U.S. patent application number 14/181554 was filed with the patent office on 2014-08-14 for generation of personalized training regimens from motion capture data.
This patent application is currently assigned to P3 Analytics, Inc.. The applicant listed for this patent is P3 Analytics, Inc.. Invention is credited to James Ballantyne, Marcus Elliott, Eric Ledersdorf, Timothy Rouse.
Application Number | 20140228985 14/181554 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 51297932 |
Filed Date | 2014-08-14 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140228985 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Elliott; Marcus ; et
al. |
August 14, 2014 |
GENERATION OF PERSONALIZED TRAINING REGIMENS FROM MOTION CAPTURE
DATA
Abstract
The use of motion capture data for analyzing an individual's
performance on certain exercises, and more particularly relates to
comparison of movement data for an individual with a database of
recorded motions for a population in order to generate a training
regimen for the individual, and to monitor the individual's
progress when carrying out the training regimen.
Inventors: |
Elliott; Marcus; (Santa
Barbara, CA) ; Ballantyne; James; (Santa Barbara,
CA) ; Rouse; Timothy; (Santa Barbara, CA) ;
Ledersdorf; Eric; (Westlake Village, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
P3 Analytics, Inc. |
Los Angeles |
CA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
P3 Analytics, Inc.
Los Angeles
CA
|
Family ID: |
51297932 |
Appl. No.: |
14/181554 |
Filed: |
February 14, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61765014 |
Feb 14, 2013 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
700/91 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63B 24/0003 20130101;
A61B 5/1114 20130101; A61B 2562/0219 20130101; A61B 5/0205
20130101; A63B 71/06 20130101; A61B 2505/09 20130101; A61B 5/1127
20130101; A61B 5/4528 20130101; A61B 5/1121 20130101; A61B 5/002
20130101; G16H 20/30 20180101; A61B 2503/10 20130101; A61B 5/1124
20130101; A63B 2220/89 20130101; A61B 5/11 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
700/91 |
International
Class: |
A63B 71/06 20060101
A63B071/06 |
Claims
1. A computer-based method for identifying a training regimen for a
subject, the method performed on at least one computer having a
processor, a memory and input/output capability, the method
comprising: recording, via infrared motion capture technology, a
set of two or more exercises performed by the subject, wherein each
exercise of the set of exercises comprises three-dimensional
(x,y,z) coordinates of one or more nodes at a sequence of times, t;
constructing, by a first computer, a motion profile for the subject
based on the set of recorded exercises of the subject, wherein the
motion profile comprises ranges of node angle value or displacement
experienced for the set of exercises; comparing, by a second
computer, the motion profile of the subject with a database of
previously recorded motion profiles; identifying one or more
movement pathologies displayed by the subject, based on a deviation
between a motion profile for the subject and the previously
recorded motion profiles in the database; and communicating, via an
output device, a training regimen for the subject.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein each node is selected from the
group consisting of: left and right elbow, left and right wrist,
left and right hand, left and right shoulder, left and right knee,
left and right ankle, left and right hip, head, neck, center of
hips, center of shoulders, left and right foot, and lower-back.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the training regimen is designed
to alleviate the one or more movement pathologies.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the training regimen comprises
one or more exercises selected from a set of exercises stored in a
second database.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the deviation between the motion
profile for the subject and the motion profiles in the database is
based on a statistical sampling of the motion profiles in the
database.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the motion profiles in the
database are fit to a scoring function, and the motion profile for
the subject is reduced to a score calculated by the same scoring
function, wherein the score indicates whether a movement pathology
is present for that motion profile.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the sequence of times includes 30
measurements per second over a period of 1-2 minutes.
8. The method of claim 1, where in the database stores motion
profiles for a population of individuals.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the database stores motion
profiles for the subject, recorded at various times.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein: the recording the set of
exercises of the subject takes place at a first location; the
second computer is situated at a second location; and the recorded
one or more exercises are transmitted to the second computer.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second computers
are the same computer.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein the output device is at the
first location.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the infrared motion capture
technology comprises: infrared sensors; and inertial sensors.
14. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring data for
the subject from two or more sensors.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the exercises are selected from:
balance, double jump, dynamic skaters, endurance skaters, overhead
lunge, single leg dorsiflexion, single leg squat, standing
vertical, thoracic rotation, thoracic extension, and overhead squat
series.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the movement pathology is
selected from: dorsiflexion, hip stability, hip mobility, trunk
stability, thoracic mobility, thoracic rotation, lumbar lordosis,
and varus or valgus deformations.
17. An apparatus for identifying a training regimen for a subject,
the apparatus comprising: an infrared recording device for
receiving data that describes a set of two or more exercises
performed by a subject, wherein each exercise of the set of
exercises comprises three-dimensional (x,y,z) coordinates of one or
more nodes at a sequence of times, t, and wherein each node is
selected from the group consisting of: left and right elbow, left
and right wrist, left and right hand, left and right shoulder, left
and right knee, left and right ankle, left and right hip, head,
neck, center of hips, center of shoulders, left and right foot, and
lower-back; a transmission channel for communicating the data to
one or more computing devices; wherein the one or more computing
devices each comprises a memory, an output device, and one or more
processors configured with instructions to: construct a motion
profile for the subject based on the data, wherein the motion
profile comprises ranges of joint angle value or displacement
experienced for one or more exercises; compare the motion profile
of the subject with a database of previously recorded motion
profiles, wherein the database is stored in one of the memories;
identify a movement pathology for the subject based on a deviation
between a motion profile for the subject and the previously
recorded motion profiles in the database; and communicate, via the
output device, a training regimen for the subject.
18. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the training regimen is
designed to alleviate the movement pathology.
19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the recording device
comprises: a depth sensor; and an infrared projector.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more exercises
comprise a set of exercises that include at least: balance,
overhead squat series; single leg dorsiflexion, single leg squat,
and standing vertical.
21. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more exercises
comprise a set of exercises that include at least: balance, double
jump, dynamic skaters, endurance skaters, overhead squat series,
overhead lunge, single leg dorsiflexion, single leg squat, standing
vertical, thoracic rotation, and thoracic mobility.
22. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the motion profiles in the
database are fit to a scoring function, and the motion profile for
the subject is reduced to a score calculated by the same scoring
function, wherein the score indicates whether the restricted range
of motion or combination of motions arising from an injury or
physical abnormality is present for that motion profile.
Description
CLAIM OF PRIORITY
[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority under 35
U.S.C. .sctn.119(e) to U.S. provisional application Ser. No.
61/765,014, filed Feb. 14, 2013, which is incorporated herein by
reference in its entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The technology described herein generally relates to use of
recorded motion capture data for analyzing an individual's
performance on, and specific biomechanics of, certain movements.
The technology more particularly relates to comparison of movement
data for an individual with a database of recorded motions for a
population in order to identify movement pathologies and generate a
specific training regimen for the individual to improve performance
and/or reduce risk of injury, as well as to track the individual's
progress.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Motion capture technologies have improved in recent years so
that it is now possible for a computer to recognize the human form
and to recognize and record a person's motion in three dimensions,
as well as identify and track other objects in a person's
environment. See, for example,
www.primesense.com/solutions/technology/.
[0004] Sports medicine has for long been interested in developing
metrics to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of motion-related
disorders and impediments.
[0005] There has been a growing use of motion capture technology in
medicine, though mostly this has been in a clinic, laboratory, or
hospital setting, and in conjunction with assessment by a
physician. For example, Jintronix uses motion capture to record a
patient's movements in physical rehabilitation and relay them to a
healthcare provider to provide for ongoing monitoring. See, e.g.,
www.jintronix.com/our-system/. West Health Institute has developed
a product, Rehabilitation Management Tool, that allows a physical
therapy patient to utilize Microsoft's Kinect to monitor whether
exercises are being performed correctly. See, e.g.,
www.westhealth.org/institute/our-innovations/reflexion.
[0006] Motion capture technology has also been used in training and
performance measurement in a sports setting. For example, Ikkos
Training provides an application for allowing an athlete in
training to replicate the movements of a professional. Information
about the athlete's performance can also be viewed by medical
personnel. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
US2010-0173274. In another example, Ubisoft uses Microsoft's Kinect
product (e.g., www.xbox.com/en-US/KINECT) to assist an individual
in practicing a work-out regime: see, e.g.,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0.sub.--4YEx07rw. Vicon uses optical
marker data to monitor and analyse movements of athletes in a
laboratory setting in order to quantify injuries or identify
potential injuries. See, e.g.,
www.vicon.com/applications/life_sciences.html. Qualisys also uses
motion capture based on optical tracking to monitor and analyse
movements of athletes in a laboratory setting. See, e.g., www,
qualisys.com/applications/biomechanics/gait-analysis-and-rehabilitation/.
However, none of these technologies are used to direct training
programs.
[0007] Nike has used motion capture technology in the generation of
performance metrics, such as speed and endurance, but does not
utilize a biomechanical analysis and does not assist an individual
in identifying and improving upon movement pathologies. See, for
example,
nikeplus.nike.com/plus/support#answers/detail/article/nkt-settings,
and:
www.nike.com/us/en_us/c/training/nike-plus-kinect-training.
[0008] In sum, a way of monitoring an individual's biomechanics
with motion capture technology in conjunction with providing to
that individual suggested improved training regimens, outside the
clinic, for example from within the comfort of the individual's
home, has yet to be disclosed.
[0009] The discussion of the background herein is included to
explain the context of the technology. This is not to be taken as
an admission that any of the material referred to was published,
known, or part of the common general knowledge as at the priority
date of any of the claims found appended hereto.
[0010] Throughout the description and claims of the application the
word "comprise" and variations thereof, such as "comprising" and
"comprises", is not intended to exclude other additives,
components, integers or steps.
SUMMARY
[0011] The technology herein includes a computer-based method for
identifying a training or treatment regimen for a subject, the
method being performed on at least one computer, the computer
having a processor, a memory, and input/output capability. The
method comprises: recording a set or two or more exercises
performed by the subject, wherein each exercise of the set of
exercises comprises three-dimensional (x,y,z)-coordinates of one or
more nodes on the subject's body at a sequence of times, t, and
wherein each node is selected from the group consisting of: left
and right elbow, left and right wrist, left and right hand, left
and right shoulder, left and right knee, left and right ankle, left
and right hip, head, neck, center of hips, center of shoulders,
left and right foot, and lower-back; constructing, by a first
computer, a motion profile for the subject based on the set of
recorded exercises of the subject, wherein the motion profile
comprises ranges of joint angle value and/or displacement
experienced for the set of exercises, and/or times for various
displacements; comparing, by the computer, the motion profile of
the subject with a database of previously recorded motion profiles
for a population of individuals; identifying a movement pathology
displayed by the subject, or for which the subject is susceptible,
based on a deviation between a motion profile for the subject and a
statistical sampling of motion profiles for the population of
individuals, or based on a prior understanding of injury and
performance characteristics; and communicating, via an output
device, a training regimen for the subject which alleviates one or
more movement pathologies, wherein the training regimen comprises
two or more exercises.
[0012] The present disclosure additionally includes an apparatus
for carrying out the aforementioned method.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] FIG. 1 shows a flow-chart of a process as described herein;
and
[0014] FIG. 2 shows an apparatus for performing a process as
described herein.
[0015] Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like
elements.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Definitions
[0016] The following are various terms that may be used herein and
that pertain to aspects of biomechanics.
[0017] Balance is an individual's awareness or perception of one's
body in space. The ability to remain upright with proper hip/trunk
positioning and minimal compensation from the upper extremities
while standing on one foot, or both feet.
[0018] Body composition generally refers to the make-up of the
body, considering fat content as a percentage of total body weight
(among other things). There is often a high correlation between
poor body composition and poor work capacity.
[0019] Dorsiflexion is a measure of ankle mobility. In particular,
dorsiflexion is the ability to set the ankle joint in a flexed
position--with toes up towards the shin.
[0020] Eccentric adaptation is the ability to utilize the
stretch-shortening cycle of muscles, as well as the ability to
utilize stretch and recoil properties inherent in tendon and muscle
to enhance force applied across various joints. Eccentric
adaptation includes the strength of the muscle while being
stretched.
[0021] Lower Body Power is a subject's ability to generate maximal
force from his or her lower extremities in a very short amount of
time.
[0022] Hip stability is the maintenance of hip position throughout
dynamic movement and safely transfer force from the lower
extremities to the trunk.
[0023] Mobility refers to range of movement (flexion, extension,
rotation, etc.) across a specific joint. For example, hip mobility
is the ability to pass force through the hip musculature in a wide
range of motion. This pertains to movement in all planes.
[0024] Lumbar lordosis refers to the maintenance of the natural
curvature of the lumbar spine. Correct lumbar lordosis assists in
generation of lower body power while maintaining the integrity of
spinal disks.
[0025] Trunk stability is the ability to maintain appropriate trunk
positioning during explosive movement. Deficiencies in trunk
stability severely limit power generated from the lower
extremities, particularly during change of direction.
[0026] Thoracic mobility--the ability to generate adequate general
joint motion and extension, in particular with respect to the
thoracic spine which results in an upright posture in the mid-back
during athletic movements. Poor thoracic mobility can lead to
increased injury risk in surrounding joints.
[0027] Thoracic rotation is the ability to rotate axially through
the thoracic spine.
[0028] Varus or valgus deformations refer to the position of the
knee. People with varus deformations appear bowlegged, while valgus
deformations appear knock-kneed. These traits can leave an
individual prone to injury. The ability (or inability) to avoid
excessive varus or valgus deformations is often indicative of hip
stability.
[0029] Work Capacity is the ability to maintain high level of
intensity over a duration of time.
Overview
[0030] The technology described herein is designed to utilize
motion capture data for a subject (an individual). The subject may
be, for example, an athlete desiring specific guidance on
improvement of form, an athlete requiring treatment after an
injury, a person who has a physical abnormality, or may be a
patient undergoing rehabilitation. More generally, the subject may
be a patient undergoing a general health and wellness check-up, or
one who is being evaluated for suitability for a job or task. The
subject may therefore be someone without a diagnosed condition but
who is seeking information about potential vulnerabilities.
[0031] There are various techniques for recording an individual's
motions in a manner that is susceptible to further analysis on a
suitably programmed computer. Those techniques include but are not
limited to: infra-red based methods; use of active markers; X-ray
based; optical-based (e.g.,
www.metamotion.com/motion-capture/optical-motion-capture-1.htm);
video-based (see, e.g.,
www.stanford.edu/group/biomotion/markerless2011.html); and
inertial-based measurement units (see, e.g.,
www-personal.umich.edu/.about.kzelik/Inertial_Measurement_Units.html,
www-personal.umich.edu/.about.artkuo/Lab/2008/07/Inertial_measurement-of--
human-walking.html and www.xsens.com/en/movement-science/).
Video-based methods can be based on 1 or 2 cameras, as well as
arrays of larger numbers of cameras, such as 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12
cameras.
[0032] The technology herein utilizes any form of motion capture
technology, or combinations of different types of motion capture
technology but preferably based on at least infra-red motion
capture technology, that can provide the positions in space, at
sequences of times, of various points on a subject's anatomy.
Preferably the motion capture technology can be deployed in a
non-laboratory setting, such as a subject's home, or at a gym, or a
work-out or exercise center. It can also be applied when a subject
is in a suitably equipped exercise center when travelling, such as
in a hotel, or on a boat. The technology can also be applied in a
physical therapy setting, for example, in monitoring a subject's
progress in recovering from an injury. The technology can still
further be deployed by chiropractors, for example to identify
spinal or alignment abnormalities in a subject undergoing
treatment.
[0033] In general, motion capture technology such as infra-red
motion capture collects biomechanical data relating to movements of
a subject through a physical space such as an exercise room, and
stores the recorded movements into digital form, such as on a
computer-readable medium present either locally, or accessible
remotely via the Internet or other computer network.
[0034] In one embodiment, the motion capture technology is
infra-red motion capture and comprises at least an infrared
projector and a depth sensor Movements performed by the subject are
captured by depth sensors that measure the elapsed time for
invisible infrared lights that are continuously transmitted from
the projector across the field of view, deflect off points on the
subject's body and return to the origin. The depth sensor detects
the array of points and creates a 3-D pattern (a point cloud) based
on the human form. Based on this pattern, a human skeleton is
mapped in 3 dimensions as a series of nodes at body joints, moving
through time. This time-based data allows the computer to calculate
the distance between points on the subject's body and the sensors
and, in turn, create a 3D reconstruction of the subject's
movements. This technology therefore enables a computer to save and
reconstruct the observed movements of the subject through the
physical space. Depending on the assessment being conducted, data
pertaining to specific joints, and calculations of angles between
the joints, as well as between the joints and a horizontal plane
such as the ground, are analyzed. For example, when testing
dorsiflexion, the user is asked to bend the ankle joint as much as
possible, keeping the foot firmly on the ground; the end result is
that the knee protrudes well beyond the toe. Once we are able to
determine the location in space of the knee and ankle joints (in
addition to knowing the plane of the floor), it is possible to
calculate the angle about the ankle joint (floor
plane--ankle--knee). Based on this measurement, we can draw
conclusions about an individual's ankle mobility (and compare it
against any other relevant motions, for example, hip stability,
trunk stability).
[0035] The technology described herein utilizes motion capture
technology to ascertain biomechanical and physiological profiles of
an individual such as an athlete and, following assessment, to use
the information as the basis for prescribing training or treatment
regimens comprising one or more exercises that reduce the risk of
injury and which may thereby improve athletic performance, as well
as track the individual's progress as they repeat the exercises
over time.
[0036] A preferred form of motion capture technology is infrared
motion capture (IMC). In recent years, IMC technology has been made
readily available to the general population through home gaming
software, such as Kinect, by Microsoft Corporation. As the use of
Kinect has largely been for gaming purposes, applications of this
system for biomechanical analysis remain unfulfilled. For example,
when testing dorsiflexion, Microsoft's algorithm within Kinect is
able to deduce that the knee is in fact closer to the Kinect than
the ankle. Knowing the coordinate points of the knee and ankle (in
addition to knowing the plane of the floor) allows us to measure
this angle and ultimately draw conclusions about an individual's
ankle mobility.
[0037] The performance of any athletic movement, whether a common
testing procedure, such as a vertical jump, or a highly complex
movement, such as a baseball pitch, may be investigated by using
motion capture technology and its biomechanical variables
quantified.
[0038] Initially, subjects carry out a selection of exercises to
assess their biomechanical structure, whether any current injuries
are apparent, and their likelihood for future injury if any
deficiencies remain untreated. These exercises involve the subjects
performing various movements, of the subject's full body or
specific portions of the body, that challenge specific joints,
muscles and systems of the body. The sets comprise two or more
motions selected from those listed in Table 1, herein. Preferably
the sets comprise several, such as 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8,
pre-selected motions that in combination correlate with a
particular movement pathology.
[0039] Each exercise performed is viewed using the motion capture
technology, which reconstructs a 3-dimensional (3-D) image of the
subject performing the test. Using the 3D reconstruction, the
computer is able to measure the size of various joint angles,
monitor the stability of the subject and calculate other parameters
such as the ground reaction forces exhibited by the subject while
performing the exercise. These derived parameters comprise a motion
profile for a given exercise for that subject. The results are then
processed by a suitably programmed computer, and compared to
databases of motion profiles for a population to ascertain whether
any movement pathologies are present. It is then possible to
predict the subject's current risk of suffering specific injuries
in the future. The computer is then able to develop and offer a
training regimen that comprises an exercise program that will
correct any observed movement pathologies, thereby reducing the
subject's risk of suffering future injury, and may also improve the
subject's overall athleticism. The training regimen for the subject
can also address potential pathologies "downstream" of an
identified pathology, based on an understanding of the complex
relationship between anatomical segments involved in human
movement. By downstream is meant a motion in one part of the body
that is adversely affected, after a limitation in motion of another
part of the body has occurred. For example, as described elsewhere
herein, limitations in dorsiflexion can lead to other movement
pathologies at parts of a subject's anatomy remote from the foot
region. Then, the subject's progress over time can be monitored by,
for example, monitoring the subject as they re-perform the
exercises at particular intervals.
[0040] The technology herein can be further used when deciding
matters of insurance coverage. For example, by generating a risk
profile for an individual, specifically tailored insurance plans
can be identified or suggested.
Apparatus
[0041] Exemplary apparatus for carrying out the technology herein
is shown in FIG. 1. A subject 10 performs an exercise in front of a
motion capture device 20, preferably an IMC device. The motion
capture device 20 recognizes nodes 12 at various positions on the
subject's anatomy. Shown in FIG. 1 are exemplary nodes located on
the subject's body and limbs, typically at joints such as hips,
knees, elbows, ankles, neck, and wrists. In some embodiments,
markers can be placed at the nodes and are identified, as
applicable, by the motion capture device 20. The subject is
positioned so that he or she is situated in the field of view of
device 20 so that the spatial positions of the nodes can be
measured, as the subject carries out a motion. In still further
embodiments, the apparatus can record audio data as well as
motion-capture data. Audio data can include sounds made by the
subject, for example, in response to certain extremes of motion
that cause pain or discomfort. Recording sounds in conjunction with
spatio-temporal data can provide additional data on aspects of a
subject's range of motion that may be inhibited by some movement
pathology.
[0042] Motion capture device 20 is connected via a communication
link, such as a computer network connection, to one or more
computing devices 30. The communication link can be wireless, such
as by WiFi, or a short-range connection such as BlueTooth. A
computing device 30 receives motion capture data from device 20,
wherein the data comprises at least, (x,y,z) coordinates of the
various nodes at a series of times, t. A computing device 30 may be
situated in the same room as subject 10, or may be in close
proximity, such as in an adjoining room of the same building. A
computing device 30 has a processor and memory, and may also be
equipped with user interface elements such as a display screen,
keyboard, touch-sensitive display, and mouse. The computing device
30, or one or more such devices, calculates a motion profile from
the motion capture data recorded for the exercises performed by the
subject.
[0043] Computing device 30 is preferably connected to a remote
computer 40 via another network connection 32, either wired or
wireless. Remote computer 40 stores, or is separately connected to,
a database containing motion profiles for a population of
individuals performing various exercises, such as a set of
exercises. Computing device 30 communicates the motion profile
recorded for subject 10 to remote computer 40, which then performs
comparisons between the motion profile recorded for subject 10 and
the motion profiles of the population of individuals, or to motion
profiles from specific sub-populations of individuals based on
specific criteria for the subject. Computer 40 may additionally add
the motion profile recorded for subject 10 to the motion profiles
in the database, thereby augmenting the data available. Computer 40
further identifies, based on the comparisons between the data
recorded for subject 10 and the population data, one or more
exercises, selected from a second database of exercises. A training
regimen is constructed based on permutations of the on the one or
more exercises. The training regimen is communicated via link 32 to
computer 30 and displayed on an output device, and is thereby
presented to subject 10, or to another interested individual such
as a physician, trainer, chiropractor, or physiotherapist.
[0044] FIG. 2 shows a flow-chart outlining an exemplary method of
suggesting training regimens to a subject. In the context of
rehabilitative care, such as physical therapy, a training regimen
may be substituted by a treatment protocol, wherein a treatment
protocol comprises one or more exercises designed to alleviate
particular symptoms and facilitate the subject's recovery from an
injury. A subject performs an exercise 100, within range of a
motion capture device. This is repeated for other exercises, from a
set of exercises, as applicable. The motion capture device collects
motion capture data 120 and transmits it, either as each exercise
is performed, or in the aggregate for a set of exercises, to a
computing device that creates one or more motion profiles 110 for
the subject. The one or more motion profiles are transferred 130 to
a remote computer, which compares 150 the one or more motion
profiles of the subject with respective motion profiles for a
population of individuals stored in a database 140. From those
comparisons, movement pathologies of the subject are identified
160, and are used to obtain relevant exercises 180, selected from a
second database of exercise data 200. Finally, the training
regimens, comprising one or more sequences of the relevant
exercises, are suggested 190 to the subject, or to the subject's
physician, physiotherapist, or trainer. The training regimens can
be designed to rehabilitate faulty mechanics that have caused an
injury, to improve diagnosed mechanical faults or structure of the
subject, to reduce risk of future injury, or simply to improve the
performance and function of the subject, for instance as in an
athlete. Optionally, other data can be presented as well as or
instead of training regimens. For example, the subject could be
provided with statistical data showing how they compare to the
population in the database in respect of one or more exercises.
[0045] Various implementations of the technology herein can be
contemplated, particularly as performed on computing apparatuses of
varying complexity, including, without limitation, workstations,
PC's, laptops, notebooks, tablets, netbooks, and other mobile
computing devices, including cell-phones, mobile phones, and
personal digital assistants. The computing devices can have
suitably configured processors, including, without limitation,
graphics processors and math coprocessors, for running software
that carries out the methods herein. In addition, certain computing
functions are typically distributed across more than one computer
so that, for example, one computer accepts input and instructions,
and a second or additional computers receive the instructions via a
network connection and carry out the processing at a remote
location, and optionally communicate results or output back to the
first computer.
[0046] The computer functions for comparing a subject's motion
profile(s) with those in a database can be developed by a
programmer skilled in the art. The functions can be implemented in
a number and variety of programming languages, including, in some
cases mixed implementations. For example, the functions as well as
scripting functions can be programmed in C, C++, Java, JavaScript,
Python, VisualBasic, Perl, .Net languages such as C#, and other
equivalent languages not listed herein. The capability of the
technology is not limited by or dependent on the underlying
programming language used for implementation or control of access
to the basic functions.
[0047] The technology herein can be developed to run with any of
the well-known computer operating systems in use today, as well as
others, not listed herein. Those operating systems include, but are
not limited to: Windows (including variants such as Windows XP,
Windows95, Windows2000, Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Windows 8,
available from Microsoft Corporation); Apple iOS (including
variants such as iOS3, iOS4, iOS5, iOS6, and iOS7, and intervening
updates to the same); Apple Macintosh operating systems such as
OS9, OS 10.x (including but not limited to variants known as
"Leopard", "Snow Leopard", "Lion", and "Mountain Lion"); the UNIX
operating system (e.g., Berkeley Standard version); the Linux
operating system (e.g., available from Red Hat Computing); and the
Android family of operating systems, as available on various
cellular telephones and tablet computers.
[0048] To the extent that a given implementation relies on other
software components, already implemented, such as functions for
basic mathematical operations, etc., those functions can be assumed
to be accessible to a programmer skilled in the art.
[0049] Furthermore, it is to be understood that the executable
instructions that cause a suitably-programmed computer to execute
methods for manipulating a biomechanical motion profile, as
described herein, can be stored and delivered in any appropriate
computer-readable format. This can include, but is not limited to,
a portable readable drive, such as a large capacity "hard-drive",
or a "pen-drive", such as connects to a computer's USB port, and an
internal drive to a computer, and a CD-Rom or an optical disk. It
is further to be understood that while the executable instructions
can be stored on a portable computer-readable medium and delivered
in such tangible form to a purchaser or end-user, the executable
instructions can also be downloaded from a remote location to the
user's computer, such as via an Internet connection which itself
may rely in part on a wireless technology such as WiFi. Such an
aspect of the technology does not imply that the executable
instructions take the form of a signal or other non-tangible
embodiment. The executable instructions may also be executed as
part of a "virtual machine" implementation.
Biomechanical Screening
[0050] The motion capture technology utilized herein recognizes
various points on a human's anatomy. These points, also referred to
herein as nodes, correspond to joints as well as other locations
that are important to a biomechanical assessment of an individual's
motions. Typically, the nodes recognized include, but are not
limited to, 21 locations as follows: left and right elbow, left and
right wrist, left and right hand, left and right shoulder, left and
right knee, left and right ankle, left and right hip, head, neck,
center of hips, center of shoulders, left and right foot, and
lower-back. That is, some nodes are located at joints (e.g., knees,
elbows, wrists); some nodes are located elsewhere (such as center
or top of head). Nodes at other locations not listed can also be
measured, consistent with the technology herein. The technology
herein is not limited to the number or position of node locations,
including those listed hereinabove. The technology can be readily
adapted to work with other numbers of nodes, as well as nodes at a
different set of positions (e.g., including points on a subject's
torso).
[0051] As an individual moves within range of the motion capture
device, the positions of the nodes in 3-D space are recorded.
Typically, the individual will perform a set of exercises that can
leads to an assessment of possible movement pathologies, i.e.,
limitations in the individual's range of movement of a particular
limb or joint arising from an injury or physical abnormality. The
individual performs a set of exercises, in sequence (though not
necessarily in a required order), where each exercise, or a
combination of particular exercises, tests a particular potential
movement pathology.
[0052] Audio data can also be optionally recorded to monitor the
subject's experience of pain or discomfort, during motion. Still
other sensory data can be integrated with motion capture data to
augment the data considered. Such sensory data can include, but is
not limited to, measurements of respiration rate, EKG, blood oxygen
content, such as from a pulse oximeter, and velocity data, such as
from an accelerometer.
[0053] In preferred embodiments, coordinate data (positions in
space at a series of times) for all nodes on the subject are
provided and analyzed. In some embodiments, coordinate data for
subsets of nodes are analyzed. For example, a subject may only
require or request assistance with evaluating upper body movements,
in which case only the coordinates of upper body nodes, and nodes
on the arms are analyzed.
[0054] The motion capture device is connected to a first computer
that records a set of two or more exercises performed by the
individual, wherein the stored form of each exercise of the set of
exercises comprises three-dimensional (x,y,z)-coordinates of one or
more nodes at a sequence of times, t. The length of time, t, may
vary according to the particular motion being studied, but is
typically from 30 seconds to a time between 1 and 2 minutes.
Sampling rates may vary from one motion capture technique to
another, but 30 frames per second is typical. Other sampling rates
include 6, 10, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 60 frames per second.
[0055] The first computer may be in the same room as the individual
performing the exercises, or may be remote from the individual but
connected via a network connection (e.g., wirelessly) to the motion
capture device so that it accepts and stores the movement data for
the individual via wireless link.
[0056] The first computer is programmed to construct a motion
profile for the individual based on the set of recorded exercises
performed by the individual. A motion profile comprises data such
as ranges of joint angle value or displacement experienced for each
of the exercises. Joint angles can be calculated from data on
various nodes. For example, there is an angle at the knee joint
that can be computed from knowing the positions of nodes situated
at the knee, ankle and hip on the same side of the individual. The
angle at the knee joint will vary through time as the individual
performs an exercise such as one involving flexing of the knee. The
motion profile can be stored as the maximum and minimum value of
the angle while the exercise is performed. For a given assessment,
it may only be necessary to process a small number of joint
positions. For example, for a squat position, a critical angle is
the angle between the hip, knee, and ankle. The adduction angle
(knee-hip-horizontal) in this position can also be measured.
Displacements, if measured, can usefully provide measures of
acceleration, for example, as a person jumps.
[0057] The data that comprise a motion profile will vary from one
exercise to another, depending on which nodes are in motion.
However, the general form may include a sequence of
(x,y,z)-coordinates at time intervals, t, for a selection of nodes,
as well as ranges of particular angles and/or displacements. The
data can optionally be presented on a computer display, in
real-time, while a subject is performing an exercise. Thus,
particular ranges of joint angles are instantly available for
review.
[0058] The motion profile of the individual can then be compared
with a database of previously recorded motion profiles for a
population of individuals. The database preferably contains data
from a wide range of individuals and may include elite athletes,
and older persons, as well as those with physical disabilities.
Therefore, the sets of data for an individual can be compared to
sub-populations of individuals of similar demographics, such as
gender, age, activity level, as well as to the entire population.
The database contains a set of normalized data for each exercise,
and for each range of joint motion, including but not limited to
maximum and minimum values of angles through movements, average
values and the standard deviation of data from that average. For
example, ankle flexibility (dorsiflexion) can be expressed as a
pair of angles representing maximum and minimum angles attainable.
The population data in the database is continually updated, as more
data on a greater variety of persons is collected. The data in the
database can also be based on literature from the medical
community, i.e., drawing on data from past studies rather than
relying exclusively on newly-made measurements.
[0059] The data accumulated in the database can form the basis of a
number of different types of analysis. For particular subjects, it
can be combined with other biomedical data, such as from other
medical records for a patient, to provide additional insights. It
is also possible to use the data to monitor how subjects' motions
within a population change over time as a result of aging, and how
changes over time correlate with development of certain diseases
such as arthritis or neuromuscular conditions.
[0060] The comparisons can be performed by the first computer, or
can be performed by a second computer, remote from the individual's
exercise location. If performed by the first computer, the database
may be stored on the first computer or may be stored on a second
computer and accessed via a network connection. If the comparisons
are performed by the second computer, the motion profile of the
individual is communicated to the second computer via a network
connection, such as wirelessly.
[0061] Comparisons can be performed according to various metrics.
Comparisons can be made between the motion profile of the
individual and an average over the motion profiles of all
individuals in the database. Comparisons can be made between the
motion profile of the individual and an average of motion profiles
just for comparable individuals in the database, according to some
demographic. For example, comparisons can be made based on gender,
body mass index, activity level, and age, or combinations of two or
more of those factors as filters. Typically, comparisons are based
on statistical measures such as mean, variance, and standard
deviation.
[0062] In some embodiments, the data for the population of
individuals is fit to a standard curve, such as by polynomial
regression, thereby permitting the data for a subject to be scored.
Scores outside of a particular range are indicative of actual or
potential movement pathologies for a given subject.
[0063] In these exemplary embodiments, the equations take the form
of a polynomial regression in which subjects are graded on each
motion pathology for a final score out of 100. In the equations
generated by this approach, "Y" denotes the score for a particular
biomechanical aspect of movement; "x" can be either an average
angle, standard deviation measure, time, height, or distance
depending on the particular test.
[0064] An exemplary equation for dorsiflexion is: Y=MIN(-0.0881*(x
2)+(9.5595.times.)-157.14, 100), where x is the angle made from the
knee to the ankle to the horizontal. It would be understood by one
of skill in the art that the actual form of the equation depends on
many factors, including characteristics of the population in the
database, the units of measurement utilized, and the polynomial
form. Therefore, precise coefficients of equations herein can be
considered exemplary.
[0065] For many performance metrics, it is possible to establish
different equations for male and female subjects. For example, for
the vertical jump metric, using polynomial regression, an exemplary
equation for males is: Y=-0.1376*(x 2)+(10.573*x)-100.84, and an
exemplary equation for females is: Y=-0.1376*(x
2)+(8.6458*x)-33.571. In these equations, x is the vertical height
attained in a given jump, and Y is the score.
[0066] For stability measures (such as hip and trunk stability) the
principal factor is an average value of angles through a movement,
and the standard deviation of angles from that average, as measured
in each frame. The average angles provide information about a
subject's biomechanical alignment, and the standard deviation from
that average informs about their ability to maintain this average.
Subjects can be graded on whether or not the average angle falls
within a dedicated "norm", and on the amount of deviation (the
smaller the better) for stability movements.
[0067] For mobility measures (such as thoracic rotation, thoracic
extension, dorsiflexion) and performance measures (such as double
jump, standing vertical, skater tests), the key parameters are
numerical values of angles reached at the end range of motion, or
times taken to perform a particular motion, distances covered, and
heights. Norms can be established using a working knowledge of
biomechanics, in addition to data already collected. Based on a
comparison of the individual's motion profile and those profiles in
the database as well as on studies from published literature and a
working knowledge of biomechanics that can be introduced into the
system, it is possible to ascertain if any aspect of the
individual's motion profile deviates significantly from average or
normal motion profiles. Statistical measures such as variance and
standard deviation of the range of values of the parameters in the
motion profiles stored in the database can provide guidelines of
significance.
[0068] It is thereby possible to identify a movement pathology
displayed by the subject, or for which the subject is susceptible,
based on a significant deviation between a motion profile for the
subject and a statistical sampling of motion profiles for the
population of individuals. A movement pathology is a restricted
range of motion, or combination of motions, exhibited by the
individual that arise from an injury or physical abnormality.
Movement pathologies can also be identified by correlating specific
movements with specific injuries subsequently sustained by
individuals, as recorded in the database. Conversely, if a subject
is already known to have sustained a particular injury, the system
can monitor the subject's rate of progress of recovery and can
assess the severity of the injury, for example, by comparison with
other subjects' data at equivalent time points in the healing
process.
[0069] Common movement pathologies include, but are not restricted
to, limitations in ranges of motion for the following biomechanical
movements: ankle dorsiflexion, inversion and eversion, hip
stability, hip mobility, trunk stability, thoracic mobility,
thoracic rotation, lumbar lordosis, kyphosis, varus, valgus,
flexion, extension, rotation, abduction, and adduction.
[0070] Based on an identified movement pathology, it is possible to
communicate to the individual, via an output device, a training
regimen for the subject which alleviates the movement pathology, or
a treatment regimen in the context of physical therapy. The
training regimen comprises sets of one or more exercises selected
from a database of such exercises, and is chosen based on an
indexing of those exercises according to particular movement
pathologies. For example, for a given joint there will be a list of
appropriate exercises for the subject to perform. The database of
exercises may be stored separately from the database of motion
profiles. The exercises may be stored in a separate database on the
same computer that stores the motion profiles, or may be stored on
a different computer entirely. If stored on a different computer,
it can be accessed by, e.g., a network connection between the two
computers. In some embodiments, the training regimen offered to a
subject comprises exercises that are algorithmically selected based
on the needs that have been identified from the subject's
assessment. By choosing exercises from a range of exercises, it is
possible to create a fresh training regimen for each workout. The
exercises can be selected automatically from a stored list of such
exercises, each of which is associated with one or more movement
pathologies.
[0071] It is also possible to achieve assessment customizations. It
is necessary to take data from existing assessments, and, based
upon the needs that are seen, assign additional tests that target
that particular need. Conversely, over time, it is possible to
monitor data for a population of subjects and objectively determine
which exercises are most effective for the treatment of certain
conditions.
[0072] Motion capture technology, such as IMC technology, not only
has the potential to be utilized in an injury screening setting but
also in an athletic performance training environment. By use of the
technology described herein, the measurement of variables that
describe athletic movement can therefore be evaluated in a wide
variety of settings, and are no longer limited to sports science
facilities.
Performance Assessments
[0073] In the same manner that injury screening procedures can be
carried out, movement pathologies can also be assessed while the
subject performs a set of standardized exercises. These assessments
serve as a further investigative tool to help determine if the
subject is susceptible to future injury.
[0074] In summary, the readily accessible testing equipment
provided by motion capture, such as IMC, technology affords the
individual and physician, or the athlete and coach, a wealth of
performance measurements to track the progression of the subject
during rehabilitation, or an athlete during a training program. The
motion capture technology is also an accurate and efficient method
to assess and compare a large team of athletes.
[0075] Table 1 lists some exercises that can be assessed by motion
capture technologies along with parameters derivable from the
exercises that may form part of relevant motion profile data. It
would be understood by one skilled in the art that this is not an
exclusive list of exercises. Other exercises and sports moves not
listed herein can also be contemplated. Sets of exercises performed
by a subject comprise two or more exercises taken from those listed
in Table 1.
[0076] In preferred embodiments, there is a core set of exercises
that will have general applicability in assessments for most
individuals, as well as specific sets tailored to particular types
of sports and injuries.
[0077] A general core set can comprise 5 exercises such as:
Balance, Overhead Squat, Single Leg Dorsiflexion, Single Leg Squat,
and Standing Vertical.
[0078] A set for elderly subjects can include 4 exercises such as:
Balance, Overhead Squat, Single Leg Dorsiflexion, and Thoracic
Rotation.
[0079] A set for Power Sports can include the following 5
exercises: Dynamic Skaters, Overhead Squat, Single Leg
Dorsiflexion, Single Leg Squat, and Standing Vertical.
[0080] A set for Rotational Sports can include the following 7
exercises: Thoracic Rotation, Thoracic Mobility, Standing Vertical,
Single Leg Squat, Single Leg Dorsiflexion, OverHead Squat, and
Dynamic Skaters.
[0081] A set for Running can include the 5 exercises: Thoracic
Rotation, Single Leg Dorsiflexion, Single Leg Squat, Overhead
Lunge, and Balance.
[0082] A set for screening ACL injuries can include the 4
exercises: Single Leg Dorsiflexion, Overhead Lunge, Dynamic
Skaters, and Single Leg Squat.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Activity Parameters Balance Trunk Angle
Trunk deviation from midline Time to Fail Hand Counter balance
Adduction angle Adduction Deviation Double Jump Vertical distance
Time between landing first jump and take off of second jump Dynamic
Skaters Maximum distance Endurance Skaters Distance compared to
baseline Time between load positions Hip-Knee-Ankle Angle at load
position Trunk angle at load position Adduction at load position
Overhead Lunge Trunk Angle Hip-Knee-Ankle Angle Adduction Angle
Knee Displacement Squat series Difference in head heights Depth
change of the head normalized by subject's height Hip-Knee-Ankle
Angle Adduction Angle Knee Displacement Shoulder difference
Shoulder Hip depth difference Dorsiflexion Single Leg Dorsiflexion
Dorsiflexion Single Leg Deceleration Trunk Angle Trunk deviation
from midline Adduction angle Adduction deviation Single Leg Squat
Trunk Angle Hip-Knee-Ankle Angle Adduction Angle Knee displacement
Shoulder Hip depth difference Standing Vertical Vertical in inches.
Thoracic Rotation Shoulder Rotation angle Thoracic mobility Left
Elbow - left shoulder - left hip; Right elbow - right shoulder -
right hip
[0083] Certain other constraints may apply. For example, the
balance assessment may be comprised of a fixed period of time, say
30 seconds, balanced on each leg in turn. The angle measured when
testing for thoracic mobility (or extension) is the one formed by
elbow-shoulder-trunk, and is gathered based on depth data readings
of each of those points to the image capture device at the end of
the movement. For the "Squat" series (which may include overhead
squats), data can be normalized based on the angle of the trunk
(calculated from depth differences) and the subject's height, i.e.,
without necessarily relying upon shoulder-hip depth differences.
Single leg deceleration is a measure of dynamic stability,
specifically hip and trunk stability during a dynamic movement
(rather than a static movement like the single leg squat).
[0084] As well as movement pathologies, subjects can be measured on
performance characteristics such as "eccentric adaptation" and
"lower body power". Should an individual fall well below what is
appropriate, that person will be trained for these "needs" as well,
much like he or she would be trained out of movement pathologies
such as poor hip mobility.
[0085] Performance assessments can also be sport-specific.
Individual sports that lend themselves to this include, but are not
limited to: basketball, baseball, soccer, tennis, fencing, and
running. Exemplary sets of sport-specific exercises have been
described above, and others are possible. Although the same
biomechanical measurements may be made as those that are applied to
identifying movement pathologies, different parameters, goals, and
norms may be utilized. For example, particular sports may demand
different ranges of mobility in certain joints than are necessary
for everyday life. Furthermore, individuals recorded in the
database may be identified as professional or amateur athletes in
particular sports, and sport-specific data can therefore be
aggregated.
EXAMPLES
Example 0
Use of Microsoft Kinect
[0086] An exemplary embodiment of the technology herein utilizes an
API (Application Program Interface) to Microsoft's Kinect software
in conjunction with a Kinect hardware device. The raw data that is
produced by Kinect includes (x,y,z)-coordinate data at a sequence
of times for the various nodes on a subject's body. Small
modifications can be made to the Kinect data such as ensuring that
connected nodes for a given individual maintain constant distances
between them during the range of the individual's motion. For
example, the distance between ankle and knee can vary within the
output from Kinect. In this way, data for an individual can be
normalized and stored for a session. Other filtering can also be
applied to the data to reject spurious measurements, such as where
objects in the background of the subject are accidentally
recognized by the software and cause the individual's recorded
motion to include unnatural poses and ranges of angular
variation.
Example 1
Speed Skater
[0087] The example movement that will be referenced throughout this
rationale to describe the array of measureable performance
variables is the speed skater plyometric. This movement involves
the athlete standing on a single leg, squatting down, and then
rapidly performing extension of the ankle, knee and hip to propel
him/herself airborne in a lateral direction, and then finishing the
sequence by landing on his opposite foot. When this movement is
performed in view of the IMC sensors, not only will a variety of
performance variables be instantly measured, but an exact animation
of the athlete performing the movement will be displayed.
[0088] Throughout the assessment of any movement, the angle of each
joint is measured. These results are extremely informative, as
analysis can be compared to algorithms to determine if the athlete
is using the appropriate range of motion of the joint to maximize
his ability to develop force. For instance, if an athlete is found
to be under-utilizing his hip joint and is not extending the joint
far enough, then the athlete will not be fulfilling the potential
force production of his hamstrings, or gluteus maximus.
Under-utilization may also prompt the athlete to use inefficient
compensatory biomechanics in an attempt to yield the same results.
For example, a common compensatory method for under-utilization of
the hip joint is for the athlete to lean forward and lower their
chest towards the ground. This motion not only places extreme
stress on the back when the athlete attempts to create rapid force
by extending the back, but it also produces an unstable center of
mass that is outside of the body. As described previously,
measurement of joint angles can also highlight whether the athlete
has valgus issues at the knee, while performing jumping and agility
movements.
[0089] The `ground angles` that the athlete creates, while
performing athletic movements, can also be measured. These angles
are those that are made between the surface of the ground (usually
a horizontal plane) and the athlete's limb that is in contact with
it. This measurement is significant, as it sets the trajectory of
the athlete's propulsion if excessive force is applied to the
ground. With reference to the speed skater jump, if the ground
angle is too large, say around 90.degree., the athlete will be
unable to create significant lateral movement because (s) he
doesn't effectively handle forces when moving laterally in
deceleration. In acceleration, (or when pushing off the stance leg)
a relatively obtuse angle shows poor lateral force generation
characteristics. Conversely, if the ground angle is too small, the
athlete will be unable to create sufficient elevation to fully
extend the ankles, knees and hips during the movement, and may be
placing him or herself in a precariously injury prone position. By
utilizing the comparison report of the athlete's ground angles to
those of the algorithm, the athlete will learn how to maximize his
or her performance by applying optimum ground angles when
performing agility and plyometric movements.
[0090] The athlete's ability to remain stable and controlled while
performing athletic movements can also be observed during
screening. For instance, during the speed skater plyometric, the
ability of the athlete to stabilize while squatting on a single leg
and then perform the explosive lateral movement will be assessed.
Instability, such as in the trunk, hips, or ankles, may limit the
athlete's ability to produce the desired force. If a high degree of
instability is observed, the athlete should be provided with a
strength training program that will correct this issue. The athlete
can then be reevaluated periodically to determine if the prescribed
strength-training program is effective or if changes are
needed.
[0091] By knowing the basic physical data of the athlete such as
weight, height and body/mass index, other more universally utilized
measures of performance, such as rate of acceleration, velocity and
power will be collected by the IMC technology. Measurements of
these variables allow for intra/inter subject comparisons, and they
can be reassessed subsequently to determine whether the athlete is
becoming faster and/or more powerful. Not only will the value of
maximum power be measured, but also the athlete's rate of force
development. This variable is measured in Newtons per second and is
the rate at which force is created by the athlete. The rate of
force development will be assessed and shown in both its lateral
and vertical planes by the IMC technology. These results are
important for the performance assessment of the speed skater
plyometric, as results will indicate whether the athlete is
applying too much of the total power developed in the vertical
plane, therefore creating excessive lift and not performing the
lateral movement efficiently.
Example 2
Posture
[0092] Posture refers to the orientation of the body's segments and
is normally a term used to describe variations of standing and
sitting positions. During these static phases, the weight of one of
more body segments is being transmitted to the ground or other
support surface, where an equal and opposite ground reaction force
is being applied to the body. This ground reaction force maintains
an equilibrium that allows for the static pose. The size of support
surface area has a direct effect on the degree of muscular
activation required to maintain the static posture. For example,
while in a recumbent position, the muscular activity required to
maintain this position is minimal, as there is a large support
surface area to distribute the body's weight. By contrast,
maintaining a standing upright posture requires a large amount of
muscular activation to support the body's alignment, although this
is not noticed at the time, unless the period of inactivity is
prolonged.
[0093] While in a standing posture, the body's weight is
transferred distally through the center of the body and is evenly
distributed by the feet at ground contact. However, poor posture
has been shown to place considerable stress on several regions of
the back, most notably the thoracic and lumbar regions.
Considerable deviations from normal posture may be aesthetically
unpleasant, muscularly inefficient and may predispose individuals
to severe injury (Hrysomallis & Goodman, 2001). In fact, it has
been concluded that body segments that are out of alignment for
extended periods of time will force the muscles supporting the
segment to rest in a shortened or lengthened position (Bloomfield,
1994) and, over time, adaptive shortening and lengthening will
occur (Novak & Mackinnon, 1997). The characteristic of adaptive
shortened muscles are tight and strong, maintaining the opposing
muscles in a lengthened and weakened orientation (Kendall et al.,
1993). In turn, as these postural deviations are caused by muscular
imbalances, they can be identified and altered through targeted
training that aims to restore the equilibrium in strength between
agonist and antagonist muscles.
[0094] Central to posture is the alignment of the vertebral column,
as alteration to the alignment of the column will force the body
into compensatory actions to stabilize the body. The vertebral
column consists of twenty-six bones which are divided into five
sections. These regions, from proximal to distal, include the seven
cervical vertebrae (neck area), twelve thoracic vertebrae (upper
back), five lumbar vertebrae (lower back), and sacral and coccygeal
bones (pelvic and tailbone area, respectively).
Example 3
Hip Stability and ACL Injuries
[0095] Injuries to the knee account for the highest percentage of
injuries sustained to the lower extremities (Powers, 2010).
Following an epidemiological survey of injuries in English
professional soccer leagues, it was found that 39% of injuries to
the knee were ligament sprains/ruptures (Hawkins et al., 2001).
Research suggests that many of these injuries, especially those
occurring in non-contact situations, may be attributed to abnormal
hip mechanics and compensatory biomechanics (Nadler et al., 2000;
Leetun et al., 2004; Niemuth et al., 2005).
[0096] The proximal end of the femur is situated within the
acetebulum of the pelvis, which forms the hip joint. This complex
is a ball and socket joint that allows for a high degree of
movement. In fact it is the second most mobile joint in the body
behind the shoulder (Neumann, 2010). Due to this high degree of
mobility, the hip joint is dependent on an advanced set of
ligaments, tendons and muscles that are used to stabilize the joint
and create force (Powers, 2010). If a segment of this system of
soft tissue is not performing efficiently it can render the joint
unstable and, as a consequence, alter the athlete's normal
biomechanics during movement (Powers, 2010). The knee, the next
joint utilized in the chain sequence to produce movement, will then
have to perform a compensatory action to correct the inefficient
maneuver produced from the hip (Powers, 2010). The knee joint is
located at the distal end of the femur and is connected to the
tibia through an array of ligaments, tendons and the joint capsule.
Due to the tibial condyles being virtually flat and the femoral
condyles having a convex shape, the knee joint, from a skeletal
point of view, is very unstable (Watkins, 1999). However, this lack
of stability is compensated by the support of two menisci, four
extracapsular ligaments, and the attached muscles (Watkins, 1999).
The menisci are two semilunar shaped disks of fibrocartilage that
separate the tibial and femoral condyles (Kent, 2006). Their main
purpose is to modify the shape of the articular cartilage to
improve the fit between the tibial and femoral bones and to spread
the load of forces put on the knee over a wider area to absorb
shock (Kent, 2006). The Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) attaches
superiorly from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of
the fibula, and the Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) attaches from
the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial aspect of the
tibia (Watkins, 1999). Within the intercondylar notch, the Anterior
Cruciate Ligament (ACL) and the Posterior Cruciate Ligaments (PCL)
cross over each other to from an X-shaped configuration that
prevents the femur from sliding backward and forward, respectively,
thereby preventing the knee from hyperextension (Kent, 2006). The
ACL is attached between the posterior aspect of the anterior
intercondylar area of the tibial table and the posterior medial
aspect of the lateral femoral condyle (Watkins, 1999). The PCL is
attached between the posterior aspect of the posterior
intercondylar area of the tibial table and the anterior inferior
lateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle (Watkins, 1999). Due
to the orientation of the menisci and ligaments, the knee joint
functions as a hinge joint that allows for flexion and extension as
its foremost plane of motion (Watkins, 1999).
[0097] During the initial 10% of the gait cycle of walking, the hip
joint flexes, adducts and internally rotates (Powers, 2010; Perry,
1992; Simoneau, 2002). The antagonist muscles resisting during
these movements are the hip extensors, abductors and external
rotators. The resisting forces that these antagonists produce in
turn have a stabilizing effect on the joint from producing
excessive movement. Weakened hip abductor strength may provide the
pathway for excessive hip adduction and internal rotation during
weight bearing movements (Powers, 2010). This can cause the knee to
shift medially relative to the foot, which is fixed to the ground.
As a compensatory action, the tibia is forced to abduct and
pronation of the foot occurs. This phenomenon is referred to as
knee valgus. The relationship of diminished hip abductor muscle
strength to excessive knee valgus has been observed in a number of
research studies (Claiborne et al., 2006; Hollman et al., 2009;
Jacobs et al., 2007; Wilson et al., 2006).
[0098] During weight bearing movements, the contra lateral pelvis
may drop during single limb support due to hip abductor muscle
weakness (Powers, 2010). This movement in pelvis location causes a
shift in the athlete's center of mass away from the supporting leg
and, as a result, increases the distance between the ground
reaction force (at the location of the foot) and the knee. These
events increase the strain on the lateral collateral ligament of
the knee and the compressive forces within the medial knee (Powers,
2010). "ACL injuries occur when the external loads placed on the
knee exceed that of the tensile strength of the ligament" (Powers,
2010). Therefore, insufficient hip abductor strength, which causes
excessive knee valgus, makes an athlete more susceptible to ACL
tears, as it increases the strain placed on the ligaments during
athletic movements that have a high sum of external force.
[0099] Female athletes have been found to be more susceptible to
ACL injury than their male counterparts (Arendt & Dick, 1995;
Arendt et al., 1999; Harmon & Dick, 1998; Malone et al., 1993;
Messina et al., 1999; Prodromos et al., 2007). In a number of
studies, they were observed to have greater angles of knee valgus
(Chen et al., 2010; Jacobs et al., 2007; Malinzak et al., 2001,
McLean et al., 2005; Sigward & Powers, 2006) and that they use
less knee and hip flexion when performing athletic movements
(Lephart et al., 2002; Malinzak et al., 2001; McLean et al., 2005;
Pollard et al., 2007). This is significant, as the strain on the
ACL has been found to be greater when external loads are applied to
the knee when it is in a position of relative extension, compared
to when it is in flexion (Durselen et al., 1995; Markolf et al.,
1995).
[0100] Following the assessment and comparison of the subject's hip
stability and biomechanics during athletic movements to a database
of profiles for a population, the subject will be supplied a
training intervention to improve their hip stability, if needed.
The primary muscles utilized for hip abduction are the gluteus
medius and the upper third of the gluteus maximus. Activation of
these muscles has been shown to be greatest in exercises that
require a significant amount of hip stability, such as single-leg
multi-joint movements. The training intervention to strengthen the
gluteus medius and gluteus maximus would therefore include
movements such as the Bulgarian split squat, a movement that has
one of the subject's legs extended to the rear and elevated and the
subject single-leg squatting with the leg that is planted on the
floor. There are also a variety of other single-leg movements that
can be utilized to activate the hip abductor musculature. In
addition, more isolated movements, such as the banded clam shell,
can be used to improve strength in this area. This movement has the
athlete lying on his side with his legs bent at 45.degree. with a
rubber band wrapped at knee level around both legs. The athlete
proceeds to open a gap between his legs by pivoting at the heel in
a movement that resembles the opening of a clamshell. This movement
places terrific stress on the gluteus medius and its use over an
extended training period will improve hip stability. The subject's
progress with this movement can be monitored using the system. For
example, if the subject is an injured athlete, comparisons of his
or her movements with those in the database, and assessments of the
subject's own progress can be used to determine if the subject is
ready to return to competition level practice.
Example 4
Combating Hyperkyphosis
[0101] Kyphosis is a condition of the thoracic region of the spinal
column where a dorsally exaggerated curvature is observed (Kent,
2006). This postural deviation is characterized by a rounded upper
back, or in extreme cases, a `hump-back`. Hyperkyphosis has been
attributed to weakness of the spinal extensor musculature (Itoi
& Sinaki, 1994). These muscles include the erectar spinae
(illiocastalis, longissimus & spinnalis), thoracis,
interspinales and the multifides. In fact, training interventions
have been shown to significantly decrease the angle of
hyperkyphosis for women between the ages of 50-59, over a one year
training period (Ball et al., 2009).
[0102] If left untreated, the consequences of chronically utilizing
a posture with hyperkyphotic characteristics can affect the ability
for sufferers to perform a variety of daily activities. For
example, it has been reported that women with hyperkyphotic posture
have difficulty rising repeatedly from a chair without their arms,
have poor balance, slower gait velocity, a wide base for support
while standing and decreased velocity when climbing stairs (Balzini
et al., 2009, Katzman et al., 2010). Although most of the studies
have examined the effects of hyperkyphotic posture on the elderly,
it is likely that these factors, such as balance and decreased gait
velocity, are observed by hyperkyphotic athletes.
[0103] The use of IMC technology to identify cases of slight to
extreme hyperkyphosis could be the first step to postural
correction. Following the identification that the IMC user
(subject) required postural correction, the methods described
herein provide a training program, which utilizes these proven
methods of thoracic extension, to correct the outstanding
deviation. The training intervention would consist of exercises
that strengthen the back extensor musculature and those that
stretch the anterior thoracic muscles (pectoralis major and minor).
These include a variety of weight lifting movements such as rows,
the reverse fly, pectoralis major and minor stretches, and prone
bridges that target core stability, such as the `plank`. Following
and during the training intervention, the subject will be able to
be reliably reassessed for hyperkypotic postural
characteristics.
Example 5
Combating Lumbar Hyperlordosis
[0104] The natural arch of the lumbar region of the spine is
normally convex interiorly and concave posteriorly. The condition
of lumbar lordosis refers to an accentuated curvature of this
region. Chronic lower back pain has been attributed to lumbar
lordosis, as compressive stress is placed on the posterior elements
of the lumbar spine (Kent, 2006). This accentuated curvature, while
in the erect posture, has been attributed to an anterior tilt of
the pelvis, which forces the spine to compensate for this by
increasing the curvature of the spine to maintain an erect posture
(Kendall and McCreary, 1983).
[0105] Research has indicated that the degree of lumbar lordosis is
decreased when a posterior pelvic tilt is performed following
activation of the abdominal muscles (Day et al., 1984). Further
research suggests that anterior pelvic tilt is attributed not only
to weak abdominal muscles but also hip extensor muscles
(Hrysomallis & Goodman, 2001). The pelvis is further rotated by
tight erector spinae and hip flexor muscles (Hrysomallis &
Goodman, 2001).
[0106] Following an IMC assessment of the lumbar region of the
subject's standing posture, a training program is constructed by
the methods described herein, if needed, to correct an observed
case of lumbar lordosis. Exercises utilized to strengthen abdominal
muscles include a variety of stability movements, such as the
`front bridge` and `bird dog`. The hip extensor musculature will
also be targeted for strengthening. The hamstrings and gluteus
maximus will be activated in exercises such as the `Romanian
Deadlift`, `Swissball Gluteus Hamstring Hold` and the `Gluteus
& Hamstring Raise`, to name a few. Through a variety of
stretching movements and yoga poses, such as the `Warrior 1` and
the `Lying leg crossover stretch`, the hip flexors and erector
spinae musculature respectively, will be stretched.
[0107] Following the training intervention, the subject will be
re-assessed to gauge the progress of pre-determined needs, and
re-organize the hierarchy of biomechanical issues for the
individual.
Example 6
Scapula Stabilization
[0108] The shoulder complex plays a pivotal role in upper body
force production. This complex, also known as the shoulder girdle,
is an incomplete ring of bone proximal to the chest cavity. The
manubrium acts as the center piece of the girdle, which is
connected to two clavicles that protrude laterally from the
manubrium, in either direction. The connection of the manubrium and
the clavicle is referred to as the sternoclavicular joint. The
lateral end of each clavicle articulates with the acromion process
of the corresponding scapula (shoulder blade) to form an
acromioclavicular joint. The glenohumeral joint is formed by the
articulation of the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of
the scapula. The humerus binds to the glenohumeral joint capsule by
four small muscles; the infraspinatus, subscapularis, supraspinatus
and the teres minor. These four muscles are collectively referred
to as the rotator cuff and their main purpose is to stabilize
shoulder movements by steadying the humeral head in the glenoid
cavity (Kent, 2006). As the scapulae are not attached to the axial
skeleton, but are in fact held in position at the lateral,
superior, posterior aspects of the rib cage by muscles, the
shoulder girdle does not complete a full cycle around the body. As
a result, the scapulae have considerable range of movement. In
fact, this is the second most mobile joint of the body, second only
to the hip (Watkins, 1999). The muscles that attach the scapulae to
the thorax are the trapezius, levator scapuline, rhomboideus major
and minor, serratus anterior and the pectoralis minor. Scapular
gliding refers to the ability of the scapula to move in four
primary motions. Scapular protraction and retraction refers to the
movement of the scapula in an anterior and posterior direction,
respectively. Scapula elevation and depression refers to the
ability of the scapula to move in a vertical plane superiorly and
inferiorly, respectively.
[0109] When the shoulder is producing force, the three joints
within the shoulder complex, the acromioclavicular,
sternoclavicular and the glenohumeral joints, work in a coordinated
and a synchronous manner to produce the efficient movement of the
upper arm. The role of the scapulae is important because in normal
movement the scapula provides a stable base upon which glenohumeral
joint motion can occur. This stability depends on the strength and
function of the surrounding musculature, the scapula stabilizers.
When the muscles are performing efficiently, they dynamically
position their glenoid, in relation to the humerus, so that proper
glenohumeral mechanics can occur. However, an altered positioning
of the glenoid can occur if these muscles are weak and are, in
turn, unstable. When improper glenohumeral joint function occurs it
can predispose the athlete to shoulder injury and decrease
neuromuscular performance. Injuries can be the result of abnormal
stress to anterior capsular structures, increased rotator cuff
compression and altered biomechanics to compensate for inefficient
shoulder mechanics (Voight and Thomson, 2000).
[0110] Therefore, strengthening the scapula stabilizing musculature
must be an aim of a strength training program for athletes who
perform powerful and repeated overhead movements, such as swimmers,
baseball players and tennis players. Exercises that engage these
muscles include a selection of exercises, both free weight and
resistance band tubing based, that result in a degree of scapular
retraction, protraction, elevation or depression. Examples of these
are rowing motions (which require scapular retraction), pressing
movements (producing a scapula protraction motion prior to the
eccentric muscle contraction), and shoulder shrugging movements
(requiring both scapular elevation and depression).
[0111] Utilizing the IMC technology, an athlete's ability to
stabilize their scapulae can be examined and assessed through a
number of testing protocols. For instance, the path of scapular
gliding during such exercises as the push up and pull up, will
display whether the athlete is experiencing efficient scapular
stabilization qualities from the surrounding musculature.
Example 7
Dorsiflexion Training Regimen
[0112] Ankle mobility (dorsiflexion), if inhibited, can impact the
body "downstream". Causes of poor dorsiflexion can include, but are
not limited to, poor flexibility of the gastrocsoleus complex (calf
muscles), prior ankle injuries resulting in scar tissue
accumulation around the ankle joint, and aging or abnormal osseous
(bone) formation.
[0113] Impacts of poor or decreased dorsiflexion on downstream
mechanics include: an increase in compensatory pronation through
the sub talar and calcaneonavicular joint which in turn can
increase internal tibial torsion, a main contributor to valgus of
the knee. Another common result of decreased dorsiflexion is
excessive hip flexion which places the lumbar spine under undue
stress and risk of injury and concurrently can lead to anterior
pelvic tilt which itself can impact mechanics throughout the body.
Poor hip stability due to a inhibiting of gluteus function, leading
to poor contralateral scapula stabilization, and decreased range of
motion in the shoulder is another possible complication of poor
dorsiflexion.
[0114] If a subject's measured dorsiflexion parameters, as detected
by IMC technology, fall below established "norms" (based on
comparison to published values or a relevant population), the
subject will be provided a training regimen that includes ankle
mobility exercises designed to: 1) Inhibit and lengthen overactive
or tight structures that are restricting dorsiflexion, 2) Mobilize
the affected joints, 3) Strengthen and stabilize supporting
structures and muscles responsible for initiating dorsiflexion, and
4) Implement and train dorsiflexion in functional/dynamic
movements. An example of this would be set forth in Table 2:
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Action Comments Inhibit/Rollout Calf: Place
strap above ankle joint line 45-60 seconds left and right; Keep
heel flat on ground Hamstring: Push knee over foot 45-60 seconds
left and right; Strap Mobilization (2 .times. 10 L + R): "Down Dog"
Calf: Place strap around foot 2 .times. 30 seconds left and right;
Find stretch in hamstring Step Stretch (Drop heel off step): Push
toe into strap and return 2 .times. 30 seconds left and right; to
stretch 10.times. Straight Leg Raise (2 .times. 30 left and right):
Balance + Active dorsiflexion Balance on 1 leg (2 .times. 30 s left
and right) Flex toes up & down during balance Heel Raise (2 up
1 down) Standing on step (hold on) (2 .times. 10 left and right):
Raise heels using 2 feet Lower heel on 1 foot Squat + Reach (2
.times. 8 left and Balancing on 1 leg right) Squat to end range
keeping heel on ground Reach dumbbell across body Wall Sit + Angle
(3 .times. 30 seconds) Squatting against wall (knees inline with
feet); Lift toes off floor; Raise arms above head; Keep elbows on
wall; Repeat; Dowel Hop (3 .times. 30 sec) 2 legs Jump side to side
over line Keep toes up landing on balls of feet
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[0155] All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in
their entireties.
[0156] The foregoing description is intended to illustrate various
aspects of the instant technology. It is not intended that the
examples presented herein limit the scope of the appended claims.
The invention now being fully described, it will be apparent to one
of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications
can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of
the appended claims.
* * * * *
References