U.S. patent application number 14/274489 was filed with the patent office on 2014-09-04 for method for preparing a composite membrane/wood floor diaphragm.
This patent application is currently assigned to PARQUET BY DIAN. The applicant listed for this patent is PARQUET BY DIAN. Invention is credited to Anatoli Efros, Vladimir Gurfinkel.
Application Number | 20140245693 14/274489 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 48279313 |
Filed Date | 2014-09-04 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140245693 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Efros; Anatoli ; et
al. |
September 4, 2014 |
METHOD FOR PREPARING A COMPOSITE MEMBRANE/WOOD FLOOR DIAPHRAGM
Abstract
A composite membrane of wood floor diaphragm for construction of
new buildings and strengthening of existing buildings to provide
improved load transfer capacity and enhanced resistance to gravity
and lateral loads, such as earthquake and/or wind for buildings
with wood floor framing. The composite membrane extends beneath the
wall framing to utilize the composite membrane diaphragm as a load
and shear bearing element.
Inventors: |
Efros; Anatoli; (Los
Angeles, CA) ; Gurfinkel; Vladimir; (Los Angeles,
CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
PARQUET BY DIAN |
Gardena |
CA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
PARQUET BY DIAN
Gardena
CA
|
Family ID: |
48279313 |
Appl. No.: |
14/274489 |
Filed: |
May 9, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
13294081 |
Nov 10, 2011 |
|
|
|
14274489 |
|
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
52/741.4 ;
156/295; 52/745.13 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E04B 1/26 20130101; E04B
5/12 20130101; E04F 15/0215 20130101; E04F 15/16 20130101; E04B
1/94 20130101; E04B 1/84 20130101; E04F 15/166 20130101; E04F 15/20
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
52/741.4 ;
52/745.13; 156/295 |
International
Class: |
E04F 15/02 20060101
E04F015/02; E04F 15/20 20060101 E04F015/20; E04F 15/16 20060101
E04F015/16 |
Claims
1. A method for preparation for installing a panel comprising the
steps of: providing a table having a first position corresponding
to a concave arc in at least a first direction, and a second
position corresponding to a planar configuration; placing the table
in the first position; placing an adhesive tape of a surface of the
table top; orienting a series of boards in a single board basket
weave design on the table top such that an opening between the
boards form a V-shape; applying adhesive in between the boards in
the opening; placing the table in the second position to force
adhesive between the boards to be forced upward along opposed edges
of the boards; and allowing the adhesive to cure to form a rigid
panel.
2. The method of claim 1 where the adhesive has a viscosity which
is maintained for between forty five and ninety minutes.
3. A method of attachment of a parquet flooring to a plywood
subfloor comprising the steps of: providing a subfloor for
receiving the parquet flooring; applying an adhesive to the
subfloor; placing a first panel of parquet flooring on the adhesive
in a final position; placing a second panel of parquet flooring on
the adhesive approximately one inch from its final position;
sliding the second panel along the adhesive into its final position
such that adhesive is pushed up by the sliding and collected on the
vertical opposing faces of mating boards on the first and second
panels to form an adhesive bond between the vertical opposing
faces.
4. The method of attachment of claim 3 wherein the first and second
panels are of a single board basket weave design.
5. The method of attachment of claim 3 wherein the first and second
panels are of a double board basket weave design.
6. A method of providing a sound blocking barrier to a multi-story
building, comprising the steps of: providing a first floor joist
and a second floor joist; installing the sound blocking barrier
between the first and second floor joists; and installing ceiling
sheathing.
7. The method of claim 6 where the floor joists are wood.
8. The method of claim 6 where the floor joists are engineered
wood.
9. The method of claim 6 where the sound blocking barrier further
comprises fire resistant material.
10. The method of claim 6 wherein the sound blocking barrier is
selected to have at least an eighty decibel reduction in sound as
compared with no sound blocking material.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 13/294,081, filed Nov. 10, 2011 incorporated by reference in
its entirety.
FIELD OF INVENTION
[0002] In general, this invention relates to the field of building
construction. More particularly, the present invention relates to a
composite membrane wood floor diaphragm for new buildings and
strengthening of the existing buildings to provide improved load
transfer capacity and resistance of membrane of wood floor
diaphragm to gravity and lateral loads, such as earthquake and/or
wind for buildings with wood floor framing.
BACKGROUND
Wood Structures--Horizontal Diaphragm
[0003] According to the American Wood and Forest Association's
"Details for Conventional Wood Frame Construction", wood frame
construction continues to be the predominant method of constructing
homes and apartments. This is due to the inherent strength and
durability of wood frame buildings. Increasingly, wood framing is
also being utilized in the construction of commercial and
industrial mid-rise buildings. Wood frame buildings are economical
to build and to heat and cool down, providing comfort for the
occupants. Moreover, wood construction is readily adaptable to a
wide variety of architectural building styles.
[0004] There are two (2) predominant styles of wood frame
construction in the building industry: balloon and platform (see,
e.g., FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4). In general, balloon framing is a
technique that suspends the floors from the walls. Vertical wood
studs extend the full height of the walls of a balloon frame
building, and floor joists are fastened to the studs with nails.
Balloon construction is a system of framing a wooden building,
whereby all vertical structural elements of the exterior bearing
walls and partitions consist of single studs that extend the full
height of the frame, from the top of the sill plate to the roof
plate, and all floor joists fasten by nails to the studs.
[0005] The balloon-frame house with wood cladding, invented in
Chicago in the 1840s, aided the rapid settlement of the western
U.S. The introduction and ensuing popularity of balloon frame
construction coincided with the intensification of the settlement
of Wisconsin and the opening of Wisconsin's forests to the lumber
industry. By 1892, the vast amount of milled lumber available made
balloon frame construction an inexpensive and expedient choice for
Wisconsin builders, and wood frame buildings of all descriptions
became ubiquitous on the landscape. This method of construction was
common until the late 1940s.
[0006] The balloon style of construction has mostly been
discontinued due to a number of factors, including, but not limited
to the overall low fire resistance and the high cost of lengthy
studs, which together inhibits the use of the balloon method of
construction in multi-story buildings. This led the industry to the
platform style of construction, in which each floor of the building
is built as a separate unit from floors above and below it. In
North America, with its abundant softwood forests, the framed
building received an extensive revival after World War II in the
form of platform framing. Since that time, platform framing has
become the predominant form of wood frame construction.
[0007] In a contemporary multi-story building, a general platform
construction sequence can be briefly described as follows.
Reference is made to FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4. FIG. 1 shows a typical
section view cut through the exterior bearing wall, where the floor
framing is perpendicular to the exterior wall. This typical section
(FIG. 1) pertains to a platform construction and illustrates a
typical floor joist bearing over the bearing one-sided shear wall
below with an upper story bearing shear wall above, conceptually
showing typical/standard gravity and lateral load transfer
connections, structural floor diaphragm and other major
non-structural elements, such as exterior stucco, drywall and
flooring, etc.
[0008] FIG. 2 shows a typical section view cut through the interior
bearing wall where the regular wood joist floor framing on the left
side is parallel to the subject wall below and above and the wood
framing on the right hand side is perpendicular to the interior
wall above and below. This typical section pertains to platform
construction and it illustrates a typical floor joist bearing over
the bearing one-sided shear wall below with an upper story bearing
shear wall above, conceptually showing typical/standard gravity and
lateral load transfer connections, structural floor diaphragm and
other major non-structural elements (such as exterior stucco,
drywall and flooring, etc.).
[0009] Upon completion of the earthwork (i.e., excavation for the
foundation), a foundation is typically laid and installed.
Thereafter, first floor walls are erected, ending with a double top
plate 4 on top of the studs 1. Then, the floor framing elements,
such as floor joists 3 and blocking 7, or floor joists 26 and
blocking 28 and 29 if an engineered wood framing system is
utilized, are added. The subfloor plywood 11 is then constructed.
Subfloor 11 is generally defined in the construction industry as
"rough" floor, typically plywood, over which flooring material 18
is laid. Subfloor membrane 11 is attached to the floor framing
system below with fasteners 24 in accordance with the floor
diaphragm fastening schedule, forming a structural floor diaphragm
that is defined and discussed in a greater detail below. After the
second floor base plate 8 is installed over the subfloor, the wall
studs 2 go up to the third-floor level to a top plate again. Over
that top plate, the process is repeated for the next floor up and
so forth. The ceiling structure at the roof level and the rood
structure itself are installed over the very last double top plate.
Once rough framing of the structure is complete (i.e., the
structure skeleton is erected), including but not limited to the
installation of shear transfer hardware 6 and 9, then other
non-structural elements of the building, such as but not limited to
exterior stucco 12, exterior building paper and wire mesh 13,
interior drywall sheathing 14, wall thermal insulation 15, floor
thermal insulation 16, and interior drywall ceiling sheathing 23
are scheduled for installation, traditionally postponing the
installation of flooring material 18 towards the very end of the
structure construction sequence.
[0010] The advent of contemporary construction technologies brought
engineered wood to the construction industry market as an
alternative material choice to the traditional wood. Engineered
wood products, see FIGS. 3 and 4, are typically used in a host of
structural applications, ranging from home construction to
agricultural buildings to large commercial structures.
[0011] FIG. 3 shows a typical section view cut through the exterior
bearing wall where an engineered wood I-beam floor framing is
perpendicular to the exterior wall. This typical section pertains
to platform construction and it illustrates a typical engineered
wood I-beam floor joist bearing over the bearing one-sided shear
wall below with an upper story bearing shear wall above,
conceptually showing typical gravity and lateral load transfer
connections, structural floor diaphragm and other major
non-structural elements, such as exterior stucco, drywall and
flooring, etc.
[0012] FIG. 4 shows a typical section view cut through the interior
bearing wall where an engineered wood I-beam floor joist framing on
the left side is parallel to the subject wall below and above and
an engineered wood I-beam floor framing on the right hand side is
perpendicular to the interior wall(s) above and below. This typical
section pertains to platform construction and it illustrates a
typical engineered wood I-beam bearing over the bearing one-sided
shear wall below with an upper story bearing shear wall above,
conceptually showing typical gravity and lateral load transfer
connections, a structural floor diaphragm membrane, and other major
non-structural elements such as exterior stucco, drywall and
flooring, etc.
[0013] In both residential and commercial construction, engineered
wood products are typically used in longer span floors with reduced
or limited deflection criteria, walls, and roofs. Use of engineered
wood applications have not introduced any principal changes to the
normal platform construction sequence briefly described above.
[0014] Blocking noise from floor-to-floor is the most common, yet
challenging request in soundproofing. While a lack of a desired
level of floor sound suppression persists in the construction
industry, the current industry interpretation of the term "sound
barrier" refers to a system that decreases propagation of sound
traveling through the floor system. Regretfully, sound suppression
continues to play role of a sound or noise propagation control
rather than a sound barrier system.
[0015] Rick Berg's article "Using a Sound Barrier With Wood
Flooring" in the June/July 2002 edition of Hardwood Floors Magazine
recognizes significant ongoing customer demand for a " . . . better
job of controlling sound transmission between living quarters,"
noting that building codes typically specify two types of
sound-control ratings: IIC (Impact Insulation Class) and STC (Sound
Transmission Class). A rating of 50 decibels for each class is
generally is a standard requirement. The IIC class relates to sound
transmitted as a result of impact on a surface, such as footsteps
on a floor for example. The STC class relates to airborne sounds,
such as voices and music. Sound control underlayments often carry
an STC rating, as well as an IIC rating. However, flooring products
really have a substantial effect only on impact sounds.
[0016] The aforementioned article reveals that "in some cases,
we've seen developers asking for a IIC in the 60s. . . . Sometimes
you can achieve that in a concrete structure with suspended
ceilings, but you can't expect to be in the 60s with a wood-frame
structure. The structure itself limits that." In reality, a rating
in the range of 50 decibels or even 60 decibels for wood frame
structures is well below the desired range of high 80 decibels or
even 90 decibels. Current art pertinent to the acoustic materials
in the industry include materials for sound insulation in wood
frame construction that typically rely on employing of one (1) or
more types of noise propagation reduction systems from the
following general list:
[0017] 1. Use of actual flooring materials as soundproof material.
Obviously, and as said in the aforementioned article, different
flooring materials have very different sound transfer qualities.
Carpet flooring, for an example, is a material with one of the
highest soundproof ratings. However, it is highly problematic due
to a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the major
known issues of indoor air quality, and serviceability issues
associated with particle residue retained between the carpet pad
and carpet itself. Such residue is known to cause allergies,
breathing problems, respiratory infections and asthma. Furthermore,
accumulation of moisture and, as a consequence, most likely growing
bacteria such as mold that is not removable by means of regular
cleaning, creates a major problem for the consumers, not to mention
the overall high maintenance factor.
[0018] 2. Use of sound control underlayment, such as cork or even
an engineered noise control insulation mat that is intended to
limit only a certain percentage of impact noise between the floors.
If sound control underlayment is employed, it is normally installed
between the flooring 18 and plywood sheathing 11 (refer to FIGS. 1
to 4). Sound control underlayment is not called out in FIGS. 1 to 4
since it does not embody the industry standard or mandatory
requirement in all the typical cases.
[0019] 3. Interior drywall sheathing 23 per FIGS. 1 to 4 or, in
older construction, use of so called acoustic ceiling, also known
in the industry as "popcorn ceiling" instead of drywall sheathing
23. The "popcorn ceiling" can be found in some of the older
structures since it was popular from the late 1950's through the
early 1980's. Even if difficulty in cleaning and the issue of
architectural appearance are negated and not considered as main
factors against use of acoustic ceilings, the main prohibiting
factor against this type of ceiling today is the presence of
asbestos.
[0020] Interior drywall sheathing 23 itself is not very effective
as a primary sound reduction system. Some local building and safety
jurisdictions suggest addition of 5/8 inch gypsum board to the
existing ceiling construction, while other jurisdictions, depending
on building occupancy and other factors beyond the scope of this
discussion, simply require doubling drywall sheathing 23 to achieve
a satisfactory reduction in noise propagation. In either case, even
a 0.5 inch thickness increase in ceiling board system essentially
means an increase on the overall dead load of the floor system by
2.5 pounds per square foot. Obviously, such an approach offers a
less than desirable solution from both the design gravity load
standpoint and the design lateral load increase standpoint.
Meanwhile, all of the systems described above offer a noise
transmission reduction remedial solution that operate in the 50
decibel range or at the very best 60 decibel range.
[0021] Although the acoustic engineering society has made attempts
in the past to work on finding a solution in form of an improvement
in the current state of the art, the building community has created
an opposition that has thus far blocked these attempts due to the
increase in the cost of construction. However, a lack of a proper
noise blocking barrier can lead to medical problems associated with
exposure to noise. Complications, related to the exposure to
certain levels of noise in different environments, may result in an
undesirable outcome. For an example, exposure to noise in the
hospital or at school is a nuisance that inflicts various negative
impacts on patient's and student's nervous system.
[0022] Currently, the industry has not yet offered to the consumer
a floor-to-floor noise blocking barrier that can operate in the
high 80s decibel range or even 90 decibel range, despite the
tendency toward higher population densities in urban areas. Privacy
at home has become of greater importance, not to mention the
rapidly developing trend of multi-level housing that brings the
neighbor noise issue to the forefront, highlighting a need for
exceptional, non-remedial solutions in form of an adequate noise
blocking barrier.
[0023] In structural engineering, a diaphragm is generally defined
as structural system used to transfer lateral loads to shear walls
or frames primarily through in-plane shear stress. These lateral
loads are usually the result of wind and earthquake loads, but
other lateral loads such as lateral earth pressure or hydrostatic
pressure can also be resisted by diaphragm action. Diaphragms are
usually constructed of plywood or oriented strand board in timber
construction, metal deck or composite metal deck in steel
construction, or a concrete slab in concrete construction.
[0024] The Second Edition of Dictionary of Architecture &
Construction by Cyril Harris defines a diaphragm as "A floor slab,
metal wall panel, roof panel, or the like, having a sufficiently
large in-plane shear stiffness and sufficient strength to transmit
horizontal forces to resisting systems."
[0025] The diaphragm of a structure often does double duty as the
floor system and roof system of a building, or the deck of a
bridge, which simultaneously supports gravity loads. The common
floor diaphragm serves a dual purpose by supporting vertical forces
(from loads such as furniture, people, snow, uplift, and its own
dead load) and by transmitting horizontal forces (from wind
pressure or earthquake accelerations) to the vertical load
resisting elements of the structure, such as the shears walls. In
the wood frame structure, shear walls play the role of lateral
support during the lateral load transfer action. In a common form
of sheathed construction, the diaphragm membrane is usually a
planar system of sheathing connected to the frame members, intended
to act together to withstand considerable in-plane forces.
Diaphragm stiffness is an important parameter in the design of wood
framed structures to calculate the predicted deflection, and
thereby determine if a diaphragm may be classified as rigid or
flexible. The two primary types of diaphragms are identified in the
industry as flexible and rigid. This classification controls the
method by which load is transferred from the diaphragm to the
supporting structure below. Flexible diaphragms resist lateral
forces depending on the tributary area, irrespective of the
flexibility of the members to which they are transferring force. On
the other hand, rigid diaphragms transfer load to frames or shear
walls depending on their flexibility and their location in the
structure.
[0026] Parts of a diaphragm include: the membrane, used as a shear
panel to carry in-plane shear; the drag strut member, used to
transfer the load to the shear walls or frames; and the chord, used
to resist the tension and compression forces that develop in the
diaphragm, since the membrane is usually incapable of handling
these loads alone.
[0027] According to the "HISTORY OF YARD LUMBER SIZE STANDARDS" by
L. W. SMITH, Wood Technologist and L. W. WOOD, Engineer (Forest
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture), early standards called
for green rough lumber to be of full nominal dimension when dry,
but the requirements have changed over time. For example, in 1910,
a typical finished 1-inch (25 mm) board was 13/16 inch (21 mm). In
1928, that dimension was reduced by 4%, and yet again by 4% in
1956. In 1961, at a meeting in Scottsdale, Arizona, the Committee
on Grade Simplification and Standardization agreed to what is now
the current U.S. standard: in part, the dressed size of a 1 inch
(nominal) board is fixed at 3/4 inch; while the dressed size of a 2
inch (nominal) lumber was reduced from 15/8 inch to the today's
standard of 11/2 inch. Therefore, currently, typical 2.times. joist
3 is actually 1.5 inches thick.
[0028] More often use of the open space or open floor design
concept in contemporary architectural designs require wood floor
diaphragms to span farther and farther horizontally without a
support (walls, column, etc.). In many cases, architectural design
parameters create situations where walls above a floor are not
aligned with or not located directly beneath the walls on that
floor, thereby requiring certain parts of the floor diaphragm to be
responsible for the lateral load transfer from walls above down to
the walls below through the floor diaphragm. This situation
automatically leads to development of higher stresses within the
horizontal diaphragm. The same and/or similar challenges are
described in the SEAOSC's article "Thinking Outside the Box: New
approaches to very large flexible diaphragms" by John W. Lawson, SE
of Kramer & Lawson, Inc. (Tustin, Calif.). However, the
aforementioned article notes that "wood roof diaphragms are being
required to span farther horizontally with higher shear
stresses."
[0029] It is certainly understood that especially high span,
flexible wood diaphragm behavior is somewhat similar to the
behavior of a beam subjected to bending (flexure). A horizontal
wood diaphragm span between vertical supports, for example shear
walls in the out-of-plane direction, as schematically shown on FIG.
6. Because of the beam-like behavior in the out-of-plane direction
as schematically demonstrated in FIG. 6, lateral force 20
application throughout the diaphragm system causes a different type
of stresses to occur within the different components of the
diaphragm.
[0030] Besides the lateral forces (caused by earthquake, strong
wind, etc.) that travel through the diaphragm and cause shear
stresses, due to the beam-like behavior in the out-of-plane
direction diaphragm, there are also forces or force components that
occur in the membrane of the diaphragm and act in direction 49 as
shown on FIG. 7 (also FIGS. 5A and 5C), imposing forces onto the
plywood panels 11, perpendicular to the direction of the edge
spacings 22 that run parallel to (or along) the direction of floor
joist 3 or 26. Subject forces 49 imposed in the direction as shown
in FIGS. 5B and 5D pull the plywood away, imposing forces in the
same direction onto the fasteners 24. Force 49 is also
perpendicular to the direction of lateral force 20 and,
correspondingly, reaction (and shear transfer) force 41. This
action, development and corresponding imposition of a sufficient
amount of force in the direction 49 will cause excessive stresses
in: (1) the most vulnerable area from the structural point region
37 of wood panel 11 on FIG. 5A and, correspondingly, region 41 on
FIG. 5C; (2) fastener 22 on FIG. 5A and FIG. 5D; and (3) joist 3 of
FIG. 5A or joist 26 on FIG. 5C, causing cracking or splitting 50 as
schematically shown on FIG. 5B and FIG. 5D.
[0031] The issue (1) above can also occur if fasteners 24 are
located too close to the edge of plywood panels. For a regular
construction assembly where 2.times. framing such as 3 is used,
based on the dimension 36 and 22, the dimension 37 would be
approximately within one quarter inch. That is in the best case
scenario, neglecting normal intolerances associated with field
installation that happens routinely. The dimension 40 of FIG. 5C
per current standards varies from 13/4 inch for TJI 110 joists to
31/2 inches for TJI 560 joists. The heavier the joist 26, the
longer the joist span and, correspondingly, the heavier the
resulting diaphragm loads. This leads to the introduction of
staggered fasteners, spaced closer when dimension 40 jumps to
values higher than 13/4 inch. A staggered nailing pattern again
leaves the same problem unresolved for at least 50% of the
fasteners, located closest to the edge of panel 11, not offering
much higher number than 37 on FIG. 5A, and fasteners 24 are still
too close to the edge of plywood panels 11. Therefore, it is
evident that the problem of fasteners 24 being too close to the
edge of plywood panel 11 exist in both cases. This issue of
fasteners 24 located too close to the edge of plywood panels 11 in
this type of construction leaves an automatic failure path for
plywood to tear through the nails and pull away, as shown on FIG.
5B and 5D.
[0032] Issue (2) is likely to result in an overstressing in
fastener 22 to the point of loss of structural integrity and
corresponding flexure (bending), as schematically shown on FIG. 5B
and FIG. 5D. Issue (3) above shall be described as crack or split
(separation) development 50 as schematically shown on FIG. 5B and
FIG. 5D due to localized stress occurrence, caused by the force
exerted by each fastener 24 in the row onto the joist 3 on FIG. 5A
or joist 26 on FIG. 5C, in the direction of force 49, perpendicular
to the wood grain as shown.
[0033] As also discussed in the aforementioned SEAOSC's article, a
proposed remedy for issue (1) would be the "multiple lines of
nails, on 3.times. and 4.times. framing, with special inspection."
In addition, the following statement is made in the article: "As in
all wood diaphragms, closely spaced nails that align with the wood
grain could cause wood splitting that compromises the nail's
gripping strength. The use of a staggered nailing pattern and wider
framing members minimizes the risk of lumber splitting due to tight
nail spacings." The subject statement reflects one current solution
for both roof and horizontal floor diaphragm construction.
[0034] The industry standard 4 foot by 8 foot plywood panels 11 are
to be typically installed in the wood diaphragm construction in the
transverse direction (perpendicular) to the direction of floor
joist. Panels 11 are typically staggered and edge spacing lines
between plywood panels are thereby normally spaced every 4 feet
apart. The aforementioned remedial solution suggests use of
3.times. or 4.times. framing at least every 4 feet where panel
joints 22 occur. If framing joists are spaced at 16 inches on
center, then every third member would be a 4.times. or 3.times.
wood beam instead of the 2.times. joist. This offers an almost cost
prohibitive, less than practical solution that also increases the
dead load of the structure, inadvertently causing an increase in
the design seismic load. Higher mass of the structure (dead load)
simply means higher seismic load. The natural difference in
stiffness between the typical 2.times. joist and a 4.times. or
3.times. wood beam used as a joist in case of uniform long floor
diaphragm may also invite issues with uneven gravity load
distribution and transfer within the floor system, posting
unexpected potential issues with overall floor system long term
performance. Obviously, use of 4.times. or 3.times. wood beams do
not offer an acceptable solution for the issues (1), (2) and (3)
above.
[0035] As also mentioned earlier, flooring material is
traditionally not a part of the structural system of typical wood
frame building. Normally, flooring material is not accounted for by
the building designers to structurally resist gravity or lateral
loads. From a structural standpoint, flooring self-weight or dead
load is simply an additional mass to be considered for the gravity
and lateral load design of the floor system as part of the
structure and, consequently, design of corresponding portions of
the structure responsible for carrying and resisting extra loading
exerted by this mass.
[0036] The average life expectancy of a regular wood structure is
in the neighborhood of one hundred years, depending on a number of
factors. Throughout the life of the structure, it is usually
expected that flooring will be changed periodically. Frequency of
removal and replacement with new flooring normally depends on the
type and overall serviceability and durability of the flooring
material. Traditionally, flooring material in the industry is not
used as part of the structural system of the building, often,
carpet flooring is installed temporarily, solely to expedite the
escrow closure process during the property acquisition and/or in
efforts to obtain a formal certificate of occupancy in the new or
remodeled building.
[0037] Not utilizing flooring as part of the structural system of
the building traditionally creates challenges in the industry,
including, but not limited to, moot points during the design phase.
The structure is designed to carry a certain weight. Whether the
structure is designed to carry 1 pound per square foot or 15 pounds
per square foot weight of the floor makes a major difference. Often
times, not being able to define and, therefore, not knowing the
weight of the flooring material while the architectural design
decisions related to the flooring choice has not been made or is
being changed numerous times during the design process inserts a
definiteness issue between the offices of the architect and the
engineer. It is the engineer who is simultaneously estimating the
structural design of the building, often times not knowing and only
assuming a certain weight of the flooring material. This negatively
affects both cost of the design and cost of the project during the
construction phase. Conservative design for an additional weight
may not always represent the safest and most economical design.
[0038] To summarize, putting aside the aforementioned challenges
that transpire during the design phase due to lack of knowledge of
the material weight while designing the actual structure, not
utilizing flooring material as part of the structure creates a
situation in the industry where flooring material is an
afterthought that constitutes merely a burden to the structure of
the building, an additional or added extra weight to be carried
from the gravity load and lateral load transfer standpoints,
without any participation in load resistance.
[0039] Strengthening or seismic rehabilitation of the diaphragms in
the existing structures as part of the overall seismic
strengthening program for the existing buildings is an important
development in the current building industry that presents
additional challenges. Reference is made to the Chapter 22 of
"Diaphragm Rehabilitation Technique" of FEMA 547, and "Techniques
for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings". Although the
aforementioned document also states that "Diaphragm failures are
less commonly observed in earthquakes," the same document reveals a
significant problem related to "the disruption caused by
strengthening the diaphragm [that] can be quite significant, so
diaphragm rehabilitation is less commonly employed than adding
global strength and stiffness, or improving connection paths."
[0040] In general, FEMA 547 calls inadequate diaphragm strength
and/or stiffness as a main deficiency to be addressed by FEMA's
rehabilitation technique. FEMA 547 refers to the addition of new
wood structural panel sheathing as the "traditional and common
approach to diaphragm strengthening," also stating that "adding
fastening and blocking to existing wood structural panel sheathing
can also be done." Furthermore, FEMA 547 on page 22-1 specifically
calls for and describes the following proposed techniques:
[0041] I. Replacing existing sheathing with new wood structural
panel sheathing.
[0042] II. Wood structural panel sheathing overlays with new
blocking.
[0043] III. Wood structural panel sheathing overlays without new
blocking.
[0044] Although FEMA 547 addresses the existing wood structural
panel diaphragm related issues, mentioning that "an issue that
often arises is whether existing joists, which are typically
thicker than the code assumed 11/2'', can count as 3.times.
blocking. Some engineers ratio values between 2.times. and 3.times.
code capacities . . . ." The specific problem, associated with
stresses caused by the force 49 (see FIG. 5A, 5B and 6), that occur
in the existing wood structural panel diaphragm as described above,
is not mentioned.
[0045] Another problem related to the use of the proposed remedies
by FEMA such as the wood structural panel sheathing overlay
technique(s) is the imposition of permanent weight (dead load) onto
the existing structural system that may be incapable of carrying
such additional dead load without strengthening and/or structural
alterations. Although FEMA 547 states that "adding structural wood
panel sheathing over existing sheathing adds weight to diaphragm .
. . this rarely poses a problem," it is said thereafter that " the
engineer should consider the issue." Since plywood weight is equal
to 3 pounds per square foot per inch of thickness, even the
addition of a 5/8 inch thick plywood panel overlay will cause a
permanent increase in the dead load by at least 2 pounds per square
foot. Without analysis of the existing structure and possible
strengthening of the gravity load resisting system of the existing
structure, such an increase in dead load creates an additional
burden in form of the overstress, excessive deflections, or in some
rare cases even a so called near failure state situation within the
existing gravity load resisting system that exists in the older
buildings.
[0046] Inasmuch as there has been worldwide attempts to develop
conceptually new earthquake resisting systems for the buildings,
such attempts are mainly focused on vertical earthquake resisting
elements. The floor diaphragm as part of the structural earthquake
resisting system attracts less attention than vertical earthquake
resisting elements, such as shear walls, moment resisting frames,
braced frames, etc.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0047] Although the following detailed description contains many
specifics for the purposes of illustration, anyone of ordinary
skill in the art will readily appreciate that many variations and
alterations to the following exemplary details are within the scope
of the invention. Accordingly, the following preferred embodiment
of the invention is set forth without any loss of generality to,
and without imposing limitations upon, the claimed invention.
[0048] One object of this invention is an introduction of a
composite membrane of a structural wood floor diaphragm comprised
of an end grain mosaic parquet floor directly attached to a plywood
subfloor by means of a high strength adhesive. As a result of
creating the aforementioned composite membrane of structural wood
floor diaphragm, flooring material is being employed to positively
contribute to the structural system of a new or existing wood
diaphragm of a building by means of its participation in gravity
and lateral load resistance action, as well as a lateral load
transfer mechanism. Thereby, flooring material is being included
into the actual structural system of the new or existing wood frame
building.
[0049] Another object of this invention is an introduction of
four-way interlocking parquet designs denoted "Single Board Basket
Weave" and "Double Board Basket Weave," respectively. Both of these
designs are made from sizes of long components such as, for
example, 3 inches by 9 inches, 3 inches by 12 inches, or 21/4
inches by 9 inches, and small components about 3 inches by 3 inches
or 21/4 inches by 21/4 inches. Design "Double Board Basket Weave"
has a higher structural strength due to the fact that all long
components are doubled and glued together.
[0050] Another object of this invention is an installation of
parquet designs "Single Board Basket Weave" and "Double Board
Basket Weave" over a plywood subfloor diagonally while long
components (9 inches to 12 inches in length) create a bridging over
the edge spacing between plywood panels, holding those plywood
panels together and providing reinforcement of this vulnerable
region within a plywood subfloor. For the new building construction
as well as for the purposes of strengthening (rehabilitation) of
the plywood panel diaphragms of the existing buildings, a mosaic
parquet floor system does not continue under the wall framing. This
bridging action provides an improved resistance to forces in a
direction perpendicular to the direction of in-plane lateral
(seismic or wind) diaphragm force application, thus improving
resistance to the initial tributary seismic or wind forces applied
to the floor diaphragm. This installation noticeably improves the
ability of the wooden diaphragm to withstand adverse lateral load
conditions caused by earthquake and/or strong wind.
[0051] Another object of this invention is to demonstrate a system
for installing flooring material in a new wood framed building
after completion of the plywood subfloor installation, extending
the flooring material all the way underneath the succeeding wall
framing, but prior to the construction of the subsequent floor wall
framing. This installation system provides advanced improvement in
a diaphragm's capacity to withstand lateral loads by increasing
shear load resistance capacity in the direction parallel to the
wall by installing shear transfer connectors all the way through
the entire composite membrane of the wood diaphragm, rather than
just plywood sheathing alone.
[0052] Another objective of this invention is the introduction of a
multi-purpose sound barrier system that will offer a floor-to-floor
noise blocking barrier that can operate in the high 80 decibel or
even 90 decibel range. This multi-purpose sound barrier system is
installed in the free space between the floor joists. This system
also serves the dual purpose of floor thermal insulation and fire
protection. The multi-purpose sound barrier system may be used in
new building construction and can further be utilized during the
course of strengthening (rehabilitation) existing buildings
wherever space access between the floor joists is feasible.
[0053] There are essentially three kinds of glue joints of the
wood:
[0054] End to end , which has the lowest bonding;
[0055] End to edge, which has a medium bonding strength; and
[0056] Edge to edge, which has the highest bonding strength.
[0057] In view of the foregoing, another object of the invention is
a wooden membrane in the form of an end grain mosaic parquet
construction, where all the joints of the components are edge to
edge and made in sizes from 2 inches to 12 inches to provide a high
number of glue joints, which will increase structural strength of
such construction.
[0058] A preferred embodiment of the foregoing parquet construction
involves making this end grain mosaic parquet membrane from Douglas
fir, because of its relatively high density, large sizes of the
trees, and plentiful supply of such timber.
[0059] Another object of this innovation is making an end grain
parquet flooring 0.53 inches thick, which will become 0.50 inches
thick after sanding. This thickness is a preferred parameter for
being part of composite membrane of wood structural diaphragm due
to its stiffness compatibility with plywood.
[0060] Another object of this invention is reprocessing of Douglas
fir lumber through its heat treating. During this process, due to
high temperatures (e.g., over two hundred degrees Celsius), cells
of the wood collapse and melt together. As a result, moisture
cannot travel through the wood, making it highly
moisture-resistant, and allows usage of such lumber in exterior
conditions. During the heat treating process, all resin, as a part
of Douglas fir, bakes out, making the wood porous and therefore,
increases its gluing capacity. This process also removes the sugars
and resins that provide a food source for mold, mildew, rot, and
insects. The heat treatment also causes the wood to become more
porous as the sugars and resins are removed, making the gluing
process more effective.
[0061] Another object of this invention is utilizing different
regimes of heat treating process (variations of temperatures and
duration of the process) which will provide numerous color
variations of heat treated Douglas fir, allowing a production of
many aesthetically pleasing products.
[0062] Another object of this invention is utilizing an adhesive
for an application between all components of parquet panels with a
high structural strength after its curing. This adhesive should
have a level of viscosity that can be placed by an application and
remain inside those spaces. This adhesive should have an open time
window between 45 to 90 minutes, and after its curing, gain
rigidity while still having a sufficient degree of elasticity to be
able to deform reversibly under stresses within glue joints to
allow a certain degree of in-plane flexibility in order to permit
minor deformations of the entire flexible composite wood membrane
system due to its expected movement under lateral forces applied to
the diaphragm.
[0063] Another object of this invention is a method of preparation
of mosaic parquet panels for its installation, while an adhesive is
applied between each joint of all components of the panels.
[0064] Another object of this invention is a method of an
application of parquet panels and transverse and longitudinal
boards over a plywood subfloor by placing them over an adhesive,
beginning a distance about 1'' from its final position and sliding
each component over the adhesive into its final position. This
sliding movement provides an even distribution of adhesive
underneath the panels and will force excess adhesive to be pushed
through the edges to the surface, filling all spaces of the joints
between panels, transverse and longitudinal boards, providing an
ideal glue bond of the entire parquet membrane.
[0065] Another object of this invention is the coloring of both
adhesives (for panel application and parquet installation.) Color
of those adhesives should be comparable with the color of growth
rings of Douglas fir after its finishing.
[0066] An object of this invention is a protection of installed
parquet flooring by applying pressure sensitive covered plastic
tape over unprotected areas of the flooring, which allows the
flooring to be unfinished indefinitely during construction process,
regardless of area of installation (inside/interior or in outside
conditions before walls and roofs are installed).
[0067] Another object of this invention is the application of an
adhesive to all components of parquet panels to attain structural
strength after its curing. This adhesive has a level of viscosity
that can be placed by an application and remain inside those
spaces. This adhesive has an open time window between 45 to 90
minutes, and after curing, gain rigidity while still having
sufficient degree of elasticity.
[0068] Another object of this invention is a method of preparation
of mosaic parquet panels for its installation, while an adhesive is
applied between each joint of all components of the panels.
[0069] Another objective of this invention is the coloring of both
adhesives (for panel application and parquet installation). Color
of the adhesives should be comparable with the color of the wood
after its finishing.
[0070] Another object of this invention is a protection of an
installed parquet flooring by applying a pressure sensitive covered
plastic tape over the unprotected areas of the flooring, which
allows the flooring to be unfinished indefinitely during
construction process.
[0071] Another object of this invention is a multi-purpose sound
barrier system that will offer a floor-to-floor noise blocking
barrier that can operate in the high 80s decibel level or even 90s
decibel range. This multi-purpose sound barrier system is to be
installed in the free space between the structural elements; such
as, for example the steel beams supporting the concrete slab. This
system also serves a dual purpose of floor thermal insulation and
fire protection. The aforementioned multi-purpose sound barrier
system is intended for new building construction, and can be
utilized to reinforce existing buildings wherever space between the
structural elements and supporting concrete slab is accessible.
[0072] Another object of this invention is a packaging of assembled
mosaic parquet panels and its individual components, which are not
a portion of the panels within one hour after its assembly.
Packages are sealed by tape similar to the tape that is used in the
parquet assembly. Such packaging is important to protect the end
grain wood from absorbing moisture or otherwise be affected by
humidity changes that can lead to expansion or shrinkage of the
boards.
[0073] Another object of the invention is the placing of end grain
mosaic parquet panels or boards and individual components inside a
wrap or sealed container and kept in such wrap or sealed container
until approximately one hour before installation. Keeping the
panels wrapped or sealed in a container prevents changes in the
dimensions of the panels which can lead to difficulties during the
installation process.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0074] In order to better explain the characteristics of the
invention, the following preferred embodiments are described as an
example only without being limitative in any way, with reference to
the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0075] FIG. 1 to FIG. 6 show prior art constructions;
[0076] FIG. 7 is a schematic of a single board basket weave
configuration mosaic parquet pattern;
[0077] FIG. 8A is a cross sectional view, partially enlarged,
illustrating an application of adhesive between components of a
panel;
[0078] FIG. 8B is a cross sectional view of the panels of FIG. 8A
after an application of the adhesive;
[0079] FIG. 9A is a schematic view of a single board basket weave
configuration;
[0080] FIG. 9B is a cross-section view of a panel installed over
plywood subfloor;
[0081] FIG. 9C and FIG. 9D illustrate installation of a single
board basket weave configuration;
[0082] FIG. 10 is a schematic view of an installation of transverse
and longitudinal boards on the side of a first row of parquet
panels in a single board basket weave configuration;
[0083] FIG. 11 is a schematic view of an installation of a second
row of panels in a single board basket weave configuration;
[0084] FIG. 12 illustrates an application of a tape over
unprotected areas of parquet flooring;
[0085] FIG. 13 is a schematic view of a double board basket weave
configuration;
[0086] FIG. 14A is a cross sectional view, partially enlarged,
illustrating an application of adhesive between components of a
panel;
[0087] FIG. 14B is a cross sectional view of the panels of FIG. 8A
after an application of the adhesive;
[0088] FIG. 15A is a schematic view of a double board basket weave
configuration;
[0089] FIG. 15B illustrates a cross-section view of a panel
installed over plywood subfloor;
[0090] FIG. 15C and FIG. 15D illustrate an installation of a double
board basket weave configuration;
[0091] FIG. 16 is a schematic view of an installation of double
board insert panels and double board locking panels on the side of
a first row of parquet panels in a double board basket weave
configuration;
[0092] FIG. 17 is a schematic view of an installation of a second
row of panels to the configuration of FIG. 16;
[0093] FIG. 18 illustrates an application of a tape over
unprotected areas of parquet flooring;
[0094] FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view at floor level of a wood
frame building through the exterior bearing shear wall;
[0095] FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view at floor level of a wood
frame building through the interior bearing shear wall;
[0096] FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view, partially enlarged, cut
through the wood floor ;
[0097] FIGS. 22-28 are various cross-sectional views, partially
enlarged, cut at floor level of an engineered wood frame building
through the exterior bearing shear wall; and
[0098] FIG. 29 and FIG. 30 are enlarged portions of the
cross-sectional view of a mosaic parquet floor system installed
over the edge spacing of plywood panels located over the wood floor
joist.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Glossary Of Symbols (Legend Of Numerical Symbols):
[0099] #1: 2.times. wall wood studs (below /underneath floor joist)
[0100] #2: 2.times. wall wood studs (above floor joist) [0101] #3:
2.times. floor wood joists [0102] #4: 2.times. double top plate,
nailed together [0103] #5: Shear wall sheathing and nailing [0104]
#6: Shear transfer connector [0105] #7: 2.times. or 3.times.
blocking between the floor joists [0106] #8: 2.times. or 3.times.
base plate [0107] #9: Shear wall diaphragm edge nailing [0108] #10:
Shear transfer metal connector [0109] #11: Horizontal structural
plywood sheathing or plywood subfloor [0110] #12: Exterior stucco
[0111] #13: Exterior building paper and wire mesh [0112] #14:
Interior drywall sheathing [0113] #15: Wall thermo insulation
between the studs [0114] #16: Floor thermo insulation between the
joists [0115] #17: Floor special multi-purpose fire and sound proof
insulation between the floor joists; [0116] #18: Flooring, not a
part of structural system of the building [0117] #19: Four-way
interlocking end grain mosaic parquet floor system as part of the
proposed composite membrane of horizontal diaphragm of a structure;
[0118] #20: w.sub.s--lateral (seismic or wind) diaphragm force
acting horizontally [0119] #21: Deflected shape (exaggerated) of
the diaphragm membrane [0120] #22: Edge spacing between plywood
panels [0121] #23: Interior drywall ceiling sheathing (single or
double sheathing); [0122] #24: Plywood sheathing fastener
(connector) to floor joist below [0123] #25: Section cut through
the floor system--See FIG. 21; [0124] #26: Engineered wood I-beam
floor joist framing; [0125] #27: Composite flexible wood diaphragm
membrane [0126] #28: Web stiffener at each bearing [0127] #29:
2.times. or 3.times. blocking (engineered wood) [0128] #30: Section
cut through the floor system--see FIG. 24 [0129] #31: Centerline of
plywood sheathing fastener [0130] #32: Centerline of edge spacing
between plywood panels [0131] #33: Thickness of fastener [0132]
#34: Distance from the centerline of the wood fastener to the edge
of the floor joist. [0133] #35: Distance from the centerline of the
wood fastener to the edge of the plywood. [0134] #36: Width of the
floor joist [0135] #37: Distance from edge of fastener to the edge
of plywood [0136] #38: Distance from the centerline of the wood
fastener to the edge of the engineered wood floor joist [0137] #39:
Distance from the centerline of the wood fastener to the edge of
the plywood [0138] #40: Width of flange of engineered floor joist
[0139] #41: Reaction force at double plate level [0140] #42:
Section cut through the floor system--see FIG. 5A or 5C (Similar).
[0141] #46: Floor multi-purpose fire and sound proof insulation
[0142] #49: Force component acing in a direction perpendicular to
the direction of lateral (seismic or wind) diaphragm force [0143]
#50: Crack or split development within the wood joist or the
engineered wood joist [0144] #101: Long board of parquet [0145]
#102: Small board of parquet [0146] #103: Tape to assemble parquet
panel [0147] #104: Transverse board [0148] #105: Insert board
[0149] #106: Single board basket weave panel [0150] #107: Thickness
of parquet component [0151] #108: Adhesive, applied between
components of parquet panel [0152] #109: Two position table for
application of adhesive between components of parquet panel [0153]
#110: Adhesive to install parquet over subfloor [0154] #111 Space
between two panels of parquet in the beginning of the installation
[0155] #112: Tape to cover unprotected areas of installed parquet
floor [0156] #113: Double board basket weave panel [0157] #114:
Double board transverse subunit [0158] #115: Double board
longitudinal subunit [0159] #116: Section cut through here--refer
to FIG. 9B for section view [0160] #117: Section cut through
here--refer to FIG. 15B for section view
[0161] FIGS. 7 to 12 show a parquet configuration for a hardwood
floor that has boards arranged in a designated pattern to form an
interlocking single unit. In a first preferred embodiment, FIG. 7
illustrates a board pattern referred to herein as a "Single Board
Basket Weave" which is used to overlay on top of a plywood
subfloor. Single board basket weave comprises modules of four long
rectangular shaped boards with a typical proportion of about 1:3
and measurements of, for example, about 3 inches by 9 inches and
four small square boards of about 3 inches by 3 inches. A panel of
single board basket weave can consist of two, three, four, or more
modules, assembled in one panel.
[0162] A preferred panel 106 of single board basket weave comprises
at least two modules. In FIG. 7, each panel 106 of single board
basket weave comprises four long boards 101 arranged in an
end-to-end "T-shaped configuration, e.g., a series of boards
arranged longitudinally, interrupted by transverse boards which are
bisected by the longitudinal boards, where this pattern is
repeated. There are also eight small boards 102 that are placed at
the four corners of the intersection between the longitudinal and
transverse boards. These twelve boards form the panel 106 as shown
in FIG. 7. To interlock this panel with another panel, longitudinal
boards 105 are placed at the small board, large board, small board
interface, with transverse boards 104 placed in the boards between
the small boards. Then a new panel is placed up against the
transverse boards 104, and the pattern is repeated. All components
are preferably made from heat treated Douglas fir lumber with
surfaces of all components of the design in end grain cut, and,
therefore, all sides of those components are edge grained. All
components have straight edges. Once assembled, the panel 106 may
be preferably held together with transparent plastic tape 103 with
a pressure sensitive adhesive applied on one side. The adhesive
side of the tape is installed on the top of the panel, holding all
components together.
[0163] FIG. 8A shows an application of adhesive between each
component of a panel 106. To form a panel of this type, a panel 106
is turned upside down and placed over a two position table top 109
having a linear position and an arced position. The surface of the
table includes a sheet of adhesive tape 103. The table top 109 is
set in the arced position (FIG. 8A) so that all edges of the
components of the panel are opened in a V-shaped position (see
inset, FIG. 8A), where adhesive 108 is placed between the elements
by an applicator (not shown). This adhesive 108 should have a
medium level of viscosity and stay in such condition preferably
between forty five to ninety minutes. After curing, the adhesive
becomes rigid and, at the same time, still has a sufficient degree
of elasticity within the glue joints. Adhesive 108 may be
preferably colored to match the color of the selected wood after
parquet flooring finishing.
[0164] FIG. 8B shows the panel 106 after the table top 109 has been
moved to the flat position, such that when the top portions of the
adjacent boards are brought into proximity with each other, the
V-shaped gap is reduced and the adhesive 108 fills the entire space
between the components of the panel.
[0165] FIG. 9A shows an installation of a first panel of a single
board basket weave 106 over a plywood subfloor. In a preferred
embodiment, the panel 106 is placed diagonal (at a 45.degree.
angle) to the joints 22 of plywood underneath. In this manner, the
exposed joints or edges of the plywood is covered by multiple
panels, creating additional security and reinforcement in the
overlaying panels.
[0166] FIG. 9B shows a cross-section 116 of the panel and subfloor
of FIG. 9A. A preferred thickness of all boards 107 is 0.53 inches,
which becomes 0.50 inches after sanding. The cross sectional view
shows a single board basket weave parquet panel 106 installed over
plywood 11 by placing it into adhesive 110 applied on the surface
of the plywood. This adhesive becomes rigid after curing and
provides a high strength bond between the parquet 106 and the
plywood 11. Adhesive 110, same as adhesive 108, may be colored to
match the color of the boards after parquet flooring finishing.
[0167] FIG. 9C shows an installation of a second single board
basket weave panel 106 over plywood. The second panel is placed
within a distance 111 of about 1 inch from the first panel.
[0168] FIG. 9D shows the first two panels of the single board
basket weave 106 in their final, installed position. As the panels
are pushed along the plywood, adhesive moves up and fills the
spaces between the panels, wetting the vertical edges to provide an
even stronger bond after its curing.
[0169] FIG. 10 shows an installation of a set of transverse boards
104 and longitudinal boards 105 on the side of a first row of
installed single board basket weave parquet by placing the boards
in adhesive on the plywood about 1 inch from their final position
and slid into place, providing a movement up of the adhesive 110 on
the vertical edges.
[0170] FIG. 11 shows an installation of a second row of panels 106
over plywood. At first, one panel 106 is placed over adhesive about
1 inch outside of its final position and moved into position by
sliding it horizontally. Then the second panel 106 is placed over
the adhesive 110 about 1 inch outside of its final position and
moved into position by sliding it horizontally.
[0171] During such installation adhesive 110 moves up the side of
the parquet, filling all the edges of the joints between the
panels.
[0172] FIG. 12 shows an application of tape 112 over unprotected
areas of installed parquet flooring. Tape 112 is similar to tape
103 and placed over the parquet by putting its adhesive applied
surface on the top of the installed parquet. Width 111 of such tape
may be about 3 inches wider than the width of long board 101 of the
parquet.
[0173] FIG. 13-18 show a double board basket weave design and
method of its installation over a plywood subfloor. Both single
board basket weave and double board basket weave are made from the
same materials, treated in the same fashion, produced, assembled,
and installed in the same way. The primary difference between these
designs is that the transverse boards and longitudinal boards in
the double board basket weave are produced and installed as small
subunits, consisting of two boards assembled with tape.
[0174] FIG. 13 shows a panel of double board basket weave 113,
consisting of eight long boards 101 and eight small boards 102,
where long board 101 is of rectangular shape and preferably made in
the proportion of about 1:4 with measurements about 3 inches by 12
inches or 21/4 inches by 9 inches. Small board 102 is preferably
square with sizes accordingly about 3 inches by 3 inches or 21/4
inches by 21/4 inches. A panel 113 is assembled with transparent
plastic tape 103 with a pressure sensitive adhesive applied on one
side. The adhesive side of the tape is installed on the top of the
panel, holding all components together. Additionally, a panel of
double board basket weave parquet has two sets of double transverse
locking boards 114 and two sets of double longitudinal boards
115.
[0175] FIG. 14A shows adhesive between each component of a panel of
double board basket weave 113. The panel 113 is turned upside down
and placed over a two position table top 109, with the tape 103
installed on the bottom. A table top 109 is set in an arced
position such that all edges of the components of the panel are
opened in a v-shaped position, where adhesive 108 is placed by an
applicator (not shown). This adhesive has a medium level of
viscosity and stays in such condition between forty five to ninety
minutes. After curing, the adhesive will become rigid and, at the
same time, still have a sufficient degree of elasticity within the
glue joints.
[0176] FIG. 14B shows a double board basket weave panel 113 in
closed/flat position on the table, where adhesive 108 fills the
entire space between the components of the panel.
[0177] FIG. 15A shows an installation a double board basket weave
panel 113 over a plywood subfloor. The panel is preferably placed
diagonally (on 45 degree angle) with respect to the joints 22 of
plywood underneath.
[0178] FIG. 15B shows a cross-section 117 of FIG. 15A. A thickness
of all of the components 107 is roughly 0.53 inches, which will
become 0.50 inches after sanding. A double board basket weave
parquet panel 113 is installed over the plywood 11 by placing it
into adhesive 110 applied on the surface of the plywood. This
adhesive becomes rigid after curing and provides a high strength
bond between the parquet and the plywood. Adhesive 110, same as
adhesive 108, may be colored to match the color of the selected
wood of the parquet after the parquet flooring's finishing.
[0179] FIG. 15C shows an installation of a second double board
basket weave panel 113 over a plywood subfloor. A second panel is
placed at a distance 111 of about 1 inch from first panel.
[0180] FIG. 15D shows the first two panels of a double board basket
weave 113 in the final/installed position. During the movement of
the panel of about 1 inch over the plywood, adhesive moves up and
fills spaces between the panels, providing a strong glue bond after
curing.
[0181] FIG. 16 shows an installation of sets of double transverse
locking panels 114 and double board longitudinal panels 115 on the
side of a first row of installed double board basket weave parquet
by placing the boards in adhesive and applied on the plywood about
1 inch from their final position and slid together, providing a
movement up of the adhesive 110 on all edges to provide a
structurally strong glue bond after its curing.
[0182] FIG. 17 shows an installation of a second row of panels 113
over plywood. At first, one panel 113 is placed over the adhesive
about 1 inch outside of final position and moved in final position
by sliding it horizontally. Then the second panel 113 is placed
over adhesive 110 about 1'' outside of its final position and moved
into its final position by sliding it horizontally. During such
installation adhesive 110 moves up the side of the parquet, filling
all the edges of the joints between the panels, providing a
structurally strong glue bond after its curing.
[0183] FIG. 18 shows an application of tape 112 over the
unprotected areas of installed parquet flooring. Tape 112 is
similar to tape 103 and placed over the parquet by putting its
adhesive applied surface on the top of the installed parquet. A
width 111 of such tape preferably is about 3 inches wider than a
width of long board 101 of the parquet.
[0184] For FIG. 19, FIG. 20, FIG. 22 and FIG. 23, the mosaic
parquet floor system 19 does not continue under the wall framing of
a new or existing wood frame building. Instead of a non-structural
flooring 18, as described in the Background of Invention, installed
over the subfloor 11, the four-way interlocking end grain mosaic
parquet floor system 19 is diagonally installed over the plywood
subfloor 11 by means of a high strength adhesive 110. The
aforementioned end grain mosaic parquet floor 19 diagonally
installed over to the plywood subfloor 11 beneath by means of a
high strength adhesive 110 achieves formation of a composite
membrane of structural wood floor diaphragm 27. As a result of
creating the aforementioned composite membrane of structural wood
floor diaphragm 27, the flooring material 19 is positively
contributes to the structural system of a new or existing wood
diaphragm building by means of its participation in gravity and
lateral load resistance, as well as acting as a lateral load
transfer mechanism. Thereby, the flooring material is being
included into the actual structural system of the new or existing
wood frame building.
[0185] A bridging is created over the edge spacing 22 between
plywood panels 11, holding the plywood panels 11 together and,
thus, providing reinforcement of vulnerable regions within plywood
subfloor. For new building construction as well as for the purposes
of strengthening (rehabilitation) of the plywood panel diaphragms
of the existing buildings, this bridging action provides improved
resistance to forces in a direction perpendicular to the direction
of in-plane lateral (seismic or wind) diaphragm force application,
thus improving resistance to the initial tributary seismic or wind
forces applied to the floor diaphragm.
[0186] For FIG. 25, FIG. 26, FIG. 27 and FIG. 28, a mosaic parquet
floor system 19 continues under the wall framing of a new or
existing wood frame buildings. Instead of non-structural flooring
18 (see Background of Invention) installed over the subfloor 11,
the four-way interlocking end grain mosaic parquet floor system 19
is diagonally installed over the plywood subfloor 11 beneath by
means of a high strength adhesive 110. The aforementioned end grain
mosaic parquet floor 19 diagonally installed over to the plywood
subfloor 11 by means of high strength adhesive 110 achieves the
formation of a composite membrane of structural wood floor
diaphragm 27. As a result of creating the aforementioned composite
membrane of structural wood floor diaphragm 27, parquet floor 19
positively contributes to the structural system of a new or
existing wood diaphragm of building by means of its participation
in gravity and lateral load resistance action, as well as a lateral
load transfer mechanism. Thereby, flooring material is included
into the actual structural system of the new or existing wood frame
building.
[0187] In FIG. 25, FIG. 26, FIG. 27 and FIG. 28, the flooring
system 19 is installed underneath the of the succeeding wall
framing, prior to the construction of the subsequent floor wall
framing. In FIGS. 25 and 27, the flooring system 19 is installed
all the way up to the end of base plate 8 and the end of plywood
sheathing 11, since the floor system ends past that point. In FIG.
26 and FIG. 28 the flooring system 19 continues together with
plywood sheeting 11 beyond the limits of the wall framing above.
The succeeding (second) floor base plate 8 is installed over the
composite membrane 27.
[0188] Shear transfer connectors 6 are installed all the way
through the base plate 8 and the entire composite membrane of the
wood diaphragm 27, while penetration into the blocking 7 on FIG. 25
and FIG. 26 and, correspondingly, through blocking 29 on FIG. 27
and FIG. 28, remains the same.
[0189] FIG. 21 shows typical cross-sectional cut through the new or
existing floor in the direction perpendicular to the wood floor
joists 3, with the composite membrane of structural wood floor
diaphragm 27 shown on top of floor joists 3 and attached to the
floor joists 3 with fasteners 24. Blocking 7 between the floor
joists 3 is schematically shown beyond. FIG. 24 is similar to FIG.
21, however engineered wood joist 26 is shown instead of wood joist
3, and blocking 29 is shown instead of blocking 7.
[0190] Multi-purpose fire and sound-proof insulation 17 shown in
FIGS. 19-28 offers a floor-to-floor noise blocking barrier that
operates in the high 80s decibel or even 90s decibel range. The
special floor multi-purpose fire and sound proof barrier 17 is
installed in the space available between:
[0191] a) The floor joists 3 per FIG. 19, FIG. 20, FIG. 21, FIG.
25, FIG. 26; and
[0192] b) Engineered wood floor joists 26 per FIG. 22, FIG. 23,
FIG. 24, FIGS. 27 and 28.
In all cases, insulation 17 shall be mounted prior to the
installation or re-installation (in case of existing building
rehabilitation) of ceiling sheathing 23.
[0193] FIG. 29 shows an enlarged portion of the cross-sectional cut
through the new or existing floor of a wood framed structure
improved with the composite membrane 27, comprised of a four-way
interlocking end grain mosaic parquet floor system 19 diagonally
installed over the plywood subfloor 11 by means of a high strength
adhesive 110. FIG. 29 specifically depicts the typical area where
an element of the installed mosaic parquet floor system 19 bridges
over the edge spacing 22 of the plywood panels 11 located directly
over the wood floor joist 3. Flooring material 19 is installed over
the plywood subfloor 11 diagonally for structural reasons discussed
above. Plywood sheathing 22 is attached to the framing below with
fasteners 24. FIG. 30 is similar to FIG. 29; however an engineered
wood joist 26 is shown on FIG. 30 instead of the wood joist 3 per
FIG. 29.
* * * * *