U.S. patent application number 13/353237 was filed with the patent office on 2014-09-11 for system and method for supporting natural language queries and requests against a user's personal data cloud.
This patent application is currently assigned to SRI INTERNATIONAL. The applicant listed for this patent is Thierry Donneau-Golencer, Corey Hulen, William Scott Mark, Rajan Singh. Invention is credited to Thierry Donneau-Golencer, Corey Hulen, William Scott Mark, Rajan Singh.
Application Number | 20140258339 13/353237 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 48780738 |
Filed Date | 2014-09-11 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140258339 |
Kind Code |
A9 |
Singh; Rajan ; et
al. |
September 11, 2014 |
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SUPPORTING NATURAL LANGUAGE QUERIES AND
REQUESTS AGAINST A USER'S PERSONAL DATA CLOUD
Abstract
A machine-implemented method for supporting a natural language
user request against a user's personal data cloud can include a
machine receiving the natural language user request from the user,
determining a semantic interpretation of the natural language user
request, querying a semantically-indexed, integrated knowledge
store based on the semantic interpretation, and responding to the
natural language user request by displaying results of the
querying, wherein the results correspond to an item within the
user's personal data cloud.
Inventors: |
Singh; Rajan; (San Jose,
CA) ; Donneau-Golencer; Thierry; (Menlo Park, CA)
; Hulen; Corey; (Menlo Park, CA) ; Mark; William
Scott; (San Mateo, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Singh; Rajan
Donneau-Golencer; Thierry
Hulen; Corey
Mark; William Scott |
San Jose
Menlo Park
Menlo Park
San Mateo |
CA
CA
CA
CA |
US
US
US
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
SRI INTERNATIONAL
Menlo Park
CA
|
Prior
Publication: |
|
Document Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20130185336 A1 |
July 18, 2013 |
|
|
Family ID: |
48780738 |
Appl. No.: |
13/353237 |
Filed: |
January 18, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
13287983 |
Nov 2, 2011 |
|
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13353237 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
707/794 ;
707/E17.127 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G06F 16/24522 20190101;
G06F 16/3344 20190101; G06F 16/337 20190101; G06F 16/3329 20190101;
G06F 40/30 20200101; G06F 16/338 20190101 |
Class at
Publication: |
707/794 ;
707/E17.127 |
International
Class: |
G06F 17/30 20060101
G06F017/30 |
Claims
1. A machine-implemented method for supporting a natural language
user request against a user's personal data cloud, the method
comprising: a machine receiving the natural language user request
from the user; the machine determining a semantic interpretation of
the natural language user request; the machine querying a
semantically-indexed, integrated knowledge store based at least in
part on the semantic interpretation, said store storing information
derived algorithmically from structured and unstructured personal
textual data from a plurality of network sources in the user's
personal data cloud; and the machine responding to the natural
language user request by displaying one or more results of the
querying, wherein the one or more results correspond to at least
one item within the user's personal data cloud.
2. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
extracting information from a plurality of heterogeneous network
sources of data, the extracted information comprising the
structured and unstructured personal textual data; and constructing
the semantically indexed, integrated knowledge store for storage
and future retrieval of the extracted information;
3. The machine-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the personal
textual data comprises user data from at least one of a group
consisting of: contacts, calendar events, email, personal notes,
to-do lists, shared documents, music, photos, videos, personal
financial data, and corporate data.
4. The machine-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the plurality
of heterogeneous network sources of data comprise a plurality of
network-based user accounts each associated with at least one of a
group consisting of: email, social networks, file sharing,
calendar(s), media libraries, note-taking applications, enterprise
software, CRM, customer support software, corporate wikis, project
management software, source code development, and maintenance
systems.
5. The machine-implemented method of claim 2, wherein said
extracting comprises processing at least a portion of the
unstructured data based on an analysis of at least a portion of the
structured data.
6. The machine-implemented method of claim 2, wherein constructing
the semantically-indexed, integrated knowledge store comprises an
automated semantic analysis of the extracted information.
7. The machine-implemented method of claim 6, wherein the automated
semantic analysis of the extracted information comprises one or
both of automatic clustering and tagging operations.
8. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the natural
language user request includes a natural language query, a natural
language command, or both.
9. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the natural
language request comprises one or more automatically suggested
words.
10. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising
receiving and responding to a non-natural language user request
received from the user.
11. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein determining
the semantic interpretation comprises referencing a stored ontology
that defines a semantic relationship among a set of personal data
terminology.
12. The machine-implemented method of claim 11, further comprising
refining the stored ontology over time based at least in part on
machine learning.
13. The machine-implemented method of claim 11, further comprising
refining the stored ontology over time based at least in part on
interactive user feedback.
14. The machine-implemented method of claim 13, wherein the
interactive user feedback comprises at least one from a group
consisting of: a star rating mechanism, a thumbs-up or thumbs-down
mechanism, and a numbered scale mechanism.
15. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the
determining further comprises soliciting one or more clarifying
inputs from the user to disambiguate the natural language user
request.
16. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the
displaying comprises presenting to the user a ranked list of
alternative potential responses to the natural language user
request based on the one or more results of the querying.
17. The machine-implemented method of claim 16, further comprising
refining the ranked list based on one or more additional user
inputs solicited from the user.
18. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the
responding comprises determining a ranked list of online documents
containing a probable answer responsive to the natural language
user request, and wherein the displaying comprises presenting to
the user the ranked list.
19. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the
responding comprises determining at least one probable answer
responsive to the natural language user request, and wherein the
displaying comprises presenting to the user the at least one
probable answer.
20. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the
responding comprises invoking one or more of a plurality of network
services to perform a desired action responsive to the natural
language user request.
21. The machine-implemented method of claim 20, wherein the
plurality of network services comprises an alert creation mechanism
configured to create an alert, and wherein the desired action
comprises creation of the alert.
22. The machine-implemented method of claim 20, wherein the
plurality of network services comprises a reminder creation
mechanism configured to create a reminder, and wherein the desired
action comprises creation of the reminder.
23. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the
responding comprises integrating a plurality of the one or more
results of the querying.
24. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the
responding comprises integrating at least one of the one or more
results of the querying with one or more additional results
obtained by querying one or more network information sources that
are external to the knowledge store.
25. The machine-implemented method of claim 24, wherein the one or
more external network information sources comprise a geographic
positioning system (GPS) source, and wherein the one or more
additional results comprises a geographic location corresponding to
at least one of the one or more results.
26. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the natural
language user request is received by way of a voice command from
the user.
27. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising
presenting suggested actions to the user responsive to the user
activating a help feature.
28. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising
sorting the one or more results responsive to a command from the
user.
29. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising
filtering the one or more results responsive to a command from the
user.
30. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising
disambiguating the natural language user request.
31. The machine-implemented method of claim 30, wherein the
disambiguating comprises presenting at least one element of the
natural language user request in a manner distinct from the
remainder of the natural language user request.
32. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising
the user editing the natural language user request.
33. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein at least one
of the one or more results comprises a link to an external
website.
34. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising
the machine receiving a follow-up query from the user.
35. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising
the machine calling a phone number responsive to the user selecting
one of the one or more results.
36. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the one or
more results comprises at least one image corresponding to at least
one other user.
37. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, said store further
storing information derived algorithmically from structured and/or
unstructured data from at least one public network source.
38. The machine-implemented method of claim 37, wherein the one or
more results correspond to at least one item within the at least
one public network source.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The disclosed technology pertains generally to search engine
functionality, and more particularly to responding to natural
language queries.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The modern abundance of personal data from sources such as
email, contacts, and documents cannot be overstated. Indeed, there
exists a significant lack of and ever-growing need for even greater
abilities to process such data in meaningful ways so as to provide
a user with opportunities to do more than mere keyword searches or
similar actions. Current systems offer limited use of information
within personal and public data and generally provide a user with
little more than typical search engine functionality.
[0003] There remains a need for a way to address these and other
problems associated with the prior art. More particularly, there
remains a need for greater leveraging of personal data for a user,
particularly with regard to responding to natural language
queries.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0004] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a
networked system in which embodiments of the disclosed technology
may be implemented.
[0005] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a
system implementing an adaptive ontology controller in accordance
with certain embodiments of the disclosed technology.
[0006] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a
system implementing a data extractor and correlator in accordance
with certain embodiments of the disclosed technology.
[0007] FIG. 4 illustrates a first example of a user query interface
in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology.
[0008] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of an actions menu interface
in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology.
[0009] FIG. 6 illustrates a second example of a user query
interface in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology.
[0010] FIG. 7 illustrates a third example of a user query interface
in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology.
[0011] FIG. 8 illustrates a fourth example of a user query
interface in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology.
[0012] FIG. 9 illustrates a fifth example of a user query interface
in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology.
[0013] FIG. 10 illustrates a first example of a user interaction
interface in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology.
[0014] FIG. 11 illustrates a sixth example of a user query
interface in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology.
[0015] FIG. 12 illustrates a second example of a user interaction
interface in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology.
[0016] FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a
machine-implemented method of supporting a natural language user
request against a user's personal data cloud in accordance with
certain embodiments of the disclosed technology.
[0017] FIG. 14 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a
machine-implemented method of determining a semantic interpretation
of a natural language user request in accordance with certain
embodiments of the disclosed technology.
[0018] FIG. 15 illustrates a first example of a conversational
suggestion interface in accordance with certain embodiments of the
disclosed technology.
[0019] FIG. 16 illustrates a second example of a conversational
suggestion interface in accordance with certain embodiments of the
disclosed technology.
[0020] FIG. 17 illustrates an example of a dialog disambiguation
interface in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology.
[0021] FIG. 18 illustrates a first example of a conversational
context switching and related information interface in accordance
with certain embodiments of the disclosed technology.
[0022] FIG. 19 illustrates a second example of a conversational
context switching and related information interface in accordance
with certain embodiments of the disclosed technology.
[0023] FIG. 20 illustrates a third example of a conversational
context switching and related information interface in accordance
with certain embodiments of the disclosed technology.
[0024] FIG. 21 illustrates a fourth example of a conversational
context switching and related information interface in accordance
with certain embodiments of the disclosed technology.
[0025] FIG. 22 illustrates a first example of a conversational
follow-up interface in accordance with certain embodiments of the
disclosed technology.
[0026] FIG. 23 illustrates a second example of a conversational
follow-up interface in accordance with certain embodiments of the
disclosed technology.
[0027] FIG. 24 illustrates a third example of a conversational
follow-up interface in accordance with certain embodiments of the
disclosed technology.
[0028] FIG. 25 illustrates a first example of a task workflow
interface in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology.
[0029] FIG. 26 illustrates a second example of a task workflow
interface in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology.
[0030] FIG. 27 illustrates a third example of a task workflow
interface in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology.
[0031] FIG. 28 illustrates a fourth example of a task workflow
interface in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology.
[0032] FIG. 29 illustrates a first example of a business
intelligence interface in accordance with certain embodiments of
the disclosed technology.
[0033] FIG. 30 illustrates a second example of a business
intelligence interface in accordance with certain embodiments of
the disclosed technology.
[0034] FIG. 31 illustrates an example of an underlined ambiguity
interface in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0035] The disclosed technology relates generally to data and query
processing and more particularly but not exclusively to systems and
methods for processing natural language queries by a user. For
example, knowledge may be harvested from the user's personal data
sources and subsequently relied on or used to respond to a natural
language query from the user with meaningful information that ties
together multiple pieces of data from any of a number of personal
data sources and, in some embodiments, public data sources.
[0036] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a
networked system 100 in which embodiments of the disclosed
technology may be implemented. In the example, the system 100
includes a network 102 such as the Internet, an intranet, a home
network, or any combination thereof. Traditional computing devices
such as a desktop computer 104 and laptop computer 106 may connect
to the network 102 to communicate with each other or with other
devices connected to the network. The networked system 100 also
includes three mobile electronic devices 108-112. Two of the mobile
electronic devices, 108 and 110, are mobile communications devices
such as cellular telephones or smart phones. The third mobile
electronic device, 112, is a handheld device such as a personal
data assistant (PDA) or tablet device.
[0037] The networked system 100 also includes a storage device 114,
which may be a central database or repository, a local data store,
or a remote storage device, for example. The storage device 114 may
be accessible to any or all of the other devices 104-112, subject
to limitations or restrictions by the devices 104-112, a third
party, or the storage device 114 itself The storage device 114 may
be used to store some or all of the personal data that is accessed
and/or used by any of the computers 104 and 106 or mobile
electronic devices 108-112. In situations involving public data,
the storage device 114 may also store any or all of the public data
accessed and/or used by any of the computers 104 and 106 or mobile
electronic devices 108-112.
[0038] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a system 200 implementing
an adaptive ontology controller (AOC) in accordance with certain
embodiments of the disclosed technology. A knowledge worker may
interact with the system by way of a user interface 202 such as the
desktop computer 104 of FIG. 1. An initial query processor 204 may
receive input from the user, such as natural language queries or
requests, via the user interface 202 and provide the user input to
a knowledge extractor and learning engine (KELE) 206. In certain
embodiments, the user may provide the input by voice in place of or
in connection with providing the input by way of traditional means
such as typing.
[0039] The AOC 208 is part of the KELE 206, which includes various
other subsystems such as an intent identification module 210, a
learning module 212, a concept expansion module 214, a deep
analysis and reasoning module 216, and various user data sources
218 that provide personal data and information. The AOC 208 is
configured to interact with a knowledge store 220, such as the
storage device 114 of FIG. 1.
[0040] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a
system 300 implementing a machine-implemented data extractor and
correlator 302 in accordance with certain embodiments of the
disclosed technology. In the example, the data extractor and
correlator 302 is configured to retrieve personal data from any of
a number of personal data sources 304A-n. The personal data sources
304A-n may include, but is not limited to, an email message, a
calendar item, a customer relationship management (CRM) application
object, an address book entry, a tweet, a blog entry, a file, a
folder, a presentation, and a document.
[0041] The system 300 also includes a knowledge store 306
configured to store knowledge, generally in the form of structured
data. As used herein, the term structured data generally refers to
data or information that is identifiable because it is organized in
a structure. Structured data is typically searchable by data type
within content, readily understood by computing devices, and
efficiently organized for human readers. Structured data as
described herein can generally be used to identify a person, place,
or item involved with a particular field or industry, e.g., sales.
Such structured data could include, but is not limited to, fields
in a CRM application, such as contact information, account name,
contact name, invoice number, and phone number.
[0042] Structured data is usually organized in such a way that it
is readily and often easily searchable, presentable, or useable by
an application or user. In contrast, the term unstructured data as
used herein generally refers to data that has no identifiable
structure. Unstructured data may include content that is similar or
even identical to corresponding structured data but is not
organized in such a way that it is readily or easily searchable,
presentable, or useable by an application or user. Whereas data
corresponding to a "sender" field in an email message is usually
structured data, for example, the typical freeform text of the
email body is generally unstructured data.
[0043] The data extractor and correlator 302 is configured to
retrieve personal data from at least one of the personal data
sources 304A-n. For example, the data extractor and correlator 302
may be configured to retrieve all incoming email messages subject
to a filter, e.g., all email messages from a certain sender or
originator. Alternatively or in addition thereto, the data
extractor and correlator 302 may retrieve all documents created by
or edited by the user. A functional or actual filter may be used to
specify that only certain documents, e.g., documents pertaining to
sales involving the user, are to be retrieved by the data extractor
and correlator 302.
[0044] The data extractor and correlator 302 is further configured
to extract information from unstructured data within the retrieved
personal data. For example, an email message retrieved from the
data extractor and correlator 302 may contain unstructured data
such as freeform text in the subject or body of the message. In
such a situation, the data extractor and correlator 302 may extract
certain words, terms, or phrases, such as contact information or
sales-related information, from the unstructured data within the
message.
[0045] The data extractor and correlator 302 is further configured
to correlate the extracted information with previously stored
structured data, e.g., stored in the knowledge store 306, to
generate additional structured data. For example, consider a
situation in which the data extractor and correlator 302 extracts
additional information, e.g., a secondary phone number extracted
from the body of an email message, that pertains to a sales contact
having information, e.g., a name and a primary phone number, that
is already stored in the knowledge store 306. The extracted
information (secondary phone number) will be correlated with the
previously stored structured data (existing name and primary phone
number) to generate additional structured data (secondary phone
number added to or associated with the existing contact).
[0046] The knowledge store 306 is configured to store additional
structured data as well as previously stored structured data. The
data extractor and correlator 302 thus provides output in the form
of enriched knowledge that may be stored within the storage device
306 and used in subsequent queries or applications by the user or
other users or even other applications. For example, in the
situation described above, a subsequent query by a user involving
the sales contact may provide the secondary phone number without
the user needing to perform an additional or more detailed search
for the information.
[0047] The system 300 also includes a natural language query module
307 that may be used to generate responses to natural language
queries submitted by users to the system 300. For example, the
natural language query module 307 may access structured information
stored by the knowledge store 306 and, in some embodiments, the
natural language query module 307 may also interface directly with
the data extractor and correlator 302. The responses generated by
the natural language query module 307 to be provided to the user
are based at least in part on the structured information within the
knowledge store 306. For example, if a user submits a query
pertaining to a sales lead whose information is stored within the
knowledge store 306, the natural language query module 307 may
automatically generate a response that contains certain
information, such as contact information, that pertains to the
sales lead.
[0048] FIG. 4 illustrates a first example of a user query interface
400 in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology. The user query interface 400 may be presented to a user
as at least part of a start page for a specific application or
program suite, for example.
[0049] The user query interface 400 includes a user input box 402
in which a user may enter a keyword or natural language query or
command. In certain embodiments, a message appears in the user
input box 402 before and/or while the user is entering information
in the user input box 402. As shown in the figure, for example, the
user input box 402 may indicate that the user should either type
something or tap somewhere else on the user query interface 400.
Alternatively or in addition thereto, the user may enter queries by
voice. The user may also edit by voice commands queries that were
entered by either typing or voice. After or during entry of a
query, the user query interface 400 may display certain elements in
a distinguishable manner. For example, certain key elements
identified within the query such as names, companies, or locations,
for example, may be underlined or presented in a bubble with an X
icon by the user query interface 400. This may enable easy editing
of the query by the user.
[0050] Below the user input box 402, a suggestions panel 404 may
offer contextual, real-time suggestions of various items for which
the user may wish to search. The items listed in the suggestions
panel 404 may be correlated to recent activity across the user's
personal cloud and/or items that appear to have higher volume
and/or focus over the recent timeframe, for example. The list of
items may serve to guide the user by showing the user what is
available to him or her and what he or she may wish to ask in a
query. The listed items may also be driven by contextual items such
as location, time, or awareness of the user's next meeting, for
example. In certain embodiments, the suggestions panel 404
organizes multiple suggestions into multiple categories such as
documents, email, and contacts, for example.
[0051] In certain embodiments, a recent queries panel 406 may list
one or more recent queries previously presented by the user. The
queries may have been generated at the user input box 402 or
elsewhere. The recent queries panel 406 conveniently enables a user
to refresh his or her memory and/or re-conduct a specific search.
In certain embodiments, the recent queries panel 406 may organize
multiple queries into multiple categories such as contacts or
documents, for example.
[0052] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of an actions menu interface
500 in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology. The actions menu interface 500 lists multiple actions
502-514 that a user may select. Selection of a first action 502 may
enable a user to enter a query by way of the user query interface
400 of FIG. 4, for example. Alternatively or in addition thereto,
the user may enter the query by voice.
[0053] A second action 504 may be selected to provide the user with
a 360-degree view around a meeting, e.g., information about
attendees, topic, location, relevant email and documents, etc. A
third action 506 may be selected to provide the user with a
360-degree view around a particular account. A fourth action 508
may be selected to provide the user with a 360-degree view around a
particular contact. A fifth action 510 may enable a user to find
one or more documents by way of the user query interface 400 of
FIG. 4, for example. Selection of a sixth action 512 may cause the
system to present to the user an activity stream of recent
activities, which may include activities of the user's friends,
teammates, etc. A seventh action 514 may enable the user to update
specific fields in a CRM application connected to the system, for
example.
[0054] The actions menu interface 500 may be a fixed menu of
actions, a dynamic menu of actions, or a combination thereof Fixed
menu items may include, but are not limited to, various types of
items such as accounts, documents, contacts, locations, and
scheduled meetings, for example. A dynamic menu of actions may
present to the user one or more actions that may be based on recent
items that appear to have high activity across the user's personal
cloud or on context, for example.
[0055] FIG. 6 illustrates a second example of a user query
interface 600 in accordance with certain embodiments of the
disclosed technology. The user query interface 600 has a user input
box 602 in which a user may type one or more words or terms as part
of a search or command to be performed by the system. Alternatively
or in addition thereto, the user may enter commands and/or queries
by voice.
[0056] In certain embodiments, a suggestions panel 604 may present
one or more suggestions to the user as the user types information
into the user input box 602 or as the user starts issuing a voice
query or command. The suggestions panel 604 may update the listed
suggestions after each typed character by the user, for example.
The user query interface 600 also includes a suggested refinements
panel 606 to offer one or more intelligent refinements that are
gathered from semantically indexing the user's personal cloud, for
example.
[0057] In the illustrated example, a user wishing to search for
information pertaining to certain documents about the company Nokia
types "nokia documents" into the user input box 602. At some point
during the typing or talking, the suggestions panel 604 presents
multiple suggestions that are based on any of a number of
semantically indexed factors including the user's previous
searches, meetings in the user's calendar, email correspondence
with the user, etc. The suggested refinements panel 606 presents a
number of refinements that may be of interest to the user in
narrowing, expanding, or refining the search. For example, the user
may wish to search only documents that have been created since the
last meeting. These suggestions can also be used as a form of
information discovery because they may enable a user to explore
what type of information is available concerning a concept, query,
command, etc. In certain embodiments, the system only displays
refinements that are relevant based on the query and context and
yield some results.
[0058] FIG. 7 illustrates a third example of a user query interface
700 in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology. Using a user input box 702, a user may enter a natural
language query to be performed against the user's personal cloud.
Alternatively or in addition thereto, the user may enter the query
by voice.
[0059] The system may present one or more results 704 of the query
to the user based on a confidence level. For example, if there is
only one result 704 that meets a confidence threshold, the system
may present only that result 704. The system may also present
descriptive information 706 pertaining to the result 704 and recent
activity 708 pertaining to the result 704. If there are multiple
results 704, the system could list the results 704 in descending
order of confidence level and/or group the results 704 by category
or some other attribute, for example. In certain embodiments, the
one or more results 704 presented to the user in response to the
query may be customized by the system depending on the query.
[0060] In the example, a user enters the following natural language
query into the user input box 702: "Who is John Smith?" The system
performs the query against the user's personal cloud and finds an
entry for "John Smith, Director of Sales at Nokia." For example,
this entry may be an entry within the user's personal address book.
In the example, because this entry is the only such entry that
exceeds a confidence threshold, the system presents the entry to
the user in the form of a search result 704 along with descriptive
information 706 and recent activity 708 pertaining to the result
704.
[0061] FIG. 8 illustrates a fourth example of a user query
interface 800 in accordance with certain embodiments of the
disclosed technology. In situations where the system may not be
certain of the answer to a query or command received from a user
via a user input box 802, the system may ask the user for further
clarification by way of a dialog panel 804. The user query
interface 800 may also include an alert creation panel 806 and
alert creation button 808 with which a user may interact to create
an alert based on the submitted query.
[0062] In the illustrated example, a user enters the following
natural language command using a user input box 802: "Alert me when
my wife uploads a new photo to Facebook." The system then asks the
user by way of the dialog panel 806 as to whether the user's wife
is Jackie Smith. Based on the user response, the system can
propagate and transfer that learning to improve precision of the
overall system. The system also enables the user to create an alert
using the alert creation panel 806 and alert creation button 808.
For example, the user may specify as to whether the alert is to be
sent via SMS, email, or IM.
[0063] FIG. 9 illustrates a fifth example of a user query interface
900 in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology. The user query interface 900 has a user input box 902
in which a user may type a natural language query or command to be
performed by the system against the user's personal data cloud.
Alternatively or in addition thereto, the user may enter the query
or command by voice.
[0064] In the example, the user has entered a natural language
command in the user input box 902 directing the system to attach a
document 904 from one data source, as indicated at 906, to a
different data source, as indicated at 908, across the user's
personal cloud. The system may present multiple items based on a
confidence level corresponding to each so as to ensure that the
proper document 904 is identified. Once the user has confirmed that
the correct document has been found, or selected the proper
document should the system present multiple items to him or her,
the user may then press a button 910 to direct the system to follow
through with the desired attaching operation.
[0065] FIG. 10 illustrates a first example of a user interaction
interface 1000 in accordance with certain embodiments of the
disclosed technology. In certain embodiments, the user interaction
interface 1000 may result from selection of the second action 504
of FIG. 5. The user interaction interface 1000 incorporates
multiple tabs for a customized user experience. In the example, the
user interaction interface 1000 is responding to the following
natural language query as presented by a user: "Prepare me for my
next meeting." Responsive to the query, the user interaction
interface 1000 provides multiple answers that are customized to the
user. For example, the user interaction interface 1000 provides the
user with a button 1002 to access a summary of the meeting, a
button 1004 to access agenda/emails related to the next meeting, a
button 1006 to access documents that are related to the meeting, a
button 1008 to provide a summary of CRM details for the pertinent
account, a button 1010 to access an activity stream corresponding
to the meeting, a button 1012 to see the latest news corresponding
to the meeting, a button 1014 to provide an update on bugs, and a
button 1016 to view current customer service requirements.
[0066] In the example, the user interaction interface 1000 also
provides the user with a location information panel 1018 that
includes a map, an address, and a phone number corresponding to the
meeting location, as well as a directions request button 1020 to
direct the system to generate or access previously generated
driving directions to the location. In certain embodiments, the
user interaction interface 1000 may provide a weather forecast
panel 1022 to provide a current weather forecast snapshot for the
geographic location of the meeting. The user interaction interface
1000 may also provide a messaging panel 1024 configured to enable
the user to send a message to one or more of the other meeting
participants or invitees via SMS or email, for example.
[0067] FIG. 11 illustrates a second example of a user interaction
interface 1200 in accordance with certain embodiments of the
disclosed technology. The user interaction interface 1200 is
similar to the user interaction interface 1000 of FIG. 10 but
further demonstrates the explicit learning capabilities of the
disclosed technology. For example, a user can notify the system
that a certain email message 1102 has been mis-filed and
subsequently assign the message to the correct account using a user
interaction panel 1104. Other examples of explicit feedback may
include, but are not limited to, "star ratings," "thumbs-up or
thumbs-down," and "numbered scale" mechanisms.
[0068] FIG. 12 illustrates a sixth example of a user query
interface 1200 in accordance with certain embodiments of the
disclosed technology. In the example, a user enters the following
natural language query using a user input box 1202: "What is John
Smith's phone number?" Alternatively or in addition thereto, the
user may enters the query by voice. The system finds and presents
to the user an entry 1204 for a John Smith. In the example, only
one result is shown. This is likely because there is only one John
Smith in the user's data or because the algorithm determined with a
very high likelihood that this John Smith is the specific person
the user was looking for.
[0069] The system also finds and presents to the user a listing
1206 of multiple phone numbers corresponding to the user from one
or more data sources within the user's personal cloud. The user's
interaction with the listing 1206 is captured as implicit learning.
Consider a scenario in which the user issued the query from a
mobile device and then clicked on the second phone number in the
listing to make a call. In such a situation, the system would
capture that learning and, in subsequent searches, rank that phone
number higher in the result set.
[0070] FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a
machine-implemented method 1300 for supporting a natural language
user input against a user's personal data cloud in accordance with
certain embodiments of the disclosed technology. At 1302,
information is extracted from multiple heterogeneous network
sources of data. The network sources may include, but are not
limited to, multiple network-based user accounts that are each
associated with email, social networks, file sharing, calendar(s),
media libraries, note-taking applications, enterprise software,
CRM, customer support software, corporate wikis, project management
software, source code development, maintenance systems, and any
combination thereof
[0071] The information extracted from the network sources of data
typically includes one or both of structured and unstructured
personal textual data corresponding to the user. The personal
textual data may be retrieved from or correspond to any or all of
the user's contacts, calendar events, email, personal notes, to-do
lists, shared documents, music, photos, videos, personal financial
data, corporate data, CRM, and virtually any other data or
information source. The extracting may include processing at least
a portion of the unstructured data based on an analysis of at least
a portion of the structured data.
[0072] At 1304, a semantically indexed, integrated knowledge store
is constructed for storage and future retrieval of the information
that is extracted at 1302. Constructing the semantically-indexed,
integrated knowledge store may include the performing of an
automated semantic analysis of the extracted information such as
one or both of automatic clustering and tagging operations, for
example.
[0073] At 1306, a natural language user request is received from
the user. As used herein, a user request generally refers to a
query or other command that is input by a user requesting
information or other assistance from the system. The natural
language user request is typically in the form of a query, command,
or both. The natural language user request may be entered by way of
typing, talking, or any other suitable mechanism or technique. In
certain embodiments, the natural language user request includes one
or more automatically suggested words. Certain implementations may
include receiving and responding to a non-natural language request
received from the user.
[0074] At 1308, a semantic interpretation of the natural language
user request is determined. This operation is discussed in greater
detail below with reference to FIG. 14.
[0075] At 1310, the semantically-indexed, integrated knowledge
store is queried based at least in part on the semantic
interpretation determined at 1308.
[0076] At 1312, the system responds to the natural language user
request by displaying one or more results of the querying performed
at 1310. The results generally correspond to at least one item
within the user's personal data cloud.
[0077] The displaying may include presenting to the user a ranked
list of alternative potential responses to the natural language
user request based on the results of the querying performed at
1310. In certain embodiments, the ranked list may be refined based
on additional user inputs solicited from the user by the
system.
[0078] In certain embodiments, information may be extracted from
one or more public data sources in addition to the information
extracted from the user's personal data cloud at 1302.
Alternatively or in addition thereto, either or both of the
querying and responding operations performed at 1310 and 1312,
respectively, may include interaction with and results from the one
or more public data sources in addition to the personal textual
data extracted from the user's personal data cloud.
[0079] In certain embodiments, the responding at 1312 may include
determining a ranked list of online documents containing a probable
answer responsive to the natural language user request. In these
embodiments, the displaying typically includes presenting to the
user the ranked list.
[0080] In other embodiments, the responding at 1312 may include
determining at least one probable answer responsive to the natural
language user request. In these embodiments, the displaying
typically includes presenting to the user the at least one probable
answer. Alternatively or in addition thereto, the responding may
include a disambiguation, follow-up, refinement, or dialog
mechanism.
[0081] Alternatively or in addition thereto, the responding at 1312
may include invoking network services to perform a desired action
responsive to the natural language user request. In certain ones of
these embodiments, the network services include an alert creation
mechanism configured to create an alert and the desired action
includes creation of the alert. In other ones of these embodiments,
the network services include a reminder creation mechanism
configured to create a reminder and the desired action includes
creation of the reminder.
[0082] The responding at 1312 may include one or both of
integrating multiple results of the querying and integrating at
least one of the results of the querying with one or more
additional results obtained by querying network information sources
that are external to the knowledge store. Such external network
information sources may include a geographic positioning system
(GPS) source. In these embodiments, the additional results
typically include a geographic location corresponding to at least
one of the results.
[0083] FIG. 14 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a
machine-implemented method 1408 of determining a semantic
interpretation of a natural language user request, such as the
determining performed at 1308 of FIG. 13, in accordance with
certain embodiments of the disclosed technology. At 1410, a stored
ontology that defines a semantic relationship among a set of
personal data terminology is referenced. In certain embodiments,
the stored ontology is refined over time based at least in part on
machine learning, as indicated at 1412. Alternatively or in
addition thereto, the stored ontology is refined over time based at
least in part on interactive user feedback, as indicated at 1414.
Such interactive user feedback may include star rating, thumbs-up
or thumbs-down, and numbered scale mechanisms, for example.
[0084] In certain embodiments, clarifying inputs may be solicited
from the user to disambiguate the natural language user request, as
indicated at 1416.
[0085] FIG. 15 illustrates a first example of a conversational
suggestion interface 1500 in accordance with certain embodiments of
the disclosed technology. In the example, a user submits a query
pertaining to emails concerning and/or associated with a certain
company, here Nokia. The system conducts a search for potential
matches and provides the results to the user. The results may be
provided by way of visual presentation, audible presentation, or
combination thereof. The search may be conducted against any of a
number of storage spaces including, but not limited to, the user's
personal mail archive and the user's company's mail archive. In the
example, three emails have been identified as a result of the
search and are presented to the user. The interface 1500 includes a
voice input button or icon (indicated by a microphone symbol) and a
help button or icon (indicated by a question mark). In certain
embodiments, either or both of these features may be activated by
voice commands from the user.
[0086] FIG. 16 illustrates a second example of a conversational
suggestion interface 1600 in accordance with certain embodiments of
the disclosed technology. This interface 1600 is an example of an
interface resulting from a user selecting the help button in the
interface 1500 of FIG. 15 and, like the interface 1500 of FIG. 15,
includes a voice input button or icon (indicated by a microphone
symbol). In the example, the interface 1600 provides the user with
a list of available voice commands that the user may take advantage
of using either the interface 1500 of FIG. 15 or the interface 1600
of FIG. 16. The interface 1600 of FIG. 16 may also include a Back
button or icon to enable the user to return to the interface 1500
of FIG. 15. In certain embodiments, the Back feature may be
activated by voice commands from the user. In certain situations,
it may be preferable or even necessary to disambiguate certain
elements of a query, such as a person's name for example. FIG. 17
illustrates an example of a dialog disambiguation interface 1700 in
accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed technology. In
the example, a user provides as input a command for a draft email
for "John" to be created. Responsive to the identification "John,"
a search is performed and the interface 1700 then provides the
results of the search, in this case "John Jackson," "John Smith,"
and "John Alvaro." The results may be provided by way of visual
presentation, audible presentation, or combination thereof. In the
example, the user indicates that "John" refers to "John Jackson,"
e.g., by selecting the name "John Jackson" on the interface 1700,
and the interface 1700 responds by indicating that an email will
thus be created for "John Jackson."
[0087] In certain embodiments, a query may allow for infinite
"pivoting" in which the user may follow an entity within an entity
and so on. FIG. 18 illustrates a first example of a conversational
context switching and related information interface 1800 in
accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed technology. In
the example, a user provides as input a query as to what his or her
day look like, e.g., what events are on the user's calendar.
Responsive to the query, a search is performed for relation
information, events, tasks, etc. and the interface 1800 then
provides the results of the search, in this case a listing of
meetings on the user's calendar for that day. The results may be
presented as aggregated/bucketed results or as suggested questions
and may be provided by way of visual presentation, audible
presentation, or combination thereof. In the example, the interface
1800 also includes a voice input button or icon (indicated by a
microphone symbol) and a help button or icon (indicated by a
question mark). In certain embodiments, either or both of these
features may be activated by voice commands from the user.
[0088] FIG. 19 illustrates a second example of a conversational
context switching and related information interface 1900 in
accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed technology.
This interface 1900 is an example of an interface resulting from a
user selecting one of the meetings in the listing provided by the
interface 1800 of FIG. 18, in this case the 9:30 "Motorola status"
meeting. The interface 1900 can provide details about the selected
meeting such as an indication as to who else is expected to attend
the meeting. The interface 1900 can also provide a link to a
listing of items that have some affiliation with the meeting. In
the example, the interface 1900 provides a link to 2 related
documents and 4 recent messages that each have some connection to
the 9:30 "Motorola status" meeting. Also, like the interface 1800
of FIG. 18, the interface 1900 includes a voice input button or
icon (indicated by a microphone symbol). In certain embodiments,
this feature may be activated by voice commands from the user.
[0089] FIG. 20 illustrates a third example of a conversational
context switching and related information interface 2000 in
accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed technology.
This interface 2000 is an example of an interface resulting from a
user selecting the voice input button in the interface 1900 of FIG.
19. In the example, the interface 2000 indicates that it is ready
to receive the voice input by providing a "Listening . . . "
indicator. The interface 2000 acknowledges receipt of the voice
command by presenting it back to the user. Here, the user has
provided a command for the other attendees of the selected meeting
to be alerted that he or she is running late.
[0090] FIG. 21 illustrates a fourth example of a conversational
context switching and related information interface 2100 in
accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed technology.
This interface 2100 is an example of an interface resulting from
receiving the voice input entered by way of the interface 2000 of
FIG. 20. In the example, the interface 2100 acknowledges that,
responsive to the user's command, a note will be sent to the other
attendees of the meeting alerting them that the user is running
late. The acknowledgement may be provided by way of visual
presentation, audible presentation, or combination thereof
[0091] In certain situations, a user may wish to issue or have the
system automatically issue one or more follow-up queries. FIG. 22
illustrates a first example of a conversational follow-up interface
2200 in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed
technology. The interface 2200 includes a voice input button or
icon (indicated by a microphone symbol). In certain embodiments,
this feature may be activated by voice commands from the user. In
the example, a user submits a query or command pertaining to emails
concerning and/or associated with a certain company, here Nokia.
For example, the user may select the voice input button or icon and
then enter the query or command by voice. The system then conducts
a search for potential matches and provides the results to the
user.
[0092] The results may be provided by way of visual presentation,
audible presentation, or combination thereof. The search may be
conducted against any of a number of storage spaces including, but
not limited to, the user's personal mail archive and the user's
company's mail archive. In the example, three emails have been
identified as a result of the search and are presented to the user.
The interface 2200 indicates options available to the user with
respect to the listed emails, in this case at least one filter
option and at least one sort option.
[0093] FIG. 23 illustrates a second example of a conversational
follow-up interface 2300 in accordance with certain embodiments of
the disclosed technology. This interface 2300 is an example of an
interface resulting from a user selecting the voice input button in
the interface 2200 of FIG. 22. In the example, the interface 2300
indicates that it is ready to receive a voice input by providing a
"Listening . . . " indicator. The interface 2300 acknowledges
receipt of the voice command by presenting it back to the user.
Here, the user has provided a request that the listed emails by
sorted by date. Alternatively or in addition thereto, the user may
request other actions such as filtering or more (or less)
searching.
[0094] FIG. 24 illustrates a third example of a conversational
follow-up interface 2400 in accordance with certain embodiments of
the disclosed technology. This interface 2400 is an example of an
interface resulting from receiving the voice input entered by way
of the interface 2300 of FIG. 23. In the example, the interface
2400 acknowledges that, responsive to the user's command, the
listed emails will be sorted by date and then proceeds to list the
emails sorted by date. The acknowledgement may be provided by way
of visual presentation, audible presentation, or combination
thereof. Alternatively or in addition thereto, the user can request
a filter operation such as issuing a command that only emails by
"Mano" be listed, for example.
[0095] In certain situations, a user may need to provide
information pertaining to a workflow for a particular task. FIG. 25
illustrates a first example of a task workflow interface 2500 in
accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed technology.
The interface 2500 includes a voice input button or icon (indicated
by a microphone symbol). In certain embodiments, this feature may
be activated by voice commands from the user. In the example, a
user submits an input indicating that he or she is running late.
For example, the user may select the voice input button or icon and
then enter the input by voice. The system then conducts a search
against the user's tasks, meetings, etc. for potential matches and
provides the results to the user. The results may be provided by
way of visual presentation, audible presentation, or combination
thereof In the example, two meetings have been identified as a
result of the search and the interface 2500 provides them to the
user.
[0096] FIG. 26 illustrates a second example of a task workflow
interface 2600 in accordance with certain embodiments of the
disclosed technology. This interface 2600 is an example of an
interface resulting from the user selecting one of the meetings
presented to him or her by the interface 2500 of FIG. 25. Like the
interface 2500 of FIG. 25, the interface 2600 includes a voice
input button or icon (indicated by a microphone symbol). In the
example, the interface 2600 presents three options to the user:
calling the other attendees, sending an email message to the other
attendees, and/or sending an SMS message to the other attendees.
The options may be provided by way of visual presentation, audible
presentation, or combination thereof The user may select one or
more of the options presented to him or her by touch command or by
voice command using the voice input button, for example.
[0097] FIG. 27 illustrates a third example of a task workflow
interface 2700 in accordance with certain embodiments of the
disclosed technology. This interface 2700 is an example of an
interface resulting from the user selecting the "Call" option
presented to him or her by the interface 2600 of FIG. 26.
Responsive to the user selecting the "Call" option, a search is
conducted and the interface 2700 presents a listing of the other
attendees. The listing of attendees may be provided by way of
visual presentation, audible presentation, or combination
thereof.
[0098] FIG. 28 illustrates a fourth example of a task workflow
interface 2800 in accordance with certain embodiments of the
disclosed technology. This interface 2800 is an example of an
interface resulting from the user selecting the user "John Jackson"
in the listing presented to him or her by the interface 2700 of
FIG. 27. Responsive to the selection of "John Jackson," a search is
conducted and the interface 2700 presents the result(s) to the
user. The result(s) may be provided by way of visual presentation,
audible presentation, or combination thereof. Here, two phones
numbers associated with "John Jackson" were retrieved. According,
the interface 2700 presents both numbers, indicates the source from
which each number was retrieved, and asks the user to select which
number should be called. Responsive to the user selecting one of
the phone numbers presented to him or her, the interface 2700
provides an indication that the selected number will be called.
[0099] FIG. 29 illustrates a first example of a business
intelligence interface 2900 in accordance with certain embodiments
of the disclosed technology. The interface 2900 includes a voice
input button or icon (indicated by a microphone symbol). In the
example, a user submits a query as to how he or she is doing with
his or her quota. For example, the user may select the voice input
button or icon and then enter the query by voice. The system then
conducts a search against the user's opportunities that have been
closed for the last month for potential matches and provides the
results to the user. The results may be provided by way of visual
presentation, audible presentation, or combination thereof. In the
example, three such opportunities have been identified and the
interface 2900 provides them to the user. The interface 2900 may
provide additional information and/or analysis pertaining to the
results. Here, the interface 2900 provides a grand dollar amount
total of the three listed opportunities. In certain embodiments,
the results may be presented in the form of a graph, bar chart, pie
chart, table, or other graphical representation.
[0100] FIG. 30 illustrates a second example of a business
intelligence interface 3000 in accordance with certain embodiments
of the disclosed technology. Like the interface 2900 of FIG. 29,
the interface 3000 includes a voice input button or icon (indicated
by a microphone symbol). In certain embodiments, this feature may
be activated by voice commands from the user. In the example, a
user submits a query as to what an identified person, here "John,"
looks like. The user may select the voice input button or icon and
then enter the query by voice, for example. The system then
conducts a search against any of a number of different private
and/or public data sources, such as LinkedIn and Google Image
Search, for example, for potential matches and provides the results
to the user. In the example, two potential matches have been
identified and the interface 3000 provides them to the user. In
certain embodiments, the potential matches may each include or be
themselves links to the corresponding external location from which
the image came. Should the user select the link, a transition
message may be communicated to the user indicating that the
transition is about to proceed, is proceeding, and/or has
completed.
[0101] FIG. 31 illustrates an example of an underlined ambiguity
interface 3100 in accordance with certain embodiments of the
disclosed technology. The interface 3100 includes a voice input
button or icon (indicated by a microphone symbol). In the example,
a user submits a query as to whether an identified person, here
"John," has responded to the user. The user may select the voice
input button or icon and then enter the query by voice, for
example. Responsive to a determination that there are multiple
people named "John," the interface 3100 provides a listing of such
identified people to the user. The listing may be provided to the
user by way of visual presentation, audible presentation, or
combination thereof.
[0102] In the example, the interface 3100 sorts the list based on
how likely the person is the "John" in the user's query. The
interface 3100 also replaces "John" in the original query with the
top candidate in the listing, here "John Mahaney." The interface
3100 underlines "John Mahaney" to visually indicate to the user the
replacement of "John" in the original query as well as the
uncertainty related to the replacement. If the user is satisfied
with the replacement, he or she can provide a command to proceed;
otherwise, the user may interact with the interface 3100 to change
"John Mahaney" to one of the other "Johns" in the listing or to a
person that is not in the listing. In the case of the latter, the
interface 3100 may provide further options to the user such as
saving the entered "John" in the user's address book or other
contact list.
[0103] In certain embodiments, a proof may be displayed along with
an answer to a question presented by the user. For example,
responsive to a user query "what is John's title at Nokia," the
proof could be a signature extracted from an email thread or any of
a number of documents demonstrating John's title at Nokia.
Responsive to a user query "who can introduce me to John at
Samsung," the answer could be "Ray" and the proof could be an email
between Ray and John and a LinkedIn connection between Ray and
John, for example. In certain embodiments, the proof may be
presented as a natural language sentence such as "Ray could
introduce you to John at Samsung because Ray used to work with John
at Samsung," for example. In alternative embodiments, the proof may
be presented as a formula, such as the response to the query "How
am I doing on my quota" in connect with FIG. 29, discussed
above.
[0104] The following discussion is intended to provide a brief,
general description of a suitable machine in which embodiments of
the disclosed technology can be implemented. As used herein, the
term "machine" is intended to broadly encompass a single machine or
a system of communicatively coupled machines or devices operating
together. Exemplary machines can include computing devices such as
personal computers, workstations, servers, portable computers,
handheld devices, tablet devices, communications devices such as
cellular phones and smart phones, and the like. These machines may
be implemented as part of a cloud computing arrangement.
[0105] Typically, a machine includes a system bus to which
processors, memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only
memory (ROM), and other state-preserving medium), storage devices,
a video interface, and input/output interface ports can be
attached. The machine can also include embedded controllers such as
programmable or non-programmable logic devices or arrays,
Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), embedded
computers, smart cards, and the like. The machine can be
controlled, at least in part, by input from conventional input
devices, e.g., keyboards, touch screens, mice, and audio devices
such as a microphone, as well as by directives received from
another machine, interaction with a virtual reality (VR)
environment, biometric feedback, or other input signal.
[0106] The machine can utilize one or more connections to one or
more remote machines, such as through a network interface, modem,
or other communicative coupling. Machines can be interconnected by
way of a physical and/or logical network, such as an intranet, the
Internet, local area networks, wide area networks, etc. One having
ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that network
communication can utilize various wired and/or wireless short range
or long range carriers and protocols, including radio frequency
(RF), satellite, microwave, Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) 545.11, Bluetooth, optical, infrared, cable,
laser, etc.
[0107] Embodiments of the disclosed technology can be described by
reference to or in conjunction with associated data including
functions, procedures, data structures, application programs,
instructions, etc. that, when accessed by a machine, can result in
the machine performing tasks or defining abstract data types or
low-level hardware contexts. Associated data can be stored in, for
example, volatile and/or non-volatile memory (e.g., RAM and ROM) or
in other storage devices and their associated storage media, which
can include hard-drives, floppy-disks, optical storage, tapes,
flash memory, memory sticks, digital video disks, biological
storage, and other tangible and non-transitory physical storage
media. Certain outputs may be in any of a number of different
output types such as audio or text-to-speech, for example.
[0108] Associated data can be delivered over transmission
environments, including the physical and/or logical network, in the
form of packets, serial data, parallel data, propagated signals,
etc., and can be used in a compressed or encrypted format.
Associated data can be used in a distributed environment, and
stored locally and/or remotely for machine access.
[0109] Having described and illustrated the principles of the
invention with reference to illustrated embodiments, it will be
recognized that the illustrated embodiments may be modified in
arrangement and detail without departing from such principles, and
may be combined in any desired manner. And although the foregoing
discussion has focused on particular embodiments, other
configurations are contemplated. In particular, even though
expressions such as "according to an embodiment of the invention"
or the like are used herein, these phrases are meant to generally
reference embodiment possibilities, and are not intended to limit
the invention to particular embodiment configurations. As used
herein, these terms may reference the same or different embodiments
that are combinable into other embodiments.
[0110] Consequently, in view of the wide variety of permutations to
the embodiments described herein, this detailed description and
accompanying material is intended to be illustrative only, and
should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. What is
claimed as the invention, therefore, is all such modifications as
may come within the scope and spirit of the following claims and
equivalents thereto.
* * * * *