U.S. patent application number 14/198379 was filed with the patent office on 2014-09-11 for method for controlling weeds in turf.
This patent application is currently assigned to Dow AgroSciences LLC. The applicant listed for this patent is Dow AgroSciences LLC. Invention is credited to Daniel Louis Loughner, Andrea Christine McVeigh-Nelson.
Application Number | 20140256552 14/198379 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 51488506 |
Filed Date | 2014-09-11 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140256552 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Loughner; Daniel Louis ; et
al. |
September 11, 2014 |
METHOD FOR CONTROLLING WEEDS IN TURF
Abstract
Undesirable vegetation is controlled in turf using a combination
of (a) florasulam, (b) 2,4-D or an agriculturally acceptable salt
or ester thereof, and (c) fluoroxypyr or an agriculturally
acceptable salt or ester thereof.
Inventors: |
Loughner; Daniel Louis;
(Lawrenceville, NJ) ; McVeigh-Nelson; Andrea
Christine; (Indianapolis, IN) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Dow AgroSciences LLC |
Indianapolis |
IN |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Dow AgroSciences LLC
Indianapolis
IN
|
Family ID: |
51488506 |
Appl. No.: |
14/198379 |
Filed: |
March 5, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61773343 |
Mar 6, 2013 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
504/136 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01N 43/40 20130101;
A01N 43/90 20130101; A01N 43/40 20130101; A01N 39/04 20130101; A01N
39/04 20130101; A01N 43/90 20130101; A01N 43/40 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
504/136 |
International
Class: |
A01N 43/90 20060101
A01N043/90; A01N 37/38 20060101 A01N037/38; A01N 43/40 20060101
A01N043/40 |
Claims
1. A method of controlling undesirable vegetation in turf which
comprises applying a syngergistic composition comprising (a)
florasulam (b) 2,4-D or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof, and (c) fluoroxypyr or an agriculturally acceptable salt
or ester thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the (a) florasulam is applied at a
rate from 0.001 to about 10.3 g ai/ha, the (b) 2,4-D or
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is applied at a
rate from about 0.11 to about 1038 g ae/ha, and the (c) fluoroxypyr
or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is applied at a
rate from about 0.01 to about 105.4 g ae/ha.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of (a) to (b) is
from about 1:50 to about 1:200, and the weight ratio of (a) to (c)
is from about 1:5 to about 1:20.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of (a) to (b) is
from about 1:80 to about 1:140, and the weight ratio of (a) to (c)
is from about 1:7 to about 1:13.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the (a) florasulam, (b) 2,4-D or
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, and (c)
fluoroxypyr or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof are
the only herbicidal active ingredients applied.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the undesirable vegetation is
ground ivy (GLEHE), white clover (TRFRE), dandelion (TAROF), or
prostrate spurge (EPHSU).
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of (a) to (b) to
(c) is about 1 to 110 to 10.
8. The method of claim 2 wherein the (a) florasulam is applied at a
rate from about 0.001 g ai/ha to about 5.2 g ai/ha, the (b) 2,4-D
or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is applied at
a rate of from about 0.11 to about 520 g ae/ha, and the (c)
fluoroxypyr or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof
is applied at a rate of from about 0.01 to about 53 g ae/ha.
9. The method of claim 2 wherein the (a) florasulam is applied at a
rate of about 2.3 g ai/ha to about 5.2 g ai/ha, the (b) 2,4-D or an
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is applied at a
rate of from about 26.5 to about 53 g ae/ha, and the (c)
fluoroxypyr or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof
is applied at a rate of from about 27 to about 53 g ae/ha.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the components of the composition
are applied separately.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the components of the composition
are applied as part of a multipart herbicidal system.
12. A syngergistic herbicidal composition comprising (a)
florasulam, (b) 2,4-D or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof, and (c) fluoroxypyr or an agriculturally acceptable salt
or ester thereof.
13. The herbicidal composition of claim 12 wherein the weight ratio
of (a) to (b) is from about 1:50 to about 1:200, and the weight
ratio of (a) to (c) is from about 1:5 to about 1:20.
14. The herbicidal composition of claim 13 wherein the weight ratio
of (a) to (b) is from about 1:80 to about 1:140, and the weight
ratio of (a) to (c) is from about 1:7 to about 1:13.
15. The herbicidal composition of claim 14 wherein the weight ratio
of (a) to (b) to (c) is about 1 to 110 to 10.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Patent Application Ser. No. 61/773,343 filed Mar. 6, 2013, the
disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by
reference.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Annual market research reports consistently identify white
clover (Trifolium repens) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) as
the two key broadleaf weed targets for weed control in turf. In
addition, ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea) and wild violet (Viola
sp.) are identified as difficult to control weeds. There remains a
need for methods that are effective in controlling these weeds in
turf.
[0003] US20090215797 describes herbicidal formulations comprising
3.3 grams per liter (g/L) florasulam, 320 g/L 2,4-D, and 46.8 g/L
fluoroxypyr-meptyl.
SUMMARY
[0004] Provided herein is a method for controlling undesirable
vegetation in turf which comprises applying a synergistic
combination of (a) florasulam (b) 2,4-D or an agriculturally
acceptable salt or ester thereof, and (c) fluoroxypyr or an
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Definitions
[0005] Fluoroxypyr is the common name for
[(4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid. As
described in Tomlin, C. D. S., Ed. The Pesticide Manual: A World
Compendium, 15.sup.th ed.; BCPC: Alton, 2009 (hereafter "The
Pesticide Manual"), fluoroxypyr is effective by post-emergence
foliar application, controlling a large range of economically
important broad-leaved weeds, including, e.g., Rumex spp. and
Uritica dioica in pastures and Trifolium repens in amenity
grassland. The molecular weight of fluoroxypyr is 255.0. Exemplary
chemical forms of fluoroxypyr include salt or ester forms.
Fluoroxypyr-meptyl is 1-methylheptyl
[(4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetate. The
molecular weight of fluoroxypyr-meptyl is 367.2. It is a solid and
is typically formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate at a
concentration of about 26 weight percent in aromatic hydrocarbon
solvents (for example, Dow AgroSciences' Starane.TM. herbicide).
Aromatic hydrocarbon solvents have historically been used to
maintain stability at low temperature in fluoroxypyr-meptyl
formulations.
[0006] Florasulam is the common name for
2',6',8-trifluoro-5-methoxy[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine-2-sulfonanili-
de. As described in The Pesticide Manual, florasulam is used for
post-emergence control of broad-leaved weeds in cereals and maize
at rates of up to 7.5 grams active ingredient per hectare (g
ai/ha).
[0007] 2,4-D is the common name for (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic
acid. Exemplary uses of 2,4-D described in The Pesticide Manual
include its use for post-emergence control of annual and perennial
broadleaf weeds, e.g., in cereals, maize, sorghum, grassland,
established turf, grass seed crops, orchards, cranberries,
asparagus, sugarcane, rice forestry and non-crop land. Exemplary
chemical forms of 2,4-D include salt or ester forms, for example,
2,4-D EHE, which is 2-ethylhexyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate;
2,4-D DMA, which is N-methylmethanaminium
(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate; and 2,4-D choline, which is
2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium
(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate.
[0008] As used herein, control of or controlling undesirable
vegetation means killing or preventing the vegetation, or causing
some other adversely modifying effect to the vegetation e.g.,
deviations from natural growth or development, regulation,
desiccation, retardation, and the like.
[0009] As used herein, herbicide and herbicidal active ingredient
mean a compound that controls undesirable vegetation when applied
in an appropriate amount.
[0010] As used herein, a herbicidally effective or vegetation
controlling amount is an amount of herbicidal active ingredient the
application of which controls the relevant undesirable
vegetation.
[0011] As used herein, applying an herbicide or herbicidal
composition means delivering it directly to the targeted vegetation
or to the locus thereof or to the area where control of undesired
vegetation is desired. Methods of application include, but are not
limited to pre-emergence, post-emergence, and foliar applications.
Described herein are methods of controlling undesirable vegetation
by applying certain herbicide combinations or compositions.
[0012] As used herein, plants and vegetation include, but are not
limited to, dormant seeds, germinant seeds, emerging seedlings,
plants emerging from vegetative propagules, immature vegetation,
and established vegetation.
[0013] As used herein, agriculturally acceptable salts and esters
refer to salts and esters that exhibit herbicidal activity, or that
are or can be converted in plants, water, or soil to the referenced
herbicide. Exemplary agriculturally acceptable esters are those
that are or can by hydrolyzed, oxidized, metabolized, or otherwise
converted, e.g., in plants, water, or soil, to the corresponding
carboxylic acid which, depending upon the pH, may be in the
dissociated or undissociated form.
[0014] Exemplary salts include those derived from alkali or
alkaline earth metals and those derived from ammonia and amines.
Exemplary cations include sodium, potassium, magnesium, and
ammonium cations of the formula:
R.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3R.sup.4N.sup.+
wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 each, independently
represents hydrogen or C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12
alkenyl or C.sub.3-C.sub.12 alkynyl, each of which is optionally
substituted by one or more hydroxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy,
C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylthio or phenyl groups, provided that R.sup.1,
R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are sterically compatible.
Additionally, any two of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4
together may represent an aliphatic difunctional moiety containing
one to twelve carbon atoms and up to two oxygen or sulfur atoms.
Salts can be prepared by treatment with a metal hydroxide, such as
sodium hydroxide, with an amine, such as ammonia, trimethylamine,
diethanolamine, 2-methylthiopropylamine, bisallylamine,
2-butoxyethylamine, morpholine, cyclododecylamine, or benzylamine
or with a tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, such as tetramethylammonium
hydroxide or choline hydroxide.
[0015] Exemplary esters include those derived from C.sub.1-C.sub.12
alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12 alkenyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12 alkynyl or
C.sub.7-C.sub.10 aryl-substituted alkyl alcohols, such as methyl
alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, 1-butanol, 2-ethylhexanol,
butoxyethanol, methoxypropanol, allyl alcohol, propargyl alcohol,
cyclohexanol or unsubstituted or substituted benzyl alcohols.
Benzyl alcohols may be substituted with from 1-3 substituents
independently selected from halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl or
C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy. Esters can be prepared by coupling of the
acids with the alcohol using any number of suitable activating
agents such as those used for peptide couplings such as
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or carbonyl diimidazole (CDI); by
reacting the acids with alkylating agents such as alkylhalides or
alkylsulfonates in the presence of a base such as triethylamine or
lithium carbonate; by reacting the corresponding acid chloride of
an acid with an appropriate alcohol; by reacting the corresponding
acid with an appropriate alcohol in the presence of an acid
catalyst or by transesterification.
[0016] As used herein, weight ratios of mixtures are calculated
using the acid equivalent weight(s) of any compounds in the mixture
that are salts or esters.
Methods
[0017] Provided herein is a method for controlling undesirable
vegetation in turf which comprises applying a herbicidally
effective amount of a combination of (a) florasulam, (b) 2,4-D or
an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, and (c)
fluoroxypyr or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof.
[0018] In certain embodiments the weight ratio of active
ingredients applied is in the range of about 0.001 to 10.3 of (a)
to about 0.11 to 1038 of (b) to about 0.01 to 105.4 of (c). In some
embodiments the weight ratio of (a) to (b) is from about 1:50 to
about 1:200, and the weight ratio of (a) to (c) is from about 1:5
to about 1:20. In some embodiments the weight ratio of (a) to (b)
is from about 1:80 to about 1:140, and the weight ratio of (a) to
(c) is from about 1:7 to about 1:13. In certain embodiments the
weight ratio of (a) to (b) to (c) is about 1:110:10.
[0019] In certain embodiments the only herbicidal active
ingredients applied are (a) florasulam, (b) 2,4-D or an
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, and (c)
fluoroxypyr or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof.
In other embodiments additional herbicidal active ingredients may
be applied.
[0020] The active ingredients may be applied together in a
formulation which also contains an agriculturally acceptable
adjuvant or carrier.
[0021] The combination of active ingredients utilized in the method
exhibit synergism, e.g., the herbicidal active ingredients are more
effective in combination than when applied individually. The
Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society of America, Ninth
Edition, 2007, p. 429 notes that synergism is "an interaction of
two or more factors such that the effect when combined is greater
than the predicted effect based on the response of each factor
applied separately." In certain embodiments, the compositions
exhibit synergy as determined by the Colby's equation. Colby, S. R.
Calculation of the synergistic and antagonistic response of
herbicide combinations. Weeds 1967, 15, 20-22.
[0022] Herbicidal activity (control of undesirable vegetation) is
exhibited by the compositions when they are applied directly to the
plant or to the locus of the plant at any stage of growth. The
effect observed depends upon the plant species to be controlled,
the stage of growth of the plant, the application parameters of
dilution and spray drop size, the particle size of solid
components, the environmental conditions at the time of use, the
specific compound employed, the specific adjuvants and carriers
employed, the soil type, and the like, as well as the amount of
chemical applied. These and other factors can be adjusted to
promote non-selective or selective herbicidal action. In some
embodiments, the compositions described herein are applied to
relatively immature undesirable vegetation to achieve the maximum
control of weeds.
[0023] In some embodiments, the compositions and methods provided
herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation consisting of
broadleaf weeds.
[0024] In some embodiments, the compositions and methods provided
herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation such as
ground ivy (GLEHE), white clover (TRFRE), dandelion (TAROF) and
prostrate spurge (EPHSU) in turf.
[0025] The application rate will depend upon the particular type of
weed to be controlled, the degree of control required, and the
timing and method of application. In some embodiments, the
composition is applied at an application rate of from about 0.1
grams active ingredient per hectare (g ai/ha) to about 1200 g ai/ha
based on the total amount of active ingredients in the
composition.
[0026] In some embodiments the florasulam is applied at a rate from
about 0.001 g ai/ha to about 10.3 g ai/ha, 2,4-D or an
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is applied at a
rate of from about 0.11 to about 1038 grams acid equivalent per
hectare (g ae/ha), and fluoroxypyr or an agriculturally acceptable
salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate of from about 0.01 to
about 105.4 g ae/ha.
[0027] In some embodiments the florasulam is applied at a rate from
about 0.001 g ai/ha to about 5.2 g ai/ha, 2,4-D or an
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is applied at a
rate of from about 0.11 to about 520 g ae/ha, and fluoroxypyr or an
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof is applied at a
rate of from about 0.01 to about 53 g ae/ha.
[0028] In some embodiments the florasulam is applied at a rate of
about 2.3 g ai/ha to about 5.2 g ai/ha, 2,4-D or an agriculturally
acceptable salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate of from about
0.26.5 to about 53 g ae/ha, and fluoroxypyr or an agriculturally
acceptable salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate of from about
27 to about 53 g ae/ha.
[0029] The components of the mixtures described herein can be
applied either separately or as part of a multipart herbicidal
system. In some embodiments of the methods described herein, the
active ingredients are applied simultaneously, including, e.g., in
the form of a composition. In some embodiments, the active
ingredients are applied sequentially, e.g., within 5, 10, 15, or 30
minutes of each other; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 12, 24, 48 hour(s) of
each other, or 1 week of each other.
[0030] The mixtures described herein can be applied in conjunction
with one or more other herbicides to control a wider variety of
undesirable vegetation. When used in conjunction with other
herbicides, the composition can be formulated with the other
herbicide or herbicides, tank-mixed with the other herbicide or
herbicides or applied sequentially with the other herbicide or
herbicides. Some of the herbicides that can be employed in
conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein
include, but are not limited to: 4-CPA, 4-CPB, 4-CPP, 2,4-DB,
3,4-DA, 3,4-DB, 2,4-DEB, 2,4-DEP, 3,4-DP, 2,3,6-TBA, 2,4,5-T,
2,4,5-TB, acetochlor, acifluorfen, aclonifen, acrolein, alachlor,
allidochlor, alloxydim, allyl alcohol, alorac, ametridione,
ametryn, amibuzin, amicarbazone, amidosulfuron,
aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralid, amiprofos-methyl, amitrole,
ammonium sulfamate, anilofos, anisuron, asulam, atraton, atrazine,
azafenidin, azimsulfuron, aziprotryne, barban, BCPC, beflubutamid,
benazolin, bencarbazone, benfluralin, benfuresate,
bensulfuron-methyl, bensulide, benthiocarb, bentazon-sodium,
benzadox, benzfendizone, benzipram, benzobicyclon, benzofenap,
benzofluor, benzoylprop, benzthiazuron, bicyclopyrone, bifenox,
bilanafos, bispyribac-sodium, borax, bromacil, bromobonil,
bromobutide, bromofenoxim, bromoxynil, brompyrazon, butachlor,
butafenacil, butamifos, butenachlor, buthidazole, buthiuron,
butralin, butroxydim, buturon, butylate, cacodylic acid,
cafenstrole, calcium chlorate, calcium cyanamide, cambendichlor,
carbasulam, carbetamide, carboxazole chlorprocarb,
carfentrazone-ethyl, CDEA, CEPC, chlomethoxyfen, chloramben,
chloranocryl, chlorazifop, chlorazine, chlorbromuron, chlorbufam,
chloreturon, chlorfenac, chlorfenprop, chlorflurazole,
chlorflurenol, chloridazon, chlorimuron, chlornitrofen, chloropon,
chlorotoluron, chloroxuron, chloroxynil, chlorpropham,
chlorsulfuron, chlorthal, chlorthiamid, cinidon-ethyl, cinmethylin,
cinosulfuron, cisanilide, clethodim, cliodinate,
clodinafop-propargyl, clofop, clomazone, clomeprop, cloprop,
cloproxydim, clopyralid, cloransulam-methyl, CMA, copper sulfate,
CPMF, CPPC, credazine, cresol, cumyluron, cyanatryn, cyanazine,
cycloate, cyclosulfamuron, cycloxydim, cycluron, cyhalofop-butyl,
cyperquat, cyprazine, cyprazole, cypromid, daimuron, dalapon,
dazomet, delachlor, desmedipham, desmetryn, di-allate, dicamba,
dichlobenil, dichloralurea, dichlormate, dichlorprop,
dichlorprop-P, diclofop-methyl, diclosulam, diethamquat, diethatyl,
difenopenten, difenoxuron, difenzoquat, diflufenican,
diflufenzopyr, dimefuron, dimepiperate, dimethachlor,
dimethametryn, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, dimexano, dimidazon,
dinitramine, dinofenate, dinoprop, dinosam, dinoseb, dinoterb,
diphenamid, dipropetryn, diquat, disul, dithiopyr, diuron, DMPA,
DNOC, DSMA, EBEP, eglinazine, endothal, epronaz, EPTC, erbon,
esprocarb, ethalfluralin, ethbenzamide, ethametsulfuron,
ethidimuron, ethiolate, ethobenzamid, etobenzamid, ethofumesate,
ethoxyfen, ethoxysulfuron, etinofen, etnipromid, etobenzanid, EXD,
fenasulam, fenoprop, fenoxaprop, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl,
fenoxaprop-P-ethyl+isoxadifen-ethyl, fenoxasulfone, fenteracol,
fenthiaprop, fentrazamide, fenuron, ferrous sulfate, flamprop,
flamprop-M, flazasulfuron, fluazifop, fluazifop-P-butyl,
fluazolate, flucarbazone, flucetosulfuron, fluchloralin,
flufenacet, flufenican, flufenpyr-ethyl, flumetsulam, flumezin,
flumiclorac-pentyl, flumioxazin, flumipropyn, fluometuron,
fluorodifen, fluoroglycofen, fluoromidine, fluoronitrofen,
fluothiuron, flupoxam, flupropacil, flupropanate, flupyrsulfuron,
fluridone, fluorochloridone, flurtamone, fluthiacet, fomesafen,
foramsulfuron, fosamine, fumiclorac, furyloxyfen, glufosinate,
glufosinate-ammonium, glufosinate-P-ammonium, glyphosate,
halosafen, halosulfuron-methyl, haloxydine, haloxyfop-methyl,
haloxyfop-P-methyl, hexachloroacetone, hexaflurate, hexazinone,
imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin,
imazosulfuron, imazethapyr, indanofan, indaziflam, iodobonil,
iodomethane, iodosulfuron, iodosulfuron-ethyl-sodium,
iofensulfuron, ioxynil, ipazine, ipfencarbazone, iprymidam,
isocarbamid, isocil, isomethiozin, isonoruron, isopolinate,
isopropalin, isoproturon, isouron, isoxaben, isoxachlortole,
isoxaflutole, isoxapyrifop, karbutilate, ketospiradox, lactofen,
lenacil, linuron, MAA, MAMA, MCPB, mecoprop, mecoprop-P,
medinoterb, mefenacet, mefluidide, mesoprazine, mesosulfuron,
mesotrione, metam, metamifop, metamitron, metazachlor,
metazosulfuron, metflurazon, methabenzthiazuron, methalpropalin,
methazole, methiobencarb, methiozolin, methiuron, methometon,
methoprotryne, methyl bromide, methyl isothiocyanate, methyldymron,
metobenzuron, metobromuron, metolachlor, metosulam, metoxuron,
metribuzin, metsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, molinate, monalide,
monisouron, monochloroacetic acid, monolinuron, monuron,
morfamquat, MSMA, naproanilide, napropamide, naptalam, neburon,
nicosulfuron, nipyraclofen, nitralin, nitrofen, nitrofluorfen,
norflurazon, noruron, OCH, orbencarb, ortho-dichlorobenzene,
orthosulfamuron, oryzalin, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxapyrazon,
oxasulfuron, oxaziclomefone, oxyfluorfen, paraflufen-ethyl,
parafluoron, paraquat, pebulate, pelargonic acid, pendimethalin,
penoxsulam, pentachlorophenol, pentanochlor, pentoxazone,
perfluidone, pethoxamid, phenisopham, phenmedipham,
phenmedipham-ethyl, phenobenzuron, phenylmercury acetate, picloram,
picolinafen, pinoxaden, piperophos, potassium arsenite, potassium
azide, potassium cyanate, pretilachlor, primisulfuron-methyl,
procyazine, prodiamine, profluazol, profluralin, profoxydim,
proglinazine, prohexadione-calcium, prometon, prometryn, pronamide,
propachlor, propanil, propaquizafop, propazine, propham,
propisochlor, propoxycarbazone, propyrisulfuron, propyzamide,
prosulfalin, prosulfocarb, prosulfuron, proxan, prynachlor,
pydanon, pyraclonil, pyraflufen-ethyl, pyrasulfotole, pyrazogyl,
pyrazolynate, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, pyrazoxyfen, pyribenzoxim,
pyributicarb, pyriclor, pyridafol, pyridate, pyriftalid,
pyriminobac, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac-sodium, pyroxasulfone,
pyroxsulam, quinclorac, quinmerac, quinoclamine, quinonamid,
quizalofop, quizalofop-P-ethyl, rhodethanil, rimsulfuron,
saflufenacil, S-metolachlor, sebuthylazine, secbumeton, sethoxydim,
siduron, simazine, simeton, simetryn, SMA, sodium arsenite, sodium
azide, sodium chlorate, sulcotrione, sulfallate, sulfentrazone,
sulfometuron, sulfosate, sulfosulfuron, sulfuric acid, sulglycapin,
swep, TCA, tebutam, tebuthiuron, tefuryltrione, tembotrione,
tepraloxydim, terbacil, terbucarb, terbuchlor, terbumeton,
terbuthylazine, terbutryn, tetrafluoron, thenylchlor,
thiazafluoron, thiazopyr, thidiazimin, thidiazuron,
thiencarbazone-methyl, thifensulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl,
thiobencarb, tiocarbazil, tioclorim, topramezone, tralkoxydim,
triafamone, tri-allate, triasulfuron, triaziflam, tribenuron,
tribenuron-methyl, tricamba, triclopyr choline salt, triclopyr
esters and salts, tridiphane, trietazine, trifloxysulfuron,
trifluralin, triflusulfuron, trifop, trifopsime,
trihydroxytriazine, trimeturon, tripropindan, tritac,
tritosulfuron, vernolate, xylachlor and salts, esters, optically
active isomers and mixtures thereof.
[0031] The compositions and methods described herein, can, further,
be used in conjunction with glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba,
phenoxy auxins, pyridyloxy auxins, aryloxyphenoxypropionates,
acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, imidazolinones,
acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate
dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)
inhibitors, triazines, and bromoxynil on crops that are tolerant
thereto, and on crops possessing multiple or stacked traits
conferring tolerance to multiple chemistries and/or multiple
modes-of-action.
[0032] In some embodiments, compositions provided herein further
comprise at least one agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or
carrier. Suitable adjuvants or carriers should not be phytotoxic to
valuable crops, particularly at the concentrations employed in
applying the compositions for selective weed control in the
presence of crops, and should not react chemically with herbicidal
components or other composition ingredients. Such mixtures can be
designed for application directly to weeds or their locus or can be
concentrates or formulations that are normally diluted with
additional carriers and adjuvants before application. They can be
solids, such as, for example, dusts, granules, water-dispersible
granules, or wettable powders, or liquids, such as, for example,
emulsifiable concentrates, solutions, emulsions or suspensions.
They can also be provided as a pre-mix or tank-mixed.
[0033] Suitable agricultural adjuvants and carriers include, but
are not limited to, crop oil concentrate; nonylphenol ethoxylate;
benzylcocoalkyldimethyl quaternary ammonium salt; blend of
petroleum hydrocarbon, alkyl esters, organic acid, and anionic
surfactant; C.sub.9-C.sub.11 alkylpolyglycoside; phosphated alcohol
ethoxylate; natural primary alcohol (C.sub.12-C.sub.16)ethoxylate;
di-sec-butylphenol EO-PO block copolymer; polysiloxane-methyl cap;
nonylphenol ethoxylate+urea ammonium nitrate; emulsified methylated
seed oil; tridecyl alcohol (synthetic) ethoxylate (8E); tallow
amine ethoxylate (15 EO); PEG(400) dioleate-99.
[0034] Liquid carriers that can be employed include water and
organic solvents. The organic solvents include, but are not limited
to, petroleum fractions or hydrocarbons such as mineral oil,
aromatic solvents, paraffinic oils, and the like; vegetable oils
such as soybean oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower
seed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, palm
oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, tung oil and the like;
esters of the above vegetable oils; esters of monoalcohols or
dihydric, trihydric, or other lower polyalcohols (4-6 hydroxy
containing), such as 2-ethyl hexyl stearate, n-butyl oleate,
isopropyl myristate, propylene glycol dioleate, di-octyl succinate,
di-butyl adipate, di-octyl phthalate and the like; esters of mono,
di and polycarboxylic acids and the like. Specific organic solvents
include, but are not limited to toluene, xylene, petroleum naphtha,
crop oil, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone,
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate,
butyl acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether and diethylene
glycol monomethyl ether, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl
alcohol, amyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol,
glycerine, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethyl alkylamides,
dimethyl sulfoxide, liquid fertilizers and the like. In certain
embodiments, water is the carrier for the dilution of
concentrates.
[0035] Suitable solid carriers include but are not limited to talc,
pyrophyllite clay, silica, attapulgus clay, kaolin clay,
kieselguhr, chalk, diatomaceous earth, lime, calcium carbonate,
bentonite clay, Fuller's earth, cottonseed hulls, wheat flour,
soybean flour, pumice, wood flour, walnut shell flour, lignin,
cellulose, and the like.
[0036] In some embodiments, the compositions described herein
further comprise one or more surface-active agents. In some
embodiments, such surface-active agents are employed in both solid
and liquid compositions, and in certain embodiments those designed
to be diluted with carrier before application. The surface-active
agents can be anionic, cationic or nonionic in character and can be
employed as emulsifying agents, wetting agents, suspending agents,
or for other purposes. Surfactants which may also be used in the
present formulations are described, inter alia, in "McCutcheon's
Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual," MC Publishing Corp., Ridgewood,
N.J., 1998 and in "Encyclopedia of Surfactants," Vol. I-III,
Chemical Publishing Co., New York, 1980-81. Surface-active agents
include, but are not limited to salts of alkyl sulfates, such as
diethanolammonium lauryl sulfate; alkylarylsulfonate salts, such as
calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; alkylphenol-alkylene oxide
addition products, such as nonylphenol-C.sub.18 ethoxylate;
alcohol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as tridecyl
alcohol-C.sub.16 ethoxylate; soaps, such as sodium stearate;
alkylnaphthalene-sulfonate salts, such as sodium
dibutylnaphthalenesulfonate; dialkyl esters of sulfosuccinate
salts, such as sodium di(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate; sorbitol
esters, such as sorbitol oleate; quaternary amines, such as lauryl
trimethylammonium chloride; poly-ethylene glycol esters of fatty
acids, such as polyethylene glycol stearate; block copolymers of
ethylene oxide and propylene oxide; salts of mono and dialkyl
phosphate esters; vegetable or seed oils such as soybean oil,
rapeseed/canola oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower seed oil,
coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil,
peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, tung oil and the like; and
esters of the above vegetable oils, and in certain embodiments,
methyl esters.
[0037] In some embodiments, these materials, such as vegetable or
seed oils and their esters, can be used interchangeably as an
agricultural adjuvant, as a liquid carrier or as a surface active
agent.
[0038] Other exemplary additives for use in the compositions
provided herein include but are not limited to compatibilizing
agents, antifoam agents, sequestering agents, neutralizing agents
and buffers, corrosion inhibitors, dyes, odorants, spreading
agents, penetration aids, sticking agents, dispersing agents,
thickening agents, freezing point depressants, antimicrobial
agents, and the like. The compositions may also contain other
compatible components, for example, other herbicides, plant growth
regulants, fungicides, insecticides, and the like and can be
formulated with liquid fertilizers or solid, particulate fertilizer
carriers such as ammonium nitrate, urea and the like.
[0039] In some embodiments, the concentration of the active
ingredients in the compositions described herein is from 0.0005 to
98 percent by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration is
from 0.0006 to 90 percent by weight. In compositions designed to be
employed as concentrates, the active ingredients, in certain
embodiments, are present in a concentration from 0.1 to 98 weight
percent, and in certain embodiments, 0.5 to 90 weight percent. Such
compositions are, in certain embodiments, diluted with an inert
carrier, such as water, before application. The diluted
compositions usually applied to weeds or the locus of weeds
contain, in certain embodiments, 0.0006 to 3.0 weight percent
active ingredient and in certain embodiments contain 0.01 to 0.3
weight percent.
[0040] The present compositions can be applied to weeds or their
locus by the use of conventional ground or aerial dusters,
sprayers, and granule applicators, by addition to irrigation or
paddy water, and by other conventional means known to those skilled
in the art.
[0041] The described embodiments and following examples are for
illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of
the claims. Other modifications, uses, or combinations with respect
to the compositions described herein will be apparent to a person
of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and
scope of the claimed subject matter.
EXAMPLES
Greenhouse Evaluations
[0042] Studies were applied post-emergence to broadleaf weeds
reared from seed in 5'' square pots in 80% mineral/20% grit field
soil. Stage of growth of species at application: EPHSU in the 3 to
5 leaf stage and TRFRE in the 3.sup.rd tri-foliate stage.
Post-emergence trial design was a replicated block, one species per
pot, 4 replicate pots per treatment. Post-emergence applications
were made to the pot with a tracksprayer calibrated to 187 liters
per hectare (L/ha), 40 pounds per square inch (PSI) at 1.9 miles
per hour (mph) using an 8003E Teejet nozzle covering both soil and
foliage. Trial was sub-irrigated daily. Active weed growth was
maintained throughout the study period. Weed control of each
species in the post-emergence study was assessed at 1, 2 and 3
weeks after treatment. Control was determined visually by comparing
treated and untreated pots and scored on a 0 to 100 percent scale
where 0 corresponds to no control and 100 corresponds to complete
kill.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Synergistic Activity of Herbicide
Combinations on White Clover (TRFRE) evaluated as percent control
observed 1 week after treatment g ai or ae/ha Observed Florasulam
Fluroxypyr vs. (ai) (ae) 2,4-D (ae) Observed Expected Expected
0.001 10.3 -- 0.01 35 -- 0.11 1.7 -- 0.001 0.01 0.11 68.3 42.7
25.6
[0043] Field Evaluations:
[0044] Replicated applications were made to small plots (i.e.
5'.times.5', 3'.times.10') using a CO.sub.2 backpack sprayer.
Florasulam SC (EF-1343), fluoroxypyr (Starane.RTM. Ultra) and 2,4-D
(DMA.RTM. 4) are produced by Dow AgroSciences LLC, Indianapolis,
Ind. Applications at each site were made at typical postemergent
herbicide timing for that particular study location. Applications
were generally timed for peak dandelion bloom in the northern
cool-season turf market and throughout the year in the warm-season
turf market where winter and summer annual and perennial weeds are
targeted. Weed control evaluations were made as percent weed cover
per plot and converted to percent control based on weed levels in
the untreated control. Evaluations were made at various timing
after application for eight to ten weeks. Results in the following
tables 2 to are presented as "Average % Weed Control".
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Synergistic Activity of Herbicide
Combinations on Ground Ivy (GLEHE) 28 DAA from a Field Study g ai
or ae/ha Observed Florasulam Fluroxypyr vs. (ai) (ae) 2,4-D (ae)
Observed Expected Expected 2.3 0.0 -- 26.5 0.0 -- 260.6 41.0 -- 2.3
26.5 260.0 65.1 41.0 24.1
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Synergistic Activity of Herbicide
Combinations on Ground Ivy (GLEHE) 56 DAA from a Field Study g ai
or ae/ha Observed Florasulam Fluroxypyr vs. (ai) (ae) 2,4-D (ae)
Observed Expected Expected 5.2 0.0 -- 52.9 0.0 -- 520 41.7 -- 5.2
52.9 520 82.7 41.7 41.0
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Synergistic Activity of Herbicide
Combinations on Dandelion (TAROF) 55 DAA from a Field Study g ai or
ae/ha Observed Florasulam Fluroxypyr vs. (ai) (ae) 2,4-D (ae)
Observed Expected Expected 5.2 25.0 -- 52.9 14.3 -- 520 45.6 -- 5.2
52.9 520 77.0 65.0 12.0
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Synergistic Activity of Herbicide
Combinations on White Cover (TRFRE) 62 DAA from a Field Study g ai
or ae/ha Observed Florasulam Fluroxypyr vs. (ai) (ae) 2,4-D (ae)
Observed Expected Expected 5.2 23.8 -- 52.9 31.3 -- 520 20.0 -- 5.2
52.9 520 70 58.1 11.9
In the foregoing examples, the following equation was used to
calculate the expected activity of mixtures containing three
herbicidal active ingredients:
Expected = 100 - ( 100 - A ) ( 100 - B ) ( 100 - C ) 10 , 000
##EQU00001##
A=observed efficacy of a first active ingredient at the same
concentration as used in the mixture. B=observed efficacy of a
second active ingredient B at the same concentration as used in the
mixture. C=observed efficacy of a third active ingredient C at the
same concentration as used in the mixture. The following
abbreviations are used in the tables: g ai/ha=grams active
ingredient per hectare g ae/ha=grams acid equivalent per hectare
DAA=days after application
* * * * *