-N-[2-(2-fluoro-4-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}pheny-
l)ethyl]quinazolin-4-amine (1210070-84-0), (F93) benzovindiflupyr,
(F94)
N-[(1S,4R)-9-(dichloromethylene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalen-
-5-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (F95)
N-[(1R,4S)-9-(dichloromethylene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalen-
-5-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (F96)
3-(Difluormethyl)-1-methyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)--
1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid, (F97)
1,3,5-Trimethyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol--
4-carboxamid, (F98)
1-Methyl-3-(trifluormethyl)-N-(1,3,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-
-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid, (F99)
1-Methyl-3-(trifluormethyl)-N-[(1S)-1,3,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden--
4-yl]-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid, (F100)
1-Methyl-3-(trifluormethyl)-N-[(1R)-1,3,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden--
4-yl]-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid, (F101)
3-(Difluormethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3S)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-
-yl]-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid, (F102)
3-(Difluormethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-
-yl]-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid, (F103)
1,3,5-Trimethyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyr-
azol-4-carboxamid, (F104)
1,3,5-Trimethyl-N-[(3S)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyr-
azol-4-carboxamid;
[0118] (3) inhibitors of the respiratory chain at complex III, for
example (F105) ametoctradin (865318-97-4), (F106) amisulbrom
(348635-87-0), (F107) azoxystrobin (131860-33-8), (F108) cyazofamid
(120116-88-3), (F109) coumethoxystrobin (850881-30-0), (F110)
coumoxystrobin (850881-70-8), (F111) dimoxystrobin (141600-52-4),
(F112) enestroburin (238410-11-2), (F113) famoxadone (131807-57-3),
(F114) fenamidone (161326-34-7), (F115) fenoxystrobin
(918162-02-4), (F116) fluoxastrobin (361377-29-9), (F117)
kresoxim-methyl (143390-89-0), (F118) metominostrobin
(133408-50-1), (F119) orysastrobin (189892-69-1), (F120)
picoxystrobin (117428-22-5), (F121) pyraclostrobin (175013-18-0),
(F122) pyrametostrobin (915410-70-7), (F123) pyraoxystrobin
(862588-11-2), (F124) pyribencarb (799247-52-2), (F125)
triclopyricarb (902760-40-1), (F126) trifloxystrobin (141517-21-7),
(F127)
(2E)-2-(2-{[6-(3-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-5-fluoropyrimidin-4-yl]oxy}pheny-
l)-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methylethanamide, (F128)
(2E)-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methyl-2-(2-{[({(1E)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl-
]ethylidene}amino)oxy]methyl}phenyl)-ethanamide, (F129)
(2E)-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methyl-2-{2-[(E)-({1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]e-
thoxy}imino)methyl]phenyl}ethanamide (158169-73-4), (F130)
(2E)-2-{2-[({[(1E)-1-(3-{[(E)-1-fluoro-2-phenylethenyl]oxy}phenyl)ethylid-
ene]amino}-oxy)methyl]phenyl}-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methylethanamide
(326896-28-0), (F131)
(2E)-2-{2-[({[(2E,3E)-4-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)but-3-en-2-ylidene]amino}oxy)-
methyl]phenyl}-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methylethanamide, (F132)
2-chloro-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)pyridine-3-carboxam-
ide (119899-14-8), (F133)
5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-(2-{[({(1E)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}-
amino)oxy]methyl}phenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one, (F134)
methyl
(2E)-2-{2[({cyclopropyl[(4-methoxyphenyl)imino]-methyl}sulfanyl)methyl]ph-
enyl}-3-methoxyprop-2-enoate (149601-03-6), (F135)
N-(3-ethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl)-3-(formylamino)-2-hydroxybenzamide
(226551-21-9), (F136)
2-{2-[(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}-2-methoxy-N-methylacetamide
(173662-97-0), (F137)
(2R)-2-{2-[(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}-2-methoxy-N-methylacetamid-
e (394657-24-0);
[0119] (4) Inhibitors of the mitosis and cell division, for example
(F138) benomyl (17804-35-2), (F139) carbendazim (10605-21-7),
(F140) chlorfenazole (3574-96-7), (F141) diethofencarb
(87130-20-9), (F142) ethaboxam (162650-77-3), (F143) fluopicolide
(239110-15-7), (F144) fuberidazole (3878-19-1), (F145) pencycuron
(66063-05-6), (F146) thiabendazole (148-79-8), (F147)
thiophanate-methyl (23564-05-8), (F148) thiophanate (23564-06-9),
(F149) zoxamide (156052-68-5), (F150)
5-chloro-7-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)[1,2,4]triaz-
olo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (214706-53-3), (F151)
3-chloro-5-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-methyl-4-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)pyrid-
azine (1002756-87-7);
[0120] (5) Compounds capable to have a multisite action, like for
example (F152) bordeaux mixture (8011-63-0), (F153) captafol
(2425-06-1), (F154) captan (133-06-2), (F155) chlorothalonil
(1897-45-6), (F156) copper hydroxide (20427-59-2), (F157) copper
naphthenate (1338-02-9), (F158) copper oxide (1317-39-1), (F159)
copper oxychloride (1332-40-7), (F160) copper(2+) sulfate
(7758-98-7), (F161) dichlofluanid (1085-98-9), (F162) dithianon
(3347-22-6), (F163) dodine (2439-10-3), (F164) dodine free base,
(F165) ferbam (14484-64-1), (F166) fluorofolpet (719-96-0), (F167)
folpet (133-07-3), (F168) guazatine (108173-90-6), (F169) guazatine
acetate, (F170) iminoctadine (13516-27-3), (F171) iminoctadine
albesilate (169202-06-6), (F172) iminoctadine triacetate
(57520-17-9), (F173) mancopper (53988-93-5), (F174) mancozeb
(8018-01-7), (F175) maneb (12427-38-2), (F176) metiram (9006-42-2),
(F177) metiram zinc (9006-42-2), (F178) oxine-copper (10380-28-6),
(F179) propamidine (104-32-5), (F180) propineb (12071-83-9), (F181)
sulphur and sulphur preparations including calcium polysulphide
(7704-34-9), (F182) thiram (137-26-8), (F183) tolylfluanid
(731-27-1), (F184) zineb (12122-67-7), (F185) ziram (137-30-4);
[0121] (6) Compounds capable to induce a host defense, like for
example (F186) acibenzolar-S-methyl (135158-54-2), (F187) isotianil
(224049-04-1), (F188) probenazole (27605-76-1), (F189) tiadinil
(223580-51-6);
[0122] (7) Inhibitors of the amino acid and/or protein biosynthesis
as explained before (provided that fungicide (I) and fungicide (II)
are not identical;
[0123] (8) Inhibitors of the ATP production as explained before
(provided that fungicide (I) and fungicide (II) are not
identical);
[0124] (9) Inhibitors of the cell wall synthesis as explained
before (provided that fungicide (I) and fungicide (II) are not
identical);
[0125] (10) Inhibitors of the lipid and membrane synthesis, for
example (F211) biphenyl (92-52-4), (F212) chloroneb (2675-77-6),
(F213) dicloran (99-30-9), (F214) edifenphos (17109-49-8), (F215)
etridiazole (2593-15-9), (F216) iodocarb (55406-53-6), (F217)
iprobenfos (26087-47-8), (F218) isoprothiolane (50512-35-1), (F219)
propamocarb (25606-41-1), (F220) propamocarb hydrochloride
(25606-41-1), (F221) prothiocarb (19622-08-3), (F222) pyrazophos
(13457-18-6), (F223) quintozene (82-68-8), (F224) tecnazene
(117-18-0), (F225) tolclofos-methyl (57018-04-9);
[0126] (11) Inhibitors of the melanine biosynthesis, for example
(F226) carpropamid (104030-54-8), (F227) diclocymet (139920-32-4),
(F228) fenoxanil (115852-48-7), (F229) phthalide (27355-22-2),
(F230) pyroquilon (57369-32-1), (F231) tricyclazole (41814-78-2),
(F232) 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl
{3-methyl-1-[(4-methylbenzoyl)amino]butan-2-yl}carbamate
(851524-22-6);
[0127] (12) Inhibitors of the nucleic acid synthesis, for example
(F233) benalaxyl (71626-11-4), (F234) benalaxyl-M (kiralaxyl)
(98243-83-5), (F235) bupirimate (41483-43-6), (F236) clozylacon
(67932-85-8), (F237) dimethirimol (5221-53-4), (F238) ethirimol
(23947-60-6), (F239) furalaxyl (57646-30-7), (F240) hymexazol
(10004-44-1), (F241) metalaxyl (57837-19-1), (F242) metalaxyl-M
(mefenoxam) (70630-17-0), (F243) ofurace (58810-48-3), (F244)
oxadixyl (77732-09-3), (F245) oxolinic acid (14698-29-4);
[0128] (13) Inhibitors of the signal transduction, for example
(F246) chlozolinate (84332-86-5), (F247) fenpiclonil (74738-17-3),
(F248) fludioxonil (131341-86-1), (F249) iprodione (36734-19-7),
(F250) procymidone (32809-16-8), (F251) quinoxyfen (124495-18-7),
(F252) vinclozolin (50471-44-8);
[0129] (14) Compounds capable to act as an uncoupler, like for
example (F253) binapacryl (485-31-4), (F254) dinocap (131-72-6),
(F255) ferimzone (89269-64-7), (F256) fluazinam (79622-59-6),
(F257) meptyldinocap (131-72-6);
[0130] (15) Further compounds, like for example (F258) benthiazole
(21564-17-0), (F259) bethoxazin (163269-30-5), (F260) capsimycin
(70694-08-5), (F261) carvone (99-49-0), (F262) chinomethionat
(2439-01-2), (F263) pyriofenone (chlazafenone) (688046-61-9),
(F264) cufraneb (11096-18-7), (F265) cyflufenamid (180409-60-3),
(F266) cymoxanil (57966-95-7), (F267) cyprosulfamide (221667-31-8),
(F268) dazomet (533-74-4), (F269) debacarb (62732-91-6), (F270)
dichlorophen (97-23-4), (F271) diclomezine (62865-36-5), (F272)
difenzoquat (49866-87-7), (F273) difenzoquat methylsulphate
(43222-48-6), (F724) diphenylamine (122-39-4), (F275) ecomate,
(F276) fenpyrazamine (473798-59-3), (F277) flumetover
(154025-04-4), (F278) fluoroimide (41205-21-4), (F279) flusulfamide
(106917-52-6), (F280) flutianil (304900-25-2), (F281)
fosetyl-aluminium (39148-24-8), (F282) fosetyl-calcium, (F283)
fosetyl-sodium (39148-16-8), (F284) hexachlorobenzene (118-74-1),
(F285) irumamycin (81604-73-1), (F286) methasulfocarb (66952-49-6),
(F287) methyl isothiocyanate (556-61-6), (F288) metrafenone
(220899-03-6), (F289) mildiomycin (67527-71-3), (F290) natamycin
(7681-93-8), (F291) nickel dimethyldithiocarbamate (15521-65-0),
(F292) nitrothal-isopropyl (10552-74-6), (F293) octhilinone
(26530-20-1), (F294) oxamocarb (917242-12-7), (F295) oxyfenthiin
(34407-87-9), (F296) pentachlorophenol and salts (87-86-5), (F297)
phenothrin, (F298) phosphorous acid and its salts (13598-36-2),
(F299) propamocarb-fosetylate, (F300) propanosine-sodium
(88498-02-6), (F301) proquinazid (189278-12-4), (F302) pyrimorph
(868390-90-3), (F303)
(2E)-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-3-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-1-(morpholin-4-yl)pr-
op-2-en-1-one (1231776-28-5), (F304)
(2Z)-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-3-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-1-(morpholin-4-yl)pr-
op-2-en-1-one (1231776-29-6), (F305) pyrrolnitrine (1018-71-9),
(F306) tebufloquin (376645-78-2), (F307) tecloftalam (76280-91-6),
(F308) tolnifanide (304911-98-6), (F309) triazoxide (72459-58-6),
(F310) trichlamide (70193-21-4), (F311) zarilamid (84527-51-5),
(F312)
(3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[({3-[(isobutyryloxy)methoxy]-4-methoxypyridin-2-
-yl}carbonyl)amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl
2-methylpropanoate (517875-34-2), (F313)
1-(4-{4-[(5R)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thi-
azol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-
ethanone (1003319-79-6), (F314)
1-(4-{4-[(5S)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thi-
azol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-
ethanone (1003319-80-9), (F315)
1-(4-{4-[5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol--
2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethan-
one (1003318-67-9), (F316)
1-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl
1H-imidazole-1-carboxylate (111227-17-9), (F317)
2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)pyridine (13108-52-6), (F318)
2,3-dibutyl-6-chlorothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one (221451-58-7),
(F319)
2,6-dimethyl-1H,5H-[1,4]dithiino[2,3-c:5,6-c']dipyrrole-1,3,5,7(2H-
,6H)-tetrone, (F320)
2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-(4-{4-[(5R)-5-phenyl-4-
,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)ethanone
(1003316-53-7), (F321)
2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-(4-{4-[(5S)-5-phenyl-4-
,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)ethanone
(1003316-54-8), (F322)
2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-{4-[4-(5-phenyl-4,5-di-
hydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]piperidin-1-yl}ethanone
(1003316-51-5), (F323) 2-butoxy-6-iodo-3-propyl-4H-chromen-4-one,
(F324)
2-chloro-5-[2-chloro-1-(2,6-difluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-1H-imidazo-
l-5-yl]pyridine, (F325) 2-phenylphenol and salts (90-43-7), (F326)
3-(4,4,5-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline
(861647-85-0), (F327) 3,4,5-trichloropyridine-2,6-dicarbonitrile
(17824-85-0), (F328)
3-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-1,2-oxazolidin-3-yl]pyridine,
(F329)
3-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-methylpyridazine,
(F330)
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-3,6-dimethylpyridazine,
(F331) 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol, (F332)
5-chloro-N'-phenyl-N'-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)thiophene-2-sulfonohydrazide
(134-31-6), (F333)
5-fluoro-2-[(4-fluorobenzyl)oxy]pyrimidin-4-amine (1174376-11-4),
(F334) 5-fluoro-2-[(4-methylbenzyl)oxy]pyrimidin-4-amine
(1174376-25-0), (F335)
5-methyl-6-octyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amine, (F336)
ethyl (2Z)-3-amino-2-cyano-3-phenylprop-2-enoate, (F337)
N'-(4-{[3-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]oxy}-2,5-dimethylphenyl)-
-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (F338)
N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]propanamide,
(F339)
N-[(4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl]-3-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-ylox-
y)phenyl]propanamide, (F340)
N-[(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-2,4-dichloropyridine-3-carboxami-
de, (F341)
N-[1-(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-2,4-dichloropyridine--
3-carboxamide, (F342)
N-[1-(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-2-fluoro-4-iodopyridine-3-carbo-
xamide, (F343)
N-{(E)-[(cyclopropylmethoxy)imino][6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,3-difluorophenyl-
]methyl}-2-phenylacetamide (221201-92-9), (F344)
N-{(Z)-[(cyclopropylmethoxy)imino][6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,3-difluorophenyl-
]methyl}-2-phenylacetamide (221201-92-9), (F345)
N'-{4-[(3-tert-butyl-4-cyano-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)oxy]-2-chloro-5-methylpheny-
l}-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (F346)
N-methyl-2-(1-{[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piper-
idin-4-yl)-N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamid-
e (922514-49-6), (F347)
N-methyl-2-(1-{[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piper-
idin-4-yl)-N-[(1R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carbo-
xamide (922514-07-6), (F348)
N-methyl-2-(1-{[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piper-
idin-4-yl)-N-[(1S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carbo-
xamide (922514-48-5), (F349) pentyl
{6-[({[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylidene]amino}oxy)methyl]py-
ridin-2-yl}carbamate, (F350) phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, (F351)
quinolin-8-ol (134-31-6), (F352) quinolin-8-ol sulfate (2:1)
(134-31-6), (F353) tert-butyl
{6-[({[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylene]amino}oxy)methyl]pyri-
din-2-yl}carbamate;
[0131] (16) Further compounds, like for example (F354)
1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-N-[2'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyr-
azole-4-carboxamide, (F355)
N-(4'-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carb-
oxamide, (F356)
N-(2',4'-dichlorobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-
-carboxamide, (F357)
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyra-
zole-4-carboxamide, (F358)
N-(2',5'-difluorobiphenyl-2-yl)-1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole--
4-carboxamide, (F359)
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[4'-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyraz-
ole-4-carboxamide, (F360)
5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-N-[4'-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4--
carboxamide, (F361)
2-chloro-N-[4'-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide,
(F362)
3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[4'-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-
-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (F363)
N-[4'-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-1H--
pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (F364)
3-(difluoromethyl)-N-(4'-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-car-
boxamide, (F365)
N-(4'-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxami-
de, (F366)
2-chloro-N-(4'-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamide, (F367)
2-chloro-N-[4'-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]pyridine-3-
-carboxamide, (F368)
4-(difluoromethyl)-2-methyl-N-[4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1,3-thi-
azole-5-carboxamide, (F369)
5-fluoro-N-[4'-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1,3-dimeth-
yl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (F370)
2-chloro-N-[4'-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]pyridine-3--
carboxamide, (F371)
3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[4'-(3-methoxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]--
1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (F372)
5-fluoro-N-[4'-(3-methoxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1,3-dimeth-
yl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (F373)
2-chloro-N-[4'-(3-methoxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]pyridine-3--
carboxamide, (F374)
(5-bromo-2-methoxy-4-methylpyridin-3-yl)(2,3,4-trimethoxy-6-methylphenyl)-
methanone, (F375)
N-[2-(4-{[3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-yn-1-yl]oxy}-3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N2-
-(methylsulfonyl)valinamide (220706-93-4), (F376)
4-oxo-4-[(2-phenylethyl)amino]butanoic acid, (F377) but-3-yn-1-yl
{6-[({[(Z)-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylene]amino}oxy)methyl]-
pyridin-2-yl}carbamate, (F378) 4-Amino-5-fluorpyrimidin-2-ol
(mesomeric form: 6-Amino-5-fluorpyrimidin-2(1H)-on), (F379) propyl
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate and (F380) Oryzastrobin.
[0132] Preferably, fungicide (II) is selected from the group
consisting of F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, F10, F11, F12,
F13, F14, F15, F16, F17, F18, F19, F20, F21, F22, F23, F24, F25,
F26, F27, F28, F29, F30, F31, F32, F33, F34, F35, F36, F37, F38,
F39, F40, F41, F42, F43, F45, F46, F47, F48, F49, F50, F51, F52,
F53, F54, F55, F56, F57, F58, F59, F60, F61, F62, F63, F64, F65,
F66, F67, F68, F69, F70, F71, F72, F73, F74, F75, F76, F77, F78,
F79, F80, F81, F82, F83, F84, F85, F86, F87, F88, F89, F90, F91,
F92, F93, F94, F95, F96, F97, F98, F99, F100, F101, F102, F103,
F104, F105, F106, F107, F108, F109, F110, F111, F112, F113, F114,
F115, F116, F117, F118, F119, F120, F121, F122, F123, F124, F125,
F126, F127, F128, F129, F130, F131, F132, F133, F134, F135, F136,
F137, F138, F139, F140, F141, F142, F143, F144, F145, F146, F147,
F148, F149, F150, F151, F152, F153, F154, F155, F156, F157, F158,
F159, F160, F161, F162, F163, F164, F165, F166, F167, F168, F169,
F170, F171, F172, F173, F174, F175, F176, F177, F178, F179, F180,
F181, F182, F183, F184, F185, F186, F187, F188, F189, F190, F191,
F192, F193, F194, F195, F196, F197, F198, F199, F200, F201, F202,
F203, F204, F205, F206, F207, F208, F209, F210, F211, F212, F213,
F214, F215, F216, F217, F218, F219, F220, F221, F222, F223, F224,
F225, F226, F227, F228, F229, F230, F231, F232, F233, F234, F235,
F236, F237, F238, F239, F240, F241, F242, F243, F244, F245, F246,
F247, F248, F249, F250, F251, F252, F253, F254, F255, F256, F257,
F258, F259, F260, F261, F262, F263, F264, F265, F266, F267, F268,
F269, F270, F271, F272, F273, F274, F275, F276, F277, F278, F279,
F280, F281, F282, F283, F284, F285, F286, F287, F288, F289, F290,
F291, F292, F293, F294, F295, F296, F297, F298, F299, F300, F301,
F302, F303, F304, F305, F306, F307, F308, F309, F310, F311, F312,
F313, F314, F315, F316, F317, F318, F319, F320, F321, F322, F323,
F324, F325, F326, F327, F328, F329, F330, F331, F332, F333, F334,
F335, F336, F336, F337, F338, F339, F340, F341, F342, F343, F344,
F345, F346, F347, F348, F349, F350, F351, F352, F353, F354, F355,
F356, F357, F358, F359, F360, F361, F362, F363, F364, F365, F366,
F367, F368, F369, F370, F371, F372, F373, F374, F375, F376, F377,
F378, F379 and F380 as mentioned above.
[0133] According to a more preferred embodiment of the present
invention fungicide (II) is selected from the group consisting of
F3, F4, F5, F7, F12, F16, F17, F18, F19, F22, F26, F29, F30, F31,
F37, F39, F40, F41, F44, F46, F47, F51, F55, F66, F67, F70, F71,
F72, F73, F75, F76, F77, F78, F79, F80, F81, F84, F85, F86, F87,
F98, F99, F100, F101, F102, F105, F106, F107, F108, F111, F112,
F113, F114, F116, F117, F118, F119, F120, F121, F124, F126, F139,
F140, F141, F142, F143, F144, F145, F147, F149, F154, F155, F156,
F159, F162, F163, F167, F168, F172, F174, F180, F181, F182, F186,
F187, F189, F192, F196, F201, F202, F203, F205, F206, F210, F216,
F217, F220, F225, F226, F233, F234, F239, F240, F241, F242, F244,
F247, F248, F249, F251, F252, F256, F266, F280, F281, F286, F287,
F288, F298, F301, F309 and F319 as mentioned above.
Further Additives
[0134] One aspect of the present invention is to provide a
composition as described above additionally comprising at least one
auxiliary selected from the group consisting of extenders,
solvents, spontaneity promoters, carriers, emulsifiers,
dispersants, frost protectants, thickeners and adjuvants. Those
compositions are referred to as formulations.
[0135] Accordingly, in one aspect of the present invention such
formulations, and application forms prepared from them, are
provided as crop protection agents and/or pesticidal agents, such
as drench, drip and spray liquors, comprising the composition of
the invention. The application forms may comprise further crop
protection agents and/or pesticidal agents, and/or
activity-enhancing adjuvants such as penetrants, examples being
vegetable oils such as, for example, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil,
mineral oils such as, for example, liquid paraffins, alkyl esters
of vegetable fatty acids, such as rapeseed oil or soybean oil
methyl esters, or alkanol alkoxylates, and/or spreaders such as,
for example, alkylsiloxanes and/or salts, examples being organic or
inorganic ammonium or phosphonium salts, examples being ammonium
sulphate or diammonium hydrogen phosphate, and/or retention
promoters such as dioctyl sulphosuccinate or hydroxypropylguar
polymers and/or humectants such as glycerol and/or fertilizers such
as ammonium, potassium or phosphorous fertilizers, for example.
[0136] Examples of typical formulations include water-soluble
liquids (SL), emulsifiable concentrates (EC), emulsions in water
(EW), suspension concentrates (SC, SE, FS, OD), water-dispersible
granules (WG), granules (GR) and capsule concentrates (CS); these
and other possible types of formulation are described, for example,
by Crop Life International and in "Pesticide Specifications, Manual
on Development and Use of FAO and WHO Specifications for
Pesticides," FAO Plant Production and Protection Papers--173,
prepared by the FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Specifications,
2004, ISBN: 9251048576. The formulations may comprise active
agrochemical compounds other than one or more active compounds of
the invention.
[0137] The formulations or application forms in question preferably
comprise auxiliaries, such as extenders, solvents, spontaneity
promoters, carriers, emulsifiers, dispersants, frost protectants,
biocides, thickeners and/or other auxiliaries, such as adjuvants,
for example. An adjuvant in this context is a component which
enhances the biological effect of the formulation, without the
component itself having a biological effect. Examples of adjuvants
are agents which promote the retention, spreading, attachment to
the leaf surface, or penetration.
[0138] These formulations are produced in a known manner, for
example by mixing the active compounds with auxiliaries such as,
for example, extenders, solvents and/or solid carriers and/or
further auxiliaries, such as, for example, surfactants. The
formulations are prepared in suitable plants or else before or
during the application.
[0139] Suitable for use as auxiliaries are substances which are
suitable for imparting to the formulation of the active compound or
the application forms prepared from these formulations (such as,
e.g., usable crop protection agents, such as spray liquors or seed
dressings) particular properties such as certain physical,
technical and/or biological properties.
[0140] Suitable extenders are, for example, water, polar and
nonpolar organic chemical liquids, for example from the classes of
the aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons (such as paraffins,
alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, chlorobenzenes), the alcohols and
polyols (which, if appropriate, may also be substituted, etherified
and/or esterified), the ketones (such as acetone, cyclohexanone),
esters (including fats and oils) and (poly)ethers, the
unsubstituted and substituted amines, amides, lactams (such as
N-alkylpyrrolidones) and lactones, the sulphones and sulphoxides
(such as dimethyl sulphoxide).
[0141] If the extender used is water, it is also possible to
employ, for example, organic solvents as auxiliary solvents.
Essentially, suitable liquid solvents are: aromatics such as
xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics and
chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes,
chloroethylenes or methylene chloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons such
as cyclohexane or paraffins, for example petroleum fractions,
mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols such as butanol or glycol and
also their ethers and esters, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl
ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar
solvents such as dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide and dimethyl
sulphoxide, and also water. Preferred auxiliary solvents are
selected from the group consisting of acetone and
N,N'-dimethylacetamide.
[0142] In principle it is possible to use all suitable solvents.
Suitable solvents are, for example, aromatic hydrocarbons, such as
xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, for example, chlorinated
aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzene,
chloroethylene or methylene chloride, for example, aliphatic
hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane, for example, paraffins,
petroleum fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols, such as
methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol or glycol, for example, and
also their ethers and esters, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl
ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, for example,
strongly polar solvents, such as dimethyl sulphoxide, and
water.
[0143] All suitable carriers may in principle be used. Suitable
carriers are in particular: for example, ammonium salts and ground
natural minerals such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz,
attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and ground
synthetic minerals, such as finely divided silica, alumina and
natural or synthetic silicates, resins, waxes and/or solid
fertilizers. Mixtures of such carriers may likewise be used.
Carriers suitable for granules include the following: for example,
crushed and fractionated natural minerals such as calcite, marble,
pumice, sepiolite, dolomite, and also synthetic granules of
inorganic and organic meals, and also granules of organic material
such as sawdust, paper, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco
stalks.
[0144] Liquefied gaseous extenders or solvents may also be used.
Particularly suitable are those extenders or carriers which at
standard temperature and under standard pressure are gaseous,
examples being aerosol propellants, such as halogenated
hydrocarbons, and also butane, propane, nitrogen and carbon
dioxide.
[0145] Examples of emulsifiers and/or foam-formers, dispersants or
wetting agents having ionic or nonionic properties, or mixtures of
these surface-active substances, are salts of polyacrylic acid,
salts of lignosulphonic acid, salts of phenolsulphonic acid or
naphthalenesulphonic acid, polycondensates of ethylene oxide with
fatty alcohols or with fatty acids or with fatty amines, with
substituted phenols (preferably alkylphenols or arylphenols), salts
of sulphosuccinic esters, taurine derivatives (preferably
alkyltaurates), phosphoric esters of polyethoxylated alcohols or
phenols, fatty acid esters of polyols, and derivatives of the
compounds containing sulphates, sulphonates and phosphates,
examples being alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkylsulphonates, alkyl
sulphates, arylsulphonates, protein hydrolysates, lignin-sulphite
waste liquors and methylcellulose. The presence of a surface-active
substance is advantageous if one of the active compounds and/or one
of the inert carriers is not soluble in water and if application
takes place in water. Preferred emulsifiers are alkylaryl
polyglycol ethers.
[0146] Further auxiliaries that may be present in the formulations
and in the application forms derived from them include colorants
such as inorganic pigments, examples being iron oxide, titanium
oxide, Prussian Blue, and organic dyes, such as alizarin dyes, azo
dyes and metal phthalocyanine dyes, and nutrients and trace
nutrients, such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt,
molybdenum and zinc.
[0147] Stabilizers, such as low-temperature stabilizers,
preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers or other agents
which improve chemical and/or physical stability may also be
present. Additionally present may be foam-formers or defoamers.
[0148] Furthermore, the formulations and application forms derived
from them may also comprise, as additional auxiliaries, stickers
such as carboxymethylcellulose, natural and synthetic polymers in
powder, granule or latex form, such as gum arabic, polyvinyl
alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, and also natural phospholipids, such as
cephalins and lecithins, and synthetic phospholipids. Further
possible auxiliaries include mineral and vegetable oils.
[0149] There may possibly be further auxiliaries present in the
formulations and the application forms derived from them. Examples
of such additives include fragrances, protective colloids, binders,
adhesives, thickeners, thixotropic substances, penetrants,
retention promoters, stabilizers, sequestrants, complexing agents,
humectants and spreaders. Generally speaking, the active compounds
may be combined with any solid or liquid additive commonly used for
formulation purposes.
[0150] Suitable retention promoters include all those substances
which reduce the dynamic surface tension, such as dioctyl
sulphosuccinate, or increase the viscoelasticity, such as
hydroxypropylguar polymers, for example.
[0151] Suitable penetrants in the present context include all those
substances which are typically used in order to enhance the
penetration of active agrochemical compounds into plants.
Penetrants in this context are defined in that, from the (generally
aqueous) application liquor and/or from the spray coating, they are
able to penetrate the cuticle of the plant and thereby increase the
mobility of the active compounds in the cuticle. This property can
be determined using the method described in the literature (Baur et
al., 1997, Pesticide Science 51, 131-152). Examples include alcohol
alkoxylates such as coconut fatty ethoxylate (10) or isotridecyl
ethoxylate (12), fatty acid esters such as rapeseed or soybean oil
methyl esters, fatty amine alkoxylates such as tallowamine
ethoxylate (15), or ammonium and/or phosphonium salts such as
ammonium sulphate or diammonium hydrogen phosphate, for
example.
[0152] The formulations preferably comprise between 0.00000001% and
98% by weight of active compound or, with particular preference,
between 0.01% and 95% by weight of active compound, more preferably
between 0.5% and 90% by weight of active compound, based on the
weight of the formulation. The content of the active compound is
defined as the sum of the at least one biological control agent and
the at least one fungicide (I).
[0153] The active compound content of the application forms (crop
protection products) prepared from the formulations may vary within
wide ranges. The active compound concentration of the application
forms may be situated typically between 0.00000001% and 95% by
weight of active compound, preferably between 0.00001% and 1% by
weight, based on the weight of the application form. Application
takes place in a customary manner adapted to the application
forms.
Kit of Parts
[0154] Furthermore, in one aspect of the present invention a kit of
parts is provided comprising at least one biological control agent
selected from the group consisting of Bacillus chitinosporus AQ746
(NRRL Accession No. B-21618), Bacillus mycoides AQ726 (NRRL
Accession No. B-21664), Bacillus pumilus (NRRL Accession No.
B-30087), Bacillus pumilus AQ717 (NRRL Accession No. B-21662),
Bacillus sp. AQ175 (ATCC Accession No. 55608), Bacillus sp. AQ177
(ATCC Accession No. 55609), Bacillus sp. AQ178 (ATCC Accession No.
53522), Bacillus subtilis AQ743 (NRRL Accession No. B-21665),
Bacillus subtilis AQ713 (NRRL Accession No. B-21661), Bacillus
subtilis AQ153 (ATCC Accession No. 55614), Bacillus thuringiensis
BD#32 (NRRL Accession No. B-21530), Bacillus thuringiensis AQ52
(NRRL Accession No. B-21619), Muscodor albus 620 (NRRL Accession
No. 30547), Muscodor roseus A3-5 (NRRL Accession No. 30548),
Rhodococcus globerulus AQ719 (NRRL Accession No. B-21663),
Streptomyces galbus (NRRL Accession No. 30232), Streptomyces sp.
(NRRL Accession No. B-30145), Bacillus thuringiensis subspec.
kurstaki BMP 123, Bacillus subtilis AQ30002 (NRRL Accession No.
B-50421), and Bacillus subtilis AQ 30004 (NRRL Accession No.
B-50455) and/or a mutant of these strains having all the
identifying characteristics of the respective strain, and/or a
metabolite produced by the respective strain that exhibits activity
against insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens and at
least one fungicide (I) selected from the group consisting of
inhibitors of the amino acid and/or protein biosynthesis,
inhibitors of the ATP production and inhibitors of the cell wall
synthesis in a synergistically effective amount, in a spatially
separated arrangement.
[0155] In a further embodiment of the present invention the
above-mentioned kit of parts further comprises at least one
additional fungicide (II), with the proviso that the biological
control agent, fungicide (I) and fungicide (II) are not identical.
Fungicide (II) can be present either in the biological control
agent component of the kit of parts or in the fungicide (I)
component of the kit of parts being spatially separated or in both
of these components. Preferably, fungicide (II) is present in the
fungicide (I) component.
[0156] Moreover, the kit of parts according to the present
invention can additionally comprise at least one auxiliary selected
from the group consisting of extenders, solvents, spontaneity
promoters, carriers, emulsifiers, dispersants, frost protectants,
thickeners and adjuvants as mentioned below. This at least one
auxiliary can be present either in the biological control agent
component of the kit of parts or in the fungicide (I) component of
the kit of parts being spatially separated or in both of these
components.
[0157] In another aspect of the present invention the composition
as described above is used for reducing overall damage of plants
and plant parts as well as losses in harvested fruits or vegetables
caused by insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens.
[0158] Furthermore, in another aspect of the present invention the
composition as described above increases the overall plant
health.
[0159] The term "plant health" generally comprises various sorts of
improvements of plants that are not connected to the control of
pests. For example, advantageous properties that may be mentioned
are improved crop characteristics including: emergence, crop
yields, protein content, oil content, starch content, more
developed root system, improved root growth, improved root size
maintenance, improved root effectiveness, improved stress tolerance
(e.g., against drought, heat, salt, UV, water, cold), reduced
ethylene (reduced production and/or inhibition of reception),
tillering increase, increase in plant height, bigger leaf blade,
less dead basal leaves, stronger tillers, greener leaf color,
pigment content, photosynthetic activity, less input needed (such
as fertilizers or water), less seeds needed, more productive
tillers, earlier flowering, early grain maturity, less plant verse
(lodging), increased shoot growth, enhanced plant vigor, increased
plant stand and early and better germination.
[0160] With regard to the use according to the present invention,
improved plant health preferably refers to improved plant
characteristics including: crop yield, more developed root system
(improved root growth), improved root size maintenance, improved
root effectiveness, tillering increase, increase in plant height,
bigger leaf blade, less dead basal leaves, stronger tillers,
greener leaf color, photosynthetic activity, more productive
tillers, enhanced plant vigor, and increased plant stand.
[0161] With regard to the present invention, improved plant health
preferably especially refers to improved plant properties selected
from crop yield, more developed root system, improved root growth,
improved root size maintenance, improved root effectiveness,
tillering increase, and increase in plant height.
[0162] The effect of a composition according to the present
invention on plant health as defined herein can be determined by
comparing plants which are grown under the same environmental
conditions, whereby a part of said plants is treated with a
composition according to the present invention and another part of
said plants is not treated with a composition according to the
present invention. Instead, said other part is not treated at all
or treated with a placebo (i.e., an application without a
composition according to the invention such as an application
without all active ingredients (i.e. without a biological control
agent as described herein and without a fungicide as described
herein), or an application without a biological control agent as
described herein, or an application without a fungicide as
described herein.
[0163] The composition according to the present invention may be
applied in any desired manner, such as in the form of a seed
coating, soil drench, and/or directly in-furrow and/or as a foliar
spray and applied either pre-emergence, post-emergence or both. In
other words, the composition can be applied to the seed, the plant
or to harvested fruits and vegetables or to the soil wherein the
plant is growing or wherein it is desired to grow (plant's locus of
growth).
[0164] Reducing the overall damage of plants and plant parts often
results in healthier plants and/or in an increase in plant vigor
and yield.
[0165] Preferably, the composition according to the present
invention is used for treating conventional or transgenic plants or
seed thereof.
[0166] In another aspect of the present invention a method for
reducing overall damage of plants and plant parts as well as losses
in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by insects, mites,
nematodes and/or phytopathogens is provided comprising the step of
simultaneously or sequentially applying at least one biological
control agent selected from the group consisting of Bacillus
chitinosporus AQ746 (NRRL Accession No. B-21618), Bacillus mycoides
AQ726 (NRRL Accession No. B-21664), Bacillus pumilus (NRRL
Accession No. B-30087), Bacillus pumilus AQ717 (NRRL Accession No.
B-21662), Bacillus sp. AQ175 (ATCC Accession No. 55608), Bacillus
sp. AQ177 (ATCC Accession No. 55609), Bacillus sp. AQ178 (ATCC
Accession No. 53522), Bacillus subtilis AQ743 (NRRL Accession No.
B-21665), Bacillus subtilis AQ713 (NRRL Accession No. B-21661),
Bacillus subtilis AQ 153 (ATCC Accession No. 55614), Bacillus
thuringiensis BD#32 (NRRL Accession No. B-21530), Bacillus
thuringiensis AQ52 (NRRL Accession No. B-21619), Muscodor albus 620
(NRRL Accession No. 30547), Muscodor roseus A3-5 (NRRL Accession
No. 30548), Rhodococcus globerulus AQ719 (NRRL Accession No.
B-21663), Streptomyces galbus (NRRL Accession No. 30232),
Streptomyces sp. (NRRL Accession No. B-30145), Bacillus
thuringiensis subspec. kurstaki BMP 123, Bacillus subtilis AQ30002
(NRRL Accession No. B-50421), and Bacillus subtilis AQ 30004 (NRRL
Accession No. B-50455) and/or a mutant of these strains having all
the identifying characteristics of the respective strain, and/or a
metabolite produced by the respective strain that exhibits activity
against insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens and at
least one fungicide (I) selected from the group consisting of
inhibitors of the amino acid and/or protein biosynthesis,
inhibitors of the ATP production and inhibitors of the cell wall
synthesis in a synergistically effective amount.
[0167] In a preferred embodiment of the present method the at least
one fungicide (I) is selected from the group of fungicides
mentioned above.
[0168] In another preferred embodiment of the present method the
composition further comprises at least one additional fungicide
(II), with the proviso that the biological control agent, fungicide
(I) and fungicide (II) are not identical.
[0169] Preferably, the at least one additional fungicide (II) is a
synthetic fungicide. More preferably, fungicide (II) is selected
from the group of preferred fungicides (II) mentioned above.
[0170] The method of the present invention includes the following
application methods, namely both of the at least one biological
control agent and the at least one fungicide (I) mentioned before
may be formulated into a single, stable composition with an
agriculturally acceptable shelf life (so called
"solo-formulation"), or being combined before or at the time of use
(so called "combined-formulations").
[0171] If not mentioned otherwise, the expression "combination"
stands for the various combinations of the at least one biological
control agent and the at least one fungicide (I), and optionally
the at least one fungicide (II), in a solo-formulation, in a single
"ready-mix" form, in a combined spray mixture composed from
solo-formulations, such as a "tank-mix", and especially in a
combined use of the single active ingredients when applied in a
sequential manner, i.e., one after the other within a reasonably
short period, such as a few hours or days, e.g., 2 hours to 7 days.
The order of applying the composition according to the present
invention is not essential for working the present invention.
Accordingly, the term "combination" also encompasses the presence
of the at least one biological control agent and the at least one
fungicide (I), and optionally the at least one fungicide (II) on or
in a plant to be treated or its surrounding, habitat or storage
space, e.g., after simultaneously or consecutively applying the at
least one biological control agent and the at least one fungicide
(I), and optionally the at least one fungicide (II) to a plant its
surrounding, habitat or storage space.
[0172] If the at least one biological control agent and the at
least one fungicide (I), and optionally the at least one fungicide
(II) are employed or used in a sequential manner, it is preferred
to treat the plants or plant parts (which includes seeds and plants
emerging from the seed), harvested fruits and vegetables according
to the following method: Firstly applying the at least one
fungicide (I) and optionally the at least one fungicide (II) on the
plant or plant parts, and secondly applying the biological control
agent to the same plant or plant parts. The time periods between
the first and the second application within a (crop) growing cycle
may vary and depend on the effect to be achieved. For example, the
first application is done to prevent an infestation of the plant or
plant parts with insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens
(this is particularly the case when treating seeds) or to combat
the infestation with insects, mites, nematodes and/or
phytopathogens (this is particularly the case when treating plants
and plant parts) and the second application is done to prevent or
control the infestation with insects, mites, nematodes and/or
phytopathogens. Control in this context means that the biological
control agent is not able to fully exterminate the pests or
phytopathogenic fungi but is able to keep the infestation on an
acceptable level.
[0173] By following the before mentioned steps, a very low level of
residues of the at least one fungicide (I), and optionally at least
one fungicide (II) on the treated plant, plant parts, and the
harvested fruits and vegetables can be achieved.
[0174] If not mentioned otherwise the treatment of plants or plant
parts (which includes seeds and plants emerging from the seed),
harvested fruits and vegetables with the composition according to
the invention is carried out directly or by action on their
surroundings, habitat or storage space using customary treatment
methods, for example dipping, spraying, atomizing, irrigating,
evaporating, dusting, fogging, broadcasting, foaming, painting,
spreading-on, watering (drenching), drip irrigating. It is
furthermore possible to apply the at least one biological control
agent, the at least one fungicide (I), and optionally the at least
one fungicide (II) as solo-formulation or combined-formulations by
the ultra-low volume method, or to inject the composition according
to the present invention as a composition or as sole-formulations
into the soil (in-furrow).
[0175] The term "plant to be treated" encompasses every part of a
plant including its root system and the material--e.g., soil or
nutrition medium--which is in a radius of at least 10 cm, 20 cm, 30
cm around the caulis or bole of a plant to be treated or which is
at least 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm around the root system of said plant
to be treated, respectively.
[0176] The amount of the biological control agent which is used or
employed in combination with the at least one fungicide (I),
optionally in the presence of at least one fungicide (II), depends
on the final formulation as well as size or type of the plant,
plant parts, seeds, harvested fruits and vegetables to be treated.
Usually, the biological control agent to be employed or used
according to the invention is present in about 2% to about 80%
(w/w), preferably in about 5% to about 75% (w/w), more preferably
about 10% to about 70% (w/w) of its solo-formulation or
combined-formulation with the at least one fungicide (I), and
optionally the fungicide (II).
[0177] In a preferred embodiment the biological control agent or
e.g., their spores are present in a solo-formulation or the
combined-formulation in a concentration of at least 10.sup.5 colony
forming units per gram preparation (e.g., cells/g preparation,
spores/g preparation), such as 10.sup.5-10.sup.12 cfu/g, preferably
10.sup.6-10.sup.11 cfu/g, more preferably 10.sup.7-10.sup.10 cfu/g
and most preferably 10.sup.9-10.sup.10 cfu/g at the time point of
applying biological control agents on a plant or plant parts such
as seeds, fruits or vegetables. Also references to the
concentration of biological control agents in form of, e.g., spores
or cells--when discussing ratios between the amount of a
preparation of at least one biological control agent and the amount
of fungicide (I)--are made in view of the time point when the
biological control agent is applied on a plant or plant parts such
as seeds, fruits or vegetables.
[0178] Also the amount of the at least one fungicide (I) which is
used or employed in combination with the biological control agent,
optionally in the presence of a fungicide (II), depends on the
final formulation as well as size or type of the plant, plant
parts, seeds, harvested fruit or vegetable to be treated. Usually,
the fungicide (I) to be employed or used according to the invention
is present in about 0.1% to about 80% (w/w), preferably 1% to about
60% (w/w), more preferably about 10% to about 50% (w/w) of its
solo-formulation or combined-formulation with the biological
control agent, and optionally the at least one fungicide (II).
[0179] The at least one biological control agent and the at least
one fungicide (I), and if present also the fungicide (II) are used
or employed in a synergistic weight ratio. The skilled person is
able to find out the synergistic weight ratios for the present
invention by routine methods. The skilled person understands that
these ratios refer to the ratio within a combined-formulation as
well as to the calculative ratio of the at least one biological
control agent described herein and the fungicide (I) when both
components are applied as mono-formulations to a plant to be
treated. The skilled person can calculate this ratio by simple
mathematics since the volume and the amount of the biological
control agent and fungicide (I), respectively, in a
mono-formulation is known to the skilled person.
[0180] The ratio can be calculated based on the amount of the at
least one fungicide (I), at the time point of applying said
component of a combination according to the invention to a plant or
plant part and the amount of a biological control agent shortly
prior (e.g., 48 h, 24 h, 12 h, 6 h, 2 h, 1 h) or at the time point
of applying said component of a combination according to the
invention to a plant or plant part.
[0181] The application of the at least one biological control agent
and the at least one fungicide (I) to a plant or a plant part can
take place simultaneously or at different times as long as both
components are present on or in the plant after the application(s).
In cases where the biological control agent and fungicide (I) are
applied at different times and fungicide (I) is applied noticeable
prior to the biological control agent, the skilled person can
determine the concentration of fungicide (I) on/in a plant by
chemical analysis known in the art, at the time point or shortly
before the time point of applying the biological control agent.
Vice versa, when the biological control agent is applied to a plant
first, the concentration of a biological control agent can be
determined using test which are also known in the art, at the time
point or shortly before the time point of applying fungicide
(I).
[0182] In particular, in one embodiment the synergistic weight
ratio of the at least one biological control agent/spore
preparation and the at least fungicide (I) lies in the range of
1:500 to 1000:1, preferably in the range of 1:500 to 500:1, more
preferably in the range of 1:500 to 300:1. It has to be noted that
these ratio ranges refer to the biological control agent/spores
preparation (to be combined with at least one fungicide (I) or a
preparation of at least one fungicide (I)) of around 10.sup.10
cells/spores per gram preparation of said cells/spores. For
example, a ratio of 100:1 means 100 weight parts of a biological
control agent/spore preparation having a cell/spore concentration
of 10.sup.10 cells/spores per gram preparation and 1 weight part of
fungicide (I) are combined (either as a solo formulation, a
combined formulation or by separate applications to plants so that
the combination is formed on the plant).
[0183] In another embodiment, the synergistic weight ratio of the
at least one biological control agent/spore preparation to
fungicide (I) is in the range of 1:100 to 20,000:1, preferably in
the range of 1:50 to 10,000:1 or even in the range of 1:50 to
1,000:1. Once again the mentioned ratios ranges refer to biological
control agent/spore preparations of biological control agents of
around 10.sup.10 cells or spores per gram preparation of said
biological control agent. In particular, in this embodiment the
biological control agent preferably is selected from the group
consisting of Muscodor albus 620 (NRRL Accession No. 30547) and
Muscodor roseus A3-5 (NRRL Accession No. 30548).
[0184] Still in another embodiment, the synergistic weight ratio of
the at least one biological control agent/spore preparation to the
fungicide (I) is in the range of 1:0.0001 to 1:1, preferably in the
range of 1:0.0005 to 1:0.5 or even in the range of 1:0.001 to
1:0.25. Here the mentioned ratio ranges refer to the amount in ppm
of the BCA and the fungicide, wherein the amount of the biological
control agent refers to the dried content of the BCA solution.
[0185] In particular, in one embodiment the biological control
agent preferably is Bacillus subtilis AQ30002 which is mentioned
above as B19. In particular a solution of B19 is preferred which
contains 1.34% of the BCA which refers to 8.5.times.10.sup.8 CFU/g.
Most preferably, when B19 is used as a BCA, the synergistic weight
ratio of at least B19 to the fungicide (I) is 1:0.2.
[0186] In another embodiment, the biological control agent is
Bacillus subtilis AQ713 which is mentioned above as B9. In
particular, a solution of B9 is preferred which contains 1.34% of
the BCA which refers to a minimum of 1.times.10.sup.9 CFU/g. When
B9 is used as a BCA, the synergistic weight ratio of at least B9 to
the fungicide (I) may be in the range of 1:0.0001 to 1:1,
preferably in the range of 1:0.0005 to 1:0.5 or even in the range
of 1:0.001 to 1:0.25. In one embodiment, the ratio of at least B9
to the fungicide (I) is 1:0.05.
[0187] In certain aspects, the ratio of biological control agent to
fungicide (I) is in the range of 1:0.0001 to 1:1, e.g., any range
within 1:0.0001 to 1:1, such as 1:0.001 to 1:1, 1:0.01 to 1:1,
1:0.01 to 1:0.1, 1:0.001 to 1:0.1, etc.
[0188] The cell/spore concentration of preparations can be
determined by applying methods known in the art. To compare weight
ratios of the biological control agent/spore preparation to
fungicide (I), the skilled person can easily determine the factor
between a preparation having a biological control agent/spore
concentration different from 10.sup.10 cells/spores per gram
cell/spore preparation and a preparation having a biological
control agent/spore concentration of 10.sup.10 cells/spores per
gram preparation to calculate whether a ratio of a biological
control agent/spore preparation to fungicide (I) is within the
scope of the above listed ratio ranges.
[0189] In one embodiment of the present invention, the
concentration of the biological control agent after dispersal is at
least 50 g/ha, such as 50-7500 g/ha, 50-2500 g/ha, 50-1500 g/ha; at
least 250 g/ha (hectare), at least 500 g/ha or at least 800
g/ha.
[0190] The application rate of composition to be employed or used
according to the present invention may vary. The skilled person is
able to find the appropriate application rate by way of routine
experiments.
Seed Treatment
[0191] In another aspect of the present invention a seed treated
with the composition as described above is provided.
[0192] The control of insects, mites, nematodes and/or
phytopathogens by treating the seed of plants has been known for a
long time and is a subject of continual improvements. Nevertheless,
the treatment of seed entails a series of problems which cannot
always be solved in a satisfactory manner. Thus, it is desirable to
develop methods for protecting the seed and the germinating plant
that remove the need for, or at least significantly reduce, the
additional delivery of crop protection compositions in the course
of storage, after sowing or after the emergence of the plants. It
is desirable, furthermore, to optimize the amount of active
ingredient employed in such a way as to provide the best-possible
protection to the seed and the germinating plant from attack by
insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens, but without
causing damage to the plant itself by the active ingredient
employed. In particular, methods for treating seed ought also to
take into consideration the intrinsic insecticidal and/or
nematicidal properties of pest-resistant or pest-tolerant
transgenic plants, in order to achieve optimum protection of the
seed and of the germinating plant with a minimal use of crop
protection compositions.
[0193] The present invention therefore also relates in particular
to a method for protecting seed and germinating plants from attack
by pests, by treating the seed with at least one biological control
agent as defined above and/or a mutant of it having all identifying
characteristics of the respective strain, and/or a metabolite
produced by the respective strain that exhibits activity against
insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens and at least one
fungicide (I) selected from the group consisting of inhibitors of
the amino acid and/or protein biosynthesis, inhibitors of the ATP
production and inhibitors of the cell wall synthesis and optionally
at least one fungicide (II) of the invention. The method of the
invention for protecting seed and germinating plants from attack by
pests encompasses a method in which the seed is treated
simultaneously in one operation with the at least one biological
control agent and the at least one fungicide (I), and optionally
the at least one fungicide (II). It also encompasses a method in
which the seed is treated at different times with the at least one
biological control agent and the at least one fungicide (I), and
optionally the at least one fungicide (II).
[0194] The invention likewise relates to the use of the composition
of the invention for treating seed for the purpose of protecting
the seed and the resultant plant against insects, mites, nematodes
and/or phytopathogens.
[0195] The invention also relates to seed which at the same time
has been treated with at least one biological control agent and the
at least one fungicide (I), and optionally at least one fungicide
(II). The invention further relates to seed which has been treated
at different times with the at least one biological control agent
and the at least one fungicide (I) and optionally the at least one
fungicide (II). In the case of seed which has been treated at
different times with the at least one biological control agent and
the at least one fungicide (I), and optionally the at least one
fungicide (II), the individual active ingredients in the
composition of the invention may be present in different layers on
the seed.
[0196] Furthermore, the invention relates to seed which, following
treatment with the composition of the invention, is subjected to a
film-coating process in order to prevent dust abrasion of the
seed.
[0197] One of the advantages of the present invention is that,
owing to the particular systemic properties of the compositions of
the invention, the treatment of the seed with these compositions
provides protection from insects, mites, nematodes and/or
phytopathogens not only to the seed itself but also to the plants
originating from the seed, after they have emerged. In this way, it
may not be necessary to treat the crop directly at the time of
sowing or shortly thereafter.
[0198] A further advantage is to be seen in the fact that, through
the treatment of the seed with composition of the invention,
germination and emergence of the treated seed may be promoted.
[0199] It is likewise considered to be advantageous composition of
the invention may also be used, in particular, on transgenic
seed.
[0200] It is also stated that the composition of the invention may
be used in combination with agents of the signalling technology, as
a result of which, for example, colonization with symbionts is
improved, such as rhizobia, mycorrhiza and/or endophytic bacteria,
for example, is enhanced, and/or nitrogen fixation is
optimized.
[0201] The compositions of the invention are suitable for
protecting seed of any variety of plant which is used in
agriculture, in greenhouses, in forestry or in horticulture. More
particularly, the seed in question is that of cereals (e.g., wheat,
barley, rye, oats and millet), maize, cotton, soybeans, rice,
potatoes, sunflower, coffee, tobacco, canola, oilseed rape, beets
(e.g., sugar beet and fodder beet), peanuts, vegetables (e.g.,
tomato, cucumber, bean, brassicas, onions and lettuce), fruit
plants, lawns and ornamentals. Particularly important is the
treatment of the seed of cereals (such as wheat, barley, rye and
oats) maize, soybeans, cotton, canola, oilseed rape and rice.
[0202] As already mentioned above, the treatment of transgenic seed
with the composition of the invention is particularly important.
The seed in question here is that of plants which generally contain
at least one heterologous gene that controls the expression of a
polypeptide having, in particular, insecticidal and/or nematicidal
properties. These heterologous genes in transgenic seed may come
from microorganisms such as Bacillus, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas,
Serratia, Trichoderma, Clavibacter, Glomus or Gliocladium. The
present invention is particularly suitable for the treatment of
transgenic seed which contains at least one heterologous gene from
Bacillus sp. With particular preference, the heterologous gene in
question comes from Bacillus thuringiensis.
[0203] For the purposes of the present invention, the composition
of the invention is applied alone or in a suitable formulation to
the seed. The seed is preferably treated in a condition in which
its stability is such that no damage occurs in the course of the
treatment. Generally speaking, the seed may be treated at any point
in time between harvesting and sowing. Typically, seed is used
which has been separated from the plant and has had cobs, hulls,
stems, husks, hair or pulp removed. Thus, for example, seed may be
used that has been harvested, cleaned and dried to a moisture
content of less than 15% by weight. Alternatively, seed can also be
used that after drying has been treated with water, for example,
and then dried again.
[0204] When treating seed it is necessary, generally speaking, to
ensure that the amount of the composition of the invention, and/or
of other additives, that is applied to the seed is selected such
that the germination of the seed is not adversely affected, and/or
that the plant which emerges from the seed is not damaged. This is
the case in particular with active ingredients which may exhibit
phytotoxic effects at certain application rates.
[0205] The compositions of the invention can be applied directly,
in other words without comprising further components and without
having been diluted. As a general rule, it is preferable to apply
the compositions in the form of a suitable formulation to the seed.
Suitable formulations and methods for seed treatment are known to
the skilled person and are described in, for example, the following
documents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,272,417; 4,245,432; 4,808,430;
5,876,739; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. U.S.
2003/0176428, WO 2002/080675 A1, WO 2002/028186A2.
[0206] The combinations which can be used in accordance with the
invention may be converted into the customary seed-dressing
formulations, such as solutions, emulsions, suspensions, powders,
foams, slurries or other coating compositions for seed, and also
ULV formulations.
[0207] These formulations are prepared in a known manner, by mixing
composition with customary adjuvants, such as, for example,
customary extenders and also solvents or diluents, colorants,
wetters, dispersants, emulsifiers, antifoams, preservatives,
secondary thickeners, stickers, gibberellins, and also water.
[0208] Colorants which may be present in the seed-dressing
formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention
include all colorants which are customary for such purposes. In
this context it is possible to use not only pigments, which are of
low solubility in water, but also water-soluble dyes. Examples
include the colorants known under the designations Rhodamin B, C.I.
Pigment Red 112 and C.I. Solvent Red 1.
[0209] Wetters which may be present in the seed-dressing
formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention
include all of the substances which promote wetting and which are
customary in the formulation of active agrochemical ingredients.
Use may be made preferably of alkylnaphthalenesulphonates, such as
diisopropyl- or diisobutyl-naphthalenesulphonates.
[0210] Dispersants and/or emulsifiers which may be present in the
seed-dressing formulations which can be used in accordance with the
invention include all of the nonionic, anionic and cationic
dispersants that are customary in the formulation of active
agrochemical ingredients. Use may be made preferably of nonionic or
anionic dispersants or of mixtures of nonionic or anionic
dispersants. Suitable nonionic dispersants are, in particular,
ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block polymers, alkylphenol
polyglycol ethers and also tristryrylphenol polyglycol ethers, and
the phosphated or sulphated derivatives of these. Suitable anionic
dispersants are, in particular, lignosulphonates, salts of
polyacrylic acid, and arylsulphonate-formaldehyde condensates.
[0211] Antifoams which may be present in the seed-dressing
formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention
include all of the foam inhibitors that are customary in the
formulation of active agrochemical ingredients. Use may be made
preferably of silicone antifoams and magnesium stearate.
[0212] Preservatives which may be present in the seed-dressing
formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention
include all of the substances which can be employed for such
purposes in agrochemical compositions. Examples include
dichlorophen and benzyl alcohol hemiformal.
[0213] Secondary thickeners which may be present in the
seed-dressing formulations which can be used in accordance with the
invention include all substances which can be used for such
purposes in agrochemical compositions. Those contemplated with
preference include cellulose derivatives, acrylic acid derivatives,
xanthan, modified clays and highly disperse silica.
[0214] Stickers which may be present in the seed-dressing
formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention
include all customary binders which can be used in seed-dressing
products. Preferred mention may be made of polyvinylpyrrolidone,
polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol and tylose.
[0215] Gibberellins which may be present in the seed-dressing
formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention
include preferably the gibberellins A1, A3 (=gibberellic acid), A4
and A7, with gibberellic acid being used with particular
preference. The gibberellins are known (cf. R. Wegler, "Chemie der
Pflanzenschutz- and Schadlingsbekampfungsmittel", Volume 2,
Springer Verlag, 1970, pp. 401-412).
[0216] The seed-dressing formulations which can be used in
accordance with the invention may be used, either directly or after
prior dilution with water, to treat seed of any of a wide variety
of types. Accordingly, the concentrates or the preparations
obtainable from them by dilution with water may be employed to
dress the seed of cereals, such as wheat, barley, rye, oats and
triticale, and also the seed of maize, rice, oilseed rape, peas,
beans, cotton, sunflowers and beets, or else the seed of any of a
very wide variety of vegetables. The seed-dressing formulations
which can be used in accordance with the invention, or their
diluted preparations, may also be used to dress seed of transgenic
plants. In that case, additional synergistic effects may occur in
interaction with the substances formed through expression.
[0217] For the treatment of seed with the seed-dressing
formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention, or
with the preparations produced from them by addition of water,
suitable mixing equipment includes all such equipment which can
typically be employed for seed dressing. More particularly, the
procedure when carrying out seed dressing is to place the seed in a
mixer, to add the particular desired amount of seed-dressing
formulations, either as such or following dilution with water
beforehand, and to carry out mixing until the distribution of the
formulation on the seed is uniform. This may be followed by a
drying operation.
[0218] The application rate of the seed-dressing formulations which
can be used in accordance with the invention may be varied within a
relatively wide range. It is guided by the particular amount of the
at least one biological control agent and the at least one
fungicide (I) in the formulations, and by the seed. The application
rates in the case of the composition are situated generally at
between 0.001 and 50 g per kilogram of seed, preferably between
0.01 and 15 g per kilogram of seed.
[0219] The composition according to the invention, in case the
biological control agent exhibits insecticidal and nematicidal
activity, in combination with good plant tolerance and favourable
toxicity to warm-blooded animals and being tolerated well by the
environment, are suitable for protecting plants and plant organs,
for increasing harvest yields, for improving the quality of the
harvested material and for controlling animal pests, in particular
insects, arachnids, helminths, nematodes and molluscs, which are
encountered in agriculture, in horticulture, in animal husbandry,
in forests, in gardens and leisure facilities, in protection of
stored products and of materials, and in the hygiene sector. They
can be preferably employed as plant protection agents. In
particular, the present invention relates to the use of the
composition according to the invention as insecticide and/or
fungicide.
[0220] They are active against normally sensitive and resistant
species and against all or some stages of development. The
abovementioned pests include:
[0221] pests from the phylum Arthropoda, especially from the class
Arachnida, for example, Acarus spp., Aceria sheldoni, Aculops spp.,
Aculus spp., Amblyomma spp., Amphitetranychus viennensis, Argas
spp., Boophilus spp., Brevipalpus spp., Bryobia graminum, Bryobia
praetiosa, Centruroides spp., Chorioptes spp., Dermanyssus
gallinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae,
Dermacentor spp., Eotetranychus spp., Epitrimerus pyri,
Eutetranychus spp., Eriophyes spp., Glycyphagus domesticus,
Halotydeus destructor, Hemitarsonemus spp., Hyalomma spp., Ixodes
spp., Latrodectus spp., Loxosceles spp., Metatetranychus spp.,
Neutrombicula autumnalis, Nuphersa spp., Oligonychus spp.,
Ornithodorus spp., Ornithonyssus spp., Panonychus spp.,
Phyllocoptruta oleivora, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Psoroptes spp.,
Rhipicephalus spp., Rhizoglyphus spp., Sarcoptes spp., Scorpio
maurus, Steneotarsonemus spp., Steneotarsonemus spinki, Tarsonemus
spp., Tetranychus spp., Trombicula alfreddugesi, Vaejovis spp.,
Vasates lycopersici;
[0222] from the class Chilopoda, for example, Geophilus spp.,
Scutigera spp.;
[0223] from the order or the class Collembola, for example,
Onychiurus armatus;
[0224] from the class Diplopoda, for example, Blaniulus
guttulatus;
[0225] from the class Insecta, e.g., from the order Blattodea, for
example, Blattella asahinai, Blattella germanica, Blatta
orientalis, Leucophaea maderae, Panchlora spp., Parcoblatta spp.,
Periplaneta spp., Supella longipalpa;
[0226] from the order Coleoptera, for example, Acalymma vittatum,
Acanthoscelides obtectus, Adoretus spp., Agelastica alni, Agriotes
spp., Alphitobius diaperinus, Amphimallon solstitialis, Anobium
punctatum, Anoplophora spp., Anthonomus spp., Anthrenus spp., Apion
spp., Apogonia spp., Atomaria spp., Attagenus spp., Bruchidius
obtectus, Bruchus spp., Cassida spp., Cerotoma trifurcata,
Ceutorrhynchus spp., Chaetocnema spp., Cleonus mendicus, Conoderus
spp., Cosmopolites spp., Costelytra zealandica, Ctenicera spp.,
Curculio spp., Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Cryptorhynchus lapathi,
Cylindrocopturus spp., Dermestes spp., Diabrotica spp., Dichocrocis
spp., Dicladispa annigera, Diloboderus spp., Epilachna spp.,
Epitrix spp., Faustinus spp., Gibbium psylloides, Gnathocerus
comutus, Hellula undalis, Heteronychus arator, Heteronyx spp.,
Hylamorpha elegans, Hylotrupes bajulus, Hypera postica, Hypomeces
squamosus, Hypothenemus spp., Lachnosterna consanguinea, Lasioderma
serricome, Latheticus oryzae, Lathridius spp., Lema spp.,
Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Leucoptera spp., Lissorhoptrus
oryzophilus, Lixus spp., Luperodes spp., Lyctus spp., Megascelis
spp., Melanotus spp., Meligethes aeneus, Melolontha spp., Migdolus
spp., Monochamus spp., Naupactus xanthographus, Necrobia spp.,
Niptus hololeucus, Oryctes rhinoceros, Oryzaephilus surinamensis,
Oryzaphagus oryzae, Otiorrhynchus spp., Oxycetonia jucunda, Phaedon
cochleariae, Phyllophaga spp., Phyllophaga helleri, Phyllotreta
spp., Popillia japonica, Premnotrypes spp., Prostephanus truncatus,
Psylliodes spp., Ptinus spp., Rhizobius ventralis, Rhizopertha
dominica, Sitophilus spp., Sitophilus oryzae, Sphenophorus spp.,
Stegobium paniceum, Stemechus spp., Symphyletes spp., Tanymecus
spp., Tenebrio molitor, Tenebrioides mauretanicus, Tribolium spp.,
Trogoderma spp., Tychius spp., Xylotrechus spp., Zabrus spp.;
[0227] from the order Diptera, for example, Aedes spp., Agromyza
spp., Anastrepha spp., Anopheles spp., Asphondylia spp., Bactrocera
spp., Bibio hortulanus, Calliphora erythrocephala, Calliphora
vicina, Ceratitis capitata, Chironomus spp., Chrysomyia spp.,
Chrysops spp., Chrysozona pluvialis, Cochliomyia spp., Contarinia
spp., Cordylobia anthropophaga, Cricotopus sylvestris, Culex spp.,
Culicoides spp., Culiseta spp., Cuterebra spp., Dacus oleae,
Dasyneura spp., Delia spp., Dermatobia hominis, Drosophila spp.,
Echinocnemus spp., Fannia spp., Gasterophilus spp., Glossina spp.,
Haematopota spp., Hydrellia spp., Hydrellia griseola, Hylemya spp.,
Hippobosca spp., Hypoderma spp., Liriomyza spp., Lucilia spp.,
Lutzomyia spp., Mansonia spp., Musca spp., Oestrus spp., Oscinella
frit, Paratanytarsus spp., Paralauterbomiella subcincta, Pegomyia
spp., Phlebotomus spp., Phorbia spp., Phormia spp., Piophila casei,
Prodiplosis spp., Psila rosae, Rhagoletis spp., Sarcophaga spp.,
Simulium spp., Stomoxys spp., Tabanus spp., Tetanops spp., Tipula
spp.;
[0228] from the order Heteroptera, for example, Anasa tristis,
Antestiopsis spp., Boisea spp., Blissus spp., Calocoris spp.,
Campylomma livida, Cavelerius spp., Cimex spp., Collaria spp.,
Creontiades dilutus, Dasynus piperis, Dichelops furcatus,
Diconocoris hewetti, Dysdercus spp., Euschistus spp., Eurygaster
spp., Heliopeltis spp., Horcias nobilellus, Leptocorisa spp.,
Leptocorisa varicornis, Leptoglossus phyllopus, Lygus spp.,
Macropes excavatus, Miridae, Monalonion atratum, Nezara spp.,
Oebalus spp., Pentomidae, Piesma quadrata, Piezodorus spp., Psallus
spp., Pseudacysta persea, Rhodnius spp., Sahlbergella singularis,
Scaptocoris castanea, Scotinophora spp., Stephanitis nashi, Tibraca
spp., Triatoma spp.;
[0229] from the order Homoptera, for example, Acizzia
acaciaebaileyanae, Acizzia dodonaeae, Acizzia uncatoides, Acrida
turrita, Acyrthosipon spp., Acrogonia spp., Aeneolamia spp.,
Agonoscena spp., Aleyrodes proletella, Aleurolobus barodensis,
Aleurothrixus floccosus, Allocaridara malayensis, Amrasca spp.,
Anuraphis cardui, Aonidiella spp., Aphanostigma pini, Aphis spp.,
Arboridia apicalis, Arytainilla spp., Aspidiella spp., Aspidiotus
spp., Atanus spp., Aulacorthum solani, Bemisia tabaci, Blastopsylla
occidentalis, Boneioglycaspis melaleucae, Brachycaudus helichrysi,
Brachycolus spp., Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla spp.,
Calligypona manginata, Carneocephala fulgida, Ceratovacuna
lanigena, Cencopidae, Cenoplastes spp., Chaetosiphon fragaefolii,
Chionaspis tegalensis, Chlonita onukii, Chondracris rosea,
Chromaphis juglandicola, Chrysomphalus ficus, Cicadulina mbila,
Coccomytilus halli, Coccus spp., Cryptomyzus ribis, Cryptoneossa
spp., Ctenarytaina spp., Dalbulus spp., Dialeunodes citri,
Diaphorina citri, Diaspis spp., Drosicha spp., Dysaphis spp.,
Dysmicoccus spp., Empoasca spp., Eniosoma spp., Erythroneura spp.,
Eucalyptolyma spp., Euphylluna spp., Euscelis bilobatus, Fennisia
spp., Geococcus coffeae, Glycaspis spp., Hetenopsylla cubana,
Hetenopsylla spinulosa, Homalodisca coagulata, Hyaloptenus
arundinis, Icerya spp., Idiocenus spp., Idioscopus spp., Laodelphax
stniatellus, Lecanium spp., Lepidosaphes spp., Lipaphis erysimi,
Macnosiphum spp., Macrosteles facifrons, Mahanarva spp., Melanaphis
sacchari, Metcalfiella spp., Metopolophium dinhodum, Monellia
costalis, Monelliopsis pecanis, Myzus spp., Nasonovia ribisnigri,
Nephotettix spp., Nettigoniclla spectra, Nilaparvata lugens,
Oncometopia spp., Onthezia pnaelonga, Oxya chinensis, Pachypsylla
spp., Panabemisia mynicae, Panatnioza spp., Panlatonia spp.,
Pemphigus spp., Peregrinus maidis, Phenacoccus spp., Phloeomyzus
passeninii, Phorodon humuli, Phylloxera spp., Pinnaspis
aspidistnae, Planococcus spp., Prosopidopsylla flava,
Protopulvinania pyriformis, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Pseudococcus
spp., Psyllopsis spp., Psylla spp., Ptenomalus spp., Pynilla spp.,
Quadnaspidiotus spp., Quesada gigas, Rastrococcus spp.,
Rhopalosiphum spp., Saissetia spp., Scaphoideus titanus, Schizaphis
graminum, Selenaspidus articulatus, Sogata spp., Sogatella
furcifera, Sogatodes spp., Stictocephala festina, Siphoninus
phillyreae, Tenalaphara malayensis, Tetragonocephela spp.,
Tinocallis caryaefoliae, Tomaspis spp., Toxoptera spp.,
Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Trioza spp., Typhlocyba spp., Unaspis
spp., Viteus vitifolii, Zygina spp.;
[0230] from the order Hymenoptera, for example, Acromyrmex spp.,
Athalia spp., Atta spp., Diprion spp., Hoplocampa spp., Lasius
spp., Monomorium pharaonis, Sirex spp., Solenopsis invicta,
Tapinoma spp., Urocerus spp., Vespa spp., Xeris spp.;
[0231] from the order Isopoda, for example, Armadillidium vulgare,
Oniscus asellus, Porcellio scaber;
[0232] from the order Isoptera, for example, Coptotermes spp.,
Cornitermes cumulans, Cryptotermes spp., Incisitermes spp.,
Microtermes obesi, Odontotermes spp., Reticulitermes spp.;
[0233] from the order Lepidoptera, for example, Achroia grisella,
Acronicta major, Adoxophyes spp., Aedia leucomelas, Agrotis spp.,
Alabama spp., Amyelois transitella, Anarsia spp., Anticarsia spp.,
Argyroploce spp., Barathra brassicae, Borbo cinnara, Bucculatrix
thurberiella, Bupalus piniarius, Busseola spp., Cacoecia spp.,
Caloptilia theivora, Capua reticulana, Carpocapsa pomonella,
Carposina niponensis, Cheimatobia brumata, Chilo spp.,
Choristoneura spp., Clysia ambiguella, Cnaphalocerus spp.,
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Cnephasia spp., Conopomorpha spp.,
Conotrachelus spp., Copitarsia spp., Cydia spp., Dalaca noctuides,
Diaphania spp., Diatraea saccharalis, Earias spp., Ecdytolopha
aurantium, Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Eldana saccharina, Ephestia
spp., Epinotia spp., Epiphyas postvittana, Etiella spp., Eulia
spp., Eupoecilia ambiguella, Euproctis spp., Euxoa spp., Feltia
spp., Galleria mellonella, Gracillaria spp., Grapholitha spp.,
Hedylepta spp., Helicoverpa spp., Heliothis spp., Hofmannophila
pseudospretella, Homoeosoma spp., Homona spp., Hyponomeuta padella,
Kakivoria flavofasciata, Laphygma spp., Laspeyresia molesta,
Leucinodes orbonalis, Leucoptera spp., Lithocolletis spp.,
Lithophane antennata, Lobesia spp., Loxagrotis albicosta, Lymantria
spp., Lyonetia spp., Malacosoma neustria, Maruca testulalis,
Mamstra brassicae, Melanitis leda, Mocis spp., Monopis obviella,
Mythimna separata, Nemapogon cloacellus, Nymphula spp., Oiketicus
spp., Oria spp., Orthaga spp., Ostrinia spp., Oulema oryzae,
Panolis flammea, Parnara spp., Pectinophora spp., Perileucoptera
spp., Phthorimaea spp., Phyllocnistis citrella, Phyllonorycter
spp., Pieris spp., Platynota stultana, Plodia interpunctella,
Plusia spp., Plutella xylostella, Prays spp., Prodenia spp.,
Protoparce spp., Pseudaletia spp., Pseudaletia unipuncta,
Pseudoplusia includens, Pyrausta nubilalis, Rachiplusia nu,
Schoenobius spp., Scirpophaga spp., Scirpophaga innotata, Scotia
segetum, Sesamia spp., Sesamia inferens, Sparganothis spp.,
Spodoptera spp., Spodoptera praefica, Stathmopoda spp., Stomopteryx
subsecivella, Synanthedon spp., Tecia solanivora, Thermesia
gemmatalis, Tinea cloacella, Tinea pellionella, Tineola
bisselliella, Tortrix spp., Trichophaga tapetzella, Trichoplusia
spp., Tryporyza incertulas, Tuta absoluta, Virachola spp.;
[0234] from the order Orthoptera or Saltatoria, for example, Acheta
domesticus, Dichroplus spp., Gryllotalpa spp., Hieroglyphus spp.,
Locusta spp., Melanoplus spp., Schistocerca gregaria;
[0235] from the order Phthiraptera, for example, Damalinia spp.,
Haematopinus spp., Linognathus spp., Pediculus spp., Ptirus pubis,
Trichodectes spp.;
[0236] from the order Psocoptera for example Lepinatus spp.,
Liposcelis spp.; from the order Siphonaptera, for example,
Ceratophyllus spp., Ctenocephalides spp., Pulex irritans, Tunga
penetrans, Xenopsylla cheopsis;
[0237] from the order Thysanoptera, for example, Anaphothrips
obscurus, Baliothrips biformis, Drepanothrips reuteri, Enneothrips
flavens, Frankliniella spp., Heliothrips spp., Hercinothrips
femoralis, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips spp.,
Taeniothrips cardamomi, Thrips spp.;
[0238] from the order Zygentoma (=Thysanura), for example,
Ctenolepisma spp., Lepisma saccharina, Lepismodes inquilinus,
Thermobia domestica;
[0239] from the class Symphyla, for example, Scutigerella spp.;
[0240] pests from the phylum Mollusca, especially from the class
Bivalvia, for example, Dreissena spp., and from the class
Gastropoda, for example, Anion spp., Biomphalaria spp., Bulinus
spp., Deroceras spp., Galba spp., Lymnaea spp., Oncomelania spp.,
Pomacea spp., Succinea spp.;
[0241] animal pests from the phylums Plathelminthes and Nematoda,
for example, Ancylostoma duodenale, Ancylostoma ceylanicum,
Acylostoma braziliensis, Ancylostoma spp., Ascaris spp., Brugia
malayi, Brugia timori, Bunostomum spp., Chabertia spp., Clonorchis
spp., Cooperia spp., Dicrocoelium spp., Dictyocaulus filaria,
Diphyllobothrium latum, Dracunculus medinensis, Echinococcus
granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Enterobius vermicularis,
Faciola spp., Haemonchus spp., Heterakis spp., Hymenolepis nana,
Hyostrongulus spp., Loa Loa, Nematodirus spp., Oesophagostomum
spp., Opisthorchis spp., Onchocerca volvulus, Ostertagia spp.,
Paragonimus spp., spp., Strongyloides fuelleborni, Strongyloides
stercoralis, Stronyloides spp., Taenia saginata, Taenia solium,
Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella nativa, Trichinella britovi,
Trichinella nelsoni, Trichinella pseudopsiralis, Trichostrongulus
spp., Trichuris trichiura, Wuchereria bancrofti;
[0242] phytoparasitic pests from the phylum Nematoda, for example,
Aphelenchoides spp., Bursaphelenchus spp., Ditylenchus spp.,
Globodera spp., Heterodera spp., Longidorus spp., Meloidogyne spp.,
Pratylenchus spp., Radopholus spp., Trichodorus spp., Tylenchulus
spp., Xiphinema spp., Helicotylenchus spp., Tylenchorhynchus spp.,
Scutellonema spp., Paratrichodorus spp., Meloinema spp.,
Paraphelenchus spp., Aglenchus spp., Belonolaimus spp., Nacobbus
spp., Rotylenchulus spp., Rotylenchus spp., Neotylenchus spp.,
Paraphelenchus spp., Dolichodorus spp., Hoplolaimus spp.,
Punctodera spp., Criconemella spp., Quinisulcius spp.,
Hemicycliophora spp., Anguina spp., Subanguina spp.,
Hemicriconemoides spp., Psilenchus spp., Pseudohalenchus spp.,
Criconemoides spp., Cacopaurus spp., Hirschmaniella spp,
Tetylenchus spp.
[0243] It is furthermore possible to control organisms from the
subphylum Protozoa, especially from the order Coccidia, such as
Eimeria spp.
[0244] The present composition preferably is active against
Alternaria solani.
[0245] Furthermore, the composition according to the present
invention preferably has potent microbicidal activity and can be
used for control of unwanted microorganisms, such as fungi and
bacteria, in crop protection and in the protection of
materials.
[0246] The invention also relates to a method for controlling
unwanted microorganisms, characterized in that the inventive
composition is applied to the phytopathogenic fungi,
phytopathogenic bacteria and/or their habitat.
[0247] Fungicides can be used in crop protection for control of
phytopathogenic fungi. They are characterized by an outstanding
efficacy against a broad spectrum of phytopathogenic fungi,
including soilborne pathogens, which are in particular members of
the classes Plasmodiophoromycetes, Peronosporomycetes (Syn.
Oomycetes), Chytridiomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes,
Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes (Syn. Fungi imperfecti). Some
fungicides are systemically active and can be used in plant
protection as foliar, seed dressing or soil fungicide. Furthermore,
they are suitable for combating fungi, which inter alia infest wood
or roots of plant.
[0248] Bactericides can be used in crop protection for control of
Pseudomonadaceae, Rhizobiaceae, Enterobacteriaceae,
Corynebacteriaceae and Streptomycetaceae.
[0249] Non-limiting examples of pathogens of fungal diseases which
can be treated in accordance with the invention include:
[0250] diseases caused by powdery mildew pathogens, for example
Blumeria species, for example Blumeria graminis; Podosphaera
species, for example Podosphaera leucotricha; Sphaerotheca species,
for example Sphaerotheca fuliginea; Uncinula species, for example
Uncinula necator;
[0251] diseases caused by rust disease pathogens, for example
Gymnosporangium species, for example Gymnosporangium sabinae;
Hemileia species, for example Hemileia vastatrix; Phakopsora
species, for example Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Phakopsora
meibomiae; Puccinia species, for example Puccinia recondite, P.
triticina, P. graminis or P. striiformis; Uromyces species, for
example Uromyces appendiculatus;
[0252] diseases caused by pathogens from the group of the
Oomycetes, for example Albugo species, for example Algubo candida;
Bremia species, for example Bremia lactucae; Peronospora species,
for example Peronospora pisi or P. brassicae; Phytophthora species,
for example Phytophthora infestans; Plasmopara species, for example
Plasmopara viticola; Pseudoperonospora species, for example
Pseudoperonospora humuli or Pseudoperonospora cubensis; Pythium
species, for example Pythium ultimum;
[0253] leaf blotch diseases and leaf wilt diseases caused, for
example, by Alternaria species, for example Alternaria solani;
Cercospora species, for example Cercospora beticola; Cladiosporium
species, for example Cladiosporium cucumerinum; Cochliobolus
species, for example Cochliobolus sativus (conidia form:
Drechslera, Syn: Helminthosporium), Cochliobolus miyabeanus;
Colletotrichum species, for example Colletotrichum lindemuthanium;
Cycloconium species, for example Cycloconium oleaginum; Diaporthe
species, for example Diaporthe citri; Elsinoe species, for example
Elsinoe fawcetti; Gloeosporium species, for example Gloeosporium
laeticolor; Glomerella species, for example Glomerella cingulata;
Guignardia species, for example Guignardia bidwelli; Leptosphaeria
species, for example Leptosphaeria maculans, Leptosphaeria nodorum;
Magnaporthe species, for example Magnaporthe grisea; Microdochium
species, for example Microdochium nivale; Mycosphaerella species,
for example Mycosphaerella graminicola, M. arachidicola and M.
fijiensis; Phaeosphaeria species, for example Phaeosphaeria
nodorum; Pyrenophora species, for example Pyrenophora teres,
Pyrenophora tritici repentis; Ramularia species, for example
Ramularia collo-cygni, Ramularia areola; Rhynchosporium species,
for example Rhynchosporium secalis; Septoria species, for example
Septoria apii, Septoria lycopersii; Typhula species, for example
Typhula incarnata; Venturia species, for example Venturia
inaequalis;
[0254] root and stem diseases caused, for example, by Corticium
species, for example Corticium graminearum; Fusarium species, for
example Fusarium oxysporum; Gaeumannomyces species, for example
Gaeumannomyces graminis; Rhizoctonia species, such as, for example
Rhizoctonia solani; Sarocladium diseases caused for example by
Sarocladium oryzae; Sclerotium diseases caused for example by
Sclerotium oryzae; Tapesia species, for example Tapesia acuformis;
Thielaviopsis species, for example Thielaviopsis basicola;
[0255] ear and panicle diseases (including corn cobs) caused, for
example, by Alternaria species, for example Alternaria spp.;
Aspergillus species, for example Aspergillus flavus; Cladosporium
species, for example Cladosporium cladosporioides; Claviceps
species, for example Claviceps purpurea; Fusarium species, for
example Fusarium culmorum; Gibberella species, for example
Gibberella zeae; Monographella species, for example Monographella
nivalis; Septoria species, for example Septoria nodorum;
[0256] diseases caused by smut fungi, for example Sphacelotheca
species, for example Sphacelotheca reiliana; Tilletia species, for
example Tilletia caries, T. controversa; Urocystis species, for
example Urocystis occulta; Ustilago species, for example Ustilago
nuda, U. nuda tritici;
[0257] fruit rot caused, for example, by Aspergillus species, for
example Aspergillus flavus; Botrytis species, for example Botrytis
cinerea; Penicillium species, for example Penicillium expansum and
P. purpurogenum; Sclerotinia species, for example Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum; Verticilium species, for example Verticilium
alboatrum;
[0258] seed and soilborne decay, mould, wilt, rot and damping-off
diseases caused, for example, by Alternaria species, caused for
example by Alternaria brassicicola; Aphanomyces species, caused for
example by Aphanomyces euteiches; Ascochyta species, caused for
example by Ascochyta lentis; Aspergillus species, caused for
example by Aspergillus flavus; Cladosporium species, caused for
example by Cladosporium herbarum; Cochliobolus species, caused for
example by Cochliobolus sativus; (Conidiaform: Drechslera,
Bipolaris Syn: Helminthosporium); Colletotrichum species, caused
for example by Colletotrichum coccodes; Fusarium species, caused
for example by Fusarium culmorum; Gibberella species, caused for
example by Gibberella zeae; Macrophomina species, caused for
example by Macrophomina phaseolina; Monographella species, caused
for example by Monographella nivalis; Penicillium species, caused
for example by Penicillium expansum; Phoma species, caused for
example by Phoma lingam; Phomopsis species, caused for example by
Phomopsis sojae; Phytophthora species, caused for example by
Phytophthora cactorum; Pyrenophora species, caused for example by
Pyrenophora graminea; Pyricularia species, caused for example by
Pyricularia oryzae; Pythium species, caused for example by Pythium
ultimum; Rhizoctonia species, caused for example by Rhizoctonia
solani; Rhizopus species, caused for example by Rhizopus oryzae;
Sclerotium species, caused for example by Sclerotium rolfsii;
Septoria species, caused for example by Septoria nodorum; Typhula
species, caused for example by Typhula incarnata; Verticillium
species, caused for example by Verticillium dahliae;
[0259] cancers, galls and witches' broom caused, for example, by
Nectria species, for example Nectria galligena;
[0260] wilt diseases caused, for example, by Monilinia species, for
example Monilinia laxa; leaf blister or leaf curl diseases caused,
for example, by Exobasidium species, for example Exobasidium
vexans;
[0261] Taphrina species, for example Taphrina deformans;
[0262] decline diseases of wooden plants caused, for example, by
Esca disease, caused for example by Phaemoniella clamydospora,
Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and Fomitiporia mediterranea; Eutypa
dyeback, caused for example by Eutypa lata; Ganoderma diseases
caused for example by Ganoderma boninense; Rigidoporus diseases
caused for example by Rigidoporus lignosus;
[0263] diseases of flowers and seeds caused, for example, by
Botrytis species, for example Botrytis cinerea;
[0264] diseases of plant tubers caused, for example, by Rhizoctonia
species, for example Rhizoctonia solani; Helminthosporium species,
for example Helminthosporium solani;
[0265] club root caused, for example, by Plasmodiophora species,
for example Plamodiophora brassicae;
[0266] diseases caused by bacterial pathogens, for example
Xanthomonas species, for example Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae;
Pseudomonas species, for example Pseudomonas syringae pv.
lachrymans; Erwinia species, for example Erwinia amylovora.
[0267] The following diseases of soya beans can be controlled with
preference:
[0268] Fungal diseases on leaves, stems, pods and seeds caused, for
example, by Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria spec. atrans
tenuissima), Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporoides dematium
var. truncatum), brown spot (Septoria glycines), cercospora leaf
spot and blight (Cercospora kikuchii), choanephora leaf blight
(Choanephora infundibulifera trispora (Syn.)), dactuliophora leaf
spot (Dactuliophora glycines), downy mildew (Peronospora
manshurica), drechslera blight (Drechslera glycini), frogeye leaf
spot (Cercospora sojina), leptosphaerulina leaf spot
(Leptosphaerulina trifolii), phyllostica leaf spot (Phyllosticta
sojaecola), pod and stem blight (Phomopsis sojae), powdery mildew
(Microsphaera diffusa), pyrenochaeta leaf spot (Pyrenochaeta
glycines), rhizoctonia aerial, foliage, and web blight (Rhizoctonia
solani), rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Phakopsora meibomiae), scab
(Sphaceloma glycines), stemphylium leaf blight (Stemphylium
botryosum), target spot (Corynespora cassiicola).
[0269] Fungal diseases on roots and the stem base caused, for
example, by black root rot (Calonectria crotalariae), charcoal rot
(Macrophomina phaseolina), fusarium blight or wilt, root rot, and
pod and collar rot (Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium orthoceras,
Fusarium semitectum, Fusarium equiseti), mycoleptodiscus root rot
(Mycoleptodiscus terrestris), neocosmospora (Neocosmospora
vasinfecta), pod and stem blight (Diaporthe phaseolorum), stem
canker (Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora), phytophthora rot
(Phytophthora megasperma), brown stem rot (Phialophora gregata),
pythium rot (Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium irregulare, Pythium
debaryanum, Pythium myriotylum, Pythium ultimum), rhizoctonia root
rot, stem decay, and damping-off (Rhizoctonia solani), sclerotinia
stem decay (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), sclerotinia southern blight
(Sclerotinia rolfsii), thielaviopsis root rot (Thielaviopsis
basicola).
[0270] The inventive compositions can be used for curative or
protective/preventive control of phytopathogenic fungi. The
invention therefore also relates to curative and protective methods
for controlling phytopathogenic fungi by the use of the inventive
composition, which is applied to the seed, the plant or plant
parts, the fruit or the soil in which the plants grow.
[0271] The fact that the composition is well tolerated by plants at
the concentrations required for controlling plant diseases allows
the treatment of above-ground parts of plants, of propagation stock
and seeds, and of the soil.
[0272] According to the invention all plants and plant parts can be
treated. By plants is meant all plants and plant populations such
as desirable and undesirable wild plants, cultivars and plant
varieties (whether or not protectable by plant variety or plant
breeder's rights). Cultivars and plant varieties can be plants
obtained by conventional propagation and breeding methods which can
be assisted or supplemented by one or more biotechnological methods
such as by use of double haploids, protoplast fusion, random and
directed mutagenesis, molecular or genetic markers or by
bioengineering and genetic engineering methods. By plant parts is
meant all above ground and below ground parts and organs of plants
such as shoot, leaf, blossom and root, whereby for example leaves,
needles, stems, branches, blossoms, fruiting bodies, fruits and
seed as well as roots, corms and rhizomes are listed. Crops and
vegetative and generative propagating material, for example
cuttings, corms, rhizomes, runners and seeds also belong to plant
parts.
[0273] The inventive composition, when it is well tolerated by
plants, has favourable homeotherm toxicity and is well tolerated by
the environment, is suitable for protecting plants and plant
organs, for enhancing harvest yields, for improving the quality of
the harvested material. It can preferably be used as crop
protection composition. It is active against normally sensitive and
resistant species and against all or some stages of
development.
[0274] Plants which can be treated in accordance with the invention
include the following main crop plants: maize, soya bean, alfalfa,
cotton, sunflower, Brassica oil seeds such as Brassica napus (e.g.,
canola, rapeseed), Brassica rapa, B. juncea (e.g., (field) mustard)
and Brassica carinata, Arecaceae sp. (e.g., oilpalm, coconut),
rice, wheat, sugar beet, sugar cane, oats, rye, barley, millet and
sorghum, triticale, flax, nuts, grapes and vine and various fruit
and vegetables from various botanic taxa, e.g., Rosaceae sp. (e.g.,
pome fruits such as apples and pears, but also stone fruits such as
apricots, cherries, almonds, plums and peaches, and berry fruits
such as strawberries, raspberries, red and black currant and
gooseberry), Ribesioidae sp., Juglandaceae sp., Betulaceae sp.,
Anacardiaceae sp., Fagaceae sp., Moraceae sp., Oleaceae sp. (e.g.,
olive tree), Actinidaceae sp., Lauraceae sp. (e.g., avocado,
cinnamon, camphor), Musaceae sp. (e.g., banana trees and
plantations), Rubiaceae sp. (e.g., coffee), Theaceae sp. (e.g.,
tea), Sterculiceae sp., Rutaceae sp. (e.g., lemons, oranges,
mandarins and grapefruit); Solanaceae sp. (e.g., tomatoes,
potatoes, peppers, capsicum, aubergines, tobacco), Liliaceae sp.,
Compositae sp. (e.g., lettuce, artichokes and chicory--including
root chicory, endive or common chicory), Umbelliferae sp. (e.g.,
carrots, parsley, celery and celeriac), Cucurbitaceae sp. (e.g.,
cucumbers--including gherkins, pumpkins, watermelons, calabashes
and melons), Alliaceae sp. (e.g., leeks and onions), Cruciferae sp.
(e.g., white cabbage, red cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels
sprouts, pak choi, kohlrabi, radishes, horseradish, cress and
chinese cabbage), Leguminosae sp. (e.g., peanuts, peas, lentils and
beans--e.g., common beans and broad beans), Chenopodiaceae sp.
(e.g., Swiss chard, fodder beet, spinach, beetroot), Linaceae sp.
(e.g., hemp), Cannabeacea sp. (e.g., cannabis), Malvaceae sp.
(e.g., okra, cocoa), Papaveraceae (e.g., poppy), Asparagaceae
(e.g., asparagus); useful plants and ornamental plants in the
garden and woods including turf, lawn, grass and Stevia rebaudiana;
and in each case genetically modified types of these plants.
[0275] Preferably, plants which can be treated in accordance with
the invention are selected from the group consisting of fruit and
vegetables from various botanic taxa, e.g., Rosaceae sp. (e.g.,
pome fruits such as apples and pears, but also stone fruits such as
apricots, cherries, almonds, plums and peaches, and berry fruits
such as strawberries, raspberries, red and black currant and
gooseberry), Ribesioidae sp., Juglandaceae sp., Betulaceae sp.,
Anacardiaceae sp., Fagaceae sp., Moraceae sp., Oleaceae sp. (e.g.,
olive tree), Actinidaceae sp., Lauraceae sp. (e.g., avocado,
cinnamon, camphor), Musaceae sp. (e.g., banana trees and
plantations), Rubiaceae sp. (e.g., coffee), Theaceae sp. (e.g.,
tea), Sterculiceae sp., Rutaceae sp. (e.g., lemons, oranges,
mandarins and grapefruit); Solanaceae sp. (e.g., tomatoes,
potatoes, peppers, capsicum, aubergines, tobacco), Liliaceae sp.,
Compositae sp. (e.g., lettuce, artichokes and chicory--including
root chicory, endive or common chicory), Umbelliferae sp. (e.g.,
carrots, parsley, celery and celeriac), Cucurbitaceae sp. (e.g.,
cucumbers--including gherkins, pumpkins, watermelons, calabashes
and melons), Alliaceae sp. (e.g., leeks and onions), Cruciferae sp.
(e.g., white cabbage, red cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels
sprouts, pak choi, kohlrabi, radishes, horseradish, cress and
chinese cabbage), Leguminosae sp. (e.g., peanuts, peas, lentils and
beans--e.g., common beans and broad beans), Chenopodiaceae sp.
(e.g., Swiss chard, fodder beet, spinach, beetroot), Linaceae sp.
(e.g., hemp), Cannabeacea sp. (e.g., cannabis), Malvaceae sp.
(e.g., okra, cocoa), Papaveraceae (e.g., poppy), Asparagaceae
(e.g., asparagus); useful plants and ornamental plants in the
garden and woods including turf, lawn, grass and Stevia rebaudiana;
and in each case genetically modified types of these plants.
[0276] More preferably, plants which can be treated in accordance
with the invention are tomatoes.
[0277] Depending on the plant species or plant cultivars, their
location and growth conditions (soils, climate, vegetation period,
diet), using or employing the composition according to the present
invention the treatment according to the invention may also result
in super-additive ("synergistic") effects. Thus, for example, by
using or employing inventive composition in the treatment according
to the invention, reduced application rates and/or a widening of
the activity spectrum and/or an increase in the activity better
plant growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures,
increased tolerance to drought or to water or soil salt content,
increased flowering performance, easier harvesting, accelerated
maturation, higher harvest yields, bigger fruits, larger plant
height, greener leaf color, earlier flowering, higher quality
and/or a higher nutritional value of the harvested products, higher
sugar concentration within the fruits, better storage stability
and/or processability of the harvested products are possible, which
exceed the effects which were actually to be expected.
[0278] At certain application rates of the inventive composition in
the treatment according to the invention may also have a
strengthening effect in plants. The defense system of the plant
against attack by unwanted phytopathogenic fungi and/or
microorganisms and/or viruses is mobilized. Plant-strengthening
(resistance-inducing) substances are to be understood as meaning,
in the present context, those substances or combinations of
substances which are capable of stimulating the defense system of
plants in such a way that, when subsequently inoculated with
unwanted phytopathogenic fungi and/or microorganisms and/or
viruses, the treated plants display a substantial degree of
resistance to these phytopathogenic fungi and/or microorganisms
and/or viruses. Thus, by using or employing composition according
to the present invention in the treatment according to the
invention, plants can be protected against attack by the
abovementioned pathogens within a certain period of time after the
treatment. The period of time within which protection is effected
generally extends from 1 to 10 days, preferably 1 to 7 days, after
the treatment of the plants with the active compounds.
[0279] Plants and plant cultivars which are also preferably to be
treated according to the invention are resistant against one or
more biotic stresses, i.e., said plants show a better defense
against animal and microbial pests, such as against nematodes,
insects, mites, phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses and/or
viroids.
[0280] Plants and plant cultivars which may also be treated
according to the invention are those plants which are resistant to
one or more abiotic stresses, i.e., that already exhibit an
increased plant health with respect to stress tolerance. Abiotic
stress conditions may include, for example, drought, cold
temperature exposure, heat exposure, osmotic stress, flooding,
increased soil salinity, increased mineral exposure, ozone
exposure, high light exposure, limited availability of nitrogen
nutrients, limited availability of phosphorus nutrients, shade
avoidance. Preferably, the treatment of these plants and cultivars
with the composition of the present invention additionally
increases the overall plant health (cf. above).
[0281] Plants and plant cultivars which may also be treated
according to the invention, are those plants characterized by
enhanced yield characteristics, i.e., that already exhibit an
increased plant health with respect to this feature. Increased
yield in said plants can be the result of, for example, improved
plant physiology, growth and development, such as water use
efficiency, water retention efficiency, improved nitrogen use,
enhanced carbon assimilation, improved photosynthesis, increased
germination efficiency and accelerated maturation. Yield can
furthermore be affected by improved plant architecture (under
stress and non-stress conditions), including but not limited to,
early flowering, flowering control for hybrid seed production,
seedling vigor, plant size, internode number and distance, root
growth, seed size, fruit size, pod size, pod or ear number, seed
number per pod or ear, seed mass, enhanced seed filling, reduced
seed dispersal, reduced pod dehiscence and lodging resistance.
Further yield traits include seed composition, such as carbohydrate
content, protein content, oil content and composition, nutritional
value, reduction in anti-nutritional compounds, improved
processability and better storage stability. Preferably, the
treatment of these plants and cultivars with the composition of the
present invention additionally increases the overall plant health
(cf. above).
[0282] Plants that may be treated according to the invention are
hybrid plants that already express the characteristic of heterosis
or hybrid vigor which results in generally higher yield, vigor,
health and resistance towards biotic and abiotic stress factors.
Such plants are typically made by crossing an inbred male-sterile
parent line (the female parent) with another inbred male-fertile
parent line (the male parent). Hybrid seed is typically harvested
from the male sterile plants and sold to growers. Male sterile
plants can sometimes (e.g., in corn) be produced by detasseling,
i.e., the mechanical removal of the male reproductive organs (or
males flowers) but, more typically, male sterility is the result of
genetic determinants in the plant genome. In that case, and
especially when seed is the desired product to be harvested from
the hybrid plants it is typically useful to ensure that male
fertility in the hybrid plants is fully restored. This can be
accomplished by ensuring that the male parents have appropriate
fertility restorer genes which are capable of restoring the male
fertility in hybrid plants that contain the genetic determinants
responsible for male-sterility. Genetic determinants for male
sterility may be located in the cytoplasm. Examples of cytoplasmic
male sterility (CMS) were for instance described in Brassica
species. However, genetic determinants for male sterility can also
be located in the nuclear genome. Male sterile plants can also be
obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic
engineering. A particularly useful means of obtaining male-sterile
plants is described in WO 89/10396 in which, for example, a
ribonuclease such as barnase is selectively expressed in the
tapetum cells in the stamens. Fertility can then be restored by
expression in the tapetum cells of a ribonuclease inhibitor such as
barstar.
[0283] Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology
methods such as genetic engineering) which may be treated according
to the invention are herbicide-tolerant plants, i.e., plants made
tolerant to one or more given herbicides. Such plants can be
obtained either by genetic transformation, or by selection of
plants containing a mutation imparting such herbicide
tolerance.
[0284] Herbicide-tolerant plants are for example
glyphosate-tolerant plants, i.e., plants made tolerant to the
herbicide glyphosate or salts thereof. Plants can be made tolerant
to glyphosate through different means. For example,
glyphosate-tolerant plants can be obtained by transforming the
plant with a gene encoding the enzyme
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). Examples of
such EPSPS genes are the AroA gene (mutant CT7) of the bacterium
Salmonella typhimurium, the CP4 gene of the bacterium Agrobacterium
sp, the genes encoding a Petunia EPSPS, a Tomato EPSPS, or an
Eleusine EPSPS. It can also be a mutated EPSPS. Glyphosate-tolerant
plants can also be obtained by expressing a gene that encodes a
glyphosate oxido-reductase enzyme. Glyphosate-tolerant plants can
also be obtained by expressing a gene that encodes a glyphosate
acetyl transferase enzyme. Glyphosate-tolerant plants can also be
obtained by selecting plants containing naturally-occurring
mutations of the above-mentioned genes.
[0285] Other herbicide resistant plants are for example plants that
are made tolerant to herbicides inhibiting the enzyme glutamine
synthase, such as bialaphos, phosphinothricin or glufosinate. Such
plants can be obtained by expressing an enzyme detoxifying the
herbicide or a mutant glutamine synthase enzyme that is resistant
to inhibition. One such efficient detoxifying enzyme is an enzyme
encoding a phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (such as the bar or
pat protein from Streptomyces species). Plants expressing an
exogenous phosphinothricin acetyltransferase are also described.
Further herbicide-tolerant plants are also plants that are made
tolerant to the herbicides inhibiting the enzyme
hydroxyphenylpyruvatedioxygenase (HPPD).
[0286] Hydroxyphenylpyruvatedioxygenases are enzymes that catalyze
the reaction in which para-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPP) is
transformed into homogentisate. Plants tolerant to HPPD-inhibitors
can be transformed with a gene encoding a naturally-occurring
resistant HPPD enzyme, or a gene encoding a mutated HPPD enzyme.
Tolerance to HPPD-inhibitors can also be obtained by transforming
plants with genes encoding certain enzymes enabling the formation
of homogentisate despite the inhibition of the native HPPD enzyme
by the HPPD-inhibitor. Tolerance of plants to HPPD inhibitors can
also be improved by transforming plants with a gene encoding an
enzyme prephenate dehydrogenase in addition to a gene encoding an
HPPD-tolerant enzyme.
[0287] Still further herbicide resistant plants are plants that are
made tolerant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors. Known
ALS-inhibitors include, for example, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone,
triazolopyrimidines, pyrimidinyoxy(thio)benzoates, and/or
sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides. Different mutations
in the ALS enzyme (also known as acetohydroxyacid synthase, AHAS)
are known to confer tolerance to different herbicides and groups of
herbicides. The production of sulfonylurea-tolerant plants and
imidazolinone-tolerant plants is described in WO 1996/033270. Other
imidazolinone-tolerant plants are also described. Further
sulfonylurea- and imidazolinone-tolerant plants are also described
in for example WO 2007/024782.
[0288] Other plants tolerant to imidazolinone and/or sulfonylurea
can be obtained by induced mutagenesis, selection in cell cultures
in the presence of the herbicide or mutation breeding as described
for example for soybeans, for rice, for sugar beet, for lettuce, or
for sunflower.
[0289] Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology
methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated
according to the invention are insect-resistant transgenic plants,
i.e., plants made resistant to attack by certain target insects.
Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by
selection of plants containing a mutation imparting such insect
resistance.
[0290] An "insect-resistant transgenic plant", as used herein,
includes any plant containing at least one transgene comprising a
coding sequence encoding:
[0291] 1) An insecticidal crystal protein from Bacillus
thuringiensis or an insecticidal portion thereof, such as the
insecticidal crystal proteins listed online at:
[0292] http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/Home/Neil_Crickmore/Bt/, or
insecticidal portions thereof, e.g., proteins of the Cry protein
classes Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1F, Cry2Ab, Cry3Aa, or Cry3Bb or
insecticidal portions thereof; or
[0293] 2) a crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or a
portion thereof which is insecticidal in the presence of a second
other crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or a portion
thereof, such as the binary toxin made up of the Cry34 and Cry35
crystal proteins; or
[0294] 3) a hybrid insecticidal protein comprising parts of
different insecticidal crystal proteins from Bacillus
thuringiensis, such as a hybrid of the proteins of 1) above or a
hybrid of the proteins of 2) above, e.g., the Cry1A.105 protein
produced by corn event MON98034 (WO 2007/027777); or
[0295] 4) a protein of any one of 1) to 3) above wherein some,
particularly 1 to 10, amino acids have been replaced by another
amino acid to obtain a higher insecticidal activity to a target
insect species, and/or to expand the range of target insect species
affected, and/or because of changes introduced into the encoding
DNA during cloning or transformation, such as the Cry3Bb 1 protein
in corn events MON863 or MON88017, or the Cry3A protein in corn
event MIR604;
[0296] 5) an insecticidal secreted protein from Bacillus
thuringiensis or Bacillus cereus, or an insecticidal portion
thereof, such as the vegetative insecticidal (VIP) proteins, e.g.,
proteins from the VIP3Aa protein class; or
[0297] 6) secreted protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus
cereus which is insecticidal in the presence of a second secreted
protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or B. cereus, such as the
binary toxin made up of the VIP1A and VIP2A proteins; or
[0298] 7) hybrid insecticidal protein comprising parts from
different secreted proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus
cereus, such as a hybrid of the proteins in 1) above or a hybrid of
the proteins in 2) above; or
[0299] 8) protein of any one of 1) to 3) above wherein some,
particularly 1 to 10, amino acids have been replaced by another
amino acid to obtain a higher insecticidal activity to a target
insect species, and/or to expand the range of target insect species
affected, and/or because of changes introduced into the encoding
DNA during cloning or transformation (while still encoding an
insecticidal protein), such as the VIP3Aa protein in cotton event
COT102.
[0300] Of course, an insect-resistant transgenic plant, as used
herein, also includes any plant comprising a combination of genes
encoding the proteins of any one of the above classes 1 to 8. In
one embodiment, an insect-resistant plant contains more than one
transgene encoding a protein of any one of the above classes 1 to
8, to expand the range of target insect species affected when using
different proteins directed at different target insect species, or
to delay insect resistance development to the plants by using
different proteins insecticidal to the same target insect species
but having a different mode of action, such as binding to different
receptor binding sites in the insect.
[0301] Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology
methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated
according to the invention are tolerant to abiotic stresses. Such
plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection
of plants containing a mutation imparting such stress resistance.
Particularly useful stress tolerance plants include:
[0302] a) plants which contain a transgene capable of reducing the
expression and/or the activity of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP)
gene in the plant cells or plants;
[0303] b) plants which contain a stress tolerance enhancing
transgene capable of reducing the expression and/or the activity of
the poly(ADP-ribose)glycohydrolase (PARG) encoding genes of the
plants or plants cells; and
[0304] c) plants which contain a stress tolerance enhancing
transgene coding for a plant-functional enzyme of the nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide salvage synthesis pathway including
nicotinamidase, nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase, nicotinic
acid mononucleotide adenyl transferase, nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide synthetase or nicotine amide
phosphorybosyltransferase.
[0305] Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology
methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated
according to the invention show altered quantity, quality and/or
storage-stability of the harvested product and/or altered
properties of specific ingredients of the harvested product such
as:
[0306] 1) transgenic plants which synthesize a modified starch,
which in its physical-chemical characteristics, in particular the
amylose content or the amylose/amylopectin ratio, the degree of
branching, the average chain length, the side chain distribution,
the viscosity behaviour, the gelling strength, the starch grain
size and/or the starch grain morphology, is changed in comparison
with the synthesised starch in wild type plant cells or plants, so
that this is better suited for special applications;
[0307] 2) transgenic plants which synthesize non starch
carbohydrate polymers or which synthesize non starch carbohydrate
polymers with altered properties in comparison to wild type plants
without genetic modification. Examples are plants producing
polyfructose, especially of the inulin and levan-type, plants
producing alpha 1,4 glucans, plants producing alpha-1,6 branched
alpha-1,4-glucans, plants producing alternan; and
[0308] 3) transgenic plants which produce hyaluronan.
[0309] Plants or plant cultivars (that can be obtained by plant
biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also
be treated according to the invention are plants, such as cotton
plants, with altered fiber characteristics. Such plants can be
obtained by genetic transformation or by selection of plants
contain a mutation imparting such altered fiber characteristics and
include:
[0310] a) plants, such as cotton plants, containing an altered form
of cellulose synthase genes;
[0311] b) plants, such as cotton plants, containing an altered form
of rsw2 or rsw3 homologous nucleic acids;
[0312] c) plants, such as cotton plants, with increased expression
of sucrose phosphate synthase;
[0313] d) plants, such as cotton plants, with increased expression
of sucrose synthase;
[0314] e) plants, such as cotton plants, wherein the timing of the
plasmodesmatal gating at the basis of the fiber cell is altered,
e.g., through downregulation of fiberselective .beta.1,3-glucanase;
and
[0315] f) plants, such as cotton plants, having fibers with altered
reactivity, e.g., through the expression of
N-acteylglucosaminetransferase gene including nodC and
chitinsynthase genes.
[0316] Plants or plant cultivars (that can be obtained by plant
biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also
be treated according to the invention are plants, such as oilseed
rape or related Bras sica plants, with altered oil profile
characteristics. Such plants can be obtained by genetic
transformation or by selection of plants contain a mutation
imparting such altered oil characteristics and include:
[0317] i) plants, such as oilseed rape plants, producing oil having
a high oleic acid content;
[0318] ii) plants such as oilseed rape plants, producing oil having
a low linolenic acid content; and
[0319] iii) plant such as oilseed rape plants, producing oil having
a low level of saturated fatty acids.
[0320] Particularly useful transgenic plants which may be treated
according to the invention are plants which comprise one or more
genes which encode one or more toxins, such as the following which
are sold under the trade names YIELD GARD.RTM. (for example maize,
cotton, soya beans), KNOCKOUT.RTM. (for example maize),
BITEGARD.RTM. (for example maize), BT-XTRA.RTM. (for example
maize), STARLINK.RTM. (for example maize), BOLLGARD.RTM. (cotton),
NUCOTN.RTM. (cotton), NUCOTN.RTM. 33B (cotton), NATUREGARD.RTM.
(for example maize), PROTECTA.RTM. and NEWLEAF.RTM. (potato).
Examples of herbicide-tolerant plants which may be mentioned are
maize varieties, cotton varieties and soya bean varieties which are
sold under the trade names ROUNDUP READY.RTM. (tolerance to
glyphosate, for example maize, cotton, soya bean), LIBERTY
LINK.RTM. (tolerance to phosphinotricin, for example oilseed rape),
IMI.RTM. (tolerance to imidazolinones) and STS.RTM. (tolerance to
sulphonylureas, for example maize). Herbicide-resistant plants
(plants bred in a conventional manner for herbicide tolerance)
which may be mentioned include the varieties sold under the name
CLEARFIELD.RTM. (for example maize).
[0321] Particularly useful transgenic plants which may be treated
according to the invention are plants containing transformation
events, or a combination of transformation events, and that are
listed for example in the databases for various national or
regional regulatory agencies including Event 1143-14A (cotton,
insect control, not deposited, described in WO 06/128569); Event
1143-51B (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO
06/128570); Event 1445 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, not deposited,
described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002-120964 or
WO 02/034946); Event 17053 (rice, herbicide tolerance, deposited as
PTA-9843, described in WO 10/117737); Event 17314 (rice, herbicide
tolerance, deposited as PTA-9844, described in WO 10/117735); Event
281-24-236 (cotton, insect control--herbicide tolerance, deposited
as PTA-6233, described in WO 05/103266 or U.S. Patent Application
Publication No. 2005-216969); Event 3006-210-23 (cotton, insect
control--herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-6233, described in
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007-143876 or WO
05/103266); Event 3272 (corn, quality trait, deposited as PTA-9972,
described in WO 06/098952 or U.S. Patent Application Publication
No. 2006-230473); Event 40416 (corn, insect control--herbicide
tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-11508, described in WO 11/075593);
Event 43A47 (corn, insect control--herbicide tolerance, deposited
as ATCC PTA-11509, described in WO 11/075595); Event 5307 (corn,
insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-9561, described in WO
10/077816); Event ASR-368 (bent grass, herbicide tolerance,
deposited as ATCC PTA-4816, described in U.S. Patent Application
Publication No. 2006-162007 or WO 04/053062); Event B16 (corn,
herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in U.S. Patent
Application Publication No. 2003-126634); Event BPS-CV127-9
(soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB No. 41603,
described in WO 10/080829); Event CE43-67B (cotton, insect control,
deposited as DSM ACC2724, described in U.S. Patent Application
Publication No. 2009-217423 or WO 06/128573); Event CE44-69D
(cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in U.S. Patent
Application Publication No. 2010-0024077); Event CE44-69D (cotton,
insect control, not deposited, described in WO 06/128571); Event
CE46-02A (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO
06/128572); Event COT102 (cotton, insect control, not deposited,
described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006-130175 or
WO 04/039986); Event COT202 (cotton, insect control, not deposited,
described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007-067868 or
WO 05/054479); Event COT203 (cotton, insect control, not deposited,
described in WO 05/054480); Event DAS40278 (corn, herbicide
tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-10244, described in WO 11/022469);
Event DAS-59122-7 (corn, insect control--herbicide tolerance,
deposited as ATCC PTA 11384, described in U.S. Patent Application
Publication No. 2006-070139); Event DAS-59132 (corn, insect
control--herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in WO
09/100188); Event DAS68416 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited
as ATCC PTA-10442, described in WO 11/066384 or WO 11/066360);
Event DP-098140-6 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC
PTA-8296, described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
2009-137395 or WO 08/112019); Event DP-305423-1 (soybean, quality
trait, not deposited, described in U.S. Patent Application
Publication No. 2008-312082 or WO 08/054747); Event DP-32138-1
(corn, hybridization system, deposited as ATCC PTA-9158, described
in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009-0210970 or WO
09/103049); Event DP-356043-5 (soybean, herbicide tolerance,
deposited as ATCC PTA-8287, described in U.S. Patent Application
Publication No. 2010-0184079 or WO 08/002872); Event EE-1 (brinjal,
insect control, not deposited, described in WO 07/091277); Event
FI117 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC 209031,
described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006-059581 or
WO 98/044140); Event GA21 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as
ATCC 209033, described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
2005-086719 or WO 98/044140); Event GG25 (corn, herbicide
tolerance, deposited as ATCC 209032, described in U.S. Patent
Application Publication No. 2005-188434 or WO 98/044140); Event
GHB119 (cotton, insect control--herbicide tolerance, deposited as
ATCC PTA-8398, described in WO 08/151780); Event GHB614 (cotton,
herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-6878, described in U.S.
Patent Application Publication No. 2010-050282 or WO 07/017186);
Event GJ11 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC 209030,
described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005-188434 or
WO 98/044140); Event GM RZ13 (sugar beet, virus resistance,
deposited as NCIMB-41601, described in WO 10/076212); Event H7-1
(sugar beet, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB 41158 or NCIMB
41159, described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
2004-172669 or WO 04/074492); Event JOPLIN1 (wheat, disease
tolerance, not deposited, described in U.S. Patent Application
Publication No. 2008-064032); Event LL27 (soybean, herbicide
tolerance, deposited as NCIMB41658, described in WO 06/108674 or
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008-320616); Event LL55
(soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB 41660, described
in WO 06/108675 or U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
2008-196127); Event LLcotton25 (cotton, herbicide tolerance,
deposited as ATCC PTA-3343, described in WO 03/013224 or U.S.
Patent Application Publication No. 2003-097687); Event LLRICE06
(rice, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC-23352, described in
U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,747 or WO 00/026345); Event LLRICE601 (rice,
herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-2600, described in U.S.
Patent Application Publication No. 2008-2289060 or WO 00/026356);
Event LY038 (corn, quality trait, deposited as ATCC PTA-5623,
described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007-028322 or
WO 05/061720); Event MIR162 (corn, insect control, deposited as
PTA-8166, described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
2009-300784 or WO 07/142840); Event MIR604 (corn, insect control,
not deposited, described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
2008-167456 or WO 05/103301); Event MON15985 (cotton, insect
control, deposited as ATCC PTA-2516, described in U.S. Patent
Application Publication No. 2004-250317 or WO 02/100163); Event
MON810 (corn, insect control, not deposited, described in U.S.
Patent Application Publication No. 2002-102582); Event MON863
(corn, insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-2605, described in WO
04/011601 or U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006-095986);
Event MON87427 (corn, pollination control, deposited as ATCC
PTA-7899, described in WO 11/062904); Event MON87460 (corn, stress
tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8910, described in WO 09/111263 or
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011-0138504); Event
MON87701 (soybean, insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-8194,
described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009-130071 or
WO 09/064652); Event MON87705 (soybean, quality trait--herbicide
tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-9241, described in U.S. Patent
Application Publication No. 2010-0080887 or WO 10/037016); Event
MON87708 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA9670,
described in WO 11/034704); Event MON87754 (soybean, quality trait,
deposited as ATCC PTA-9385, described in WO 10/024976); Event
MON87769 (soybean, quality trait, deposited as ATCC PTA-8911,
described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011-0067141
or WO 09/102873); Event MON88017 (corn, insect control --herbicide
tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-5582, described in U.S. Patent
Application Publication No. 2008-028482 or WO 05/059103); Event
MON88913 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-4854,
described in WO 04/072235 or U.S. Patent Application Publication
No. 2006-059590); Event MON89034 (corn, insect control, deposited
as ATCC PTA-7455, described in WO 07/140256 or U.S. Patent
Application Publication No. 2008-260932); Event MON89788 (soybean,
herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-6708, described in U.S.
Patent Application Publication No. 2006-282915 or WO 06/130436);
Event MS 11 (oilseed rape, pollination control--herbicide
tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-850 or PTA-2485, described in WO
01/031042); Event MS8 (oilseed rape, pollination control--herbicide
tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-730, described in WO 01/041558 or
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003-188347); Event NK603
(corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-2478, described
in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007-292854); Event PE-7
(rice, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 08/114282);
Event RF3 (oilseed rape, pollination control --herbicide tolerance,
deposited as ATCC PTA-730, described in WO 01/041558 or U.S. Patent
Application Publication No. 2003-188347); Event RT73 (oilseed rape,
herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in WO 02/036831 or
US-A 2008-070260); Event T227-1 (sugar beet, herbicide tolerance,
not deposited, described in WO 02/44407 or US-A 2009-265817); Event
T25 (corn, herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in U.S.
Patent Application Publication No. 2001-029014 or WO 01/051654);
Event T304-40 (cotton, insect control--herbicide tolerance,
deposited as ATCC PTA-8171, described in U.S. Patent Application
Publication No. 2010-077501 or WO 08/122406); Event T342-142
(cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 06/128568);
Event TC1507 (corn, insect control--herbicide tolerance, not
deposited, described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
2005-039226 or WO 04/099447); Event VIP1034 (corn, insect
control--herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-3925, described
in WO 03/052073), Event 32316 (corn, insect control-herbicide
tolerance, deposited as PTA-11507, described in WO 11/084632),
Event 4114 (corn, insect control-herbicide tolerance, deposited as
PTA-11506, described in WO 11/084621).
[0322] Particularly useful transgenic plants which may be treated
according to the invention are plants containing transformation
events, or combination of transformation events, that are listed
for example in the databases from various national or regional
regulatory agencies.
[0323] The following examples are given for purely illustrative and
non-limiting purposes of the present invention.
EXAMPLES
[0324] The advanced fungicidal activity of the active compound
combinations according to the invention is evident from the
examples below. While the individual active compounds exhibit
weaknesses with regard to the fungicidal activity, the combinations
have an activity which exceeds a simple addition of activities.
[0325] A synergistic effect of fungicides is always present when
the fungicidal activity of the active compound combinations exceeds
the total of the activities of the active compounds when applied
individually. The expected activity for a given combination of two
active compounds can be calculated as follows (according to Colby's
formula) (cf. Colby, S. R., "Calculating Synergistic and
Antagonistic Responses of Herbicide Combinations", Weeds 1967, 15,
20-22):
[0326] If
[0327] X is the efficacy when active compound A is applied at an
application rate of m ppm (or g/ha),
[0328] Y is the efficacy when active compound B is applied at an
application rate of n ppm (or g/ha),
[0329] E is the efficacy when the active compounds A and B are
applied at application rates of m and n ppm (or g/ha),
respectively, and
[0330] then
E = X + Y - X Y 100 ##EQU00001##
[0331] The degree of efficacy, expressed in % is denoted. 0% means
an efficacy which corresponds to that of the control while an
efficacy of 100% means that no disease is observed.
[0332] If the actual fungicidal activity exceeds the calculated
value, then the activity of the combination is superadditive, i.e.,
a synergistic effect exists. In this case, the efficacy which was
actually observed must be greater than the value for the expected
efficacy (E) calculated from the abovementioned formula.
[0333] A further way of demonstrating a synergistic effect is the
method of Tammes (cf. "Isoboles, A Graphic Representation of
Synergism in Pesticides," in Neth. J. Plant Path., 1964, 70,
73-80).
[0334] The invention is illustrated by the following examples.
However the invention is not limited to the examples.
[0335] In the following examples the strains Bacillus subtilis
AQ30002 (also known as QST30002 or B19) and Bacillus subtilis AQ713
(also known as QST713 or B9) were used.
Example A
Alternaria Test (Tomatoes)/Preventive
[0336] QST30002, active compounds (1 part by weight) solved in
acetone/dimethylacetamide (24.5/24.5 part by weight) and alkylaryl
polyglycol ether (1 part by weight), or combinations thereof were
diluted with water to the desired concentration.
[0337] The application rate of QST30002 refers to the amount of
dried Bacillus subtilis AQ30002 aka QST30002 (NRRL Accession No.
B-50421). A solution comprising 8.5.times.10.sup.8 CFU/g (1.34%) of
this strain was used.
[0338] To test for preventive activity, young plants are sprayed
with the preparation of active compound at the stated rate of
application. After the spray coating has dried on, the plants are
inoculated with an aqueous spore suspension of Alternaria solani.
The plants are then placed in an incubation cabinet at
approximately 20.degree. C. and a relative atmospheric humidity of
100%.
[0339] The test is evaluated 3 days after the inoculation. 0% means
an efficacy which corresponds to that of the untreated control
while an efficacy of 100% means that no disease is observed.
[0340] The table below shows that the observed activity of the
active compound combination according to the invention is greater
than the calculated activity, i.e., a synergistic effect is
present.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE A Alternaria Test (Tomatoes)/Preventive
Application Rate of Efficacy in % Active Compounds Active Compound
(ppm) Found* Calc.** B19 QST30002 500 34 F206 mandipropamid 100 0
B19 + F206 1:0.2 500 + 100 65 34 *Found = activity observed **Calc.
= activity calculated using Colby's formula
Example B
Botrytis cinerea Test (Roses)/Preventive
[0341] A commercial formulation of Bacillus subtilis AQ713,
RHAPSODY.RTM., containing a minimum of 1.times.10.sup.9 CFU/g
active compounds was applied alone or in combination with the
commercial product, SCALA.RTM., containing 54.6% pyrimethanil. The
commercial products were dissolved in water at the concentrations
shown in Table B.
[0342] The application rate of Bacillus subtilis AQ713 refers to
the amount of (1.34%) Bacillus subtilis AQ713 (NRRL Accession No.
B-21661) (i.e., spore preparation) contained in a formulation of
AQ713.
[0343] To test for preventive activity, young rose plants were
sprayed with the preparation of active compounds at the stated rate
of application. The rose plants were grown in the field under
conditions where disease pressure from Botrytis cinerea was
present. Each treatment was applied twice to the plants at
intervals five days apart. The efficacy of the treatments in
preventing Botrytis infection on the leaves and stems of the plants
was evaluated fifteen days after the second application.
[0344] Table B shows the results of the field trial. The table
shows that the observed activity of the active compound combination
according to the invention is greater than the calculated activity,
i.e., a synergistic effect is present.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE B Botrytis cinerea Test (Roses)/Preventive
Application Rate of Efficacy in % Active Compounds Active Compound
Found* Calc.** B9 AQ713 2 mL/L 50 F196 pyrimethanil 1.25 mL/L 40 B9
+ F196 2 mL/L + 1.25 mL/L 75 70 *Found = activity observed **Calc.
= activity calculated using Colby's formula
[0345] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms
herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of
ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All
publications, patents, and patent publications cited are
incorporated by reference herein in their entirety for all
purposes.
[0346] It is understood that the disclosed invention is not limited
to the particular methodology, protocols and materials described as
these can vary. It is also understood that the terminology used
herein is for the purposes of describing particular embodiments
only and is not intended to limit the scope of the present
invention which will be limited only by the appended claims.
[0347] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to
ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many
equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described
herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the
following claims.
* * * * *
References