U.S. patent application number 14/290470 was filed with the patent office on 2014-09-18 for secure wireless communication.
This patent application is currently assigned to ALCATEL-LUCENT. The applicant listed for this patent is ALCATEL-LUCENT. Invention is credited to Sarvar PATEL.
Application Number | 20140273971 14/290470 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 40457340 |
Filed Date | 2014-09-18 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140273971 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
PATEL; Sarvar |
September 18, 2014 |
SECURE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Abstract
In one embodiment, the method performed by mobile equipment to
authenticate communication with a network includes generating keys
using cellular authentication and voice encryption, and then
generating an authentication key based on these keys. The
authentication key is used to generate an expected message
authentication code used in authenticating the network according to
authentication and key agreement security protocol.
Inventors: |
PATEL; Sarvar; (Montville,
NJ) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
ALCATEL-LUCENT |
Paris |
|
FR |
|
|
Assignee: |
ALCATEL-LUCENT
Paris
FR
|
Family ID: |
40457340 |
Appl. No.: |
14/290470 |
Filed: |
May 29, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13738385 |
Jan 10, 2013 |
8792641 |
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14290470 |
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12285336 |
Oct 2, 2008 |
8379854 |
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13738385 |
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60998125 |
Oct 9, 2007 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
455/411 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04W 12/04 20130101;
H04W 92/12 20130101; H04W 92/10 20130101; H04L 63/0869 20130101;
H04W 12/06 20130101; H04L 63/061 20130101; H04W 12/04031
20190101 |
Class at
Publication: |
455/411 |
International
Class: |
H04W 12/06 20060101
H04W012/06; H04W 12/04 20060101 H04W012/04 |
Claims
1. A device, comprising: a mobile equipment configured to, receive
authentication information from a network, obtain a first random
number from the received authentication information, the first
random number being a random number that the mobile equipment had
sent the network, generate at least one mobile equipment key based
on the first random number using cellular authentication and voice
encryption, obtain a second random number from the received
authentication information, the second random number being
associated with the network, generate at least one network key from
the second random number using the cellular authentication and
voice encryption, generate an authentication key that includes
hashing together the mobile equipment key and the network key,
generate an expected network message authentication code based on
the authentication key and at least a portion of the received
authentication information according to authentication and key
agreement security protocol, and authenticate the network based on
the expected network message authentication code.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the device is further configured
to, obtain a message authentication code from the received
authentication information, and compare the expected message
authentication code to the obtained message authentication
code.
3. The device of claim 2, wherein the device is further configured
to, compare the first random number with a third random number
stored in the mobile equipment, and send a resynchronization
message to the network if the first random number does not match
the third random number.
4. The device of claim 3, wherein the resynchronization message
includes at least a portion of the third random number.
5. The device of claim 2, wherein the received authentication
information includes a sequence number field, an authentication
management field, and an authentication key agreement random number
field, the device being further configured to, determine if a
sequence number in the sequence number field is within a
permissible range, and send a resynchronization message if the
sequence number is determined not to be within the permissible
range.
6. The device of claim 5, wherein the resynchronization message
includes a sequence number stored in the mobile equipment.
7. The device of claim 1, wherein the received authentication
information includes a sequence number field, an authentication
management field, and an authentication key agreement random number
field, the device further configured to, obtain a message
authentication code from the received authentication information,
compare the expected message authentication code to the obtained
message authentication code, compare the first random number with a
third random number stored in the mobile equipment, and determine
if a sequence number in the sequence number field is within a
permissible range, and send an authentication response to the
network if the expected message authentication code matches the
obtained message authentication code, the first random number
matches the third random number, and the sequence number field is
within the permissible range.
8. The device of claim 1, wherein, the received authentication
information includes a sequence number field, an authentication
management field, and an authentication key agreement random number
field, and the first random number includes a portion of the
sequence number field, the authentication management field and a
portion of the authentication key agreement random number
field.
9. The device of claim 8, wherein the first random number has a
length of at least 64 bits.
10. A node, comprising: a network node, configured to, generate a
challenge including a sequence number field, an authentication
management field, and a random number field, the sequence number
field including a sequence number and a portion of a first random
number the network node had received from a mobile equipment, the
authentication management field including another portion of the
first random number, and the random number field includes a second
random number and a further portion of the first random number,
obtain at least one mobile equipment key using the first random
number, obtain at least one network key using a second random
number, generate an authentication key that includes hashing
together the mobile equipment key and the network key, generate a
first message authentication code based on the authentication key
according to authentication and key agreement security protocol,
generate an authentication token based on the sequence number in
the sequence number field, the authentication management field and
the first message authentication code, and send the challenge and
the authentication token to the mobile equipment.
11. The node of claim 10, further configured to, receive a response
to the challenge and authentication token from the mobile
equipment, and establish a mutually authenticated communication
channel with the mobile equipment based on the response.
12. The node of claim 10, wherein the sequence number field
includes a flag controlling whether the mobile equipment generates
a new random number for use during authentication.
13. The node of claim 10, further configured to, receive a
resynchronization message from the mobile equipment, the
resynchronization message including a third random number and a
second message authentication code.
14. The node of claim 13, wherein the second random number included
in the resynchronization message has a length of at least 64
bits.
15. The node of claim 13, further configured to, verify the mobile
equipment based on the second message authentication code, and
store the second random number for generating another challenge for
the mobile equipment if the mobile equipment is verified.
16. The node of claim 10, further configured to, receive a
resynchronization message from the mobile equipment, the
resynchronization message including a number of bits indicating the
resynchronization message includes a sequence number associated
with the mobile equipment, the resynchronization message further
including the sequence number associated with the mobile equipment
and a second message authentication code.
17. The node of claim 16, further configured to, verify the mobile
equipment based on the second message authentication code, and
store the sequence number associated with the mobile equipment for
generating another challenge if the mobile equipment is
verified.
18. The device of claim 1, wherein the authentication key is a
128-bit authentication and key agreement (AKA) protocol key.
19. The node of claim 10, wherein the authentication key is a
128-bit authentication and key agreement (AKA) protocol key.
Description
PRIORITY STATEMENT
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 13/738,385 filed Jan. 10, 2013, which is a divisional of U.S.
application Ser. No. 12/285,336 filed Oct. 2, 2008 and claims the
benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.119(e) to U.S.
provisional application No. 60/998,125 filed Oct. 9, 2007, the
contents of each of which is incorporated by reference in their
entirety.
BACKGROUND
[0002] 1. Field the of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to a method and system for
secure wireless communications. In particular, the present
invention relates to a method of establishing authentication keys
at both the network and mobile equipment in order to establish a
mutually authenticated communication channel.
[0004] 2. Description of Related Art
[0005] Security methods and processes relating to wireless
communications have evolved in recent years. In particular, 2G CDMA
security evolved into 3G CDMA security.
[0006] As is well known in the art, 2G CDMA security involves
cellular authentication and voice encryption (CAVE). In particular,
2G CDMA security uses at least a root key commonly referred to as
an AKey and shared secret data (SSD) keys. The SSD keys are
generated via a well-known SSD update procedure. The SSD keys are
semi long term keys and are treated as root keys herein. The SSD
keys may be shared with a Visitor Location Register (VLR) of a
network if the VLR is the home serving system for a mobile
equipment, for example. Further, conventional 2G CDMA security
protocols may involve a global challenge and response procedure and
a unique challenge and response procedure.
[0007] For the global challenge procedure, the network broadcasts a
random challenge RAND to the mobile equipment. A mobile equipment
performing system access (e.g. registration, call origination, and
call termination) in a network that requires authentication,
creates and sends an authentication response AUTHR using a long
term key. The pair RAND/AUTHR is forwarded to the Home Location
Register/Authentication Center (HLR/AC) for verification. Also for
calls of type call origination, the last 6 digits are used in
calculating AUTHR. For both call origination and call termination
the mobile generates keys that are useful for the call (i.e.,
SMEKEY and PLCM). The HLR/AC also generates and returns to the VLR
the SMEKEY and PLCM if the RAND/AUTHR pair verifies.
[0008] A unique challenge procedure can be performed by the network
attempting to communicate with a mobile equipment at any time on
either the control channel or traffic channel. For example, the VLR
requests a unique challenge and expected response pair, RANDU and
AUTHU from the HLR/AC. The network sends the RANDU to the mobile
equipment and the mobile equipment calculates a response AUTHU
using a long term key and sends a response AUTHU to the network.
The network verifies the RANDU/AUTHU pair.
[0009] Conventional 3G CDMA security protocols are based on an
authentication and key agreement (AKA) protocol and provide mutual
authentication meaning (i) the mobile equipment authenticates the
network and (ii) the network authenticates the mobile equipment
before communications are performed. The well-known AKA security
protocols used in 3G CDMA are based on quintuplets. Quintuplets
include a random number RAND, expected response XRES, cipher key
CK, integrity key IK and network authentication token AUTN. A
conventional network authentication token AUTN is based on a
sequence number SQN, an anonymity key AK, authentication management
field AMF and a message authentication code (MAC).
[0010] For example, the mobile equipment generates its own MAC
based on a sequence number SQN stored in the mobile equipment, a
secret key K stored in the mobile equipment, the AMF, and the
random number RAND. Then, the MAC generated at the mobile equipment
is compared with the MAC extracted from the network authentication
token AUTN received from the serving system. Still further, the
mobile equipment may determine if the sequence number SQN extracted
from the network authentication token is an acceptable value. If
the mobile equipment successfully authenticates the network, the
mobile equipment prepares a response RES and transmits the response
RES back to the serving system of the network. The serving system
of the network then compares the expected response XRES with the
response RES to authenticate the mobile equipment, thereby
completing mutual authentication according to the conventional AKA
security protocol.
[0011] If the mobile equipment during the authentication process
determines the MAC, which was extracted from the network
authentication token AUTN, does not match the MAC generated in the
mobile equipment, the mobile equipment transmits a failure message
to the serving system of the network. Further, if the mobile
equipment, during the authentication process, determines the MAC
value, which was extracted from the network authentication token
AUTN matches the MAC value generated by the mobile equipment, but
that the sequence number SQN is outside of the permissible range,
the mobile equipment transmits a resynchronization message to the
network. The AKA security protocol briefly described above and used
in 3G CDMA is well known in the art and thus, further information
is not provided herein for the sake of brevity.
[0012] While security protocols have evolved by transitioning from
2G CDMA security protocols to 3G CDMA security protocols, which are
also implemented in some conventional IMS security protocols, some
of the hardware equipment used for wireless communications has not
been updated and/or is not capable of processing the more highly
evolved protocols. For example, some companies which may have
invested significant amounts of time, research and money in
hardware used to process 2G CDMA security protocols have chosen not
to update the hardware for various cost associated reasons.
Therefore, some conventional 2G CDMA hardware devices are not
currently capable of providing a mutually authenticated
communication channel using the AKA security protocols of
conventional 3G CDMA.
[0013] Accordingly, proposals have been made, which attempt to
establish a mutually authenticated communication channel without
using the quintuplet based AKA security protocol described above
with respect to 3G CDMA. Stated differently, these proposals are
attempting to use IS-41 authentication procedures previously used
in 2G CDMA security protocols. However, all of these proposals
suffer from at least the following deficiency. In particular, a
compromise of a past IS-41 session key (e.g., SMEKEY and PLCM)
would allow an attacker to replay a random number and successfully
complete the key agreement protocol and communicate with a mobile
equipment or a network. As such, these proposals are insecure when
a previously used IS-41 session key is revealed.
SUMMARY
[0014] Example embodiments provide methods and apparatuses related
to establishing communications between mobile equipment and a
network that leverages ANSI-41 security protocols.
[0015] In one embodiment, the method performed by mobile equipment
to authenticate communication with a network includes receiving
authentication information from a network, and obtaining a first
random number from the received authentication information. The
first random number is a random number that the network associates
with the mobile equipment. At least one mobile equipment key is
generated based on the first random number using cellular
authentication and voice encryption. A second random number is
obtained from the received authentication information. The second
random number is associated with the network. At least one network
key is generated from the second random number using the cellular
authentication and voice encryption. An authentication key is
generated based on the mobile equipment key and the network key. An
expected network message authentication code is generated based on
the authentication key and at least a portion of the received
authentication information according to authentication and key
agreement security protocol. The network is authenticated based on
the expected network message authentication code.
[0016] In another embodiment, a method performed by a network to
establish the network with a mobile equipment includes generating a
challenge. The challenge includes a sequence number field, an
authentication management field, and a random number field. The
sequence number field includes a sequence number and a portion of a
first random number the network associates with the mobile
equipment. The authentication management field includes another
portion of the first random number, and the random number field
includes a second random number and a further portion of the first
random number. The embodiment further includes obtaining at least
one mobile equipment key using the first random number, obtaining
at least one network key using a second random number, and
generating an authentication key based on the mobile equipment key
and the network key. A first message authentication code is
generated based on the authentication key according to
authentication and key agreement security protocol, and an
authentication token is generated based on the sequence number in
the sequence number field, the authentication management field and
the first message authentication code. The challenge and the
authentication token are sent to the mobile equipment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] The present invention will become more fully understood from
the detailed description given herein below and the accompanying
drawings, wherein like elements are represented by like reference
numerals, which are given by way of illustration only and thus are
not limiting of the present invention and wherein:
[0018] FIG. 1 illustrates a communication system according to an
example embodiment.
[0019] FIG. 2 illustrates an example embodiment of a mobile
equipment.
[0020] FIG. 3 illustrates an example embodiment of a random number
RANDM having a longer length than random numbers conventionally
used in establishing communication channels.
[0021] FIG. 4 illustrates an example embodiment of an AKA
challenge, which may be generated by a home subscriber server (HSS)
and used by both a HSS and a mobile equipment in order to establish
a mutually authenticated communication channel between the HSS 400
and mobile equipment.
[0022] FIG. 5 is a hybrid of a flowchart and signaling diagram
illustrating an example embodiment of operations performed by and
communications between the HSS, HLR/AC and mobile equipment to form
a mutually authenticated communication channel.
[0023] FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating example operation of the
mobile equipment in authenticating the HSS.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS
[0024] FIG. 1 illustrates a communication system 10 including at
least one mobile equipment (ME) 100 a home location register (HLR)
300 and a home subscribing server (HSS) 400. One skilled in the art
will appreciate that the communication system 10 illustrated in
FIG. 1 is simplified and would include various intermediary
components used to communicate between the ME 100, the HLR/AC 300
and the HSS 400. The location of the ME 100, type of service
requested by the ME 100, etc., may determine whether the HLR 300 or
the HSS 400 provides a requested service to the ME 100.
[0025] According to the example embodiment as described with
respect to FIG. 1, the HLR 300 includes an authentication center
(AC) 310. One skilled in the art will appreciate the HLR 300 and
the AC 310 may be separate and distinct components of the
communication system instead of the AC 310 being included with the
HLR 300 as shown in FIG. 1. In the remainder of this application
the HLR 300 and authentication center 310 will be referred to
collectively as a Location Register/Authentication Center (HLR/AC).
The HLR/AC 300 includes functionality to perform well-known 2G CDMA
security procedures such as cellular authentication and voice
encryption (CAVE).
[0026] According to the example embodiment, HSS 400 may behave as a
visiting location register (VLR) with respect to the HLR/AC 300,
and leverage the 2G CMDA security functionality of the HLR/AC 300
to establish a mutually authenticated communication channel without
having any AKA crypto-graphic keys agreed upon a priori with the ME
100.
[0027] FIG. 2 illustrates an example embodiment of ME 100. As shown
in FIG. 2, the ME 100 includes a user identity module (UIM), a
memory 120, a processor 130 and a transceiver 140. The UIM may be a
conventional user identity module. Alternatively, one skilled in
the art will appreciate the UIM of ME 100 could be a conventional
removable user identity module (RUIM). For example, the UIM may be
a module that was developed to function according to the 2G CDMA
security protocols. As such, the UIM may store a MIN/IMSI/TMSI as
is well known in the art and will not be discussed further herein
for the sake of brevity.
[0028] The memory 120, the processor 130 and the transceiver 140
may be used in conjunction with the UIM to perform example
embodiments of methods described below with respect to FIGS. 3 and
4. For ease of explanation, the memory 120, the processor 130 and
the transceiver 140 are collectively referred to as ME in example
embodiments described below.
[0029] FIG. 3 illustrates an example embodiment of a random number
RANDM having a longer length than random numbers conventionally
used in establishing communication channels. The ME 100 generates
the random number RANDM. For example, generation of the random
number RANDM is triggered upon insertion of a UIM into the ME 100
and/or in response to a signal received from the HSS 400. The
random number RANDM shown in FIG. 3 includes 72 bits. In
particular, the random number RANDM includes 20 random bits, 32
bits used in cellular authentication and voice encryption (CAVE),
and 20 bits representing 6 call digits, for example. Hereafter, the
random number RANDM generated by the ME 100 and stored in the ME is
referred to as RANDM.sub.ME, and the subscript ME indicates the
random number is stored in the ME 100. This random number
RANDM.sub.ME is communicated to the HSS 400, and stored at the HSS
400 as the RANDM.sub.HSS.
[0030] FIG. 4 illustrates an example embodiment of an AKA
challenge, which may be generated by the HSS 400 and used by both a
HSS 400 and a ME 100 in order to establish a mutually authenticated
communication channel between the HSS 400 and ME 100. As shown in
FIG. 4, the AKA challenge includes the random number RANDM of the
format shown in FIG. 3. However, because the random number RANDM
included in the AKA challenge is a random number RANDM stored in
the HSS 400, the random number is referred to as RANDM.sub.HSS.
Similarly, the random number RANDM stored in the ME is referred to
as RANDM.sub.ME. The AKA challenge provides increased security at
least in part based on a random number RANDM having a longer length
than random numbers conventionally used in establishing
communication channels.
[0031] As shown in FIG. 4, the AKA challenge includes a sequence
number (SQN) field, an authentication management field (AMF) and an
authentication key agreement random number (AKA_RAND) field. At
least a portion of each of the SQN field, AMF, and AKA_RAND field
includes a number of bits of the RANDM.sub.HSS previously stored in
the HSS 400 and used to generate the AKA challenge.
[0032] Referring to FIG. 4, the SQN field includes at least a
portion of a sequence number stored in the HSS 400 (SQN.sub.HSS),
an indicator or flag (R), and a portion of the random number
RANDM.sub.HSS. In particular, the SQN field has a total of 48 bits
including 16 bits of the SQN.sub.HSS, 1 bit for the indicator, and
31 bits of the RANDM.sub.HSS. The SQN field is one of the inputs to
a function used to generate a message authentication code
(MAC).
[0033] The indicator R of the SQN field is used by the HSS 400 in
order to trigger the ME 100 to generate and store a new random
number RANDM.sub.ME. As previously indicated, the random number
RANDM.sub.ME may be 72 bits. For example, if the indicator R is a
"1", the ME 100 generates and stores a new random number
RANDM.sub.ME, whereas if the indicator is a "0" the ME 100 does not
generate and store a new random number RANDM.sub.ME.
[0034] Still referring to FIG. 4, the AMF includes 16 bits of the
random number stored in the HSS 400 RANDM.sub.HSS. The AMF is
another one of the inputs to a function used to calculate a
MAC.
[0035] The AKA_RAND field includes a portion of the random number
RANDM.sub.HSS stored in the HSS 400, and random bits generated by
the HSS 400. In particular, the AKA_RAND field includes 128 bits.
The 128 bits of the AKA_RAND field includes 25 bits of the random
number RANDM.sub.HSS, a unique challenge RANDU including 24 bits
and 79 other bits generated by the HSS 400.
[0036] Operations performed and communications involving the AKA
challenge shown in FIG. 4 and/or information extracted from the AKA
challenge are now described with respect to FIG. 5.
[0037] FIG. 5 is a hybrid of a flowchart and signaling diagram
illustrating example embodiments of operations performed by and
communications between the HSS 400, the HLR/AC 300 and the ME
100.
[0038] As shown, the As is well-known, the HSS 400 obtains the
well-known random number pair RANDU/AUTHU in cooperation with the
HLR/AC 300. The HSS 400 sends the RANDU/AUTHU pair as the
well-known RANDU/AUTHR to the HLR/AC 300 to obtain the network keys
KEYSN.sub.HSS such as SMEKEY and PLCM. Namely, the HSS 400
leverages the 2G CDMA security functionality of the HLR/AC 300. The
HLR/AC 300 generates the network keys KEYSN.sub.HSS according to
CAVE, and returns the network keys KEYSN.sub.HSS to the HSS
400.
[0039] Similarly, the HSS 400 sends the mobile random number
RANDM.sub.HSS to the HLR/AC 300. As discussed above, the mobile
random number RANDM.sub.HSS may have been previously received from
the ME as RANDM.sub.ME and stored in the HSS 400 as the mobile
random number RANDM.sub.HSS. Namely, the mobile random number
RANDM.sub.HSS is a random number that the network associates with
the mobile equipment. The HLR/AC 300 performs the CAVE operation on
the RANDM.sub.HSS to generate mobile equipment keys KEYSM.sub.HSS
such as the SMEKEY and PLCM.
[0040] It may be that a mobile random number RANDM.sub.HSS is not
available at the HSS 400; for example, the mobile random number
RANDM.sub.ME was not previously received or has been deleted from
the HSS 400. In this case, the network will create the random
number RANDM.sub.HSS. For example, the HSS 400 may create a second
random number RANDN and use this second random number RANDN as the
CAVE RAND portion (See FIG. 3) of the mobile random number
RANDM.sub.HSS stored in the HSS 400. Further, the HSS 400 may
generate random bits to be included in the random section of the
mobile random number RANDM.sub.HSS stored in the HSS 400, as well
as set the bits of the call digit section of the mobile random
number RANDM.sub.HSS to all ones "1". It is noted that including
all ones in the call digit section of the mobile random number
RANDM.sub.HSS sent in a challenge could indicate to the ME
information about the RANDN.
[0041] Returning to FIG. 5, in step S550, the HSS 400 generates an
authentication key AKA_key. For example, the authentication key
AKA_key may be a hash of the network keys KEYSN.sub.HSS and mobile
KEYSM.sub.HSS as shown by the following equation: AKA_key =H.sub.1
(KEYSM.sub.HSS, KEYSN.sub.HSS). In step S560, the HSS 400 uses the
AKA_KEY according to 3G CMDA authentication and key agreement
protocols along with the RANDU, the values of the AMF and the
sequence number SQN.sub.HSS to generate a message authentication
code MAC.sub.HSS that is stored in the HSS 400.
[0042] The HSS then generates the challenge of FIG. 4 and the
authorization token AUTN in step 5570. The authorization token AUTN
is formed to include an anonymity key AK, the sequence number
SQN.sub.HSS, the authentication management field AMF and the
message authentication code MAC.sub.HSS. The challenge and
authorization token AUTN are sent to the ME 100.
[0043] FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating example operation of the
mobile equipment in authenticating the HSS upon receipt of the
challenge and authorization token AUTN. In particular, the
transceiver 140 of the ME 100 receives the challenge and token from
the HSS 400 and provides the information to the processor 130 for
processing and/or memory 120 for storage.
[0044] As shown in FIG. 6, In step S610, the ME 100 extracts the
RANDU from the AKA_RAND field of the received challenge, and the ME
100 may use the extracted random number RANDU to generate network
keys KEYSN.sub.ME such as the PLCM and the SMEKEY. As previously
mentioned, the generation of keys based on a random number is
well-known in the art and may be readily performed by a UIM of the
ME 100 using CAVE. It will be appreciated that the ME 100 and
HLR/AC 300 generate the network keys KEYSN in the same fashion.
[0045] Further, the processor 130 of the ME extracts in step 5620
the random number RANDM.sub.HSS from the received challenge, and
the processor 130 generates the mobile keys KEYSM.sub.ME. Again,
the ME 100 uses CAVE on the RANDM.sub.HSS to generate the mobile
keys KEYSM.sub.ME. Alternatively, the mobile keys KEYSM.sub.ME may
have already been generated based on RANDM.sub.ME and stored in the
memory 140 of the ME 100. For example, the processor 130 sets the
20 least significant bits as six dialed digits, next 32 least
significant bits as a CAVE RAND and provides this information to
the UIM in order to obtain a mobile authentication response AUTHM
and the mobile keys KEYSM.sub.ME.
[0046] Once both the network keys KEYSN.sub.ME and the mobile keys
KEYSM.sub.ME are obtained by the ME 100, the ME 100 generates the
authentication key AKA_key in step S630. For example, the
authentication key AKA_key may be a hash of the network keys
KEYSN.sub.ME and mobile KEYSM.sub.ME as shown by the following
equation: AKA_key=H.sub.1 (KEYSN.sub.ME, KEYSN.sub.ME).
[0047] In step S640, the ME 100 then generates the expected message
authentication code XMAC. The expected message authentication code
XMAC is generated by the ME 100 using the mobile random number
RANDM.sub.HSS from the SQN portion of the AKA challenge and the
authentication key AKA_key generated and stored in the ME 100
according to 3G CDMA authentication and key agreement security
protocols.
[0048] The ME 100 then compares the expected message authentication
code XMAC with the MACM.sub.HSS obtained from the authentication
token AUTN in step S650. If the expected message authentication
code XMAC and the MACM.sub.HSS associated with the HSS 400 do not
match, the ME 100 sends an authentication failure to the HSS 400 as
shown in FIG. 6, and the security protocol is aborted.
Alternatively, if the expected message authentication code XMAC and
the MACM.sub.HSS associated with the HSS 400 do match, the method
shown in FIG. 6 proceeds to step S660.
[0049] In step S660, the ME 100 determines if the mobile random
number RANDM.sub.HSS received from the HSS 400 in the AKA challenge
matches the mobile random number RANDM.sub.ME stored in the ME 100.
If the mobile random number RANDM.sub.HSS received from the HSS 400
does not match the mobile random number RANDM.sub.ME stored in the
memory 140 of the ME 100, the ME 100 generates and sends a
resynchronization message in step S670. As shown in FIG. 6, the
resynchronization message includes a sequence number SQN.sub.RESYNC
field and a MACS field.
[0050] According to an example embodiment, the resynchronization
message includes the mobile random number RANDM.sub.ME stored in
the ME 100. For example, in FIG. 6, the sequence number field
includes 48 bits of the RANDM.sub.ME and the MACS field includes 24
bits of the mobile random number RANDM.sub.ME. In addition, the
MACS field includes 18 bits of a mobile authentication response
AUTHRM that are XORed with 18 bits of the MACS, as well as 22 bits
of the MACS. Generation of a mobile authentication response AUTHRM
is well-known in the art and thus not discussed herein for the sake
of brevity.
[0051] In response to receiving the resynchronization message, the
HSS 400 generates a MACS.sub.HSS using the authentication key
AKA_key in order to verify the ME 100. In particular, the HSS 400
performs a pseudo random function using the previously generated
authentication key AKA_key, the mobile random number RANDM.sub.HSS
stored in the HSS 400, and the random number AKA_RAND stored in the
HSS 400.
[0052] The HSS 400 then compares the MACS.sub.HSS with the MACS
received in the resynchronization message provided by the ME 100.
For example, the HSS 400 may extract the 22 least significant bits
of the MACS received in the resynchronization message and compare
the extracted 22 bits with the 22 least significant bits of the
MACS.sub.HSS.
[0053] In addition, the HSS 400 extracts the mobile authentication
response AUTHRM received from the ME 100 by XORing the next 18 bits
of the MACS. According to an example embodiment, the HSS 400 then
sends the AUTHRM along with additional information to the HLR/AC
300 to verify the ME 100 and obtain new mobile keys KEYSM.sub.HSS.
The additional information includes a CAVE RANDM.sub.ME and call
digits, for example. If the mobile authentication response is
verified by the HLR/AC 300, 18 bits of the MACS are also verified
and thus, a total of 40 bits are verified.
[0054] Alternatively, if in step S660, the RANDM.sub.HSS is equal
to the RANDM.sub.ME, the method shown in FIG. 6 proceeds to step
S680. In step S680, the ME 100 determines if the sequence number
SQN is acceptable. The sequence number SQN associated with the
current authentication process is compared to a sequence number
SQN.sub.ME previously stored in the ME 100. For example, the
sequence number SQN associated with the current authentication
process should be greater than the sequence number SQN.sub.ME
previously stored in the ME 100, but within a certain range. Stated
differently, the sequence number SQN associated with the current
authentication process should be greater than the sequence number
SQN.sub.ME previously stored in the ME 100 and less than an upper
limit of a permissible sequence number SQN.sub.ME+.DELTA., i.e.,
SQNMD<SQN<SQNME+.DELTA., wherein .DELTA. is an integer
value.
[0055] If in step S680, the sequence number SQN is determined to be
outside of a permissible range, the ME 100 sends a
resynchronization message in step S690. As shown in FIG. 6, the
resynchronization message includes a sequence number SQN.sub.RESYNC
field and a MACS field. For example, the SQN.sub.RESYNC field of
the resynchronization message may include zeroes for the 32 most
significant bits of a 48 bit sequence number and the 16 least
significant bits of the 48 bit sequence number may be set to a
sequence number SQN.sub.ME previously stored in the ME 100. As
previously discussed, the ME 100 generates an AKA_KEY based on the
received challenge. The generated AKA_key is used to calculate a
MACS, which is included in the MACS field of the resynchronization
message.
[0056] The HSS 400 receives the resynchronization message generated
because the sequence number SQN was determined to be outside of a
permissible range. The HSS 400 processes the received
resynchronization message. For example, the HSS 400 may be
configured to recognize that the 32 most significant bits of the 48
bit sequence number included in the sequence resynchronization
field SQN.sub.RESYNC being set to zeroes indicates that the
resynchronization message includes a sequence number SQN.sub.ME
stored in the ME 100. Accordingly, the HSS 400 stores the sequence
number SQN.sub.ME for future use. However, the HSS 400 also
verifies the ME 100 using the 64 bit MACS included in the MACS
field as was discussed above.
[0057] If, in step S680, the ME 100 determines the sequence number
SQN associated with the current authentication operation is within
a permissible range, the ME 100 generates a response message RES in
step S700. The generation of a response message RES based on a
random number and a secret key stored in the ME is well known in
the art and thus, is not discussed herein for the sake of brevity.
The ME 100 also calculates a cipher key CK and integrity key IK
based on the random number and the secret key. The calculation of a
cipher key CK and integrity key IK is also well known in the
art.
[0058] Returning to FIG. 5, the ME 100 sends the response message
RES to the HSS 400. The HSS 400 will have already generated an
expected response message XRES in step S580 in the well-known
manner. In step S590, the HSS or a network entity on behalf of the
HSS 400 compares the response message to the expected response
message XRES. If no match exists, authentication fails. However, a
match does exist, then in the HSS 400 and the ME 100 establish a
mutually authenticated communication channel.
[0059] The methods and apparatuses and systems described above
provide at least 64 bit security guarantees. Further, during
challenge formation, the methods involve sending both the random
number from the mobile equipment and the network. An authentication
key agreement (AKA) key is based on CDMA keys from challenges.
Still further, the mobile equipment regenerates a 72 bit random
number associated with the mobile equipment only at UIM insertion
and not during resynchronization. During resynchronization, either
the 72 bit random number generated or stored in the mobile
equipment is sent or a 16 bit sequence number is sent. The network
verifies and accepts the resynchronization message and stores the
72 bit random number provided by the mobile equipment. Still
further, when sending a challenge, the network uses a 72 bit random
number the network associates with the mobile equipment and a newly
created random number to create CDMA keys which in turn create an
AKA key. The AKA key is used with standard AKA functions to create
a MAC, RES, CK and IK.
[0060] The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that
the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be
regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention,
and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in
the art are intended to be included within the scope of the present
invention.
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