U.S. patent application number 14/162725 was filed with the patent office on 2014-07-31 for chromophore-based characterization and detection methods.
This patent application is currently assigned to California Institute of Technology. The applicant listed for this patent is California Institute of Technology. Invention is credited to Erika F. GARCIA, Mark D. GOLDBERG, Xiomara L. MADERO, Aditya RAJAGOPAL, Axel SCHERER, Thomas A. TOMBRELLO.
Application Number | 20140213471 14/162725 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 51223573 |
Filed Date | 2014-07-31 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140213471 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
RAJAGOPAL; Aditya ; et
al. |
July 31, 2014 |
CHROMOPHORE-BASED CHARACTERIZATION AND DETECTION METHODS
Abstract
This disclosure provides methods, compositions and kits for the
detection of a plurality of analytes in a sample. In some examples,
this disclosure provides methods, compositions, and kits for
detecting analytes, genetic variations, monitoring reaction
process, and monitoring analyte-analyte interactions by measuring
signals. In some examples, the presence of signals or changes in
signals may be used to construct signal profiles which can be used
to detect analytes.
Inventors: |
RAJAGOPAL; Aditya; (Irvine,
CA) ; GOLDBERG; Mark D.; (Alta Loma, CA) ;
GARCIA; Erika F.; (Los Angeles, CA) ; MADERO; Xiomara
L.; (Glendale, CA) ; TOMBRELLO; Thomas A.;
(Altadena, CA) ; SCHERER; Axel; (Barnard,
VT) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
California Institute of Technology |
Pasadena |
CA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
California Institute of
Technology
Pasadena
CA
|
Family ID: |
51223573 |
Appl. No.: |
14/162725 |
Filed: |
January 23, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61756343 |
Jan 24, 2013 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
506/9 ; 435/5;
435/6.11; 435/6.12; 436/94 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C12Q 1/701 20130101;
Y10T 436/143333 20150115; C12Q 1/68 20130101; C12Q 1/6851 20130101;
C12Q 1/703 20130101; C12Q 1/6851 20130101; C12Q 1/68 20130101; C12Q
2561/113 20130101; C12Q 2527/101 20130101; C12Q 2565/101 20130101;
C12Q 2565/1015 20130101; C12Q 2565/133 20130101; C12Q 1/68
20130101; C12Q 1/6851 20130101; C12Q 2561/113 20130101; C12Q
2527/101 20130101; C12Q 2565/101 20130101; C12Q 2565/1015 20130101;
C12Q 2565/133 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
506/9 ; 435/6.12;
436/94; 435/5; 435/6.11 |
International
Class: |
C12Q 1/68 20060101
C12Q001/68; C12Q 1/70 20060101 C12Q001/70 |
Claims
1. A method of detecting at least one nucleic acid target in a
sample, comprising: a) performing at least one cycle of a
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a first nucleic acid target, a
first forward (FWD) primer and a first rewind (RWD) primer, wherein
a first quencher is ligated to the 5' end of the first FWD primer,
a first fluorophore is ligated to the 5' end of the first RWD
primer, and the first FWD primer and the first RWD primer are
specific for the first nucleic acid target; and b) measuring a
first fluorescent signal generated by the first fluorophore and
quencher after each cycle of the PCR; wherein an attenuation of the
first fluorescent signal indicates the presence of the first
nucleic acid target.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first nucleic acid target is
a DNA target.
3. A method of detecting multiple nucleic acid targets of differing
lengths comprising: a) contacting the multiple nucleic acid targets
with a plurality of forward (FWD) and rewind (RWD) primers, wherein
each of the FWD and RWD primers are specific for a single nucleic
acid target, the FWD primers comprise a quencher and the RWD
primers comprise a fluorophore; b) conducting a polymerase chain
reaction (PCR); and c) measuring an endpoint fluorescence of each
target, wherein the endpoint fluorescence for each target is
different.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the RWD primers comprise the same
fluorophore.
5. A method of detecting the morphology of a polymer, comprising:
a) providing a sample containing the polymer, wherein the polymer
comprises multiple fluorophores and a quencher; b) measuring a
first fluorescence from the sample at a first temperature; c)
measuring a second fluorescence from the sample at a second
temperature; and d) using the first and second fluorescences to
detect the morphology of the polymer.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the polymer is a protein or a
DNA.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the polymer is a DNA.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the DNA comprises three different
fluorophores.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the DNA comprises a quencher at
its 3' end.
10. The method of claim 5, wherein the first fluorescence is a
first fluorescence signature.
11. The method of claim 5, wherein the second fluorescence is a
second fluorescence signature.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein: step a) further comprises
performing at least one cycle of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
with a second nucleic acid target, a second forward (FWD) primer
and a second rewind (RWD) primer, wherein a second quencher is
ligated to the 5' end of the second FWD primer, a second
fluorophore is ligated to the 5' end of the second RWD primer, and
the second FWD primer and the second RWD primer are specific for
the second nucleic acid target; and step b) further comprises
measuring a second fluorescent signal generated by the second
fluorophore and quencher after each cycle of the PCR; wherein an
attenuation of the second fluorescent signal indicates the presence
of the second nucleic acid target.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the first and second
fluorophores are different.
14. The method of claim 3, wherein the RWD primers comprise the
fluorophore at its 5' end.
15. The method of claim 3, wherein the FWD primers comprise the
quencher at its 5' end.
16. A method of detecting a nucleic acid target in a sample,
comprising: a) combining the nucleic acid target with a fluorophore
and a quencher, wherein the fluorophore and the quencher are each
incorporated into a separate primer that is complementary to a
region within the nucleic acid target; b) performing at least one
cycle of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to incorporate the
fluorophore and the quencher into products of the PCR; and c)
detecting a fluorescent signal from the fluorophore and the
quencher at a first timepoint and a second timepoint, wherein the
second timepoint is later than the first timepoint and wherein a
decrease in fluorescent signal at the second timepoint relative to
the first timepoint is indicative of the presence of the nucleic
acid target.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first timepoint is after
step a) and the second timepoint is after step b).
18. The method of claim 16, wherein the products of the at least
one cycle of PCR each comprise a first nucleic acid strand and a
second nucleic acid strand, wherein the first nucleic acid strand
and the second nucleic acid strand are complementary.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the fluorophore is incorporated
into the first nucleic acid strand and the quencher is incorporated
into the second nucleic acid strand.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the fluorophore is incorporated
at the 5' end of the first nucleic acid strand and the quencher is
incorporated at the 5' end of the second nucleic acid strand.
21. The method of claim 16, wherein the nucleic acid target is a
DNA target.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional
application 61/756,343, filed Jan. 24, 2013, which is incorporated
herein by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Nucleic acid analyte identification is a critical procedure
in a variety of biomedical applications, such as in research and
clinical diagnostic environments. Identification of an analyte is
primarily done by sequencing or by amplification-based detection.
For example, in the latter scheme, the polymerase chain reaction is
often used to increase the quantity of the nucleic acid analyte
present. Then, the nucleic acid analytes are discriminated using
one of several additional techniques including fluorescence
intensity measurement (e.g., fluorescent probes or intercalating
dyes), length discrimination (e.g., using gel electrophoresis or
melt curve analysis), or chromatography (e.g., haptin-based nucleic
acid capture). Thus, current amplification-based detection
technology indirectly detects analytes and requires a secondary
technique (such as gel electrophoresis or mass spectroscopy) for
analyte detection. Amplification or polymerization-based techniques
that directly detect analytes would improve efficiency, time and
cost.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Disclosed herein are methods, compositions, and kits for
detecting analytes, particularly polynucleotides and/or
polypeptides. The methods generally involve using oligonucleotides
(e.g., primers, probes) attached to chromophores (e.g.,
fluorophores, quenchers, etc.) in amplification or polymerization
reactions in order to detect a polynucleotide analyte. In some
embodiments, provided herein are methods of detecting at least one
polynucleotide analyte in a sample, comprising: (a) combining the
sample with a first primer and a first oligonucleotide, wherein a
first chromophore is attached to the first primer, a second
chromophore is attached to the first oligonucleotide, the first
primer and the first oligonucleotide are specific for a first
polynucleotide analyte and the first chromophore is different from
the second chromophore; (b) measuring a first signal generated by
the first and second chromophores; (c) performing at least one
polymerization reaction with the first primer using the first
polynucleotide analyte as a template; and (d) measuring a second
signal generated by the first and second chromophores; wherein the
first and second signals are used to detect the first
polynucleotide analyte.
[0004] In some cases, the first oligonucleotide is a second primer.
In some cases, the first chromophore is attached to the 5' end of
the first primer. In some cases, the first chromophore is an
inorganic or organic dye, a fluorophore or a quencher. In some
cases, the first chromophore is a fluorophore. In some cases, the
fluorophore is 6-FAM (Fluorescein), 6-FAM (NHS Ester), Fluorescein
dT, HEX, JOE (NHS Ester), MAX, TET, ROX, TAMRA, TARMA (NHS Ester),
TEX 615, ATTO 488, ATTO 532, ATTO 550, ATTO 565, ATTO Rho101, ATTO
590, ATTO 633, ATTO 647N, TYE 563, TYE 665 or TYE 705. In some
cases, the second chromophore is attached to the 5' end of the
second primer. In some cases, the second chromophore is an
inorganic or organic dye, a fluorophore or a quencher. In some
cases, the second chromophore is a quencher. In some cases, the
quencher is Iowa Black FG, Iowa Black RG, BHQ1, BHQ2 or BHQ3. In
some cases, the first chromophore is a fluorophore and the second
chromophore is a quencher.
[0005] In some cases, the methods described herein further
comprising comparing the first and second signals, wherein a change
in the first and second signals indicates the presence of the first
polynucleotide analyte. In some cases, the change in the first and
second signals is a decrease in fluorescent intensity. In some
cases, the change is an increase in intensity. In some cases, the
decrease in fluorescent intensity is at least about a 30% decrease
in signal (or at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%,
55%, 60%, or 75%). In some cases, the second signal is measured
after a second polymerization reaction. In some cases, the
polymerization reaction is a polymerase chain reaction process or
an isothermal process. In some cases, the polymerase chain reaction
process is an end-point polymerase chain reaction process, a
real-time polymerase chain reaction process, a digital polymerase
chain reaction process, a droplet digital polymerase chain reaction
process, or a quantitative polymerase chain reaction process. In
some cases, the first primer is a forward primer and the second
primer is a reverse primer. In some cases, the first primer is a
reverse primer and the second primer is a forward primer. In some
cases, the first and second chromophores interact through an
electron-transfer process. In some cases, the first polynucleotide
analyte is from about 10 to about 500 nucleotides in length. In
some cases, the concentration of the first polynucleotide analyte
is from about 10 .mu.M to about 10 aM. In some cases, the first
polynucleotide analyte is a DNA polynucleotide analyte. In some
cases, the first polynucleotide analyte is an RNA polynucleotide
analyte.
[0006] In some cases, the first polynucleotide analyte comprises a
genetic variation. In some cases, the genetic variation comprises a
substitution, an addition, a deletion or a translocation. In some
cases, the genetic variation comprises a single-nucleotide
polymorphism (SNP). In some cases, the at least one polynucleotide
analyte is from a source selected from a human, a non-human mammal,
a plant, a bacteria, a fungus, an archaea, a parasite, or a virus.
In some cases, the virus is a human immunodeficiency virus, an
influenza type A virus, an influenza type B virus, a respiratory
syncytial virus type A (RsvA), a respiratory syncytial virus type B
virus (RsvB), a human rhinovirus (Hrv), a human metapneumovirus
(Hmpv) or a human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3). In some
cases, the sample is a forensic sample, a clinical sample, a food
sample, an environmental sample, a pharmaceutical sample, or a
sample from a consumer product. In some cases, the methods
disclosed herein further comprising detecting at least one
additional polynucleotide analyte within the sample with an
additional fluorophore attached to a primer, wherein the first
chromophore is a fluorophore with the same color as the additional
fluorophore. In some cases, the first primer is not attached to two
or more chromophores. In some cases, the first oligonucleotide is
not attached to two or more chromophores. In some cases, step b) of
the method further comprises measuring the first signal at a first
denaturing step and a third signal at a first annealing step; step
d) further comprises measuring the second signal at a second
denaturing step and a fourth signal at a second annealing step; and
the method further comprises comparing the first signal with the
second signal to obtain a first ratio and comparing the third
signal with the fourth signal to obtain a second ratio; wherein
when the first ratio is about 1 and the second ratio is greater
than or less than 1 indicate the presence of the first
polynucleotide analyte.
[0007] In some cases, step a) of the method described herein
further comprises combining the sample with a third primer and a
second oligonucleotide, wherein a third chromophore is attached to
the third primer and a fourth chromophore is attached to the second
oligonucleotide, and the third primer and the second
oligonucleotide are specific for a second polynucleotide analyte;
step b) further comprises measuring a fifth signal generated by the
third and fourth chromophores; step d) further comprises measuring
a sixth signal generated by the third and fourth chromophores;
wherein the fifth and sixth signals are used to detect the second
polynucleotide analyte. In some cases, the methods disclosed herein
further comprising comparing the fifth and sixth signals, wherein a
change in the fifth and sixth signals indicates the presence of the
second polynucleotide analyte. In some cases, the second
oligonucleotide is a fourth primer.
[0008] Also disclosed herein are methods of detecting at least one
genetic variation in an analyte comprising: (a) combining a first
analyte with a first primer and a second primer, wherein a first
chromophore is attached to the first primer, a second chromophore
is attached to the second primer, at least one of the first and the
second primers are specific for a first genetic variation in the
first analyte and the first chromophore is different from the
second chromophore; (b) measuring a first signal generated by the
first and second chromophores; (c) performing at least one
polymerization reaction with the first primer and the second primer
using the first analyte as a template; and (d) measuring a second
signal generated by the first and second chromophores; wherein the
first and second signals are used to detect the first genetic
variation in the first analyte. In some cases, the methods
described herein further comprise comparing the first and second
signals, wherein a change in the first and second signals indicates
the presence of the genetic variation in the first analyte.
[0009] In some cases, the analyte is a polynucleotide analyte. In
some cases, the genetic variation comprises a substitution, an
addition, a deletion or a translocation. In some cases, the genetic
variation comprises a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). In some
cases, the first primer comprises a sequence encoding the SNP or
the first primer binds to a region of the analyte encoding the SNP.
In some cases, the second primer comprises a sequence not encoding
the SNP or the second primer comprises a sequence complementary to
a region of the analyte not encoding the SNP. In some cases, the
first primer encodes a region of the analyte less than 500 base
pairs apart from a region of the analyte encoded by the second
primer. In some cases, the change in signal is distinct for at
least two of the mismatched base pairs selected from the group
consisting of UU, UT, UG, UC, UA, AA, TT, GG, CC, AG, AC, TG and
TC. In some cases, the change in signal from a mismatched base pair
is distinct from a change in signal from a complementary base
pair.
[0010] In some cases, step a) of the methods described herein
further comprises combining the first analyte with a third primer
and a fourth primer, wherein a third chromophore is attached to the
third primer, a fourth chromophore is attached to the fourth
primer, the third and the fourth primers are specific for a second
genetic variation in the first analyte and the third chromophore is
different from the fourth chromophore; step b) further comprises
measuring a third signal; step d) further comprises measuring a
fourth signal; and the method further comprises comparing the third
and fourth signals; wherein a change in the third and fourth
signals indicates the presence of the second single genetic
variation in the first analyte. In some cases, step a) of the
method further comprises combining a second analyte with a third
primer and a fourth primer, wherein a third chromophore is attached
to the third primer, a fourth chromophore is attached to the fourth
primer comprises, the third and the fourth primers are specific for
a second genetic variation in the second analyte and the third
chromophore is different from the fourth chromophore; step b)
further comprises measuring a third signal; step d) further
comprises measuring a fourth signal; and the method further
comprises comparing the third and fourth signals; wherein a change
in the third and fourth signals indicates the presence of the
second single genetic variation in the second analyte. In some
cases, step a) further comprises combining a second analyte with a
third primer and a fourth primer, wherein the first chromophore is
attached to the third primer, the second chromophore is attached to
the fourth primer, and the third and the fourth primers are
specific for a second genetic variation in the second analyte. In
some cases, the polymerization reaction is a PCR process or an
isothermal reaction. In some cases, the PCR process is an end-point
PCR process, a digital PCR process, a real-time PCR process, a
droplet digital PCR process, or a quantitative PCR process. In some
cases, the polymerization reaction is a quantitative PCR process.
In some cases, the detecting comprises a quantitative PCR method.
In some cases, the detecting comprises a quantitative PCR method
and a second method. In some cases, the second method is a digital
PCR process. In some cases, at least one SNP is detected in a gene.
In some cases, at least one SNP is associated with a disease. In
some cases, the disease is a genetic disorder, an autoimmune
disease, a neurological disease, a cardiovascular disease, or a
cancer.
[0011] Also disclosed herein are methods of detecting a plurality
of analytes, comprising: a) combining the plurality of analytes
with a plurality of primer pairs, wherein each primer pair is
specific to a single analyte and each primer of the primer pair is
attached to at least one chromophore; b) measuring a first set of
signals generated by the chromophores; c) performing at least one
polymerization reaction with the plurality of primer pairs using
the plurality of analytes as templates; and d) measuring a second
set of signals generated by the chromophores; wherein the first and
second set of signals are used to detect each analyte of the
plurality of analytes. In some cases, the method described herein
further comprises: e) repeating step c and d at least once; and f)
generating a set of signature profiles; wherein the presence of
each analyte of the plurality of analytes is detected by comparing
the set of signature profiles to a control set of signature
profiles.
[0012] In some cases, the signature profile is an end-point
signature profile or a signature curve. In some cases, the
plurality of analytes has different lengths. In some cases, each of
the plurality of primer pairs comprises a forward primer and a
reverse primer. In some cases, one, two or more chromophores are
attached to the forward primer. In some cases, one chromophore is
attached to the 5' end of the forward primer. In some cases, at
least one chromophore is attached to the reverse primer. In some
cases, one chromophore is attached to the 5' end of the reverse
primer. In some cases, the chromophore is an inorganic or organic
dye, a fluorophore or a quencher. In some cases, the chromophore is
a fluorophore. In some cases, the chromophore is a quencher.
[0013] Also disclosed herein are methods of generating a signature
curve profile for a polynucleotide analyte, comprising: (a)
contacting the polynucleotide analyte with a first primer and a
second primer, wherein a first chromophore is attached to the first
primer and a second chromophore is attached to the second primer,
the first primer and the second primer are specific for the
polynucleotide analyte and the first chromophore is different from
the second chromophore; (b) measuring a first signal at a first
temperature; (c) performing at least one polymerization reaction
with the first primer and the second primer using the
polynucleotide analyte as a template; (d) measuring a second signal
at the first temperature; and (e) repeating step c and d at least
once; wherein the signals create the signature curve profile of the
polynucleotide analyte. In some cases, the method disclosed herein
further comprises: f) changing the temperature; g) measuring a
third signal at a second temperature; and h) repeating steps f and
g at least once; wherein the signals create the signature curve
profile of the polynucleotide analyte.
[0014] In some cases, the signature curve is a length curve, a
morphology curve, a melt curve, or a SNP curve. In some cases, the
polymerization reaction is a polymerase chain reaction process. In
some cases, the polymerase chain reaction process is an end-point
polymerase chain reaction process, a real-time polymerase chain
reaction process, a digital polymerase chain reaction process or a
quantitative polymerase chain reaction process. In some cases, the
first chromophore is an inorganic or organic dye, a fluorophore or
a quencher. In some cases, the first chromophore is a fluorophore.
In some cases, the fluorophore is 6-FAM (Fluorescein), 6-FAM (NHS
Ester), Fluorescein dT, HEX, JOE (NHS Ester), MAX, TET, ROX, TAMRA,
TARMA (NHS Ester), TEX 615, ATTO 488, ATTO 532, ATTO 550, ATTO 565,
ATTO Rho101, ATTO 590, ATTO 633, ATTO 647N, TYE 563, TYE 665 or TYE
705. In some cases, the second chromophore is an inorganic or
organic dye, a fluorophore or a quencher. In some cases, the second
chromophore is a quencher. In some cases, the quencher is Iowa
Black FG, Iowa Black RG, BHQ1, BHQ2 or BHQ3. In some cases, the
polynucleotide analyte is a DNA polynucleotide analyte. In some
cases, the polynucleotide analyte is an RNA polynucleotide analyte.
In some cases, the polynucleotide analyte is from a source selected
from the group consisting of a human, a non-human mammal, a plant,
a bacteria, an archaea, a fungus, a parasite, and a virus. In some
cases, the virus is a human immunodeficiency virus, an influenza
type A virus, an influenza type B virus, a respiratory syncytial
virus type A (RsvA), a respiratory syncytial virus type B virus
(RsvB), a human rhinovirus (Hrv), a human metapneumovirus (Hmpv) or
a human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3).
[0015] Also disclosed herein is a method of monitoring an
amplification reaction comprising: (a) contacting a first
polynucleotide analyte with: i) a first primer and a second primer,
wherein the first primer and the second primer are specific for the
first polynucleotide analyte; and ii) at least two chromophores
capable of specific incorporation into a product amplified from the
first polynucleotide analyte; (b) subjecting the combination in
step (a) to a temperature capable of denaturing double-stranded
DNA; (c) measuring a first signal in step (b) generated by the at
least two chromophores; (d) subjecting the combination in step b)
to a temperature capable of annealing polynucleotides; (e)
measuring a second signal in step (d) generated by the at least two
chromophores; and (f) repeating steps b)-e) to obtain a third
signal and a fourth signal; and (g) comparing the first and the
third signals to obtain a first ratio and the second and the fourth
signals to obtain a second ratio; wherein an amplification reaction
occurs when the first ratio is about 1 and the second ratio is
greater than or less than 1. In some cases, at least one
chromophore is attached to the first primer, for example exactly
one chromophore may be attached to the first primer. In some cases,
one chromophore (or exactly one chromophore) is attached to the 5'
end of the first primer. In some cases, one, two or more
chromophores are attached to the second primer. In some cases, one
chromophore is attached to the 5' end of the second primer. In some
cases, the chromophore is an inorganic or organic dye, a
fluorophore or a quencher.
[0016] Also disclosed herein are methods of detecting a morphology
of an analyte, comprising: (a) providing a sample comprising the
analyte, wherein a first chromophore, a second chromophore and a
third chromophore are attached to the analyte, wherein the first,
second and third chromophores are different; (b) measuring a signal
from the first chromophore, second chromophore and the third
chromophore at a first and second temperature, wherein the first
and second temperatures are different; and (c) using the measured
signals to detect the morphology of the analyte. In some cases, the
analyte is a protein, a polypeptide, a lipid or a polynucleotide.
In some cases, the analyte is a polynucleotide. In some cases, the
polynucleotide is a DNA polynucleotide. In some cases, the
polynucleotide is an RNA polynucleotide. In some cases, the first
chromophore is an inorganic or organic dye, a fluorophore or a
quencher. In some cases, the first chromophore is a first
fluorophore. In some cases, the first fluorophore is 6-FAM
(Fluorescein), 6-FAM (NHS Ester), Fluorescein dT, HEX, JOE (NHS
Ester), MAX, TET, ROX, TAMRA, TARMA (NHS Ester), TEX 615, ATTO 488,
ATTO 532, ATTO 550, ATTO 565, ATTO Rho101, ATTO 590, ATTO 633, ATTO
647N, TYE 563, TYE 665 or TYE 705. In some cases, the second
chromophore is an inorganic or organic dye, a fluorophore or a
quencher. In some cases, the second chromophore is a second
fluorophore. In some cases, the second fluorophore is 6-FAM
(Fluorescein), 6-FAM (NHS Ester), Fluorescein dT, HEX, JOE (NHS
Ester), MAX, TET, ROX, TAMRA, TARMA (NHS Ester), TEX 615, ATTO 488,
ATTO 532, ATTO 550, ATTO 565, ATTO Rho101, ATTO 590, ATTO 633, ATTO
647N, TYE 563, TYE 665 or TYE 705. In some cases, the third
chromophore is an inorganic or organic dye, a fluorophore or a
quencher. In some cases, the third chromophore is a quencher. In
some cases, the quencher is Iowa Black FG, Iowa Black RG, BHQ1,
BHQ2 or BHQ3. In some cases, the analyte comprises more than one
fluorophore. In some cases, the analyte comprises more than one
quencher. In some cases, the polynucleotide comprises a quencher at
its 3' end.
[0017] Also disclosed herein are methods of detecting a
polynucleotide analyte comprising: (a) combining the polynucleotide
analyte with at least two chromophores, wherein the at least two
chromophores are each attached to a separate polynucleotide that is
complementary to a region within the polynucleotide analyte; (b)
performing at least one polymerization reaction to incorporate the
at least two chromophores into products of the polymerization
reaction; and (c) detecting a fluorescent intensity from the at
least two chromophores at a first timepoint and a second timepoint,
wherein the second timepoint is later than the first timepoint and
wherein a change (particularly a decrease) in fluorescent intensity
at the second timepoint relative to the first timepoint is
indicative of the presence of the polynucleotide analyte. In some
cases, the polymerization reaction is a polymerase chain reaction.
In some cases, the first timepoint is after step a) and the second
timepoint is after step b). In some cases, the products of the at
least one polymerization reaction each comprise a first
polynucleotide strand and a second polynucleotide strand, wherein
the first polynucleotide strand and the second polynucleotide
strand are complementary. In some cases, the at least two
chromophores are different. In some cases, the at least two
chromophores comprise a fluorophore. In some cases, the at least
two chromophores comprise a fluorophore and a quencher. In some
cases, the fluorophore is incorporated into the first
polynucleotide strand and the quencher is incorporated into the
second polynucleotide strand. In some cases, the fluorophore is
incorporated at the 5' end of first polynucleotide strand and the
quencher is incorporated at the 5' end of the second polynucleotide
strand.
[0018] Also disclosed herein are compositions and kits,
particularly for detecting polynucleotide or polypeptide analytes.
In some cases, the kits comprise oligonucleotides (e.g., primers,
probes, etc.) attached to a chromophore (e.g., fluorophore,
quencher). In some cases, the kit comprises: (a) a first primer or
probe attached to a fluorophore; and (b) a second primer or probe
attached to a quencher. In some cases, the kit comprises: (a) a
first primer or probe attached to exactly one first chromophore,
wherein the first chromophore is a fluorophore; and (b) a second
primer or probe attached to exactly one second chromophore, wherein
the first chromophore is different from the second chromophore. In
some cases, the second chromophore is a quencher. In some cases,
the second chromophore is a fluorophore. In some cases, the first
primer or probe is a primer. In some cases, the second primer or
probe is a primer. In some cases, the first primer or probe
comprises an oligonucleotide sequence that is complementary to the
sequence of a target analyte. In some cases, the second primer or
probe comprises an oligonucleotide sequence complementary to the
sequence of a target analyte. In some cases, the fluorophore is
6-FAM (Fluorescein), 6-FAM (NHS Ester), Fluorescein dT, HEX, JOE
(NHS Ester), MAX, TET, ROX, TAMRA, TARMA (NHS Ester), TEX 615, ATTO
488, ATTO 532, ATTO 550, ATTO 565, ATTO Rho101, ATTO 590, ATTO 633,
ATTO 647N, TYE 563, TYE 665 or TYE 705. In some cases, the quencher
is Iowa Black FG, Iowa Black RG, BHQ1, BHQ2 or BHQ3. In some cases,
the kit comprises at least three primers, wherein each primer is
attached to a different chromophore.
[0019] In some cases, the kit comprises: (a) a first primer or
probe attached to a first chromophore, wherein the first
chromophore is a fluorophore; and (b) a second primer or probe
attached to a second chromophore, wherein the first chromophore is
different from the second chromophore. In some cases, the kit
comprises: (a) a first primer or probe attached to exactly one
first chromophore; and (b) a second primer or probe attached to
exactly one second chromophore, wherein the first chromophore is
different from the second chromophore. In some cases, the kit
comprises: (a) a first primer or probe attached to exactly one
first chromophore, wherein the first chromophore is a fluorophore;
and (b) a second primer or probe attached to exactly one second
chromophore, wherein the first chromophore is different from the
second chromophore. In some cases, the second chromophore is a
quencher. In some cases, the second chromophore is a fluorophore.
In some cases, the first primer or probe is a primer. In some
cases, the second primer or probe is a primer. In some cases, the
first primer or probe comprises an oligonucleotide sequence that is
complementary to the sequence of a target analyte. In some cases,
the second primer or probe comprises an oligonucleotide sequence
complementary to the sequence of a target analyte. In some cases,
the fluorophore is 6-FAM (Fluorescein), 6-FAM (NHS Ester),
Fluorescein dT, HEX, JOE (NHS Ester), MAX, TET, ROX, TAMRA, TARMA
(NHS Ester), TEX 615, ATTO 488, ATTO 532, ATTO 550, ATTO 565, ATTO
Rho101, ATTO 590, ATTO 633, ATTO 647N, TYE 563, TYE 665 or TYE 705.
In some cases, the quencher is Iowa Black FG, Iowa Black RG, BHQ1,
BHQ2 or BHQ3. In some cases, the kit comprises at least three
primers, wherein each primer is attached to a different
chromophore.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0020] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned
in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the
same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent
application was specifically and individually indicated to be
incorporated by reference.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021] Various aspects of the invention are set forth with
particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the
features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained
by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth
illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention
are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:
[0022] FIG. 1 exemplifies a mechanism for detection of a nucleic
acid analyte using chromophore-attached primers (a
fluorophore-attached forward (FWD) primer and a quencher-attached
reverse (or rewind (RWD)) primer) during a polymerase chain
reaction (PCR). FIGS. 1A-1B illustrate the denaturation of a
double-stranded polynucleotide analyte. FIGS. 1C-1D illustrate the
annealing of the chromophore-attached primers to opposite strands
of the analyte and for a polymerase to extend the primers during a
PCR reaction. FIGS. 1E-1F illustrate the formation of a
double-stranded PCR product containing both chromophores
(fluorophore and a quencher) which leads to the generation of a
signal (e.g., quenching of fluorescence).
[0023] FIG. 2 exemplifies an electron transfer state. FIG. 2A
illustrates an energy transfer formula. FIG. 2B illustrates a
Jablonski diagram showing Forster resonance energy transfer with
typical timescales indicated.
[0024] FIG. 3 illustrates a diagnostic protocol and treatment
method for use with a detection method described herein.
[0025] FIG. 4 illustrates a conceptual schematic of an exemplary
computer server to be used for processing a method described
herein.
[0026] FIG. 5 exemplifies the detection of HIV TPP analytes at
varying concentrations using quantitative PCR (qPCR). FIG. 5A
illustrates the qPCR detection of 80 bp HIV TPP analytes at 10 nM
concentration. FIG. 5B illustrates the qPCR detection of 80 bp HIV
TPP analytes at 1 nM concentration. FIG. 5C illustrates the qPCR
detection of 80 bp HIV TPP analytes at 100 pM concentration. FIG.
5D illustrates the qPCR detection of 80 bp HIV TPP analytes at 10
pM concentration. All successful detection curves exhibit the
inverse-sigmoidal characteristic.
[0027] FIG. 6 illustrates the sensitivity of detection of HIV TPP
using an exemplary detection method. FIG. 6A illustrates the qPCR
detection of 80 bp HIV TPP analytes at 1 pM concentration. FIG. 6B
illustrates the qPCR detection of 80 bp HIV TPP analytes at 100 fM
concentration. FIG. 6C illustrates the qPCR detection of 80 bp HIV
TPP analytes at 10 fM concentration. FIG. 6D illustrates the qPCR
detection of 80 bp HIV TPP analytes at 1 fM concentration.
[0028] FIG. 7 shows that the extent of signal generation
(quenching) is strongly correlated with the distance between a
quencher and a fluorophore. Analytes were varied in length from 40
bp to 120 bp for a single set of primers. FIG. 7A illustrates the
extent of quenching using a 40mer analyte. FIG. 7B illustrates the
extent of quenching using a 60mer analyte. FIG. 7C illustrates the
extent of quenching using a 80mer analyte.
[0029] FIG. 8 illustrates the effect of a single nucleotide
polymorphism on signal generation. Signal level changes
significantly when a mis-priming event occurs (FIG. 8A and FIG.
8B).
[0030] FIG. 9 exemplifies the binary coding of analytes. Analytes
in a 3-plex CY3 assay were coded using binary spaced primer
concentrations. A TaqMan positive control sequence was amplified in
each reaction to confirm that the PCR performed successfully.
[0031] FIG. 10 exemplifies an amplification or polymerization
reaction using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect an
analyte. FIG. 10A illustrates the sequence of the analyte (Analyte
01) to be detected. FIG. 10B illustrates a forward (FWD) and a
reverse (RWD) primer pair specific for Analyte 01. FIG. 10C
illustrates the annealing step during the first cycle of the PCR
reaction. FIG. 10D illustrates the annealing step during the second
cycle of the PCR reaction. FIG. 10E illustrates the extended PCR
products after the second extension cycle.
[0032] FIG. 11 exemplifies how a detection method described herein
can be used in a multiplex reaction to detect quenched signals in
three channels.
[0033] FIG. 12 exemplifies the incorporation of multiple
chromophores into an analyte in order to determine its
morphology.
[0034] FIG. 13 exemplifies signal generation as a function of
temperature for an analyte containing multiple chromophores. FIG.
13A illustrates the morphology of the oligonucleotide at a first
temperature (T.sub.1). Three fluorophores (F.sub.1, F.sub.2 and
F.sub.3) are attached to the oligonucleotide and one quencher
(Q.sub.1) is attached at the 3' end of the oligonucleotide. FIG.
13B illustrates the fluorescence signature profile of the
oligonucleotide at T.sub.1. At T.sub.1, Q1 is closest to F.sub.3,
and a quenching effect is observed (FIG. 13B). FIG. 13C illustrates
the morphology of the oligonucleotide at a second temperature
(T.sub.2). FIG. 13D illustrates the fluorescence signature profile
of the oligonucleotide at T.sub.2. At T.sub.2, the oligonucleotide
is fully denatured and Q.sub.1 is further away from F.sub.3. As a
result, the fluorescence signal of F.sub.3 increased (FIG.
13D).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0035] Provided herein are methods, systems, compositions, and kits
for the detection of one or more analytes using
chromophore-attached oligonucleotides (e.g., primers and/or probes)
specific for an analyte. For example, the incorporation of
chromophores into an amplification or polymerization product (e.g.,
through the use of forward and reverse primers that are attached to
different chromophores as illustrated, e.g., in FIG. 1) provides a
number of advantages.
[0036] For example, methods described herein can provide for the
direct detection of one or more analytes in a single reaction (such
as an amplification reaction (such as a PCR reaction or PCR
reaction process) or a polymerization reaction). In addition, the
direct incorporation of chromophores into the amplification or
polymerization product (e.g., the analyte) allows for more accurate
quantification of the analyte and for the real-time monitoring of
the progression of an amplification or polymerization reaction. For
example, once the analyte has been amplified to incorporate two
different chromophores, upon excitation of one chromophore, an
electron may travel through the pi-bond network of a DNA backbone
to interact with a second chromophore, thereby generating a
detectable signal or change in signal.
[0037] Methods described herein are particularly suitable for
detecting genetic variations, such as single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) or other qualitative information of an
analyte. In some cases, a single base-pair mismatch between a
chromophore-attached primer and the analyte can be detected upon
amplification or polymerization of the analyte (or polymerization
or extension of the primer). For example, a change in signal may
occur if there is a disruption in a contiguous double-stranded DNA
sequence upon amplification or polymerization of the analyte (or
polymerization or extension of the primer (e.g., the primer
specific for the SNP)) when a SNP is present. A single base pair
misalignment (e.g. internal misalignment (such as a SNP) or
terminal overhangs) can result in significant decrease in signal
compared to the signal generated upon amplification or
polymerization of the analyte (or polymerization or extension of
the primer) without a base pair misalignment due to a disruption in
electron transport between chromophores incorporated into an
analyte containing a base pair misalignment.
[0038] Additionally described herein are methods to normalize
signals during an amplification or polymerization reaction, such as
a PCR reaction (or PCR reaction process). In some cases, the
methods described herein can provide for a cycle-by-cycle
normalization of a PCR reaction or process (e.g. chopper
stabilization where individual cycles are reset to a reference
value). For example, in some cases, when a signal measured during
the denaturing step of a cycle is within a reference signal range,
the denaturation signal can be used to normalize the signal
measured during the annealing step of the same cycle. Thereby, the
cycle-by-cycle normalization can provide a means to determine the
reliability of the PCR reaction and can be used with the detection
methods described herein to provide particularly accurate detection
and measurements of analytes.
[0039] Also described herein are methods which allow detection of
analytes present in low concentrations. In some cases, the
sensitivity of the methods described herein can detect analytes at
concentrations of about 10 uM to about 1 aM. In some cases, the
methods provided herein can be combined with a digital
amplification or polymerization process (e.g. droplet digital PCR),
to further enhance the detection. In some cases, the methods
provided herein can be used to detect analytes that are present at
a trace concentration in a sample (e.g. a rare SNP).
[0040] Further described herein are methods to detect of multiple
analytes in a single reaction or experiment, without the need to
resort to additional experiments or materials (e.g. reagents).
Thereby, the disclosed methods can reduce or eliminate the
associated cost of additional reagents or materials and increase
time and efficiency.
I. Certain Terminology
[0041] It is to be understood that the foregoing general
description and the following detailed description are exemplary
and explanatory only and are not restrictive of any subject matter
claimed. In this application, the use of the singular includes the
plural unless specifically stated otherwise. It must be noted that,
as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular
forms "a," "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the
context clearly dictates otherwise. In this application, the use of
"or" means "and/or" unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, use of
the term "including" as well as other forms, such as "include,"
"includes," and "included," is not limiting.
[0042] The term "about," as used herein, generally refers to a
range that is 15% greater than or less than a stated numerical
value within the context of the particular usage. For example,
"about 10" would include a range from 8.5 to 11.5.
[0043] The term "primer," as used herein, generally refers to a
short linear oligonucleotide that hybridizes to a target nucleic
acid sequence (e.g., a DNA template to be amplified) to prime a
nucleic acid synthesis reaction. The primer may be an RNA
oligonucleotide, a DNA oligonucleotide, or a chimeric sequence. The
primer may contain natural, synthetic, or nucleotide analogues
(e.g., those that increase T.sub.m). Both the upper and lower
limits of the length of the primer are empirically determined. The
lower limit on primer length is the minimum length that is required
to form a stable duplex upon hybridization with the target nucleic
acid under nucleic acid amplification or polymerization reaction
conditions. Very short primers (usually less than 3 nucleotides
long) do not form thermodynamically stable duplexes with target
nucleic acid under such hybridization conditions. The upper limit
is often determined by the possibility of having a duplex formation
in a region other than the pre-determined nucleic acid sequence in
the target nucleic acid. Generally, suitable primer lengths are in
the range of about 3 nucleotides long to about 40 nucleotides long.
The "primers" used in the methods of amplification or
polymerization of a target nucleic acid described herein will be of
a length appropriate for a particular set of experimental
conditions. The determination of primer length is well within the
routine capabilities of those of skilled in the art.
[0044] The terms "polynucleotide," "oligonucleotide," or "nucleic
acid," as used herein, are used herein to refer to biological
molecules comprising a plurality of nucleotides. Exemplary
polynucleotides include deoxyribonucleic acids, ribonucleic acids,
and synthetic analogues thereof, including peptide nucleic
acids.
II. Methods of Detection
[0045] Described herein are methods for detecting the presence or
absence of at least one polynucleotide analyte in a sample.
Detection methods provided herein may use an amplification or
polymerization technique (e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or
PCR process) to incorporate chromophores directly onto the product
(e.g., analyte) templates. An exemplary detection method is shown
in FIG. 1, in which a pair of primers, each attached to either a
fluorophore or a quencher at its 5' end respectively, is used to
detect an analyte by amplification or polymerization process. In
some cases, a first signal is measured prior to the start of the
amplification or polymerization reaction. During the initial
amplification or polymerization cycle, a duplex DNA separates,
allowing primers to bind to specific regions of the individual
template strands (FIGS. 1A-1C). A polymerase (e.g. Taq polymerase)
can be used to extend the primers along the template strand (FIG.
1D). In some cases, a second signal can be measured after the
initial cycle. In some cases, a change in signal is not observed
after the initial cycle (FIG. 1E) since a single chromophore is
incorporated into the template. In some cases, upon completion of a
second cycle, a change in signal can be observed due to the
incorporation of both chromophores in the synthesized template
(FIG. 1F). In some cases, a second signal can be measured after the
second cycle. In some cases, the first and second signals are used
to detect the presence or absence of the amplified product (e.g.
the polynucleotide analyte). In some cases, a change is observed
between the first and second signal. In some cases, the change in
signal indicates the presence of the amplified product (e.g. the
polynucleotide analyte).
[0046] In some cases, the change in signal is an increase in signal
(e.g., an increased quenching of fluorescence when a fluorophore
and quencher are incorporated into the amplified product). In some
cases, the change in signal is a decrease in signal (e.g., a
decrease in fluorescence intensity). In some cases, an increase in
signal indicates a presence of the product or analyte. In some
cases, a decrease in signal indicates a presence of the product or
analyte. In some cases, the lack of a change in signal (e.g., no
significant change in fluorescence intensity) indicates the absence
of the product or analyte. In some cases, a denaturation signal is
measured before, during, or after the denaturation step. In some
cases, an annealing signal is measured before, during, or after the
annealing step. In some cases, an annealing signal is measured
before, during, or after the extension step. In some cases, the
denaturation signal is compared with a reference signal or
reference signal range as described elsewhere herein to determine
if the amplification or polymerization reaction has proceeded
reliably or correctly. In some cases, when the denaturation signal
falls outside of the reference signal range, it can indicate that
the reaction has failed. In some cases, when the denaturation
signal falls within the reference signal range, the denaturation
signal can be used to normalize the annealing signal. In some
cases, the denaturation signal from each cycle can be used for a
cycle-by-cycle normalization of the annealing signals (e.g. chopper
stabilization). In some cases, the change in annealing signals is
referred to as a relative quantitation of signals. In some cases,
the signal is not limited to a signal generated by a fluorophore
and quencher pair. In some cases, the signal can be generated by
different chromophores.
[0047] In some cases, the change in signal can be defined by a
percentage change. In some cases, the change in signal can be about
0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,
90%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 600%, 700%, 800%, 900%, 1000%,
or more. In some cases, the change in signal can be greater than
0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,
90%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 600%, 700%, 800%, 900%, or
1000%. In some cases, the change in signal can be less than 0.001%,
0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%,
200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 600%, 700%, 800%, 900%, or 1000%. In some
cases, the change in signal can be about 50%.
[0048] Various combinations of oligonucleotides (e.g. primers
and/or probes) can be used to detect an analyte. In some cases, a
primer is used with a probe or a plurality of probes. In some
cases, a plurality of primers is used with a plurality of probes.
In some cases, a plurality of primers is used with a single probe.
In some cases, a primer pair is used to detect an analyte. In some
cases, a primer pair is used to detect multiple analytes. In some
cases, multiple primer pairs are used to detect an analyte. In some
cases, a primer and a probe is used to detect an analyte. In some
cases, a primer and a probe is used to detect multiple analytes. In
some cases, a combination of primers and probes is used to detect
an analyte. In some cases, a combination of primers and probes is
used to detect multiple analytes. In some cases, a probe is used to
detect an analyte. In some cases, a probe is used to detect
multiple analytes. In some cases, multiple probes are used to
detect an analyte.
[0049] In some cases, at least one chromophore (e.g. fluorophore,
quencher, intercalating dye) is used to detect an analyte. In some
cases, a chromophore pair (e.g. fluorophore/quencher pairs) is used
to detect an analyte. In some cases, a single chromophore pair is
used to detect an analyte. In some cases, a single chromophore pair
is used to detect multiple analytes. In some cases, multiple
chromophore pairs are used to detect an analyte. In some cases, a
chromophore pair comprises a first chromophore and a second
chromophore. In some cases, each primer in a primer pair comprises
either a first chromophore (e.g. a fluorophore) or a second
chromophore (e.g. a quencher). In some cases, each primer in the
primer pair does not comprise both first and second chromophores.
In some cases, a chromophore pair is not used to detect an analyte.
In some cases, a chromophore is not used to detect an analyte. In
some cases, a chromophore is an intercalating dye. In some cases,
an intercalating dye is not used to detect an analyte. In some
cases, the first chromophore and the second chromophore are the
same.
[0050] In some cases, a plurality of primers is used in the
detection methods. In some cases, a primer is used with an
oligonucleotide (e.g. a probe) or a plurality of oligonucleotides
(e.g. a plurality of probes). In some cases, a primer is used with
a probe or a plurality of probes. In some cases, a plurality of
primers is used with a plurality of probes. In some cases, a
plurality of primers is used with a single probe. In some cases,
the number of primers used equals the number of probes used in the
detection methods. In some cases, the primer is not attached to the
oligonucleotide.
[0051] In some cases, a probe is not used in the detection methods.
In some cases, a probe with chromophores attached is not used in
the detection methods. In some cases, a probe (such as a
self-quenching probe) with a fluorophore and quencher pair attached
is not used in the detection methods. In some cases, a probe with a
fluorophore attached at its 5' end and a quencher attached at its
3' end is not used in the detection methods.
[0052] In some cases, the method is used with a second method. In
some cases, the second method is an amplification or polymerization
method, an electrophoresis (e.g. gel electrophoresis, capillary
electrophoresis), a mass spectroscopy method, a chromatography
method or an assay (e.g. in vitro cell based assay). In some cases,
the amplification or polymerization method is an isothermal
reaction method or a polymerase chain reaction method. In some
cases, the polymerase chain reaction process is a multiplex-PCR, a
quantitative PCR (qPCR), an end point PCR or a digital PCR (e.g.
droplet digital PCR) process. In some cases, the polymerase chain
reaction is a droplet digital PCR. In some cases, the second method
is a droplet digital PCR method. In some cases, the second method
is an electrophoresis method (e.g. a gel electrophoresis method for
DNA sequencing). In some cases, the method is used in combination
with a second and a third method. In some cases, the third method
is an amplification or polymerization method, an electrophoresis
(e.g. gel electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis), a mass
spectroscopy method, a chromatography method or an assay (e.g. in
vitro cell based assay). In some cases, the method is used without
a second or a third method. In some cases, the method is used
without a second method. In some cases, the method is used without
an electrophoresis method. In some cases, the method is used
without a sequencing method.
A. Detection of Analytes from Intensity-Length Relationship
[0053] Described herein is a method of detecting the presence of
one or more analytes in a sample. Methods provided herein involve,
e.g., the measurement of the change in signal intensity when at
least two chromophores interact with each other. For example, in
the case of a fluorophore and quencher interaction, the further the
fluorophore is from the quencher, the brighter the fluorescence
signature of a particular nucleic acid analyte will typically be.
So long that the analyte lengths are small, the persistence length
of the nucleic acid analyte typically determines the intensity of
fluorescence. For example, for a given fluorophore-quencher pair,
the intensity of the fluorescence can be correlated with the
persistence length. Further, the intensity of fluorescence often
indicative of an energy transfer between the fluorophore and the
quencher. The efficiency of this energy transfer is described by
the following equation:
E = 1 1 + ( r / R 0 ) 6 ( 1 ) ##EQU00001##
where r is the distance between the fluorophore and the quencher
(FIG. 2) and R.sub.0 is a constant related to each
fluorophore/quencher pair where it can be calculated from certain
parameters of the absorption and emission spectra of each
chromophore. (See Biophysical Chemistry, D. Freifelder, ed., W.H.
Freeman and Company, San Francisco (1976) at page 426-28). Further,
R.sub.0 is described by the following equation:
R 0 6 = 9 Q 0 ( ln 10 ) .kappa. 2 J 128 .pi. 5 n 4 N A ( 2 )
##EQU00002##
where Q.sub.0 is the fluorescence quantum yield of the donor in the
absence of the acceptor, .kappa..sup.2 is the dipole orientation
factor, n is the refractive index of the medium, N.sub.A is
Avogadro's number and J is the spectral overlap integral (FIG.
2).
[0054] Therefore, the changes in fluorescence signal typically vary
with the length of the synthesized strand. In some cases, a
decrease in fluorescence signal is inversely proportional with the
length of the synthesized strand. Utilizing this relationship, the
presence of an analyte can be detected based on the signal
correlated with its length. For example, a set of fluorescence
signal ladders reminiscent of molecular weight ladders based on DNA
length can be established as a control. In a sample, multiple pairs
of primers attached with the same fluorophore/quencher pair are
amplified. Upon completion of the amplification or polymerization
process, the observed signals can be correlated with the controls,
thereby detecting the presence or absence of a particular analyte.
In some cases, the presence or absence of a particular analyte can
be monitored throughout the amplification or polymerization
process, by taking measurements during each amplification or
polymerization cycle and comparing with the control ladder. In some
cases, the ladder comprises a plurality of signals. In some cases,
the plurality of signals generates multiple curves. In some cases,
the ladder is represented by a plurality of curves. In some cases,
the ladder comprises multiple sets of endpoint fluorescence. In
some cases, the ladder comprises multiple sets of initial and end
point fluorescence. In some cases, each step of the ladder
comprises a plurality of signals. In some cases, the plurality of
signals generates a curve. In some cases, each step of the ladder
is represented by a curve. In some cases, each step of the ladder
comprises an endpoint fluorescence measurement. In some cases, each
step of the ladder comprises a set of initial and endpoint
fluorescence measurements. In some cases, each step of the ladder
comprises an initial and endpoint fluorescence. In some cases, the
curve represents a signature profile of an analyte based on its
length. In some cases, the endpoint fluorescence represents a
signature profile of an analyte based on its length. In some cases,
the set of initial and endpoint fluorescence represents a signature
profile of an analyte based on its length. In some cases, the
initial and endpoint fluorescence represents a signature profile of
an analyte based on its length. In some cases, each step of the
ladder generates a signature profile of an analyte based on its
length. In some cases, the ladder comprises multiple steps or
multiple signature profiles of analytes. In some cases, the ladder
comprises a single step or a single signature profile of an
analyte. In some cases, the ladder comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,
42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90,
95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250,
300, 350, 400, 450, 500, or more steps. In some cases, the ladder
comprises more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,
49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130,
140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500
steps. In some cases, the ladder comprises less than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85,
90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250,
300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 steps. In some cases, multiple analytes
are detected by a single fluorophore/quencher pair. In some cases,
a single analyte is detected by a single fluorophore/quencher pair.
In some cases, the signal is not limited to a signal generated by a
fluorophore and quencher pair. In some cases, the signal can be
generated by different chromophores.
B. Detection of Genetic Variations
[0055] Disclosed herein is a method of determining the presence or
absence of a genetic variation, e.g., based on the change in signal
due, e.g., to a disruption in the electron transport mechanism
described herein. Genetic variations include deletion and insertion
of one or more nucleotides, translocations of different nucleotide
occurrences (e.g. single point mutations such as SNPs or a
base-pair substitution), or variations in the number of multiple
nucleotide repetitions. For example, to detect the presence of a
single deletion or alteration (e.g. a SNP) in a template (e.g. an
analyte), a first primer is designed to hybridize to a region
comprising the deletion. A second primer comprises a sequence
complementary to the region of the analyte about less than 500 bp
away from the first primer. Upon amplification or polymerization, a
change in signal is observed. However, since a kink is present in
the product template, an inefficient electron transport results in
a decrease in the change of signal, e.g., when compared to the
change in signal observed for an analyte without the genetic
variation.
[0056] In some cases, the genetic variation detected is a different
nucleotide occurrence in the analyte. In some cases, the different
nucleotide occurrence is a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). A
SNP is a DNA sequence variation that occurs when a single
nucleotide (e.g. A, T, C or G) in the genome is altered. In some
cases, this alteration leads to either a presence of disease or is
associated with (or a marker for) the presence of a disease or
diseases. For example, a single nucleotide mutation from GAG to GTG
in the .beta.-globin gene that encodes haemoglobin results in
development of sickle-cell anaemia.
[0057] In general, each individual has many SNPs that create a
unique human DNA pattern. In some cases, a SNP is a common SNP or a
rare SNP. In some cases, a SNP is a common SNP. In some cases, a
common SNP has a minor allele frequency of about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%,
5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%,
19%, 20%, or more. In some cases, a common SNP has a minor allele
frequency of greater than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%,
11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, or 20%. In some cases,
a common SNP has a minor allele frequency of less than 1%, 2%, 3%,
4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%,
18%, 19%, or 20%. In some cases, a SNP is a rare SNP. In some
cases, a rare SNP has a minor allele frequency of about 1%, 2%, 3%,
4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%,
18%, 19%, 20%, or more. In some cases, a rare SNP has a minor
allele frequency of greater than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%,
9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, or 20%. In
some cases, a rare SNP has a minor allele frequency of less than
1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%,
16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, or 20%.
[0058] In some cases, provided herein is a method to detect the
presence of a SNP. In some cases, the method described herein is
used to detect the presence of a common SNP. In some cases, the
method described herein is used to detect the presence of a rare
SNP. In some cases, the method described herein is used to detect
the presence of a combination of common and rare SNPs.
[0059] In some cases, the method described herein is used to detect
the presence of SNP in a sample. In some cases, the method
described herein is used to detect multiple SNPs in a sample. In
some cases, the method described herein is used to detect multiple
common SNPs in a sample. In some cases, the method described herein
is used to detect multiple rare SNPs in a sample. In some cases,
the method described herein is used to detect a combination of
common and rare SNPs in a sample. In some cases, the method
described herein is used to detect a single SNP in a sample. In
some cases, the method described herein is used to detect a single
common SNP in a sample. In some cases, the method described herein
is used to detect a single rare SNP in a sample.
[0060] In some cases, a plurality of SNPs is detected in a sample
using a single chromophore pair (e.g. fluorophore/quencher pair).
In some cases, the plurality of SNPs can be detected based in part
on the length of each analyte containing a specific SNP. In some
cases, a set of fluorescence ladder comprising SNP analytes (an
analyte containing at least one SNP) of known length as described
herein is generated. In some cases, the set of fluorescence ladder
is used as a control. In some cases, the presence or absence of a
particular SNP analyte can be determined by taking measurements
during the amplification or polymerization reaction and comparing
with the control ladder. In some cases, the presence or absence of
a particular SNP analyte can be monitored throughout the
amplification or polymerization process, by taking measurements
during each amplification or polymerization cycle and comparing
with the control ladder. In some cases, a plurality of SNPs is
detected in a sample using a relative quantification method.
[0061] In some cases, the presence of SNPs correlates directly with
the development of a disease. In some cases, the presence of SNPs
increases the chances of developing a disease. In some cases, the
disease comprises a genetic disorder, an autoimmune disease, a
neurological disease, a cardiovascular disease and cancer.
C. Monitoring an Amplification or Polymerization Reaction
[0062] Disclosed herein is a method for detecting a change in
signal generated by a set of chromophores for monitoring a
reaction. In some cases, the method described herein can be used to
monitor the progress of a PCR reaction. For example, at cycle 1, a
set of fluorescence signals are measured, one measurement at the
denaturing step and one measurement at the annealing step. During
cycle 2, a second set of fluorescence signals are measured at the
denaturing and annealing steps. A change in fluorescence between
the signals taken at the two annealing step indicate an occurrence
of a PCR reaction, while the signals taken during the denaturing
steps are used both as a control and a normalization parameter.
[0063] In some cases, signals measured from the annealing steps are
used to monitor the progress of a reaction. In some cases, the
change in signal from two annealing steps is measured. The change
in signal can be, e.g., an increase in signal or a decrease in
signal. In some cases, the change in signal is defined by a
percentage change. In some cases, the change in signal can be about
0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,
90%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 600%, 700%, 800%, 900%, 1000% or
more. In some cases, the change in signal can be greater than
0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,
90%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 600%, 700%, 800%, 900% or 1000%.
In some cases, the change in signal can be less than 0.001%, 0.01%,
0.1%, 1%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 200%,
300%, 400%, 500%, 600%, 700%, 800%, 900% or 1000%. In some cases,
signals are measured before, during or after the annealing
step.
[0064] In some cases, signals measured from the extension steps are
used to monitor the progress of a reaction. In some cases, the
change in signal from two extension steps is measured. The change
in signal can be, e.g., an increase in signal or a decrease in
signal. In some cases, the change in signal is defined by a
percentage change. In some cases, the change in signal can be about
0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,
90%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 600%, 700%, 800%, 900%, 1000%,
or more. In some cases, the change in signal can be greater than
0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,
90%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 600%, 700%, 800%, 900%, or
1000%. In some cases, the change in signal can be less than 0.001%,
0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%,
200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 600%, 700%, 800%, 900%, or 1000%. In some
cases, the signals are measured before, during or after the
extension step.
[0065] In some cases, the signals measured from the denaturing
steps are used to monitor the progress of a reaction. In some
cases, the denaturation signals are compared with a reference
signal or reference signal range. As described elsewhere herein,
when a denaturation signal is outside of the reference signal
range, the denaturation signals can indicate that the reaction has
failed. In some cases, when the denaturation signal is within the
reference signal range, the denaturation signals can indicate that
the reaction has succeeded. In some cases, the denaturation signals
serve as a control for each amplification or polymerization cycle.
In some cases, the denaturation signal is used for normalization
during an amplification or polymerization experiment. As described
elsewhere herein, when the denaturation signal is within the
reference signal range, the denaturation signal from each
amplification or polymerization cycle can be used to normalize the
annealing signal from that cycle. In some cases, the denaturation
signals are used for cycle-by-cycle self-normalization of a
reaction. In some cases, signals are measured before, during or
after the denaturation step.
[0066] In some cases, multiple reactions are monitored. In some
cases, multiple reactions from a single sample are monitored. In
some cases, multiple reactions from multiple samples are monitored.
In some cases, a single reaction is monitored. In some cases, a
single reaction from a single sample is monitored. In some cases,
the reaction is used to detect the presence of a genetic variation.
In some cases, the reaction for detecting the presence of a genetic
variation is monitored. In some cases, the reaction is used to
detect the presence of a SNP. In some cases, the reaction for
detecting the presence of a SNP is monitored. In some cases,
multiple oligonucleotides (e.g. primers and/or probes) are used. In
some cases, multiple primers are used. In some cases, multiple
probes are used. In some cases, the number of primers equals the
number of probes.
D. Detection of Morphological Change
[0067] Disclosed herein is a method for detecting or monitoring a
morphological change in an analyte based on changes in signals. In
some cases, an analyte is a protein, a polynucleotide, a lipid, a
carbohydrate or an antibody. In some cases, an analyte is a
polynucleotide. In some cases, the polynucleotide is a DNA or a
RNA. In some cases, DNA and RNA can adopt different conformations
such as a hairpin, tetraloop or pseudoknot. For example, to detect
the different morphological state of a DNA containing a hairpin, a
fluorophore/quencher pair can be attached to the respective stem of
the hairpin. Since the fluorophore is in close proximity to the
quencher, a signal may not be observed. As the temperature
increases, the DNA hairpin unwinds and a fluorescence signal may be
observed. In some cases, multiple signals are measured as the DNA
unwinds. In some cases, only an initial and an end-point signals
are measured as the DNA unwinds. In some cases, the multiple
signals can generate a curve. In some cases, the multiple signals
are used to generate a signature profile of a DNA containing a
hairpin. In some cases, the signature profile is a curve. In some
cases, an initial and an end-point signals are used to generate a
signature profile. In some cases, the signature profile obtained
from the DNA denaturation study is used as a control to detect the
presence of a hairpin in a target DNA. In some cases, the method
described herein is used to monitor the stability of a DNA or RNA
conformation after introduction of addition, deletion, substitution
or base modifications (e.g. unnatural bases) within the DNA or RNA.
In some cases, the stability is affected by external factors. In
some cases, the external factors include pH, organic or inorganic
agents (e.g. salt, intercalating dye) or additional analytes. In
some cases, the additional analyte is a DNA, RNA, protein or an
antibody. In some cases, the method described herein is used to
monitor the stability of a DNA or RNA conformation after
introduction of the external factors.
[0068] In some cases, the method described herein is used to
monitor a morphological change of a protein. For example, a protein
residing in a native state can be a folded protein, a partially
folded protein or a disordered protein. Folding or unfolding occurs
due to the presence of binding partners, organic or inorganic
agents, pH, and temperature. For a folded protein, an increase in
temperature induces the protein to undergo an unfolding state. By
attaching proteins to a plurality of fluorophores and/or quenchers,
a fluorescence signal can be measured with each iterative
temperature increase and can be compared to the signals taken at
its native state. In some cases, multiple signals are measured as
the protein unfolds. In some cases, only an initial and an
end-point signals are measured as the protein unfolds. In some
cases, multiple signals can generate a curve. In some cases,
multiple signals are used to generate a signature profile of the
protein. In some cases, the signature profile is a curve. In some
cases, an initial and an end-point signals are used to generate a
signature profile. In some cases, the signature profile obtained
from the protein unfolding study is used as a control to detect the
morphology of proteins containing similar folds. In some cases, the
method described herein is used to monitor the stability of a
protein. In some cases, unfolding of the protein can be induced
upon addition of an external factor. In some cases, the external
factors include pH, organic or inorganic agents (e.g. salt,
intercalating dye) or additional analytes. In some cases, the
additional analyte is a DNA, RNA, protein, or an antibody.
[0069] In some cases, the method described herein is used to
monitor the morphology of an analyte-analyte interaction such as a
protein-protein, protein-antibody or protein-polynucleotide (e.g.
protein-DNA or protein-RNA) interactions. For example, during a
protein-DNA interaction, a protein can adopt a different
conformation upon binding of the DNA. In some cases, the change in
signal associated with binding can be used to compare with the
protein at its apo or unbound state. In some cases, multiple
signals are measured as the protein-DNA complex forms. In some
cases, only an initial and an end-point signals are measured as the
complex forms. In some cases, the multiple signals can generate a
curve. In some cases, the multiple signals are used to generate a
signature profile of the protein. In some cases, the signature
profile is a curve. In some cases, an initial and an end-point
signals are used to generate a signature profile. In some cases,
the signature profile obtained from the protein-DNA study is used
as a control to detect the formation of protein complex with
additional DNAs. In some cases, the methods described herein can
monitor the stability of the protein complex with addition of
another external factor. In some cases, the methods described
herein can be used to monitor the morphological change of an
analyte with multiple binding partners.
III. Multiplex Detection
[0070] Disclosed herein are examples of determining the presence of
a plurality of analytes using a plurality of chromophores to
indicate the presence or absence of these analytes. For example, a
multiplex detection method can combines the use of color, signal,
and/or mathematical strategies to circumvent degeneracy and ensure
an infinite number of unique codes that can be unambiguously
decoded in any combination of occurrences. For example, in
detecting a sample containing four analytes, each analyte can be
assigned a fluorophore (blue, green, yellow, or red) and a quencher
attached to analyte-specific oligonucleotides (e.g., a forward PCR
primer and a reverse PCR primer). Upon amplification or
polymerization, the presence or absence of an analyte is determined
based on the presence or absence of a signal in that particular
color.
[0071] In some cases, multiple color codes are generated using a
plurality of chromophores. In some cases, multiple color codes are
generated using a plurality of fluorophores and quenchers. In some
cases, multiple color codes are generated using combinations of
fluorophore/quencher pairs. In some cases, multiple chromophores
are assigned to multiple analytes. In some cases, a single
chromophore is assigned to multiple analytes. In some cases, a
single chromophore is assigned to one analyte.
[0072] In some cases, one color code or chromophore combination is
assigned to one analyte. In some cases, one color code or
chromophore combination is assigned to multiple analytes (e.g., to
discriminate multiple analytes of varying lengths in a single
detection reaction). In some cases, one color code or chromophore
combination is assigned to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
47, 48, 49, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10,000, or 100,000 analytes.
In some cases, multiple color codes or chromophore combinations are
assigned to one or more analytes. In some cases, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000,
10,000, or 100,000 color codes or chromophore combinations are
assigned to one or more analytes (e.g. 1, 5, 10, 100, 500, 10,000
analytes). In some cases, at most 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,
45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10,000, or 100,000
color codes or chromophore combinations are assigned to one or more
analytes (e.g. 1, 5, 10, 100, 500, 10,000 analytes).
[0073] In some cases, one color is assigned as a control. In some
cases, the control is a positive control or a negative control.
A. Multiplex Detection for Genetic Variation
[0074] In some cases, the methods disclosed herein can be used to
detect the presence of multiple genetic variations (e.g., SNPs). In
some cases, an analyte contains a plurality of genetic variations.
In some cases, an analyte contains one genetic variation. In some
cases, one color is assigned to one genetic variation. In some
cases, a sample contains a plurality of genetic variations, wherein
a color code or chromophore combination is assigned to each genetic
variation. In some cases, a sample contains one genetic
variation.
B. Multiplex Detection for SNP
[0075] In some cases, disclosed herein are methods of detecting the
presence or absence of a SNP in an analyte. In some cases, an
analyte contains a plurality of SNPs. In some cases, an analyte
contains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55,
60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160,
170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, or more SNPs. In
some cases, an analyte contains at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,
27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,
44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95,
100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300,
350, 400, 450, or 500 SNPs. In some cases, an analyte contains no
more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,
34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50,
55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150,
160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 SNPs. In
some cases, an analyte contains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110,
120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400,
450, 500, or more common SNPs. In some cases, an analyte contains
at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55,
60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160,
170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 common SNPs. In
some cases, an analyte contains no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,
42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90,
95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250,
300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 common SNPs. In some cases, an analyte
contains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55,
60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160,
170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, or more rare
SNPs. In some cases, an analyte contains at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85,
90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250,
300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 rare SNPs. In some cases, an analyte
contains no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,
48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130,
140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500
rare SNPs.
[0076] In some cases, a sample contains a plurality of analytes. In
some cases, multiple SNPs are detected from a plurality of analytes
in the sample. In some cases, multiple common SNPs are detected
from a plurality of analytes in the sample. In some cases, multiple
rare SNPs are detected from a plurality of analytes in the sample.
In some cases, multiple SNPs are detected from an analyte in the
sample. In some cases, multiple common SNPs are detected from an
analyte in the sample. In some cases, multiple rare SNPs are
detected from an analyte in the sample. In some cases, one SNP is
detected from an analyte in the sample. In some cases, one common
SNP is detected from an analyte in the sample. In some cases, one
rare SNP is detected from an analyte in the sample. In some cases,
one SNP is detected in the sample. In some cases, one common SNP is
detected in the sample. In some cases, one rare SNP is detected in
the sample.
[0077] In some cases, a sample contains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,
27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,
44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95,
100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300,
350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000,
100,000, or more SNPs. In some cases, a sample contains at least 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70,
75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180,
190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000,
5000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, or more SNPs. In some cases, a
sample contains no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120,
130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450,
500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, or
more SNPs. In some cases, a sample contains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95,
100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300,
350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000,
100,000, or more common SNPs. In some cases, a sample contains at
least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55,
60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160,
170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800,
900, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, or more common SNPs. In
some cases, a sample contains no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95,
100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300,
350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000,
100,000, or more common SNPs. In some cases, a sample contains 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70,
75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180,
190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000,
5000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, or more rare SNPs. In some cases, a
sample contains at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,
48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130,
140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500,
600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, or more
rare SNPs. In some cases, a sample contains no more than 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,
39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75,
80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190,
200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 5000,
10,000, 50,000, 100,000, or more rare SNPs.
[0078] In some cases, the methods described herein comprise
detecting 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,
34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50,
55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150,
160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700,
800, 900, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, or more SNPs. In
some cases, the methods described herein comprise detecting at
least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55,
60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160,
170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800,
900, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, or more SNPs. In some
cases, the methods described herein comprise detecting no more than
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36,
37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65,
70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170,
180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900,
1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, or more SNPs. In some cases,
the methods described herein comprise detecting 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85,
90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250,
300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 5000, 10,000,
50,000, 100,000, or more common SNPs. In some cases, the methods
described herein comprise detecting at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,
42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90,
95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250,
300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 5000, 10,000,
50,000, 100,000, or more common SNPs. In some cases, the methods
described herein comprise detecting no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85,
90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250,
300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 5000, 10,000,
50,000, 100,000, or more common SNPs. In some cases, the methods
described herein comprise detecting 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,
45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100,
110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350,
400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000,
100,000, or more rare SNPs. In some cases, the methods described
herein comprise detecting at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,
45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100,
110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350,
400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000,
100,000, or more rare SNPs. In some cases, the methods described
herein comprise detecting no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,
27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,
44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95,
100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300,
350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000,
100,000, or more rare SNPs.
[0079] In some cases, the method of detection utilizes an
amplification or polymerization method. In some cases, an
amplification or polymerization method (or process) comprises a
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and an isothermal reaction
method. In some cases, a PCR reaction process comprises a multiplex
PCR, a real-time PCR, a quantitative PCR and a digital PCR (e.g.
droplet digital PCR) process. In some cases, the method of
detection utilizes a quantitative PCR method. In some cases, the
quantitative PCR method is used in combination with a second
method. In some cases, the second method is a digital PCR method.
In some cases, the second method is a droplet digital PCR
method.
[0080] In some cases, a signature profile is used to detect the
presence of a SNP. In some cases, a signature profile is used to
pinpoint the nucleotide mutation. In some cases, a signature
profile is unique for each nucleotide mismatch, UU, UT, UG, UC, UA,
AA, TT, GG, CC, AG, AC, TC, TC, and distinct from the wild-type. In
some cases, a signature profile of a nucleotide mismatch is
compared to that of a wild-type. In some cases, the signature
profile of a SNP is compared to that of a wild-type. In some cases,
a fluorescence signal of a SNP is compared to a fluorescence signal
of a wild-type. In some cases, a change in fluorescence signal is
detected between the signals of a SNP and a wild-type. In some
cases, the change in signal can be calculated as a percentage. In
some cases, the percentage of signal change is 0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36,
37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65,
70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100%. In some cases, the percentage of
signal change is about 0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95,
or 100%. In some cases, a change in signal is detected between the
fluorescence signals of an AG mismatch and a wild-type. In some
cases, the change in signal is calculated as a percentage. In some
cases, the percentage of signal change is 0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70,
75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100%. In some cases, the percentage of
signal change is about 0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95,
or 100%. In some cases, a change in signal is detected between the
fluorescence signals of an AC mismatch and a wild-type. In some
cases, the change in signal is calculated as a percentage. In some
cases, the percentage of signal change is 0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70,
75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100%. In some cases, the percentage of
signal change is about 0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95,
or 100%. In some cases, a change in signal is detected between the
fluorescence signals of a TG mismatch and a wild-type. In some
cases, the change in signal is calculated as a percentage. In some
cases, the percentage of signal change is 0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70,
75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100%. In some cases, the percentage of
signal change is about 0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95,
or 100%. In some cases, a change in signal is detected between the
fluorescence signals of a TC mismatch and a wild-type. In some
cases, the change in signal is calculated as a percentage. In some
cases, the percentage of signal change is 0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70,
75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100%. In some cases, the percentage of
signal change is about 0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95,
or 100%.
[0081] In some cases, a pair of primers is utilized to detect a
SNP. In some cases, the first primer comprises a sequence encoding
the SNP. In some cases, the first primer hybridizes to a region of
the analyte encoding the SNP. In some cases, the second primer
comprises a sequence not encoding the SNP. In some cases, the
second primer comprises a sequence complementary to a region of the
analyte not encoding the SNP. In some cases, the first primer
encodes a region on the analyte greater than 500 base pairs apart
from a region of the analyte encoded by the second primer. In some
cases, the first primer encodes a region on the analyte less than
500 base pairs apart from a region encoded by the second primer. In
some cases, the first primer encodes a region on the analyte less
than 490, 480, 470, 460, 450, 440, 430, 420, 410, 400, 390, 380,
370, 360, 350, 340, 330, 320, 310, 300, 290, 280, 270, 260, 250,
240, 230, 220, 210, 200, 195, 190, 185, 180, 175, 170, 165, 160,
155, 150, 145, 140, 135, 130, 125, 120, 115, 110, 105, 100, 99, 98,
97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 91, 90, 89, 88, 87, 86, 85, 84, 83, 82, 81,
80, 79, 78, 77, 76, 75, 74, 73, 72, 71, 70, 69, 68, 67, 66, 65, 64,
63, 62, 61, 60, 59, 58, 57, 56, 55, 54, 53, 52, 51, 50, 49, 48, 47,
46, 45, 44, 43, 42, 41, 40, 39, 38, 37, 36, 35, 34, 33, 32, 31, 30,
29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20 base pairs apart from a
region encoded by the second primer. In some cases, the first
primer encodes a region on the analyte no more than 490, 480, 470,
460, 450, 440, 430, 420, 410, 400, 390, 380, 370, 360, 350, 340,
330, 320, 310, 300, 290, 280, 270, 260, 250, 240, 230, 220, 210,
200, 195, 190, 185, 180, 175, 170, 165, 160, 155, 150, 145, 140,
135, 130, 125, 120, 115, 110, 105, 100, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93,
92, 91, 90, 89, 88, 87, 86, 85, 84, 83, 82, 81, 80, 79, 78, 77, 76,
75, 74, 73, 72, 71, 70, 69, 68, 67, 66, 65, 64, 63, 62, 61, 60, 59,
58, 57, 56, 55, 54, 53, 52, 51, 50, 49, 48, 47, 46, 45, 44, 43, 42,
41, 40, 39, 38, 37, 36, 35, 34, 33, 32, 31, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25,
24, 23, 22, 21, 20 base pairs apart from a region encoded by the
second primer. In some cases, the first primer encodes a region on
the analyte about 490, 480, 470, 460, 450, 440, 430, 420, 410, 400,
390, 380, 370, 360, 350, 340, 330, 320, 310, 300, 290, 280, 270,
260, 250, 240, 230, 220, 210, 200, 195, 190, 185, 180, 175, 170,
165, 160, 155, 150, 145, 140, 135, 130, 125, 120, 115, 110, 105,
100, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 91, 90, 89, 88, 87, 86, 85,
84, 83, 82, 81, 80, 79, 78, 77, 76, 75, 74, 73, 72, 71, 70, 69, 68,
67, 66, 65, 64, 63, 62, 61, 60, 59, 58, 57, 56, 55, 54, 53, 52, 51,
50, 49, 48, 47, 46, 45, 44, 43, 42, 41, 40, 39, 38, 37, 36, 35, 34,
33, 32, 31, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20 base pairs
apart from a region encoded by the second primer.
IV. Analytes
[0082] An analyte may be any suitable analyte that can be analyzed
using the methods and compositions of the present disclosure, where
the analyte is capable of interacting with a reagent (e.g., an
oligonucleotide such as a primer or probe attached to a
chromophore) in order to generate a signal that can be measured. An
analyte may be naturally-occurring or synthetic. An analyte may be
present in a sample obtained using any methods known in the art. In
some cases, a sample may be processed before analyzing it for an
analyte. The methods and compositions presented in this disclosure
may be used in solution phase assays, without the need for
particles (such as beads) or a solid support.
[0083] In some cases, an analyte may be a polynucleotide, such as
DNA, RNA, peptide nucleic acids, and any hybrid thereof, where the
polynucleotide contains any combination of deoxyribo- and/or
ribo-nucleotides. Polynucleotides may be single stranded or double
stranded, or contain portions of both double stranded or single
stranded sequence. Polynucleotides may contain any combination of
nucleotides or bases, including, for example, uracil, adenine,
thymine, cytosine, guanine, inosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine,
isocytosine, isoguanine, and any nucleotide derivative thereof. As
used herein, the term "nucleotide" may include nucleotides and
nucleosides, as well as nucleoside and nucleotide analogs, and
modified nucleotides, including both synthetic and naturally
occurring species. Polynucleotides may be any suitable
polynucleotide for which one or more reagents as described herein
may be produced, including but not limited to cDNA, mitochondrial
DNA (mtDNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer
RNA (tRNA), nuclear RNA (nRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA),
small nuclear RNA (snRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), small
Cajal body-specific RNA (scaRNA), microRNA (miRNA), double stranded
(dsRNA), ribozyme, riboswitch, or viral RNA. Polynucleotides may be
contained within any suitable vector, such as a plasmid, cosmid,
fragment, chromosome, or genome. In some cases, the analyte is
referred to as a polynucleotide analyte. In some cases, the analyte
is referred to as a nucleic acid analyte. In some cases, the
analyte is referred to as a nucleic acid target.
[0084] Genomic DNA may be obtained from naturally occurring or
genetically modified organisms or from artificially or
synthetically created genomes. Analytes comprising genomic DNA may
be obtained from any source and using any methods known in the art.
For example, genomic DNA may be isolated with or without
amplification or polymerization. Amplification or polymerization
may include PCR amplification, multiple displacement amplification
(MDA), rolling circle amplification and other amplification or
polymerization methods. Genomic DNA may also be obtained by cloning
or recombinant methods, such as those involving plasmids and
artificial chromosomes or other conventional methods (see Sambrook
and Russell, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual., cited supra.)
Polynucleotides may be isolated using other methods known in the
art, for example as disclosed in Genome Analysis: A Laboratory
Manual Series (Vols. I-IV) or Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory
Manual. If the isolated polynucleotide is an mRNA, it may be
reverse transcribed into cDNA using conventional techniques, as
described in Sambrook and Russell, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory
Manual., cited supra.
[0085] An analyte may be a protein, polypeptide, lipid,
carbohydrate, sugar, small molecule, or any other suitable molecule
that can be detected with the methods and compositions provided
herein. An analyte may be an enzyme or other protein. An analyte
may be a drug or metabolite (e.g. anti-cancer drug,
chemotherapeutic drug, anti-viral drug, antibiotic drug, or
biologic). An analyte may be any molecule, such as a co-factor,
receptor, receptor ligand, hormone, cytokine, blood factor,
antigen, steroid, or antibody.
[0086] An analyte may be any molecule from any pathogen, such as a
virus, bacteria, parasite, fungus, archaea or prion (e.g.,
PrP.sup.Sc). Exemplary viruses include those from the families
Adenoviridae, Flaviviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Herpesviridae,
Orthomyxoviridae, Papovaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Picornaviridae,
Polyomavirus, Retroviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Togaviridae.
Specific examples of viruses include adenovirus, astrovirus,
bocavirus, BK virus, coxsackievirus, cytomegalovirus, dengue virus,
Ebola virus, enterovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, feline leukemia
virus, hepatitis virus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus,
hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis E virus, herpes
simplex virus (HSV), HSV type 1, HSV type 2, human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV), HIV type 1, HIV type 2, human papilloma virus (HPV),
HPV type 1, HPV type 2, HPV type 3, HPV type 4, HPV type 6, HPV
type 10, HPV type 11, HPV type 16, HPV type 18, HPV type 26, HPV
type 27, HPV type 28, HPV type 29, HPV type 30, HPV type 31, HPV
type 33, HPV type 34, HPV type 35, HPV type 39, HPV type 40, HPV
type 41, HPV type 42, HPV type 43, HPV type 44, HPV type 45, HPV
type 49, HPV type 51, HPV type 52, HPV type 54, HPV type 55, HPV
type 56, HPV type 57, HPV type 58, HPV type 59, HPV type 68, HPV
type 69, influenza type A virus, influenza type B virus, JC virus,
Marburg virus, measles virus, metapneumovirus, mumps virus, Norwalk
virus, parovirus, polio virus, rabies virus, respiratory syncytial
virus including type A and type B, retrovirus, rhinovirus,
rotavirus, Rubella virus, smallpox virus, vaccinia virus, West Nile
virus, yellow fever virus, and human parainfluenza virus type
3.
[0087] Exemplary bacteria include those from the genuses
Bordetella, Borrelia, Brucella, Campylobacter, Chlamydia,
Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Escherichia,
Francisella, Haemophilus, Helicobacter, Legionella, Leptospira,
Listeria, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Neisseria, Pseudomonas,
Rickettsia, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,
Treponema, Vibrio, and Yersinia. Specific examples of bacteria
include Bordetella par apertussis, Bordetella pertussis, Borrelia
burgdorferi, Brucella abortus, Brucella canis, Brucella melitensis,
Brucella suis, Campylobacter jejuni, Chlamydia pneumoniae,
Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatix, Clostridium botulinum,
Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani,
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus
faecium, Escherichia coli, Francisella tularensis, Haemophilus
influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Legionella pneumophila, Leptospira
interrogans, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium leprae,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium ulcerans, Mycoplasma
pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rickettsia rickettsii, Salmonella
choleraesuis, Salmonella dublin, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella
typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus
aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus,
Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus
pyogenes, Treponema pallidum, Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia pestis, and
Yersinia enterocolitica.
[0088] Exemplary parasites include those from the genuses
Acanthamoeba, Babesia, Balamuthia, Balantidium, Blasocystis,
Cryptosporidium, Dientamoeba, Entamoeba, Giardia, Isospora,
Leishmania, Naegleria, Pediculus, Plasmodium, Rhinosporidium,
Sarcocystis, Schistosoma, Toxoplasma, Trichomonas, and Trypanosoma.
Specific examples of parasites include Babesia divergens, Babesia
bigemina, Babesia equi, Babesia microfti, Babesia duncani,
Balamuthia mandrillaris, Balantidium coli, Dientamoeba fragilis,
Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Isospora belli, Naegleria
fowleri, Pediculus humanus, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium
knowlesi, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax,
Rhinosporidium seeberi, Sarcocystis bovihominis, Sarcocystis
suihominis, Schistosoma mansoni, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas
vaginalis, Trypanosoma brucei, and Trypansoma cruzi.
[0089] Exemplary fungi include those from the genuses
Apophysomyces, Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Candida, Cladosporium,
Coddidioides, Cryptococcos, Exserohilum, Fusarium, Histoplasma,
Pichia, Pneumocystis, Saccharomyces, Sporothrix, Stachybotrys, and
Trichophyton. Specific examples of fungi include Aspergillus
fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus clavatus, Blastomyces
dermatitidis, Candida albicans, Coccidioides immitis, Crytptococcus
neoformans, Exserohilum rostratum, Fusarium verticillioides,
Histoplasma capsulatum, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Sporothrix
schenckii, Stachybotrys chartarum, and Trichophyton
mentagrophytes.
[0090] Exemplary archaea include those from the genuses Acidilobus,
Acidococcus, Aeropyrum, Archaeoglobus, Caldisphaera, Caldococcus,
Cenarchaeum, Desulfurococcus, Geogemma, Geoglubus, Haladaptatus,
Halomicrobium, Hyperthermus, Ignicoccus, Ignisphaera,
Methanobacterium, Natronococcus, Nitrosopumilus, Picrophilus,
Pyrodictium, Pyrolobus, Staphylothermus, Stetteria,
Sulfophobococcus, Thermodiscus, Thermosphaera and Thermoplasma.
Specific examples of archea include A. aceticus, A. camini, A.
fulgidus, A. infectus, A. lithotrophicus, A. pernix, A. profundus,
A. veneficus, A. saccharovorans, A. sulfurreducens, C. dracosis, C.
lagunensis, C. noboribetus, C. symbiosum, D. amylolyticus, D.
fermentans, D. mobilis, D. mucosus, G. barossii, G. indica, G.
pacifica, H. butylicus, N. maritimus, G. ahangari, H.
paucihalophilus, H. mukohataei, H. katesii, H. zhouii, I.
aggregans, I. islandicus, I. pacificus, I. hospitalis, M.
aarhusense, M. alcaliphilum, M. beijingense, M. bryantii, M.
congolense, M. curvum, M. espanolae, M. formicicum, M. ivanovii, M.
oryzae, M. palustre, M. subterraneum, M. thermaggregans, M.
uliginosum, N. amylolyticus, N. jeotgali, N. occultus, P. abyssi,
P. brockii, P. occultum, P. fumarii, P. oshimae, P. torridus, S.
hellenicus, S. marinus, S. hydrogenophila, S. zilligii, T.
maritimus, T. aggregans, T. acidophilum, T. sp. P61, T. sp. S01, T.
sp. S02, T. sp. XT101, T. sp. XT102, T. sp. XT103, T. sp. XT107,
and T. volcanium
[0091] In some cases, an analyte may be any molecule derived from a
mammal. In some cases, the mammal is a human, a non-human primate,
mouse, rat, rabbit, goat, dog, cat, or cow. In some embodiments,
the mammal is a human. In some cases, a human is a patient.
[0092] In some cases, an analyte may be any molecule derived from a
plant. In some cases, a plant is any of various photosynthetic,
eukaryotic, multicellular organisms of the kingdom Plantae
characteristically producing embryos, containing chloroplasts,
having cellulose cell walls, and lacking the power of
locomotion.
[0093] In some cases, the methods provided in this disclosure may
be used to detect any one of the analytes described above, or
elsewhere in the specification. In some cases the methods provided
in this disclosure may be used to detect panels of the analytes
described above, or elsewhere in the specification. For example, a
panel may comprise an analyte selected from the group consisting of
any 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 60, 70,
80, 90, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 100,000, or more analytes
described above or elsewhere in the specification.
[0094] An analyte may be obtained from any suitable location,
including from organisms, whole cells, cell preparations and
cell-free compositions from any organism, tissue, cell, or
environment. Analytes may be obtained from environmental samples,
forensic samples, biopsies, aspirates, formalin fixed embedded
tissues, air, agricultural samples, soil samples, petroleum
samples, water samples, or dust samples. In some instances, an
analyte may be obtained from bodily fluids which may include blood,
urine, feces, serum, lymph, saliva, mucosal secretions,
perspiration, central nervous system fluid, vaginal fluid, or
semen. Analytes may also be obtained from manufactured products,
such as cosmetics, foods, personal care products, and the like.
Analytes may be the products of experimental manipulation
including, recombinant cloning, polynucleotide amplification or
polymerization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification or
polymerization, isothermal amplification or polymerization,
purification methods (such as purification of genomic DNA or RNA),
and synthesis reactions.
[0095] More than one type of analyte may be detected in each
multiplexed assay. For example, a polynucleotide, a protein, a
polypeptide, a lipid, a carbohydrate, a sugar, a small molecule, or
any other suitable molecule may be detected simultaneously in the
same multiplexed assay with the use of suitable reagents. Any
combination of analytes may be detected at the same time.
[0096] Detection of an analyte may be useful for any suitable
application, including research, clinical, diagnostic, prognostic,
forensic, and monitoring applications. Exemplary applications
include detection of hereditary diseases, identification of genetic
fingerprints, diagnosis of infectious diseases, cloning of genes,
paternity testing, criminal identification, phylogeny,
anti-bioterrorism, environmental surveillance, and DNA computing.
For example, an analyte may be indicative of a disease or
condition. An analyte may be used to make a treatment decision, or
to assess the state of a disease. The presence of an analyte may
indicate an infection with a particular pathogen, or any other
disease, such as cancer, autoimmune disease, cardiorespiratory
disease, liver disease, digestive disease, and so on. The methods
provided herein may thus be used to make a diagnosis and to make a
clinical decision based on that diagnosis. For example, a result
that indicates the presence of a bacterial polynucleotide in a
sample taken from a subject may lead to the treatment of the
subject with an antibiotic.
[0097] In some cases, the methods and compositions of the present
disclosure may be used to detect at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95,
100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300,
350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000,
5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10,000, 100,000, or more analytes. In
some cases the methods and compositions of the present disclosure
may be used to detect about 1-10,000, 1-1000, 1-100, 1-50, 1-40,
1-30, 1-20, 1-10, or 1-5 analytes.
[0098] In some cases, this disclosure provides assays that are
capable of unambiguously detecting the presence or absence of each
of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60,
65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170,
180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900,
1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10,000, or
100,000 analytes, in any combination of presence or absence, in a
single sample volume. In some cases, this disclosure provides
assays that are capable of unambiguously detecting the presence or
absence of each of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120,
130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450,
500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000,
8000, 9000, 10,000, or 100,000 analytes, in any combination of
presence or absence, in a single sample volume. In some cases, this
disclosure provides assays that are capable of unambiguously
detecting the presence or absence of less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,
42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90,
95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250,
300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000,
4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10,000, or 100,000 analytes, in
any combination of presence or absence, in a single sample
volume.
A. Distance
[0099] In one aspect, the methods provided herein may be used to
detect polynucleotide analytes containing about 1-1000 base pairs
(bp). In some cases, the methods provided herein may be used to
detect polynucleotide analytes containing 1-500 bp, 10-450 bp,
15-400 bp, 20-350 bp, 25-300 bp, 30-250 bp, 35-200 bp, or 40-190
bp. In some cases, the methods may be used to detect a
polynucleotide analyte containing 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,
48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64,
65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81,
82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98,
99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111,
112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124,
125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137,
138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150,
151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163,
164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176,
177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189,
190, or more base pairs. In some cases, the methods may be used to
detect polynucleotide analyte containing at least 40, 41, 42, 43,
44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,
61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77,
78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94,
95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,
109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121,
122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134,
135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147,
148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160,
161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173,
174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186,
187, 188, 189, or 190 base pairs. In some cases, the methods may be
used to detect polynucleotide analyte containing no more than 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,
58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74,
75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91,
92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106,
107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119,
120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132,
133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145,
146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158,
159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171,
172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184,
185, 186, 187, 188, 189, or 190 base pairs.
B. Sensitivity
[0100] In some cases, the methods disclosed herein may be used to
detect polynucleotide analyte at concentrations of about 100 uM to
about 1 fM. In some cases, the methods provided herein may be used
to detect a polynucleotide analyte at concentrations of about 10
uM-20 fM, 1 uM-40 fM, 500 nM-60 fM, 100 nM-70 fM, 50 nM-80 fM, 30
nM-90 fM, 10 nM-100 fM. In some cases, the methods may be used to
detect a polynucleotide analyte at a concentration of 10 nM, 9 nM,
8 nM, 7 nM, 6 nM, 5 nM, 4 nM, 3 nM, 2 nM, 1 nM, 950 pM, 900 pM, 850
pM, 800 pM, 750 pM, 700 pM, 650 pM, 600 pM, 550 pM, 500 pM, 450 pM,
400 pM, 350 pM, 300 pM, 250 pM, 200 pM, 180 pM, 160 pM, 140 pM, 120
pM, 100 pM, 95 pM, 90 pM, 85 pM, 80 pM, 75 pM, 70 pM, 65 pM, 60 pM,
55 pM, 50 pM, 45 pM, 40 pM, 35 pM, 30 pM, 25 pM, 20 pM, 18 pM, 16
pM, 14 pM, 12 pM, 10 pM, 8 pM, 6 pM, 4 pM, 2 pM, 1 pM, 900 fM, 800
fM, 700 fM, 600 fM, 500 fM, 400 fM, 300 fM, 200 fM, 100 fM, 50 fM,
10 fM, 1 fM, 100 aM, 10 aM, or 1 aM. In some cases, the methods may
be used to detect a polynucleotide analyte at a concentration of at
least 10 nM, 9 nM, 8 nM, 7 nM, 6 nM, 5 nM, 4 nM, 3 nM, 2 nM, 1 nM,
950 pM, 900 pM, 850 pM, 800 pM, 750 pM, 700 pM, 650 pM, 600 pM, 550
pM, 500 pM, 450 pM, 400 pM, 350 pM, 300 pM, 250 pM, 200 pM, 180 pM,
160 pM, 140 pM, 120 pM, 100 pM, 95 pM, 90 pM, 85 pM, 80 pM, 75 pM,
70 pM, 65 pM, 60 pM, 55 pM, 50 pM, 45 pM, 40 pM, 35 pM, 30 pM, 25
pM, 20 pM, 18 pM, 16 pM, 14 pM, 12 pM, 10 pM, 8 pM, 6 pM, 4 pM, 2
pM, 1 pM, 900 fM, 800 fM, 700 fM, 600 fM, 500 fM, 400 fM, 300 fM,
200 fM, 100 fM, 50 fM, 10 fM, 1 fM, 100 aM, 10 aM, or 1 aM. In some
cases, the methods may be used to detect a polynucleotide analyte
at a concentration of no more than 10 nM, 9 nM, 8 nM, 7 nM, 6 nM, 5
nM, 4 nM, 3 nM, 2 nM, 1 nM, 950 pM, 900 pM, 850 pM, 800 pM, 750 pM,
700 pM, 650 pM, 600 pM, 550 pM, 500 pM, 450 pM, 400 pM, 350 pM, 300
pM, 250 pM, 200 pM, 180 pM, 160 pM, 140 pM, 120 pM, 100 pM, 95 pM,
90 pM, 85 pM, 80 pM, 75 pM, 70 pM, 65 pM, 60 pM, 55 pM, 50 pM, 45
pM, 40 pM, 35 pM, 30 pM, 25 pM, 20 pM, 18 pM, 16 pM, 14 pM, 12 pM,
10 pM, 8 pM, 6 pM, 4 pM, 2 pM, 1 pM, 900 fM, 800 fM, 700 fM, 600
fM, 500 fM, 400 fM, 300 fM, 200 fM, 100 fM, 50 fM, 10 fM, 1 fM, 100
aM, 10 aM, or 1 aM.
C. Specificity
[0101] In some methods provided herein, a primer pair may be
specific for one or a plurality of analytes. In some cases, a
primer pair is specific to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
47, 48, 49, or 50 analytes. In some cases, a primer pair is
specific to at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,
49, or 50 analytes. In some cases, a primer pair is specific to
less than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50
analytes. In some cases, a primer pair is specific to one analyte.
In some cases, a primer pair is universal to all analytes.
V. Probes and Primers
[0102] Some of the methods provided in this disclosure utilize a
reagent (e.g. an oligonucleotide such as a primer or a probe that
is attached to a chromophore) that can generate a signal in the
presence of an analyte. Any suitable reagent may be used with the
present disclosure. Generally, a reagent will have an
analyte-specific component and a component that generates a signal
in the presence of the analyte. In some cases, these reagents are
referred to as probes and primers. In some cases, the probes are
hybridization probes. In some cases, the hybridization probes are
oligonucleotide probes attached to chromophores. In some cases, the
probes are antibodies that detect an analyte, with a fluorescent
label that emits or is quenched upon binding of the antibody to an
analyte. In some cases, the reagent is a primer. In some cases, the
primer is attached to a chromophore. In some cases, the primer is
attached to a fluorophore. In some cases, the primer is attached to
a quencher.
[0103] The methods of the present disclosure may use one or more
reagents (e.g., an oligonucleotide such as a primer or a probe that
is attached to a chromophore) to detect the presence or absence of
each analyte. For example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
47, 48, 49, 50, or more reagents may be used to detect the presence
or absence of each analyte. In some cases, at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 reagents may be used to
detect the presence or absence of each analyte. In some cases,
fewer than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50
reagents may be used to detect the presence or absence of each
analyte.
[0104] In some cases, a sample is contacted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more reagents to detect
the presence or absence of all analytes. In some cases, a sample is
contacted with at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,
48, 49, 50, or more reagents to detect the presence or absence of
all analytes. In some cases, a sample is contacted with fewer than
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 reagents to
detect the presence or absence of all analytes.
[0105] As described above, primers attached to a fluorophore or a
quencher may be used to detect the presence of an analyte in a
polynucleotide amplification or polymerization assay. The quencher
can quench the fluorescence emitted by the fluorophore upon
excitation by a light source when the quencher and fluorophore are
in close proximity. The sequence of the primer can be designed to
be complementary to or may contain nucleotide mutations to a
polynucleotide sequence present in an analyte, and the primer is
capable of hybridizing to the analyte. The sequence of the primer
can also be designed to contain one or more nucleotide variations
in a polynucleotide sequence of an analyte, and the primer is
capable of hybridizing to the analyte. A fluorophore can be
attached to the 5' end of one of a primer pair. A quencher can be
attached to the 5' end of the second primer of the primer pair.
Hybridization of the primers may be performed in a nucleic acid
amplification or polymerization reaction comprising primers (e.g.,
a polymerase chain reaction). Upon extension of the primers by a
DNA polymerase, the fluorophore and quenchers are incorporated in
the amplicon or amplification (or polymerization) product (e.g., an
analyte). The incorporation of the quencher and the fluorophore in
the newly generated amplicon can lead to signal generation (e.g.,
quenching of fluorescence intensity from the fluorophore). With
each iterative amplification or polymerization reaction, the
fluorescence intensity is reduced by a factor of about 2. The
amount of fluorescence detected can be used to directly determine
the amount of analyte present. If no analyte is present, little or
no quenching will be observed.
[0106] In some cases, a sample to be analyzed is combined with 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more pairs
of primers (e.g. a forward primer and a reverse primer). In some
cases a sample to be analyzed is contacted with at least 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,
39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more pairs of
primers. In some cases a sample to be analyzed is contacted with
fewer than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50
pairs of primers. In some cases, the number of pairs of primers is
2-10, 3-15, 4-20, 3-10, 4-10, 5-10, 6-8, or 6-10. In some cases, a
sample to be analyzed is contacted with 1 pair of primers.
[0107] In some cases, a sample may contain one or more analytes. In
some cases, one primer pair may be used to detect the presence or
absence of each analyte. In some cases, a sample is contacted with
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36,
37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 100, 500,
1000, 5000, 10,000, or more different pairs of primers with each
primer pair detecting a single analyte. In some cases, a sample is
contacted with at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,
48, 49, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10,000, or more different pairs
of primers with each primer pair detecting a single analyte. In
some cases, a sample is contacted with fewer than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,
42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10,000,
or more different pairs of primers with each primer pair detecting
a single analyte. In some cases, the number of pairs of primers is
2-10, 3-15, 4-20, 3-10, 4-10, 5-10, 6-8, or 6-10.
[0108] In some cases, primers may be specific for a particular
analyte and capable of amplifying a region complementary to a
probe. In some cases, the number of primers used is equivalent to
the number of probes. In other cases, the number of probes used may
exceed the number of primer used. In some cases, the number of
primers and probes is defined by a ratio. In some cases, the ratio
of primer to probe is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,
48, 49, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800,
900, or 1000. In some cases, the ratio of probe to primer is 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,
100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000.
[0109] As disclosed elsewhere herein, primers may have one or a
plurality of fluorophores or quenchers per primer. For example, in
some cases a primer may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more fluorophores. A primer may comprise at
least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50
fluorophores. A primer may comprise fewer than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 fluorophores.
[0110] A primer may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
47, 48, 49, 50, or more quenchers. A primer may comprise at least
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36,
37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50
quenchers. A primer may comprise fewer than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,
27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,
44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 quenchers.
[0111] Attachment of fluorophores and quenchers to a probe or a
primer may be performed in the same reaction or in serial
reactions. A series of reactions may be performed to attach probes
or primers to at least one fluorophore and the reaction products
may be mixed to generate a mixture of probes or primers with
different fluorophores.
[0112] Although many aspects of the present disclosure are
exemplified using nucleic acid-based probes and primers, one of
ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that other forms
of probes and primers would work equally well with the examples
described in this disclosure. For example, a binding molecule
specific to an analyte could be used as a probe. Non-limiting
exemplary binding molecules include an antibody recognizing an
analyte, and generating a signal in the presence of an analyte.
[0113] The fluorescent labels of the present disclosure may be
attached to a probe or primer at any location. In some cases, a
single chromophore is attached to the primer at the 5' end. In some
examples, multiple chromophores are attached to the primer with at
least one chromophore attached at the 5' end. Methods of
chromophore labeling are well defined in the art. See, e.g. Pesce
et al, editors, Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Marcel Dekker, New York,
(1971); White et at, Fluorescence Analysis: A Practical Approach,
Marcel Dekker, New York, (1970); and the like. Further, there is
extensive guidance in the literature for derivatizing reporter and
quencher molecules for covalent attachment via common reactive
groups that can be added to an oligonucleotide. See, e.g. U.S. Pat.
No. 3,996,345; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,351,760. In examples that
utilize chromophore labels as described herein, any suitable
labeling techniques may be used.
VI. Chromophores
[0114] Chromophores are molecules capable of selective light
absorption resulting in the coloration of these molecule containing
compounds. The color arises when a molecule at an excited state
releases energy in the form of light with a defined spectrum.
Exemplary chromophores include, but are not limited to, a
fluorochrome, a non-fluorochrome chromophore, a quencher (e.g.
fluorescence quencher and a dark quencher), an absorption
chromophore, a fluorophore, any organic or inorganic dye, metal
chelate, or any fluorescent enzyme substrate. In some cases, the
chromophore is a fluorochrome. In some cases, the fluorochrome is a
fluorophore. In some cases, the chromophore is a quencher. In some
cases, the chromophore is a dark quencher.
[0115] Several chromophores are described in the art, e.g. Berlman,
Handbook of Fluorescence Spectra of Aromatic Molecules, 2nd
Edition, Academic Press, New York, (1971). In examples that utilize
fluorescent labels as described herein, any suitable fluorescent
label may be used.
[0116] Exemplary fluorophores suitable for use with the present
disclosure includes rhodamine, rhodol, fluorescein,
thiofluorescein, aminofluorescein, carboxyfluorescein,
chlorofluorescein, methylfluorescein, sulfofluorescein,
aminorhodol, carboxyrhodol, chlororhodol, methylrhodol,
sulforhodol; aminorhodamine, carboxyrhodamine, chlororhodamine,
methylrhodamine, sulforhodamine, and thiorhodamine; cyanine,
indocarbocyanine, oxacarbocyanine, thiacarbocyanine, merocyanine,
cyanine 2, cyanine 3, cyanine 3.5, cyanine 5, cyanine 5.5, cyanine
7, oxadiazole derivatives, pyridyloxazole, nitrobenzoxadiazole,
benzoxadiazole, pyren derivatives, cascade blue, oxazine
derivatives, Nile red, Nile blue, cresyl violet, oxazine 170,
acridine derivatives, proflavin, acridine orange, acridine yellow,
arylmethine derivatives, auramine, crystal violet, malachite green,
tetrapyrrole derivatives, porphin, phtalocyanine and bilirubin;
1-dimethylaminonaphthyl-5-sulfonate, 1-anilino-8-naphthalene
sulfonate, 2-p-touidinyl-6-naphthalene sulfonate,
3-phenyl-7-isocyanatocoumarin,
N-(p-(2-benzoxazolyl)phenyl)maleimide, stilbenes, pyrenes, 6-FAM
(Fluorescein), 6-FAM (NHS Ester), Fluorescein dT, HEX, JOE (NHS
Ester), MAX, TET, ROX, TAMRA, TARMA.TM. (NHS Ester), TEX 615,
ATTO.TM. 488, ATTO.TM. 532, ATTO.TM. 550, ATTO.TM. 565, ATTO.TM.
Rho101, ATTO.TM. 590, ATTO.TM. 633, ATTO.TM. 647N, TYE.TM. 563,
TYE.TM. 665, TYE.TM. 705 and the like.
[0117] Exemplary quenchers suitable for use with the present
disclosure includes black hole quenchers, such as BHQ-0, BHQ-1,
BHQ-2, BHQ-3; ATTO quenchers, such as ATTO 540Q, ATTO580Q, and
ATTO612Q; Qx1 quenchers; Iowa Black FG, Iowa Black RG, Iowa Black
FQ and Iowa Black RQ; IRDye QC-1; 1.4 nm Nanogold; and the
like.
[0118] The fluorophores that may be used with the disclosure are
not limited to any of the fluorophores described herein. For
example, fluorophores with improved properties are continually
developed, and these fluorophores could readily be used with the
methods provided in this disclosure. Such improved fluorophores
include quantum dots, which may emit energy at different
wavelengths after being excited at a single wavelength.
A. Chromophore Combinations
[0119] In some cases, a plurality of chromophores is attached to an
oligonucleotide (e.g. a probe or a primer). In some cases, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,
39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more
chromophores are attached to an oligonucleotide. In some cases,
about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or
more chromophores are attached to an oligonucleotide. In some
cases, less than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,
33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49
or 50 chromophores are attached to an oligonucleotide. In some
cases, one chromophore is attached to an oligonucleotide.
[0120] In some cases, the oligonucleotide comprises a probe. In
some cases, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,
34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50,
or more chromophores are attached to a probe. In some cases, about
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36,
37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more
chromophores are attached to a probe. In some cases, less than 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 chromophores
are attached to a probe. In some cases, one chromophore is attached
to a probe.
[0121] In some cases, the oligonucleotide is a primer. In some
cases, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or
more chromophores are attached to a primer. In some cases, about 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more
chromophores are attached to a primer. In some cases, less than 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 chromophores
are attached to a primer. In some cases, one chromophore is
attached to a primer. In some cases, one chromophore is attached at
the 5' end of a primer. In some cases, a plurality of chromophores
is attached to a primer with at least one chromophore attached at
the 5' end of the primer.
[0122] In some cases, a plurality of fluorophores and quenchers is
attached to a probe. In some cases, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,
45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more fluorophores are attached to a
probe. In some cases, about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
47, 48, 49, 50, or more fluorophores are attached to a probe. In
some cases, less than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,
49, or 50 fluorophores are attached to a probe. In some cases, one
fluorophore is attached to a probe. In some cases, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more quenchers are
attached to a probe. In some cases, about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more quenchers are attached to a
probe. In some cases, less than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
47, 48, 49, or 50 quenchers are attached to on a probe. In some
cases, one quencher is attached to a probe.
[0123] In some cases, a combination of fluorophores and quenchers
are attached to a probe. In some cases, the number of fluorophores
and quenchers on a probe is defined by a ratio. In some cases, the
ratio of fluorophore to quencher is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,
45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500,
600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000. In some cases, the ratio of
fluorophore to quencher is about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600,
700, 800, 900, or 1000. In some cases, the ratio of quencher to
fluorophore is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,
33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,
50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or
1000. In some cases, the ratio of quencher to fluorophore is about
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36,
37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 60, 70, 80,
90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000.
[0124] In some cases, a plurality of fluorophores and quenchers is
attached to a primer. In some cases, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,
45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more fluorophores are attached to a
primer. In some cases, about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
47, 48, 49, 50, or more fluorophores are attached to a primer. In
some cases, one fluorophore is attached to a primer. In some cases,
less than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50
fluorophores are attached to a primer. In some cases, one
fluorophore is attached at the 5' end of a primer. In some cases, a
plurality of fluorophores is attached to a primer with at least one
fluorophore attached to the 5' end of the primer. In some cases, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more
quenchers are attached to a primer. In some cases, about 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,
39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more quenchers
are attached to a primer. In some cases, less than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 quenchers are attached to
a primer. In some cases, one quencher is attached to a primer. In
some cases, one quencher is attached at the 5' end of a primer. In
some cases, a plurality of quenchers is attached to a primer with
at least one quencher attached at the 5' end of the primer.
[0125] In some cases, a combination of fluorophores and quenchers
are attached to a primer. In some cases, the number of fluorophores
and quenchers on a primer is defined by a ratio. In some cases, the
ratio of fluorophore to quencher is about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400,
500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000. In some cases, the ratio of
quencher to fluorophore is about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600,
700, 800, 900, or 1000.
[0126] In some cases, multiple fluorophores are paired with one
quencher. In some cases 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,
48, 49, 50, or more fluorophores are paired with one quencher. In
some cases, about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,
49, 50, or more fluorophores are paired with one quencher. In some
cases, less than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,
33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,
or 50 fluorophores are paired with one quencher. In some cases,
multiple fluorophore and quencher pairs are used. In some cases, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more
fluorophore and quencher pairs are used. In some cases, about 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more
fluorophore and quencher pairs are used. In some cases, less than
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more
fluorophore and quencher pairs are used. In some cases, 1
fluorophore and quencher pair is used.
[0127] In some cases, a pair of primers comprises a first primer
and a second primer. In some cases, multiple fluorophores are
attached to a first primer and one quencher is attached to a second
primer. In some cases, at least one fluorophore is attached to the
5' end of the first primer. In some cases, the quencher is attached
to the 5' end of the second primer. In some cases, multiple
fluorophores are attached to a second primer and one quencher is
attached to a first primer. In some cases, at least one fluorophore
is attached to the 5' end of the second primer. In some cases, the
quencher is attached to the 5' end of the first primer. In some
cases, a fluorophore and a quencher are not attached to the same
primer.
[0128] The skilled artisan will realize that the advantages of the
present disclosed probes or primers may be retained while modifying
various aspects of its structure. For example, but not by way of
limitation, the number of donor/quencher pairs may be modified. The
addition of more donor/quencher pairs to the probe or primer is
expected to increase the amount of total fluorescence observable
prior to initiation of amplification or polymerization reaction.
There is no upper limit to the number of donor/quencher pairs that
may be added to the probe or primer. In one example, the number of
donor/quencher pairs is at least two. In other examples, the
detector contains at least three or more donor/quencher pairs. In
some examples, the detector may contain at least 10, 20, 30, or 50
pairs, or it may contain hundreds of donor/quencher pairs, as
needed to produce, for example, an optimal signal-to-noise ratio
and assay sensitivity.
[0129] In some cases, the methods provided in this disclosure may
include the use of fluorophore/quencher pair as a control. The
control fluorophore/quencher pair may be attached to one or more
probe or primer pairs binding a positive control analyte, and each
analyte to be detected, in a sample. If the same sequence occurs in
the positive control analyte and each analyte to be detected, a
single control primer pair may be used. If the same sequence does
not occur in the positive control analyte and each analyte to be
detected, different primer pairs may be used, but each primer pair
may still be attached to the control fluorophore/quencher pair.
[0130] For example, building on the methods described above, one
fluorophore/quencher pair may be used to encode the presence of a
control analyte that is always present in the sample. The control
analyte may be added to the sample, or may be inherently present in
the sample. Additional fluorophore/quencher pairs may be used to
encode the presence of additional analytes.
B. Signals
[0131] Disclosed herein is a method of utilizing the signal to
identify the presence or absence of an analyte. In some cases, the
signal is an increase in signal. In some cases, the signal is a
decrease in signal. In some cases, a signature profile is generated
based on the changes in signal at a specific distance. In some
cases, once the length of an analyte is known, additional
information can be extrapolated. In some cases, additional
information includes the molecular weight of an analyte.
[0132] In some cases, a signal can be compared to a threshold
value. A threshold can be defined as the average standard deviation
of a baseline (or background) signal multiplied by an adjustable
factor. In some cases, during a PCR experiment, reaction and
environmental conditions related to each tube can influence
fluorescence, and the fluorescence signal may fluctuate over time
creating a background signal or baseline signal. This baseline
signal can be determined, e.g, using the initial cycles of the PCR
experiment used to detect an analyte. Alternatively, the background
or baseline signal can be determined using a separate experiment. A
standard deviation calculated from the mean of the baseline signal
can then be used to establish a threshold. In some cases, the
adjustable factor can be a factor of about 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,
1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 50, 100,
or more. In some cases, the adjustable factor can be calculated
prior to the start of an experiment. In some cases, the adjustable
factor can vary with the type of chromophore used. In some cases,
the adjustable factor can vary from experiment to experiment. In
some cases, the adjustable factor can vary from instrument to
instrument. In some cases, the adjustable factor is calculated for
each instrument. In some cases, a threshold is established above
the baseline signal. In some cases, a threshold is established
below the baseline signal. In some cases, an observed signal (e.g.
the signal that is measured to detect an analyte) crosses the
threshold level. In some cases, an observed signal does not cross
the threshold level. In some cases, the observed signal that
crosses the threshold indicates a presence of the product analyte.
In some cases, the observed signal that does not cross the
threshold indicates an absence of the product analyte.
[0133] In some cases, a reference signal or reference signal range
is established which can be used, for example, as a control for any
of the methods described herein. In some cases, the reference
signal or reference signal range can be used to determine whether
an amplification or polymerization reaction described herein is
performed successfully. For example, prior to initiating a PCR
experiment involving the use of a chromophore, a reference signal
range for the chromophore can be generated. The reference signal
range can be generated by determining the values of two components,
X and Y, such that the reference signal range is X.+-.Y. In some
cases, the X component is the mean fluorescence signal of the
chromophore with respect to temperature and time, and the Y
component is the standard deviation of X. When used as a control
during a PCR reaction, a signal from each denaturation step can be
compared with the reference signal or reference signal range. A
signal outside of the reference signal range can indicate that the
reaction has failed while a signal within the reference signal
range can indicate that the reaction has succeeded. In some cases,
the reference signal or reference signal range can be used as a
cycle-by-cycle control. In some cases, the reference signal or
reference signal range can be used as an internal control. In some
cases, the method of calculating the reference signal or reference
signal range is the same as calculating the baseline signal, e.g.
establishing the mean of a fluorescence signal and calculating its
standard deviation.
[0134] In some cases, the denaturation signal is used for
normalization during an amplification or polymerization experiment.
For example, when the denaturation signal is within the reference
signal range, the denaturation signal can be used for
normalization. During the course of each amplification or
polymerization cycle, the denaturation signal can be used to
normalize the signal measured during the annealing step, thereby
generating an internal normalization for each cycle, e.g. similar
to the chopper stabilization where the signal can be reset to a
particular value or unit, for example, a value of 1. In some cases,
the denaturation signal is used for internal or self normalization.
In some cases, the methods described herein use the denaturation
signal of each cycle for a cycle-by-cycle self-normalization.
[0135] In some cases, the annealing signal is used to determine the
presence or absence of an analyte. In some cases, when the
annealing signals are compared between consecutive steps using the
cycle-by-cycle self-normalization method described previously, a
relative change in signals can be determined. In some cases, the
relative signal change can be referred to as a relative
quantitation of signals. In some cases, the relative quantitation
of signals is used to determine the presence or absence of an
analyte. In some cases, the annealing signal is compared to a
standard to determine the presence of an analyte. In some cases,
the standard is referred to as a standard ladder or a control
signature profile, described elsewhere herein in this disclosure.
In some cases, the comparison of the annealing signal to a standard
ladder is referred to as a relative quantification of the analyte.
In some cases, the methods described herein use a relative
quantification method to determine the presence or absence of an
analyte.
[0136] In some cases, the methods presented in this disclosure may
be used with any quantifiable signal. As described herein and
elsewhere herein, a coding scheme may be utilized to indicate a
multiplicity of signals based on color. In some cases, the coding
scheme is equally applicable to any other method providing a
quantifiable signal, including an electrochemical signal and a
chemiluminescent signal.
[0137] In some cases, if a fluorescent signal is employed, the
number of analytes that can be encoded may be further expanded by
utilizing additional fluorophores. For example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more fluorophores may be
used. In some cases, at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 fluorophores may be used. In some cases,
fewer than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50
fluorophores may be used.
[0138] Signals can be measured and compared at various points
during a detection method described herein. For example, during an
amplification or polymerization reaction (e.g., a PCR reaction or
process), pairwise signals can be measured. In some cases, a signal
can be measured: before annealing, during or after annealing of the
primers to the template (e.g., analyte); before, during or after
denaturing the double stranded template; or before the annealing
step or after the denaturing step. A signal signature as described
herein can be generated using these measurements.
C. Signature Profiles
[0139] A signature profile typically comprises a plurality of
signals. In some cases, a signal includes an electrochemical
signal, a chemiluminescence signal and a fluorescence signal. In
some cases, a signature profile contains a plurality of
fluorescence signals. In some cases, a profile curve is generated
from the plurality of florescence signals. In some cases, a
signature profile contains an initial fluorescence signal and an
end-point fluorescence signal. In some cases, a signature profile
contains signals measured during the annealing step of an
amplification or polymerization reaction. In some cases, a
fluorescence signal is influenced by external factors. In some
cases, the external factors include temperature, pH, organic and
inorganic agents (e.g. salts, urea, DMSO) and addition or removal
of chromophores.
[0140] In some cases, signature profiles are generated from
different types of detection experiments. In some cases, a
signature profile generated from a polynucleotide morphology study
is referred to as a morphology curve. In some cases, a signature
profile generated from a denaturation study is referred to as a
melt curve. In some cases, a signature profile generated from a
persistence length study is referred to as a length curve. In some
cases, a signature profile generated from a single-nucleotide
polymorphism (SNP) study is referred to as a SNP curve.
[0141] In some cases, the change in signal can be calculated as a
percentage of change. In some cases, the percentage of signal
change is 0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150,
200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 10,000%. In some
cases, the percentage of signal change is about 0.01, 0.1, 0.2,
0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60,
65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700,
800, 900, 1000, 10,000%.
VII. Analytical Techniques and Instrumentation
[0142] The methods described in this disclosure are compatible with
a variety of amplification or polymerization methods, including
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ligase chain reaction (LCR),
replicase-mediated amplification, strand-displacement amplification
(SDA), "rolling circle" types of amplification, and various
transcription associated amplification or polymerization methods.
See, e.g., PCR amplification: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195, 4,683,202,
and 4,800,159; LCR amplification: U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,663 and EP
0320308 B1; replicase-mediated amplification: U.S. Pat. No.
4,786,600; SDA amplification: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,422,252 and
5,547,861; rolling circle types of amplification: U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,714,320 and 5,834,252; and transcription associated
amplification: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,399,491, 5,554,516, 5,130,238,
5,437,990, 4,868,105 and 5,124,246, PCT Pub. WO 1988/010315 A1, and
US Pub. 2006-0046265 A1, which are hereby incorporated by
reference.
[0143] In some cases, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a
multiplex-PCR, a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) PCR, an
asymmetric PCR, long PCR, a nested PCR, a hot-start PCR, a
Touchdown PCR, an assembly PCR, a colony PCR, a quantitative PCR
(qPCR), an end point PCR, a reverse transcriptase PCR, digital PCR,
a droplet digital PCR. In some cases, the PCR process is a
quantitative PCR process.
[0144] In some cases, the PCR amplification or polymerization step
of the present disclosure can be performed by standard techniques
well known in the art (See, e.g., Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, and T.
Maniatis, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition,
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989); U.S. Pat. No.
4,683,202; and PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications,
Innis et al., eds., Academic Press, Inc., San Diego (1990) which
are hereby incorporated by reference). PCR cycling conditions
typically consist of an initial denaturation step, which can be
performed by heating the PCR reaction mixture to a temperature
ranging from about 80.degree. C. to about 105.degree. C. for times
ranging from about 1 to about 10 min. Heat denaturation is
typically followed by a number of cycles, ranging from about 1 to
about 80 cycles, each cycle usually comprising an initial
denaturation step, followed by a primer annealing step and
concluding with a primer extension step. Enzymatic extension of the
primers by a nucleic acid polymerase, e.g. Taq polymerase, produces
copies of the template (e.g., an analyte) that can be used as
templates in subsequent cycles. In some cases, the denaturation
temperature is about 85.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. In some
cases, the denaturation temperature is 85.degree. C., 86.degree.
C., 87.degree. C., 88.degree. C., 89.degree. C., 90.degree. C.,
91.degree. C., 92.degree. C., 93.degree. C., 94.degree. C.,
95.degree. C., 96.degree. C., 97.degree. C., 98.degree. C.,
99.degree. C., or 100.degree. C. In some cases, the denaturation
temperature is at least 85.degree. C., 86.degree. C., 87.degree.
C., 88.degree. C., 89.degree. C., 90.degree. C., 91.degree. C.,
92.degree. C., 93.degree. C., 94.degree. C., 95.degree. C.,
96.degree. C., 97.degree. C., 98.degree. C., 99.degree. C., or
100.degree. C. In some cases, the denaturation temperature is no
more than 85.degree. C., 86.degree. C., 87.degree. C., 88.degree.
C., 89.degree. C., 90.degree. C., 91.degree. C., 92.degree. C.,
93.degree. C., 94.degree. C., 95.degree. C., 96.degree. C.,
97.degree. C., 98.degree. C., 99.degree. C., or 100.degree. C. In
some cases, the annealing temperature is about 25.degree. C. to
about 80.degree. C. In some cases, the annealing temperature is
25.degree. C., 26.degree. C., 27.degree. C., 28.degree. C.,
29.degree. C., 30.degree. C., 31.degree. C., 32.degree. C.,
33.degree. C., 34.degree. C., 35.degree. C., 36.degree. C.,
37.degree. C., 38.degree. C., 39.degree. C., 40.degree. C.,
41.degree. C., 42.degree. C., 43.degree. C., 44.degree. C.,
45.degree. C., 46.degree. C., 47.degree. C., 48.degree. C.,
49.degree. C., 50.degree. C., 51.degree. C., 52.degree. C.,
53.degree. C., 54.degree. C., 55.degree. C., 56.degree. C.,
57.degree. C., 58.degree. C., 59.degree. C., 60.degree. C.,
61.degree. C., 62.degree. C., 63.degree. C., 64.degree. C.,
65.degree. C., 66.degree. C., 67.degree. C., 68.degree. C.,
69.degree. C., 70.degree. C., 71.degree. C., 72.degree. C.,
73.degree. C., 74.degree. C., 75.degree. C., 76.degree. C.,
77.degree. C., 78.degree. C., 79.degree. C., or 80.degree. C. In
some cases, the annealing temperature is at least 25.degree. C.,
26.degree. C., 27.degree. C., 28.degree. C., 29.degree. C.,
30.degree. C., 31.degree. C., 32.degree. C., 33.degree. C.,
34.degree. C., 35.degree. C., 36.degree. C., 37.degree. C.,
38.degree. C., 39.degree. C., 40.degree. C., 41.degree. C.,
42.degree. C., 43.degree. C., 44.degree. C., 45.degree. C.,
46.degree. C., 47.degree. C., 48.degree. C., 49.degree. C.,
50.degree. C., 51.degree. C., 52.degree. C., 53.degree. C.,
54.degree. C., 55.degree. C., 56.degree. C., 57.degree. C.,
58.degree. C., 59.degree. C., 60.degree. C., 61.degree. C.,
62.degree. C., 63.degree. C., 64.degree. C., 65.degree. C.,
66.degree. C., 67.degree. C., 68.degree. C., 69.degree. C.,
70.degree. C., 71.degree. C., 72.degree. C., 73.degree. C.,
74.degree. C., 75.degree. C., 76.degree. C., 77.degree. C.,
78.degree. C., 79.degree. C., or 80.degree. C. In some cases, the
annealing temperature is no more than 25.degree. C., 26.degree. C.,
27.degree. C., 28.degree. C., 29.degree. C., 30.degree. C.,
31.degree. C., 32.degree. C., 33.degree. C., 34.degree. C.,
35.degree. C., 36.degree. C., 37.degree. C., 38.degree. C.,
39.degree. C., 40.degree. C., 41.degree. C., 42.degree. C.,
43.degree. C., 44.degree. C., 45.degree. C., 46.degree. C.,
47.degree. C., 48.degree. C., 49.degree. C., 50.degree. C.,
51.degree. C., 52.degree. C., 53.degree. C., 54.degree. C.,
55.degree. C., 56.degree. C., 57.degree. C., 58.degree. C.,
59.degree. C., 60.degree. C., 61.degree. C., 62.degree. C.,
63.degree. C., 64.degree. C., 65.degree. C., 66.degree. C.,
67.degree. C., 68.degree. C., 69.degree. C., 70.degree. C.,
71.degree. C., 72.degree. C., 73.degree. C., 74.degree. C.,
75.degree. C., 76.degree. C., 77.degree. C., 78.degree. C.,
79.degree. C., or 80.degree. C. In some cases, the extension
temperature is 25.degree. C., 26.degree. C., 2.degree. C.,
28.degree. C., 29.degree. C., 30.degree. C., 31.degree. C.,
32.degree. C., 33.degree. C., 34.degree. C., 35.degree. C.,
36.degree. C., 37.degree. C., 38.degree. C., 39.degree. C.,
40.degree. C., 41.degree. C., 42.degree. C., 43.degree. C.,
44.degree. C., 45.degree. C., 46.degree. C., 47.degree. C.,
48.degree. C., 49.degree. C., 50.degree. C., 51.degree. C.,
52.degree. C., 53.degree. C., 54.degree. C., 55.degree. C.,
56.degree. C., 57.degree. C., 58.degree. C., 59.degree. C.,
60.degree. C., 61.degree. C., 62.degree. C., 63.degree. C.,
64.degree. C., 65.degree. C., 66.degree. C., 67.degree. C.,
68.degree. C., 69.degree. C., 70.degree. C., 71.degree. C.,
72.degree. C., 73.degree. C., 74.degree. C., 75.degree. C.,
76.degree. C., 77.degree. C., 78.degree. C., 79.degree. C., or
80.degree. C. In some cases, the extension temperature is at least
25.degree. C., 26.degree. C., 27.degree. C., 28.degree. C.,
29.degree. C., 30.degree. C., 31.degree. C., 32.degree. C.,
33.degree. C., 34.degree. C., 35.degree. C., 36.degree. C.,
37.degree. C., 38.degree. C., 39.degree. C., 40.degree. C.,
41.degree. C., 42.degree. C., 43.degree. C., 44.degree. C.,
45.degree. C., 46.degree. C., 47.degree. C., 48.degree. C.,
49.degree. C., 50.degree. C., 51.degree. C., 52.degree. C.,
53.degree. C., 54.degree. C., 55.degree. C., 56.degree. C.,
57.degree. C., 58.degree. C., 59.degree. C., 60.degree. C.,
61.degree. C., 62.degree. C., 63.degree. C., 64.degree. C.,
65.degree. C., 66.degree. C., 67.degree. C., 68.degree. C.,
69.degree. C., 70.degree. C., 71.degree. C., 72.degree. C.,
73.degree. C., 74.degree. C., 75.degree. C., 76.degree. C.,
77.degree. C., 78.degree. C., 79.degree. C., or 80.degree. C. In
some cases, the extension temperature is no more than 25.degree.
C., 26.degree. C., 27.degree. C., 28.degree. C., 29.degree. C.,
30.degree. C., 31.degree. C., 32.degree. C., 33.degree. C.,
34.degree. C., 35.degree. C., 36.degree. C., 37.degree. C.,
38.degree. C., 39.degree. C., 40.degree. C., 41.degree. C.,
42.degree. C., 43.degree. C., 44.degree. C., 45.degree. C.,
46.degree. C., 47.degree. C., 48.degree. C., 49.degree. C.,
50.degree. C., 51.degree. C., 52.degree. C., 53.degree. C.,
54.degree. C., 55.degree. C., 56.degree. C., 57.degree. C.,
58.degree. C., 59.degree. C., 60.degree. C., 61.degree. C.,
62.degree. C., 63.degree. C., 64.degree. C., 65.degree. C.,
66.degree. C., 67.degree. C., 68.degree. C., 69.degree. C.,
70.degree. C., 71.degree. C., 72.degree. C., 73.degree. C.,
74.degree. C., 75.degree. C., 76.degree. C., 77.degree. C.,
78.degree. C., 79.degree. C., or 80.degree. C. In some cases, the
number of cycles ranges from about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 to about 80
cycles.
[0145] The methods provided herein are suitable for use with a
variety of detection methods. For example, the methods may be
applied using an analytical technique that measures a fluorescent
signal. For example, many real-time PCR, quantitative PCR and
droplet digital PCR instruments comprising an excitation light
source that enable the detection of fluorescent signals can be
used. Therefore, the methods of the present disclosure can be
readily applied using instruments widely used in the art.
VIII. Diseases
[0146] The methods described herein can be used, for example, to
detect one or more analytes associated with a disease or one or
more genetic variations (e.g., a SNP) associated with a disease. A
disease is an abnormal condition of an organism. In some cases, the
organism is a mammal, such as a human, non-human primate, mouse,
rat, rabbit, goat, dog, cat, or cow. In some cases, the mammal is a
human. In some cases, the human is a patient or subject. In some
cases, the disease is a genetic disorder, an autoimmune disease, a
neurological disease, a cardiovascular disease or a cancer.
[0147] A genetic disorder is a disease caused by one or more
abnormalities in the genome. Exemplary genetic disorders include
22q11.2 deletion syndrome, Acrocephaly, Acute cerebral Gaucher's
disease, Adrenal gland disorders, Adrenogenital syndrome,
Alzheimer's disease, Amelogenesis imperfect, androgen insensitivity
syndrome, anemia, Angelman syndrome, Apert syndrome, ataxia
telangiectasia, Canavan disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Color
blindness, Cri du chat, Cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, Duchenne
muscular dystrophy, Haemochromatosis, Haemophilia, Klinefelter
syndrome, Neurofibromatosis, Phenylketonuria, Polycystic kidney
disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Sickle-cell disease, Tay-Sachs
disease and Turner syndrome.
[0148] An autoimmune disease is a disease caused when the immune
system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue.
Exemplary autoimmune diseases include lopecia areata, autoimmune
hemolytic anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, dermatomyositis, diabetes
(type 1), several forms of juvenile idiopathic arthritis,
glomerulonephritis, Graves' disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome,
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, myasthenia gravis, several
forms of myocarditis, multiple sclerosis, pemphigus/pemphigoid,
pernicious anemia, polyarteritis nodosa, polymyositis, primary
biliary cirrhosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis,
scleroderma/systemic sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus
erythematosus, several forms of thyroiditis, several forms of
uveitis, vitiligo, and granulomatosis with polyangiitis
(Wegener's).
[0149] Exemplary neurological diseases include attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ALS, Alzheimer's disease, bipolar
disorder, Bell's palsy, birth defects of the brain and spinal cord,
cerebral palsy, chronic fatigue syndrome, dyslexia, epilepsy,
Guillain-Barre syndrome, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy,
neuropathy, neuromuscular and related diseases, Parkinson's
disease, schizophrenia, scoliosis and spinal deformity.
[0150] Exemplary cardiovascular disease include acute myocardial
infarction, angina, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis, cardiomegaly,
cardiomyopathy, carotid artery disease, congenital heart disease,
congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, endocarditis,
fluid around the heart, hypertension, infective endocarditis,
mitral valve prolapsed, peripheral artery disease, stroke, and
valvular heart disease.
[0151] Cancer is characterized by an abnormal growth of cells.
Exemplary cancer include bladder, brain, breast, bone, cervical,
colon, esophageal, kidney, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreatic,
proximal or distal bile duct, prostate, skin, stomach, thyroid, and
uterine cancer.
[0152] In some cases, the presence of an analyte or a genetic
variation in an analyte (e.g., a SNP) can serve as a disease
marker. In some cases, the method disclosed herein can be used to
detect a disease marker. In some cases, the method disclosed herein
can be applicable in determining the presence or absence or the
type of diseases affecting a patient. For example, FIG. 3
illustrates an overview of a method of providing a treatment in
conjunction with a detection method described herein. 601
illustrates a clinician preparing to take a sample from a patient.
In some cases, the sample can be a blood sample. In some cases, the
sample can be a tissue sample. 602 illustrates a sample diluted
into three concentrations (e.g. a separate concentration in each
tube). 603 indicates an amplification or polymerization step (e.g.,
PCR). 604 illustrates products of the amplification or
polymerization step. 605 depicts a clinician returning the results
of an analysis to a patient.
IX. Compositions and Kits
[0153] This disclosure also provides compositions and kits for use
with the methods described herein. The compositions may comprise
any component, reaction mixture and/or intermediate described
herein, as well as any combination thereof. For example, the
disclosure provides detection reagents for use with the methods
provided herein. Any suitable detection reagents may be provided,
including a primer pair attached to two different chromophores
(e.g., a fluorophore and a quencher), as described elsewhere in the
specification.
[0154] In some cases, compositions comprise a first and a second
primer or probe for the detection of at least one analyte wherein
the primers are attached to either a fluorophore or a quencher at
the 5' end. In some cases, compositions comprise primers attached
at the 5' end with either a fluorophore or a quencher for the
detection of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,
48, 49, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, or 10000 analytes. In some cases,
compositions comprise primers attached to multiple different
fluorophores or quenchers wherein at least one fluorophore or
quencher is at the 5' end for the detection of at least 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,
23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,
40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000,
or 10000 analytes. In some cases the compositions comprise multiple
pairs of first and second primers, wherein each pair of first and
second primers comprise either a fluorophore or a quencher at the
5' end. In some cases each pair of first and second primers
comprise a different fluorophore and quencher from the remaining
set of primers. In some cases the compositions comprise at least 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 100, 500, 1000,
5000, or 10000 pairs of first and second primers.
[0155] The present disclosure also provides kits for carrying out
the methods of the invention. Accordingly, a variety of kits are
provided in suitable packaging. The kits may be used for any one or
more of the uses described herein, and, accordingly, may contain
instructions for detecting the presence or absence of each analyte
or a plurality of analytes. A kit may be a diagnostic kit, for
example, a diagnostic kit suitable for the detection of one or more
analytes, including the analytes recited herein. A kit may contain
any of the compositions provided in this disclosure, including
those recited above.
X. Services
[0156] The methods provided herein may also be performed as a
service. For example, a service provider may obtain the identity of
a plurality of analytes that a customer wishes to analyze. The
service provider may then encode each analyte to be detected by any
of the methods described herein and provide appropriate reagents to
the customer for the assay. The customer may perform the assay and
provide the results to the service provider for decoding. The
service provider may then provide the decoded results to the
customer. The customer may also encode analytes, generate probes,
and/or decode results by interacting with software installed
locally (at the customer's location) or remotely (e.g., on a server
reachable through a network). Exemplary customers include clinical
laboratories, physicians, manufacturers of food and consumer
products, industrial manufacturers (e.g., petroleum companies) and
the like. A customer or party may be any suitable customer or party
with a need or desire to use the methods, systems, compositions,
and kits of the invention.
A. Server
[0157] The methods provided herein may be processed on a server or
a computer server (FIG. 4). The server 1101 includes a central
processing unit (CPU, also "processor") 1105 which can be a single
core processor, a multi core processor, or plurality of processors
for parallel processing. A processor used as part of a control
assembly may be a microprocessor. The server 1101 also includes
memory 1110 (e.g. random access memory, read-only memory, flash
memory); electronic storage unit 1115 (e.g. hard disk);
communications interface 1120 (e.g. network adaptor) for
communicating with one or more other systems; and peripheral
devices 1125 which may include cache, other memory, data storage,
and/or electronic display adaptors. The memory 1110, storage unit
1115, interface 1120, and peripheral devices 1125 are in
communication with the processor 1105 through a communications bus
(solid lines), such as a motherboard. The storage unit 1115 can be
a data storage unit for storing data. The server 1101 is
operatively coupled to a computer network ("network") 1130 with the
aid of the communications interface 1120. A processor with the aid
of additional hardware may also be operatively coupled to a
network. The network 1130 can be the Internet, an intranet and/or
an extranet, an intranet and/or extranet that is in communication
with the Internet, a telecommunication or data network. The network
1130 in some cases, with the aid of the server 1101, can implement
a peer-to-peer network, which may enable devices coupled to the
server 1101 to behave as a client or a server. In general, the
server may be capable of transmitting and receiving
computer-readable instructions (e.g., device/system operation
protocols or parameters) or data (e.g., sensor measurements, raw
data obtained from detecting nucleic acids, analysis of raw data
obtained from detecting nucleic acids, interpretation of raw data
obtained from detecting nucleic acids, etc.) via electronic signals
transported through the network 1130. Moreover, a network may be
used, for example, to transmit or receive data across an
international border.
[0158] The server 1101 may be in communication with one or more
output devices 1135 such as a display or printer, and/or with one
or more input devices 1140 such as, for example, a keyboard, mouse,
or joystick. The display may be a touch screen display, in which
case it may function as both a display device and an input device.
Different and/or additional input devices may be present such an
enunciator, a speaker, or a microphone. The server may use any one
of a variety of operating systems, such as for example, any one of
several versions of Windows, or of MacOS, or of Unix, or of
Linux.
[0159] The storage unit 1115 can store files or data associated
with the operation of a device or method described herein.
[0160] The server can communicate with one or more remote computer
systems through the network 1130. The one or more remote computer
systems may be, for example, personal computers, laptops, tablets,
telephones, Smart phones, or personal digital assistants.
[0161] In some situations a control assembly includes a single
server 1101. In other situations, the system includes multiple
servers in communication with one another through an intranet,
extranet and/or the Internet.
[0162] The server 1101 can be adapted to store device operation
parameters, protocols, methods described herein, and other
information of potential relevance. Such information can be stored
on the storage unit 1115 or the server 1101 and such data can be
transmitted through a network.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
DNA Sequences, Primers and Probes
[0163] Synthetic nucleic acid analytes from the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) poly protease gene were chosen for
exemplary detection studies using an amplification or
polymerization technique. Templates from this gene, of lengths
varying from 40 bp-80 bp, were synthesized.
[0164] Seven nucleic acid analytes from organisms of clinical
relevance were chosen for exemplary detection studies using a
multiplex PCR technique. These analytes include Influenza type A
(InfA), influenza type B (InfB), respiratory syncytial virus type A
(RsvA), respiratory syncytial virus type B (RsvB), human rhinovirus
(Hrv), and human metapneumovirus (Hmpv). An additional analyte for
human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3) was included to run as an
orthogonal control. Multiplex analytes were coded using a binary
scheme described elsewhere herein in this disclosure.
[0165] All oligonucleotides were synthesized by Integrated DNA
Technologies (Coralville, Iowa). Diagnostic sequences were input
into IDT's OligoAnalyzer 3.1 tool. Probes and primer pairs for each
analyte were chosen, from the OligoAnalyzer's set of generated
sequences, to minimize homology with un-intended analytes, probes
and primers. Forward primers for all analytes were synthesized with
a fluorophore at the 5' end, while the reverse primes for all
analytes were synthesized with a quencher at the 5' end. Sequence
information is tabulated in Tables 1 to 8. Nucleic acid products
were synthesized and lyophilized by IDT. All nucleic acid analytes
were reconstituted in TE buffer, ph7 (Life Technologies, Carlsbad,
Calif.). Dilutions were done using UltraPure RNAse-free Water (Life
Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.).
Example 2
Primer Design
[0166] Specific primers and probes were designed using conserved
regions of the analyte genes. Primers for Influenza A and B were
designed in the nucleoprotein genes; Primers for RSV A and RSV B
were designed in the conserved Fusion protein gene; Primers for HRV
were designed in the 5'-UTR region; Primers for HMPV were designed
in the Fusion protein gene; Primers for human PIV-3 were designed
in conserved regions of the haemagglutinin genes.
[0167] Established GenBank Accession nos. were used for Influenza
A, Influenza B, HRV, HMPV, and PIV-3. For RSV A and RSV B, primers
used in previous studies (Jansen et al. "Development and evaluation
of a four-tube real time multiplex PCR assay covering fourteen
respiratory viruses, and comparison to its corresponding single
target counterparts." Journal of Clinical Virology 51.3 (2011):
179-185; and Chun et al. "Dual priming oligonucleotide system for
the multiplex detection of respiratory viruses and SNP genotyping
of CYP2C19 gene." Nucleic Acids Research 35.6 (2007): e40) were
inputted into BLAST and Accession nos. corresponding to high
homology with complete coding sequence information were chosen.
Accession nos. for virus sequences used in primer design can be
found in Tables 2-8. Sequences were uploaded into Primer Quest
software (Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, Iowa) with
parameters set to take into account primer size, amplicon size, G-C
%, similarity of reaction kinetics. A BLAST search was performed to
check the specificity of the sequences of the primers and probes.
Chosen primer pairs were entered into OligoAnalyzer 3.1 and
analyzed for self-dimerization and hetero-dimerization. Primer
sequences and their properties can be found in Tables 2-8.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 HIV-1 Poly Protease Sequence Information
Sequence HIV-1 40mer, 60mer, and 80mer Information Source HIV-1
Reference Sequence, Los Alamos National Laboratory 40Mer 5'- GGA
AGC TCT ATT AGA TAC AGA CAC CTG TCA ACA Template TAA TTG G -3'
60Mer 5'- GGA AGC TCT ATT AGA TAC AGA TGA TAC AGT ATT Template AGA
AGA AAC ACC TGT CAA CAT AAT TGG -3' 80Mer 5'- GGA AGC TCT ATT AGA
TAC AGA TGA TAC AGT ATT Template AGA AGA AAT GAG TTT GCC AGG AAG
ATG ACA CCT GTC AAC ATA ATT GG -3' FWD Primer 5'- /5Cy3/GG AAG CTC
TAT TAG ATA CAG -3' RWD Primer 5'- /5IABkFQ/CC AAT TAT GTT GAC AGG
TGT -3'
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Influenza type A sequence information
Sequence Influenza A Information Source GenBank Accession #M23976.1
Influenza A 85Mer 5'- GTA GGG ATA GAC CCT TTC AAA CTG CTT CAA AAC
Template AGC CAA GTA TAC AGC CTA ATC AGA CCG AAT GAG AAT CCA GCA
CAC AAG AGT C -3' FWD Primer 5'- GTA GGG ATA GAC CCT TTC AAA CTG
-3' RWD Primer 5'- GAC TCT TGT GTG CTG GAT TCT C -3' TaqMan Probe
5'- /56-FAM/AG CCA AGT ATA CAG CCT AAT CAG ACC GA/3BHQ_1/ -3' FWD
qPrimer 5'- /5Cy3/GT AGG GAT AGA CCC TTT CAA ACT G-3' RWD qPrimer
5'- /5IABkFQ/GA CTC TTG TGT GCT GGA TTC TC-3' FWD Mistake 5'-
/5Cy3/GT AGG GAG AGA CCC TTT CAA ACT G -3' qPrimer
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Influenza type B sequence information
Sequence Influenza B Information Source GenBank Accession #AB036876
Influenza B 81Mer 5'- GTG CTT CCC ATA AGC ATT TAC GCC AAA ATA CCT
Template CAA CTA GGG TTC AAC GTT GAA GAG TAC TCT ATG GTT GGG TAT
GAA GCC -3' FWD Primer 5'- GTG CTT CCC ATA AGC ATT TAC G -3' RWD
Primer 5'- GGC TTC ATA CCC AAC CAT AGA G -3' TaqMan Probe 5'-
/56-FAM/CC TCA ACT AGG GTT CAA CGT TGA AGA GT/3BHQ_1/ -3' FWD
qPrimer 5'- /5Cy3/GT GCT TCC CAT AAG CAT TTA CG -3' RWD qPrimer 5'-
/5IABkFQ/GG CTT CAT ACC CAA CCA TAG AG -3'
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Respiratory syncytial virus type A sequence
information Sequence Respiratory syncytial virus type A Information
Source GenBank Accession # |JX627336.1|:5726-7450 Human respiratory
syncytial virus strain RSVA/GN435/11, complete genome 85Mer 5'- GTT
GGA AAC TAC ACA CAT CTC CTC TAT GTA CAA Template CCA ACA CAA AGG
AAG GAT CCA ACA TCT GCT TAA CAA GAA CCG ACA GAG GAT G -3' FWD
Primer 5'- GTT GGA AAC TAC ACA CAT CTC CTC -3' RWD Primer 5'- CAT
CCT CTG TCG GTT CTT GTT AAG -3' TaqMan Probe 5'- /56-FAM/CC AAC ACA
AAG GAA GGA TCC AAC ATC TG/3BHQ_1/ -3' FWD qPrimer 5'- /5Cy3/GT TGG
AAA CTA CAC ACA TCT CCT C -3' RWD qPrimer 5'- /5IABkFQ/CA TCC TCT
GTC GGT TCT TGT TAA G -3'
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Respiratory syncytial virus type B sequence
information Sequence Respiratory syncytial virus type B Information
Source GenBank Accession # JX682822.1 81Mer 5'- CCT CAC CTC AAG TCA
GAA CAT AAC TGA GGA GTT Template TTA CCA ATC GAC ATG TAG TGC AGT
TAG CAG AGG TTA CTT GAG TGC TTT -3' FWD Primer 5'- CCT CAC CTC AAG
TCA GAA CAT AAC -3' RWD Primer 5'- AAA GCA CTC AAG TAA CCT CTG C
-3' TaqMan Probe 5'- /56-FAM/AC CAA TCG ACA TGT AGT GCA GT/ 3BHQ_1/
-3' FWD qPrimer 5'- /5Cy3/CC TCA CCT CAA GTC AGA ACA TAA C -3' RWD
qPrimer 5'- /5IABkFQ/AA AGC ACT CAA GTA ACC TCT GC -3'
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Human rhinovirus sequence information
Sequence Human rhinovirus Information Source GenBank Accession #
AF108174.1 81Mer 5'- ACA ATG GAC AAG GTG TGA AGA GCC CCG TGT GCT
Template CGC TTT GAG TCC TCC GGC CCC TGA ATG TGG CTA ACC TTA ACC
CTG CAG CTA G- 3' FWD Primer 5'- ACA AT GAC AAG GTG TGA AGA G -3'
RWD Primer 5'- CTA GCT GCA GGG TTA AGG TTA G -3' TaqMan Probe 5'-
/56-FAM/TG TGC TCG CTT TGA GTC CTC CG/3BHQ 1/-3' FWD qPrimer 5'-
/5Cy3/AC AAT GGA CAA GGT GTG AAG AG -3' RWD qPrimer 5'- /5IABkFQ/CT
AGC TGC AGG GTT AAG GTT AG -3'
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Human metapneumovirus sequence information
Sequence Human metapneumovirus Information Source GenBank Accession
# |AF371337.2|:3052-4671 Human metapneumovirus isolate 00-1,
complete genome) 88Mer 5'- GAG AGC ATT GAG AAC AGT CAG GCC TTG GTG
GAT Template CAA TCA AAC AGA ATC CTA AGC AGT GCA GAG AAA GGA AAC
ACT GGC TTC ATC ATT G- 3' FWD Primer 5'- GAG AGC ATT GAG AAC AGT
CAG G -3' RWD Primer 5'- CAA TGA TGA AGC CAG TGT TTC C -3' TaqMan
Probe 5'- /56-FAM/AC AGA ATC CTA AGC AGT GCA GAG A/3BHQ_1/ -3' FWD
qPrimer 5'- /5Cy3/GA GAG CAT TGA GAA CAG TCA GG -3' RWD qPrimer 5'-
/5IABkFQ/CA ATG ATG AAG CCA GTG TTT CC -3'
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Parainfluenza virus type 3 sequence
information Sequence Parainfluenza virus type 3 Information Source
GenBank Accession # gi|403376|emb|Z26523.1| Human parainfluenza
virus type 3 HN gene for hemagglutinin-neuraminidase) 86Mer 5'- TCG
AGA GTG AAC CCA GTC ATA ACT TAC TCA ACA Template GCA ACC GAA AGA
GTA AAC GAG CTG GCC ATC CGA AAC AGA ACA CTC TCA GCT GG -3' FWD
Primer 5'- TCG AGA GTG AAC CCA GTC ATA A -3' RWD Primer 5'- CCA GCT
GAG AGT GTT CTG TTT C -3' TaqMan Probe 5'- /56-FAM/CC GAA AGA GTA
AAC GAG CTG GCC 1 A/3BHQ_1/ -3' TaqMan Probe 5'- /5Cy3/CC GAA AGA
GTA AAC GAG CTG GCC 2 A/3BHQ_2/ -3' TaqMan Probe 5'- /56-ROXN/CC
GAA AGA GTA AAC GAG CTG GCC 3 A/3BHQ_2/ -3' TaqMan Probe 5'-
/5Cy5/CC GAA AGA GTA AAC GAG CTG GCC 4 A/3IAbRQSp/ -3'
Example 3
Polymerase Chain Reactions
[0168] PCR reactions were performed on a Roche 480 LightCycler
instrument (Roche Applied Science, Penzberg, Germany). The PCR
cycling reaction was run for 45 cycles, with a 60 sec hot-start at
95.degree. C. The cycling conditions were: denaturation for 45 sec
at 95.degree. C., annealing for 120 sec at 45.degree. C., and
extension for 120 sec at 58.degree. C. Each experiment was run in
sextuplicate, with a reaction volume of 15 .mu.L. Fluorescence
measurements in 523 nm-568 nm (Cy3) and 615 nm-670 nm (Cy5) were
taken at the end of annealing for every cycle. The change in
fluorescence intensity between the first and last measurements (the
quenched signal) was measured for each experiment.
[0169] Positive control experiments were performed to determine
base-line quenching levels for each analyte and set of primers.
Only analytes with their associated probes were cycled in
experiments 1-10, and tabulated in Tables 9-18.
[0170] In each experiment, the uncertainty in the cycling data was
determined by the spread of values in the last five cycles of the
particular amplification reaction. This uncertainty did not scale
with the value of the total signal, which implied that the source
of uncertainty was instrumental rather than experimental. A
1.times. fluorphore (200 nM) baseline was determined by statistical
analysis of a set of data on 200 nM concentration. The expected
multiplicative signal levels were determined by multiplying this
baseline by the multiplicity. The change in fluorescence intensity
was used to assemble the expected signal levels in the
chromatograms depicted in FIGS. 5-9.
Example 4
Detection of HIV TPP Analytes
[0171] FIG. 5 illustrates the successful detection of HIV TPP
analytes using the analytes, primers and methods described in
Examples 1-3. Initial experiments showed the quantitative PCR
(qPCR) detection of 80 bp HIV TPP analytes at varying
concentrations from 10 nM to 10 pM (A-D). All successful detection
curves exhibited the inverse-sigmoidal characteristic. FIG. 6
indicates the detection assay can be used to detect low
concentrations of HIV TPP. The experiments demonstrated the
detection assay was able to detect between 1 pM and 100 fM (FIG. 6A
and FIG. 6B) of HIV TPP. FIG. 7 illustrates the length dependence
of quenching. Experiments showed that the extent of quenching is
strongly correlated to the separation length between a quencher and
a fluorophore (FIG. 7A-7C). Analytes were varied in length from 40
bp to 120 bp for a single set of primers.
Example 5
Detection of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
[0172] FIG. 8 illustrates the detection of a single nucleotide
polymorphism. Signal level changed significantly (approximately a
35% reduction in signal) when a mis-priming event occurred (FIG. 8A
and FIG. 8B). The observed effect suggests the mechanism of signal
change involved the electron transport between chromophores of the
labeled analyte.
Example 6
Multiplex Detection Using Binary Coding of Analytes
[0173] FIG. 9 illustrates the binary coding of the analytes.
Analytes in a 3-plex CY3 assay were coded using binary spaced
primer concentrations. A TaqMan positive control sequence was
amplified in every reaction to confirm that the PCR completed
successfully.
Example 7
Tagged Primer PCR
[0174] This example describes a method of directly detecting a DNA
analyte in a sample by incorporating chromophores onto primers and
performing a PCR reaction. This method directly detects a PCR
product, and does not require a secondary detection technique, such
as a gel electrophoresis. For instance, an exemplary analyte is
illustrated in FIG. 10A. A forward (FWD) and reverse or rewind
(RWD) primers are designed such that a quencher and fluorophore are
ligated to the 5' of each primer, respectively (FIG. 10B). The
primers are selected in appropriate concentrations to limit unbound
quenching. Before the first cycle of the PCR reaction is run, the
total fluorescence intensity is 10. During the first cycle of the
PCR, this intensity level is typically unchanged, as there is no
DNA analyte present that incorporates both a fluorophore and a
quencher (FIG. 10C). A decrease in signal is observed upon
completion of a second PCR cycle (FIGS. 10D and 10E). As the cycles
progress, on average, the total fluorescent signal decreases by a
factor of 2 per cycle. Therefore, the fluorescent intensity at the
end of cycle two is approximately 10/2 because the fluorophore on
the anti-sense strand is quenched by the quencher on the sense
strand. This attenuation of the fluorescent signal continues until
the supply of primers for that analyte is exhausted. In this way, a
"dark-field" measurement for the DNA analyte is obtained by looking
at the intensity of fluorescence after each cycle.
Example 8
Multiplex Detection Using Various Chromophore Combinations
[0175] This example describes a technique for distinguishing
multiple DNA analytes in a single PCR reaction using various
chromophore combinations for each pair of analyte-specific primers.
Color multiplexing different strands as illustrated in FIG. 11 is
used to distinguish between multiple analytes. Dark-field curves
are generated after performing PCR. From these dark-field curves,
the initial concentrations are interpolated.
Example 9
Multiplex Detection Using a Single Chromophore Combination
[0176] This example describes a technique for distinguishing
multiple DNA analytes of varying lengths in a single PCR reaction
using the same chromophore combination for each pair of
analyte-specific primers. Analytes of differing lengths (e.g., 40
bp, 60 bp, and 80 bp) are detected using a single
fluorophore/quencher combination. Longer analytes have a greater
separation between the quencher and the fluorophore, and thus
exhibit different end point fluorescence levels. In superposition,
different combinations of analytes code for different fluorescence
levels. Further discrimination of nucleic acid analytes is
performed using a melt curve analysis. Lower molecular weight
analytes denature at lower temperatures. By measuring fluorescence
as a function of increasing temperature, multiple analytes in a
single color channel are quantified.
Example 10
Detection of Morphology
[0177] This example describes the characterization of the
morphology of an analyte (e.g., a DNA analyte) using multiple
chromophores. The DNA analyte illustrated in FIG. 12 has a
particular morphology at a given temperature. This morphology
results in a fluorescence signature. Changing the temperature
results in a different morphology of the DNA analyte, which in turn
results in a different fluorescence signature (FIG. 13). The
signatures for the morphology of analytes (such as the DNA molecule
shown in FIG. 12) are obtained by ramping of the temperature and
determining fluorescent signatures. By superimposing these
signatures, a three dimensional folding model for the DNA molecule
is obtained.
[0178] While preferred disclosures of the present disclosure have
been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those
skilled in the art that such disclosures are provided by way of
example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will
now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the
present disclosure. It should be understood that various
alternatives to the disclosures described herein may be employed in
practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims
define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures
within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered
thereby.
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Experiment 01 Cocktail Concentration Volume
Added Reagents UltraPure H.sub.2O -- 70 .mu.L Taq 5x Master Mix --
25 .mu.L Templates Poly Protease 40 mer 12 nM 5 .mu.L Primers Poly
Protease FWD qPrimer 1 .mu.M 5 .mu.L Poly Protease RWD qPrimer 1
.mu.M 5 .mu.L
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Experiment 02 Cocktail Concentration Volume
Added Reagents UltraPure H.sub.2O -- 70 .mu.L Taq 5x Master Mix --
25 .mu.L Templates Poly Protease 60 mer 10 nM 5 .mu.L Primers Poly
Protease FWD qPrimer 1 .mu.M 5 .mu.L Poly Protease RWD qPrimer 1
.mu.M 5 .mu.L
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Experiment 03 Cocktail Concentration Volume
Added Reagents UltraPure H.sub.2O -- 70 .mu.L Taq 5x Master Mix --
25 .mu.L Templates Poly Protease 80 mer 10 nM 5 .mu.L Primers Poly
Protease FWD qPrimer 1 .mu.M 5 .mu.L Poly Protease RWD qPrimer 1
.mu.M 5 .mu.L
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Experiment 04 Cocktail Concentration Volume
Added Reagents UltraPure H.sub.2O -- 70 .mu.L Taq 5x Master Mix --
25 .mu.L Templates Poly Protease 45 mer 10 nM 5 .mu.L Primers Poly
Protease FWD qPrimer 1 .mu.M 5 .mu.L Poly Protease RWD qPrimer 1
.mu.M 5 .mu.L
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Experiment 05 Cocktail Concentration Volume
Added Reagents UltraPure H.sub.2O -- 70 .mu.L Taq 5x Master Mix --
25 .mu.L Templates Poly Protease 50 mer 10 nM 5 .mu.L Primers Poly
Protease FWD qPrimer 1 .mu.M 5 .mu.L Poly Protease RWD qPrimer 1
.mu.M 5 .mu.L
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Experiment 06 Cocktail Concentration Volume
Added Reagents UltraPure H.sub.2O -- 70 .mu.L Taq 5x Master Mix --
25 .mu.L Templates Poly Protease 55 mer 10 nM 5 .mu.L Primers Poly
Protease FWD qPrimer 1 .mu.M 5 .mu.L Poly Protease RWD qPrimer 1
.mu.M 5 .mu.L
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Experiment 07 Cocktail Concentration Volume
Added Reagents UltraPure H.sub.2O -- 70 .mu.L Taq 5x Master Mix --
25 .mu.L Templates Poly Protease 100 mer 10 nM 5 .mu.L Primers Poly
Protease FWD qPrimer 1 .mu.M 5 .mu.L Poly Protease RWD qPrimer 1
.mu.M 5 .mu.L
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Experiment 08 Cocktail Concentration Volume
Added Reagents UltraPure H.sub.2O -- 70 .mu.L Taq 5x Master Mix --
25 .mu.L Templates Poly Protease 120 mer 10 nM 5 .mu.L Primers Poly
Protease FWD qPrimer 1 .mu.M 5 .mu.L Poly Protease RWD qPrimer 1
.mu.M 5 .mu.L
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Experiment 09 Cocktail Concentration Volume
Added Reagents UltraPure H.sub.2O -- 105 .mu.L Taq 5x Master Mix --
75 .mu.L Templates Influenza A 85 mer 10 nM 5 .mu.L Primers
Influenza A FWD qPrimer 300 nM 5 .mu.L Influenza A RWD qPrimer 300
nM 5 .mu.L
TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 18 Experiment 10 Cocktail Concentration Volume
Added Reagents UltraPure H.sub.2O -- 105 .mu.L Taq 5x Master Mix --
75 .mu.L Templates Influenza B 81 mer 10 nM 5 .mu.L Primers
Influenza B FWD qPrimer 300 nM 5 .mu.L Influenza B RWD qPrimer 300
nM 5 .mu.L
Sequence CWU 1
1
52140DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic oligonucleotide 1ggaagctcta ttagatacag acacctgtca
acataattgg 40260DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 2ggaagctcta ttagatacag
atgatacagt attagaagaa acacctgtca acataattgg 60380DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic
oligonucleotide 3ggaagctcta ttagatacag atgatacagt attagaagaa
atgagtttgc caggaagatg 60acacctgtca acataattgg 80420DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer
4ggaagctcta ttagatacag 20520DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer 5ccaattatgt tgacaggtgt
20685DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic oligonucleotide 6gtagggatag accctttcaa actgcttcaa
aacagccaag tatacagcct aatcagaccg 60aatgagaatc cagcacacaa gagtc
85724DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic primer 7gtagggatag accctttcaa actg 24822DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer
8gactcttgtg tgctggattc tc 22928DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic probe 9agccaagtat acagcctaat cagaccga
281024DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic primer 10gtagggatag accctttcaa actg 241122DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer
11gactcttgtg tgctggattc tc 221224DNAArtificial SequenceDescription
of Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer 12gtagggagag accctttcaa
actg 241381DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic oligonucleotide 13gtgcttccca taagcattta cgccaaaata
cctcaactag ggttcaacgt tgaagagtac 60tctatggttg ggtatgaagc c
811422DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic primer 14gtgcttccca taagcattta cg 221522DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer
15ggcttcatac ccaaccatag ag 221628DNAArtificial SequenceDescription
of Artificial Sequence Synthetic probe 16cctcaactag ggttcaacgt
tgaagagt 281722DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic primer 17gtgcttccca taagcattta cg
221822DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic primer 18ggcttcatac ccaaccatag ag 221985DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic
oligonucleotide 19gttggaaact acacacatct cctctatgta caaccaacac
aaaggaagga tccaacatct 60gcttaacaag aaccgacaga ggatg
852024DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic primer 20gttggaaact acacacatct cctc 242124DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer
21catcctctgt cggttcttgt taag 242228DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic probe
22ccaacacaaa ggaaggatcc aacatctg 282324DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer
23gttggaaact acacacatct cctc 242424DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer
24catcctctgt cggttcttgt taag 242581DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic
oligonucleotide 25cctcacctca agtcagaaca taactgagga gttttaccaa
tcgacatgta gtgcagttag 60cagaggttac ttgagtgctt t 812624DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer
26cctcacctca agtcagaaca taac 242722DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer
27aaagcactca agtaacctct gc 222822DNAArtificial SequenceDescription
of Artificial Sequence Synthetic probe 28accaatcgac atgtagtgca gt
222924DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic primer 29cctcacctca agtcagaaca taac 243022DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer
30aaagcactca agtaacctct gc 223185DNAArtificial SequenceDescription
of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 31acaatggaca
aggtgtgaag agccccgtgt gctcgctttg agtcctccgg cccctgaatg 60tggctaacct
taaccctgca gctag 853222DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer 32acaatggaca aggtgtgaag ag
223322DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic primer 33ctagctgcag ggttaaggtt ag 223422DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic probe
34tgtgctcgct ttgagtcctc cg 223522DNAArtificial SequenceDescription
of Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer 35acaatggaca aggtgtgaag ag
223622DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic primer 36ctagctgcag ggttaaggtt ag 223788DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic
oligonucleotide 37gagagcattg agaacagtca ggccttggtg gatcaatcaa
acagaatcct aagcagtgca 60gagaaaggaa acactggctt catcattg
883822DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic primer 38gagagcattg agaacagtca gg 223922DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer
39caatgatgaa gccagtgttt cc 224024DNAArtificial SequenceDescription
of Artificial Sequence Synthetic probe 40acagaatcct aagcagtgca gaga
244122DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic primer 41gagagcattg agaacagtca gg 224222DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer
42caatgatgaa gccagtgttt cc 224386DNAArtificial SequenceDescription
of Artificial Sequence Synthetic oligonucleotide 43tcgagagtga
acccagtcat aacttactca acagcaaccg aaagagtaaa cgagctggcc 60atccgaaaca
gaacactctc agctgg 864422DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer 44tcgagagtga acccagtcat aa
224522DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic primer 45ccagctgaga gtgttctgtt tc 224624DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic probe
46ccgaaagagt aaacgagctg gcca 244724DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic probe
47ccgaaagagt aaacgagctg gcca 244824DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic probe
48ccgaaagagt aaacgagctg gcca 244924DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic probe
49ccgaaagagt aaacgagctg gcca 245059DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic
oligonucleotide 50atgggggggg ggggggggat ggggggggaa ggggggatgg
ggggggatgg ggatggatg 595120DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer 51atgggggggg ggggggggat
205220DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic primer 52catccatccc catccccccc 20
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