U.S. patent application number 14/355370 was filed with the patent office on 2014-10-16 for topless shoe.
The applicant listed for this patent is Yehuda Azoulay. Invention is credited to Yehuda Azoulay.
Application Number | 20140305006 14/355370 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 48191447 |
Filed Date | 2014-10-16 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140305006 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Azoulay; Yehuda |
October 16, 2014 |
TOPLESS SHOE
Abstract
Provided is a shoe, including a concave body having an erecting
circumferential rim having one or more foot securing areas along at
least a portion of the circumference of the rim, where the one or
more foot securing areas are inwardly-protruding, so as to secure a
foot in the concave body when the shoe is worn, and where the one
or more foot securing areas have an elasticity that enables the one
or more foot securing areas to be pushed outwardly to receive the
foot.
Inventors: |
Azoulay; Yehuda; (Kfar
Veradim, IL) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Azoulay; Yehuda |
Kfar Veradim |
|
IL |
|
|
Family ID: |
48191447 |
Appl. No.: |
14/355370 |
Filed: |
September 30, 2012 |
PCT Filed: |
September 30, 2012 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/IB2012/055231 |
371 Date: |
April 30, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61553401 |
Oct 31, 2011 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
36/84 ;
36/93 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A43B 13/141 20130101;
A43B 3/0036 20130101; A43B 13/16 20130101; A43B 11/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
36/84 ;
36/93 |
International
Class: |
A43B 3/00 20060101
A43B003/00 |
Claims
1.-19. (canceled)
20. A shoe, comprising: a concave body having an erecting
circumferential rim having one or more foot securing areas along at
least a portion of the circumference of said rim, wherein said one
or more foot securing areas are inwardly-protruding, so as to
secure a foot in said concave body when said shoe is worn, and
wherein said one or more foot securing areas have an elasticity
that enables said one or more foot securing areas to be pushed
outwardly to receive the foot.
21. The shoe according to claim 20, wherein inwardly-protruding
comprises said one or more foot securing areas having a
vertical-axis differential of approximately 0.1-2 centimeters
between an inward-most area and an outward-most area of said
rim.
22. The shoe according to claim 20, wherein said one or more foot
securing areas extend along at least 50% of the circumference of
said rim.
23. The shoe according to claim 20, wherein said one or more foot
securing areas extend along at least 70% of the circumference of
said rim.
24. The shoe according to claim 20, wherein said one or more foot
securing areas extend along at least 90% of the circumference of
said rim.
25. The shoe according to claim 20, wherein said concave body
consists of a unitary piece of material.
26. The shoe according to claim 20, wherein said concave body
comprises: a first layer serving as an insole; and a second layer
disposed on an outer surface of said first layer.
27. The shoe according to claim 20, wherein said concave body
comprises a first layer serving as an insole; and a second layer
disposed on an outer surface of said first layer, wherein said
second layer serves as an outsole.
28. The shoe according to claim 20, wherein said concave body
comprises a first layer serving as an insole; and a second layer
disposed on an outer surface of said first layer, wherein said
second layer serves as a midsole, and wherein the shoe further
comprises a third layer serving as an outsole and being disposed on
an outer surface of said second layer.
29. The shoe according to claim 20, wherein said concave body
comprises a first layer serving as an insole; and a second layer
disposed on an outer surface of said first layer, wherein said
first layer comprises silicone.
30. The shoe according to claim 20, wherein said concave body
comprises a first layer serving as an insole; and a second layer
disposed on an outer surface of said first layer, wherein said
first layer comprises polyethylene foam.
31. The shoe according to claim 20, wherein said concave body
comprises a first layer serving as an insole; and a second layer
disposed on an outer surface of said first layer, wherein said
second layer comprises acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS).
32. The shoe according to claim 20, wherein said concave body
comprises a first layer serving as an insole; and a second layer
disposed on an outer surface of said first layer, and further
comprising a third layer comprising silicone.
33. The shoe according to claim 20, wherein said concave body
comprises a first layer serving as an insole; and a second layer
disposed on an outer surface of said first layer, and further
comprising a third layer comprising polyurethane.
34. A shoe, comprising: a sole-shaped surface having one or more
elastic, polymeric foot securing areas along at least 50% of a
circumference of said sole-shaped surface, wherein each of said one
or more foot securing areas is inwardly-protruding, such that a
vertical-axis differential of approximately 0.1-2 centimeters
exists between an inward-most area and an outward-most area of said
each of said one or more foot securing areas, and said one or more
foot securing areas are configured to be pushed outwardly when
receiving the foot.
35. The shoe according to claim 34, wherein said one or more foot
securing areas extend along at least 70% of the circumference of
said sole-shaped surface.
36. The shoe according to claim 34, wherein said one or more foot
securing areas extend along at least 90% of the circumference of
said sole-shaped surface.
37. The shoe according to claim 34, wherein said sole-shaped
surface and said one or more foot securing areas are integrally
formed and consist of a unitary piece of material.
38. The shoe according to claim 34, wherein each of said
sole-shaped surface and said one or more foot securing areas is
made of at least one polymeric material selected from the group
consisting of silicone, polyethylene foam, acrylonitrile butadiene
styrene (ABS), and high-density polyurethane.
Description
FIELD
[0001] The invention relates to a topless shoe configured to be
conveniently put on.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The basic parts of most footwear articles, regardless of
their specific type, are a sole and a top part. The sole protects
the wearer's foot from direct contact with the ground, while the
top part keeps the foot secured to the shoe when the foot is lifted
off the ground. In what is often referred to as "closed shoes", the
top part covers a substantial portion of the foot, and is normally
connected to the sole by a strip of material called a "welt".
Sometimes, the welt and the top part are combined. In so-called
"open shoes", such as flip-flops or sandals, there is often only
minimal structure holding onto the foot or parts thereof from the
top. Strings and straps of various types are common examples.
[0003] An extreme case of "open shoes" is what is commonly known as
"stick on sandals", "stick on flip-flops", etc., in which a sole is
attached to the foot solely by adhesive forces. The top surface of
these soles exhibits adhesive properties, sufficient to remain
clung to the sole of the foot under relatively relaxed walking
conditions. A further variation of such sandals is the type which
clings to the foot using various suction elements instead of an
adhesive.
[0004] A recent design concept by students at Zhejiang University,
China, suggested shoes with an elastic layer (termed "muscle")
which parts under the force of the foot, and then folds back to
enclose the foot. See: Red Dot Design Museum, "Red Dot Online:
Design Concept",
http://www.red-dot.sg/concept/porfolio/o_e/TA/B032.htm, last
accessed Sep. 5, 2012.
SUMMARY
[0005] There is provided, according to some embodiments, a shoe
comprising: a concave body defined by an erecting circumferential
rim having one or more foot securing areas along at least a portion
of the circumference of said rim, wherein said one or more foot
securing areas are normally inwardly-protruding, so as to secure a
foot in said concave body when said shoe is worn, and wherein said
one or more foot securing areas have an elasticity which enables
said one or more foot securing areas to be pushed outwardly to
receive the foot.
[0006] In some embodiments, inwardly-protruding comprises said one
or more foot securing areas having a vertical-axis differential of
approximately 0.1-2 centimeters between an inwards-most area and an
outwards most area of said rim.
[0007] In some embodiments, said one or more foot securing areas
extend along at least 50% of the circumference of said rim.
[0008] In some embodiments, said one or more foot securing areas
extend along at least 70% of the circumference of said rim.
[0009] In some embodiments, said concave body consists of a unitary
piece of material.
[0010] In some embodiments, said concave body comprises: a first
layer serving as an insole; and a second layer disposed on an outer
surface of said first layer.
[0011] In some embodiments, said second layer serves as an
outsole.
[0012] In some embodiments, said second layer serves as a midsole,
and wherein the shoe further comprises a third layer serving as an
outsole and being disposed on an outer surface of said second
layer.
[0013] In some embodiments, said first layer is made at least
partially of silicone.
[0014] In some embodiments, said said first layer is made at least
partially of polyethylene foam.
[0015] In some embodiments, said said second layer is made at least
partially of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS).
[0016] In some embodiments, said said third layer is made at least
partially of silicone.
[0017] In some embodiments, said said third layer is made at least
partially of high-density polyurethane.
[0018] There is further provided, according to some embodiments, a
shoe comprising a sole-shaped surface having one or more elastic,
polymeric foot securing areas along at least 50% of a circumference
of said sole-shaped surface, wherein each of said one or more foot
securing areas is inwardly-protruding, such that a vertical-axis
differential of approximately 0.1-2 centimeters exists between an
inwards-most area and an outwards most area of said each of said
one or more foot securing areas, and wherein said one or more foot
securing areas are configured to be pushed outwardly when receiving
the foot.
[0019] In some embodiments, said one or more foot securing areas
extend along at least 70% of the circumference of said sole-shaped
surface.
[0020] In some embodiments, said one or more foot securing areas
extend along at least 90% of the circumference of said sole-shaped
surface.
[0021] In some embodiments, said sole-shaped surface and said one
or more foot securing areas are integrally formed and consist of a
unitary piece of material.
[0022] In some embodiments, each of said sole-shaped surface and
said one or more foot securing areas is made of at least one
polymeric material selected from the group consisting of: silicone,
polyethylene foam, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and
high-density polyurethane.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0023] Exemplary embodiments are illustrated in referenced figures.
Dimensions of components and features shown in the figures are
generally chosen for convenience and clarity of presentation and
are not necessarily shown to scale. The figures are listed
below.
[0024] FIG. 1 shows a front isometric view of a shoe, according to
some embodiments;
[0025] FIG. 2 shows a back isometric view of a shoe, according to
some embodiments;
[0026] FIG. 3 shows a front planar view of a shoe, according to
some embodiments;
[0027] FIG. 4 shows a back planar view of a shoe, according to some
embodiments;
[0028] FIG. 5 shows a left planar view of a shoe, according to some
embodiments;
[0029] FIG. 6 shows a right planar view of a shoe, according to
some embodiments;
[0030] FIG. 7 shows a top planar view of a shoe, according to some
embodiments;
[0031] FIG. 8 shows a bottom planar view of a shoe, according to
some embodiments;
[0032] FIG. 9 shows a longitudinal cross sectional view of a shoe,
according to some embodiments; and
[0033] FIG. 10 shows a latitudinal cross sectional view of a shoe,
according to some embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0034] A topless shoe configured to be conveniently put on is
disclosed herein. In some embodiments thereof, the shoe is,
essentially, a generally sole-shaped concave body, configured, on
its own, to secure a wearer's foot inside it. Advantageously, this
securing is achieved without any substantial structure to hold on
to the foot from above. Instead, the concave body is comprised of a
sole defined by an erecting circumferential rim. The rim has one or
more areas (hereinafter "foot securing areas") where it is slightly
inwards-protruding, so as to provide a structurally-minimal but
nonetheless effective means of securing the foot in the vertical
axis.
[0035] The shoe is structured with these foot securing areas being
normally in an inwards-protruding position, while still having a
sufficient elasticity to enable them to be pushed outwardly by the
foot when the shoe is put on. In a typical scenario, a person
wishing to put on the shoe may position his or her foot over it and
approximately in alignment with the sole shape of the shoe's body,
and then simply push down the foot into the shoe. When the
circumferential rim of the shoe is engaged by the descending foot,
its foot securing areas are pushed outwards, essentially expanding
the circumferential rim and allowing the foot to enter the concave
body of the shoe. As the foot passes over the foot securing areas
and its lateral pushing of these areas decreases, the areas start
to return to their normal, inwards-protruding position. The foot
securing areas finally reach their normal, inwards-protruding
position approximately when the foot is fully down the concave body
of the shoe.
[0036] When the person starts walking and lifts the foot off the
ground, the normally inwards-protruding foot securing areas prevent
the shoe from falling off the foot. Still, the elasticity of these
foot securing areas allows for voluntary removal of the shoe, by
application for force stronger than the typical downwards force
exerted on the shoe naturally when walking. The degree of
elasticity of these foot securing areas is carefully designed to
this end.
[0037] Reference is now made to FIGS. 1-2, which show isometric
views of an exemplary topless shoe (hereinafter "shoe") 100 from
the front and back, respectively. Reference is also made to FIGS.
3-8, which show planar views of shoe 100 from the front, back,
left, right, top and bottom, respectively, as well as to FIGS. 9-10
which show longitudinal (A) and latitudinal (B) cross-sections of
the shoe, respectively. For reasons of simplicity, the figures
depict a right shoe, but are naturally intended to apply also to a
left shoe, mutatis mutandis.
[0038] As shown in the figures, shoe 100 includes three layers: a
first layer, serving as an insole 102; a second layer, serving as a
midsole 104; and a third layer, serving as an outsole 106. In a
different embodiment (not shown), however, a shoe may include only
a single layer, while having a shape similar to that of the
embodiment of the figures. In a further embodiment (not shown), a
shoe may include two layers, while having a shape similar to that
of the embodiment of the figures. In yet another embodiment (not
shown), a shoe may include four or more layers, while a shape
similar to that of the embodiment of the figures. Those of skill in
the art will recognize, based on the former and following
discussions, that all of the aforementioned, non-showed embodiments
have multiple configurational aspects in common, despite being
structured with a different number of layers and/or parts.
Exemplary aspects are the one or more foot securing areas which
only minimally protrude inwardly. Such aspects endow these
embodiments with advantageous qualities, such as the ability to
secure a foot without any substantial structure to hold on to the
foot from above, as discussed.
[0039] Returning to the figures, insole 102 may have a generally
sole-shaped concave body, made of at least a sole-shaped part (or
"surface") 106 and an erecting circumferential rim 108 which
defines the concave body. Rim 108 may be divided, up to at least a
portion of its height, into tabs, such as tabs 112a-c. Sole-shaped
part 106 and rim 108 may be integrally-formed, such as by injection
molding, or be two separate parts attached together. Rim 108 may be
structured as a circumferential wall encompassing sole-shaped part
106. Rim 108 is intended, inter alia, to provide lateral support to
the foot, somewhat similar to a welt of a conventional shoe.
However, in contrast to many conventional shoes, rim 108 is
additionally configured, advantageously, to secure the foot
vertically, without the need for substantial structures such as
straps or strings that cover parts of the foot from above. This may
be achieved by virtue of one or more foot securing areas, such as a
representative foot securing area 110a, shown encircled in FIG. 1
for demonstration reasons. Foot securing area 110a is, essentially,
an inwards-protruding area of tab 112a; rim 108 may be divided,
across at least a portion of its height, into multiple tabs, such
as tabs 112a-c and the like. By having one or more foot securing
areas, such as 110a-c, inwardly protruding relative to lower areas
of their associated tabs, such as tabs 112a-c, the sides of the
foot may snugly fit into these lower areas of the tabs and at the
same time be secured from above using the inwards protrusion of the
foot securing areas. Foot securing areas of a shoe, such as shoe
100, optionally extend along a substantial portion of the
circumference of the shoe, such as at least 50%, 70% or 90%, of the
circumference. The degree of securing is usually a factor of the
circumferential portion occupied by foot securing areas, versus the
amount of inwards protrusion of these areas. Generally, the more
protruding these areas are, the less of them is required, and vice
versa. Advantageously, the present foot securing areas, in
accordance with some embodiments, are only minimally inwardly
protruding (to a degree which makes the present shoe essentially
"topless"), and therefore extend along a substantial portion of the
shoe's circumference, as discussed above.
[0040] In some embodiments, there is a vertical-axis differential
between one or more of the foot securing areas 110a-c and their
associated lower parts of tabs 112a-c. For better illustration, the
cross section in FIG. 9 shows two points: a innermost point 114 of
foot securing area 112c, and an outermost point 116 of a lower area
of tab 112c (which may simply be referred to as the outermost point
of the tab). A vertical-axis differential D is marked between a
vertical axis 114a on which innermost point 114 resides, and
between a vertical axis 116a on which outermost point 116 resides.
D may have different measurements at different circumferential
areas of rim 108, to fit the foot's anatomy. This may both enhance
the comfort of shoe 100 to its wearer, and enhance the shoe's
securing of the foot. Generally, frontal parts of the foot, such as
its dorsal surface, which are farther away from the foot's
connection to the leg, may require securing using a larger D since
they have a substantial lateral curvature. In contrast, posterior
parts of the foot, such as around the heel bone, may generally
require securing using a smaller D; in some persons, however, parts
surrounding the heel bone may sometimes lack a substantial lateral
curvature, so that D may be very small or even zero. Furthermore,
in some embodiments, some areas of rim may extend higher up than
others, to match the natural curvature of the foot's sides.
[0041] In some embodiments, D may measure between approximately
0.1-3 centimeters, depending on the foot part, as discussed above.
In some other embodiments, D may measure between approximately
0.1-2 cm, 0.2-2 cm, 0.3-2 cm, 0.4-2 cm, 0.5-2 cm, 0.6-2 cm, 0.7-2
cm, 0.8-2 cm, 0.9-2 cm, 1-2 cm, 1.1-2 cm, 1.2-2 cm, 1.3-2 cm, 1.4-2
cm, 1.5-2 cm, 1.6-2 cm, 1.7-2 cm, 1.8-2 cm or 1.9-2 cm, for example
depending on the foot part, the shoe size and/or the like. In
further embodiments, D may exceed the aforementioned
measurements.
[0042] The division of rim 108 into tabs, such as tabs 112a-c, is
optional. Tabs 112a-c may purposely weaken rim 108 structurally, so
it may be conveniently pushed outwards by the foot when shoe 100 is
put on. Generally, using more rigid materials for a rim, an insole
and/or a midsole, may necessitate more tabs, while little or no
tabs may be needed when more elastic materials are used--since the
material elasticity, on its own, may be sufficient to allow the rim
to widen to receive the foot. In present embodiments, D and the
rigidity/elasticity of the materials, have been carefully chosen
and correlated in order to provide a functionally-beneficial
tradeoff between a size of a top structure of shoe 100, which is
desired to be minimal, and the ability of such structure to secure
the foot sufficiently.
[0043] Midsole 104 may be attached to insole 102 externally, such
as by glue, melting and/or the like, and the interface between the
two may follow the same (or a similar) curvature and shape along a
substantial part of their area or even its entirety. Hence, the
above discussion of insole 102 applies, mutatis mutandis, to
midsole 104. It is intended that similarly-shaped elements of
midsole 104 shall be referred to using the same terminology of
their respective elements in insole 102.
[0044] In other embodiments (not shown), functions of an insole and
a midsole may be materialized using a single layer serving both
purposes, as discussed above. In the exemplary embodiment of the
figures, an insole plus midsole structure is adopted in order to
combine comfort characteristics of insole 102 with more
technical-functional characteristics of midsole 104.
[0045] The structure of midsole 104 may depart from that of insole
102 in some parts thereof. One of the differences between insole
102 and midsole 104 may be, for example, their manufacturing from
different materials. While insole 102, which comes in contact with
the wearer's foot, may be made of a comfortable, soft and/or
antimicrobial material(s), midsole 104 may be made of a more rigid
material(s). By way of example, insole 102 may be made at least
partially of one or more of silicone, polyethylene foam, another
polymeric material, a non-polymeric material or any combination
thereof. The thickness of insole 102 or parts thereof, according to
some embodiments, may be in the range of 0.2 cm to 1.5 cm. In other
embodiments, the thickness of insole 102 or parts thereof may be
higher than 1.5 cm.
[0046] Midsole 104 may be made, for instance, at least partially of
one or more of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), another
polymeric material, a non-polymeric material or any combination
thereof. The thickness of midsole 104 or parts thereof, according
to some embodiments, may be in the range of 0.2 cm to 1.5 cm. In
other embodiments, the thickness of midsole 104 or parts thereof
may be higher than 1.5 cm.
[0047] As a further example, insole 102 and midsole 104 may differ
in the configuration of a top area of their rims. With reference to
the cross section of FIG. 9, tab 110c (and optionally other tabs)
of insole 102 may include a top area 118c above foot securing area
112c. Top area 118c extends between innermost point 114 and an edge
118, wherein the edge is disposed outwardly relative to innermost
point 114. Rim 108 essentially becomes wider above innermost point
114. This widening allows for easy entry of the foot into shoe 100.
When the foot contacts top area 118c and continues to be pushed
down, tab 112c is pushed outwards. Optionally, edge 118 is
vertically-aligned, exactly or approximately, with outermost point
116. Since the location of outermost point 116 is set to
accommodate the foot's width, edge 118 has to be positioned at
least on the same vertical axis as the outermost point, if not
farther outwardly, in order for it to be wide enough to receive the
foot.
[0048] Yet another example is that the division of rim 108 of
insole 102 into tabs does not necessarily correspond to a similar
division of midsole 104. For example, two or more adjacent tabs of
insole 102 may extend over a single tab of midsole 104, or vice
versa. Namely, the structural weakening of shoe 100 using tab
division may be performed in only part of the layers of the shoe,
and only in certain area(s).
[0049] As to midsole 104, a top area 120c thereof does not, in some
embodiments, need to come in contact with the foot when shoe 100 is
put on. Therefore, top area 120c may be structured in such a way
that it just supports top area 118c of inner sole 102. Top area
120c may be structured, for example, as an outwards-curling part,
which reinforces top area 118c from outside.
[0050] Sole-shaped part 106 of insole 102, and that of midsole 104,
may have different thicknesses across different parts thereof, in
order to match the natural curvature of the foot's plantar surface.
For example, greater thickness may be provided beneath the arches
of the foot, and lower thickness may be disposed beneath the heel
bone and the forefoot.
[0051] A frontal part of shoe 100, which is generally referenced as
122, optionally lacks foot securing areas. Instead, frontal part
122 may be shaped as a toe protector, covering the toes or a part
thereof. Frontal part 122 is optionally made of an extension of
insole 102. Since the toes are flexible, as opposed to other parts
of the foot, a foot securing area in front of the toes is usually
inefficient--the toes can easily escape it. Therefore, toe
protection may be provided by frontal part 122, or, in other
embodiments (not shown), a frontal part of a shoe may lack such a
cover altogether. Even if a cover exists, it may be structured and
positioned such that there is a vertical gap between it and the
toes when the shoe is worn; namely, it may not serve to secure the
foot in place.
[0052] A further difference between insole 102 and midsole 104 may
be, for example, the extension of tabs of the midsole further down
from tabs 112a-c of the insole. This is best depicted in FIG. 8,
which shows shoe 100 from a bottom view. This depiction relates to
some embodiments, in which midsole 104 is actually made up of a
plurality of separate U-shaped elements, such as elements 124-136,
wherein the walls of the U are the erecting circumferential rim of
the midsole, and the bottom of the U is the sole-shaped part of the
midsole. Optionally, at least the bottoms of at least some of the
U-shaped elements of midsole 104, such as elements 124-136, are
separated and attached to insole 102 in such locations, that the
spaces formed between the elements match the dynamics of the foot
when walking This, as opposed to many conventional shoes in which
the soles are only minimally-flexible and usually have the same
degree of flexibility along their areas. When the bottoms of at
least some of elements 124-136 are separated, as shown in the
figure, shoe 100 in general gives its wearer a feeling close to the
feeling of walking barefoot. The natural, dynamic motion of
different parts of the foot is only minimally affected due to the
separation. The specific shapes and separation of elements 124-136
depicted in FIG. 8, have been experimentally tested and verified to
correspond to the dynamic motion of different parts of the foot.
However, this is only one of multiple embodiments of the invention,
and other shapes and separation of elements are intended within the
framework of different embodiments. In contrast to the separation
of U-shaped elements, in other embodiments (not shown), a midsole
or parts thereof may be integrally formed.
[0053] Outsole 106, which is also an optional layer, may include
pieces, such as pieces 138-150, attached to elements 124-136,
respectively, externally. Outsole 106 may be made of a
highly-durable material, allowing it to last throughout prolonged
use. One example of a suitable material is high-density
polyurethane, but other materials are possible as well. In other
embodiments (not shown) a shoe may lack an outsole, and a midsole
may be made of a material(s) suitable both for supporting an insole
and durably interfacing with the ground.
[0054] In the description and claims of the application, each of
the words "comprise" "include" and "have", and forms thereof, are
not necessarily limited to members in a list with which the words
may be associated. In addition, where there are inconsistencies
between this application and any document incorporated by
reference, it is hereby intended that the present application
controls.
* * * * *
References