U.S. patent application number 14/187530 was filed with the patent office on 2014-06-19 for modified pyrazine derivatives and uses thereof.
The applicant listed for this patent is William L. Neumann, Amruta Poreddy. Invention is credited to William L. Neumann, Amruta Poreddy.
Application Number | 20140170071 14/187530 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 41582146 |
Filed Date | 2014-06-19 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140170071 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Poreddy; Amruta ; et
al. |
June 19, 2014 |
Modified Pyrazine Derivatives and Uses Thereof
Abstract
In some embodiments, the invention provides modified pyrazine
derivatives containing a central pyrazine ring with two secondary
amine groups attached directly to the central pyrazine ring and two
amino carbonyl groups attached directly to the central pyrazine
ring. The secondary amine groups are terminated by alkyl groups
containing from 1 to 6 carbons. The amino carbonyl groups can be
terminated by a wide range of substituents including, but not
limited to, alkyl and alkylene groups, polyether groups, including
poly(ethylene glycol) groups, secondary and tertiary amine groups,
polyhydroxylated alkyl groups, amino carbonyl groups, amino
thioketone groups, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments,
the invention provides modified pyrazine derivatives useful as
optical agents in a wide variety of biomedical imaging procedures,
including diagnostic and imaging procedures. In an embodiment, for
example, modified pyrazine derivatives are provided which are
useful in monitoring organ and system functioning, for example in
monitoring renal system functioning.
Inventors: |
Poreddy; Amruta; (St. Louis,
MO) ; Neumann; William L.; (St. Louis, MO) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Poreddy; Amruta
Neumann; William L. |
St. Louis
St. Louis |
MO
MO |
US
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
41582146 |
Appl. No.: |
14/187530 |
Filed: |
February 24, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13140107 |
Jun 16, 2011 |
8697033 |
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PCT/US2009/068463 |
Dec 17, 2009 |
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14187530 |
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61138149 |
Dec 17, 2008 |
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61139911 |
Dec 22, 2008 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/9.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 49/0013 20130101;
A61K 49/00 20130101; A61P 13/12 20180101; C07D 241/26 20130101;
A61P 13/10 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/9.1 |
International
Class: |
A61K 49/00 20060101
A61K049/00 |
Claims
1.-50. (canceled)
51. A method for use in an optical imaging, medical imaging,
diagnostic, visualization, monitoring, surgical, biomedical or
therapeutic procedure, wherein the method comprises: (i)
administering a diagnostically effective amount of a compound of
the formula (FX1): ##STR00022## wherein: each of R.sup.1 and
R.sup.2 is --(CH.sub.2).sub.a(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.3,
--(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.3,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2),NR.sup.4CONR.sup.5(-
CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4CSNR.s-
up.5 (CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eCONR.sup.4(CH.-
sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4SO.sub-
.2(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eSO.sub.2NR.sup-
.4(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4CO(CH.-
sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6, --(CH.sub.2).sub.c
(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d
(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4CO.sub.2(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.b-
R.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eOC(O)N-
R.sup.4(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.aY.sup.1; each Y.sup.1 is independently
--OR.sup.3, --(CHOH).sub.cR.sup.7, --NR.sup.8R.sup.9,
--CONR.sup.8R.sup.9,
--NHCO(CH.sub.2).sub.a(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6 or
--NHCO(CHOH).sub.cR.sup.7; each of R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5,
R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 is independently --H or C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl;
each of R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 is independently --H, C.sub.1-C.sub.3
alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.a(CHOH).sub.cR.sup.7 or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.a(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6; each of a, c, e
and f is independently an integer from 0 to 10; each b is
independently an integer from 1 to 120; each d is independently an
integer from 0 to 120; and each of m and n is independently an
integer from 0 to 5 to a subject's bodily fluid, wherein the
compound is differentially separated from a bodily fluid of the
subject by an organ, tissue or system in the subject; (ii) exposing
the administered compound to non-ionizing radiation; wherein
exposing the administered compound to non-ionizing radiation causes
the compound to luminesce; and (ii) detecting the administered
compound; wherein detecting the administered compound comprises
detecting the luminescence from the administered compound.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Patent Application No. 61/138,149 filed on Dec. 17, 2008, and U.S.
Provisional Patent Application No. 61/139,911 filed on Dec. 22,
2008, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their
entirety to the extent not inconsistent with the present
description.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Various publications are referenced throughout this
disclosure by Arabic numerals in brackets. A citation corresponding
to each reference number is listed following the Examples.
[0003] Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common ailment in patients
admitted to general medical-surgical hospitals. Approximately half
of the patients who develop ARF die, and survivors face marked
increases in morbidity and prolonged hospitalization [1]. Early
diagnosis is generally believed to be important, because renal
failure is often asymptomatic and typically requires careful
tracking of renal function markers in the blood. Dynamic monitoring
of patient renal function is desirable in order to reduce the risk
of acute renal failure brought about by various clinical,
physiological and pathological conditions [2-6]. Such dynamic
monitoring might be particularly desirable in the case of
critically ill or injured patients, because a large percentage of
these patients tend to face risk of multiple organ failure (MOF)
potentially resulting in death [7, 8]. MOF is a sequential failure
of the lungs, liver and kidneys and is incited by one or more of
acute lung injury (AU), adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),
hypermetabolism, hypotension, persistent inflammatory focus and
sepsis syndrome. Common histological features of hypotension and
shock leading to MOF generally include tissue necrosis, vascular
congestion, interstitial and cellular edema, hemorrhage and
microthrombi. These changes generally affect the lungs, liver,
kidneys, intestine, adrenal glands, brain, and pancreas in
descending order of frequency [9]. The transition from early stages
of trauma to clinical MOF generally corresponds with a particular
degree of liver and renal failure as well as a change in mortality
risk from about 30% up to about 50% [10].
[0004] Traditionally, renal function of a patient has been
determined using crude measurements of the patient's urine output
and plasma creatinine levels [11-13]. These values can be
misleading because such values are affected by age, state of
hydration, renal perfusion, muscle mass, dietary intake, and many
other clinical and anthropometric variables. In addition, a single
value obtained several hours after sampling can be difficult to
correlate with other physiologic events such as blood pressure,
cardiac output, state of hydration, and other specific clinical
events (e.g., hemorrhage, bacteremia, ventilator settings and
others).
[0005] With regard to conventional renal monitoring procedures, an
approximation of a patient's glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can
be made via a 24 hour urine collection procedure that (as the name
suggests) typically requires about 24 hours for urine collection,
several more hours for analysis, and a meticulous bedside
collection technique. Unfortunately, the undesirably late timing
and significant duration of this conventional procedure can reduce
the likelihood of effectively treating the patient and/or saving
the kidney(s). As a further drawback to this type of procedure,
repeat data tends to be equally as cumbersome to obtain as the
originally acquired data.
[0006] Occasionally, changes in serum creatinine of a patient are
adjusted based on measurement values such as the patient's urinary
electrolytes and osmolality as well as derived calculations such as
"renal failure index" and/or "fractional excretion of sodium." Such
adjustments of serum creatinine undesirably tend to require
contemporaneous collection of additional samples of serum and urine
and, after some delay, further calculations. Frequently, dosing of
medication is adjusted for renal function and thus can be equally
as inaccurate, equally delayed, and as difficult to reassess as the
measurement values and calculations upon which the dosing is based.
Finally, clinical decisions in the critically ill population are
often equally as important in their timing as they are in their
accuracy.
[0007] It is known that hydrophilic, anionic substances are
generally capable of being excreted by the kidneys [14]. Renal
clearance typically occurs via two pathways: glomerular filtration
and tubular secretion. Tubular secretion can be characterized as an
active transport process, and hence, the substances clearing via
this pathway typically exhibit specific properties with respect to
size, charge and lipophilicity.
[0008] Most of the substances that pass through the kidneys are
filtered through the glomerulus (a small intertwined group of
capillaries in the malpighian body of the kidney). Examples of
exogenous substances capable of clearing the kidney via glomerular
filtration (hereinafter referred to as "GFR agents") are shown in
FIG. 1 and include creatinine, o-iodohippuran, and .sup.99mTc-DTPA
[15-17]. Examples of exogenous substances that are capable of
undergoing renal clearance via tubular secretion include
.sup.99mTc-MAG3 and other substances known in the art [15, 18, 19].
.sup.99mTc-MAG3 is also widely used to assess renal function though
gamma scintigraphy as well as through renal blood flow measurement.
As one drawback to the substances illustrated in FIG. 1,
o-iodohippuran, .sup.99mTc-DTPA and .sup.99mTc-MAG.sub.3 include
radioisotopes to enable the same to be detected. Even if
non-radioactive analogs (e.g., such as an analog of o-iodohippuran)
or other non-radioactive substances were to be used for renal
function monitoring, such monitoring would typically require the
use of undesirable ultraviolet radiation for excitation of those
substances.
SUMMARY
[0009] In some embodiments, the invention provides modified
pyrazine derivatives containing a central pyrazine ring with two
secondary amine groups attached directly to the central pyrazine
ring and two amino carbonyl groups attached directly to the central
pyrazine ring. The secondary amine groups are terminated by alkyl
groups containing from 1 to 6 carbons. The amino carbonyl groups
can be terminated by a wide range of substituents including, but
not limited to, alkyl and alkylene groups, polyether groups,
including polyethylene glycol) groups, secondary and tertiary amine
groups, polyhydroxylated alkyl groups, amino carbonyl groups, amino
thioketone groups, and combinations thereof.
[0010] In some embodiments, the invention provides modified
pyrazine derivatives useful as optical agents in a wide variety of
biomedical procedures, including diagnostic and imaging procedures.
In an embodiment, for example, modified pyrazine derivatives are
provided which are useful in monitoring organ and system
functioning, for example in monitoring renal system functioning. In
some embodiments, the optical and pharmacokinetic properties of
compounds of the invention can be adjusted by selection of suitable
modifications to substituents of the central pyrazine ring. In an
aspect of this embodiment, for example, the absorption and emission
spectra of compounds of the invention can be tuned by selection of
suitable modifications to substituents of the central pyrazine
ring. In an embodiment, for example, an absorption maxima of a
compound of the invention is shifted a selected number of
nanometers (e.g., 10-50 nm) toward the red region of the
electromagnetic spectrum by selection of the composition of
substituents of the central pyrazine group. In a further aspect of
this embodiment, the clearance rate of compounds of the invention
can be tuned by selection of suitable modifications to substituents
of the central pyrazine ring. In an embodiment, for example, the
absorption and emission spectra of compounds of the invention can
be tuned by selection of suitable modifications to substituents of
the central pyrazine ring to enable enhanced tissue penetration of
exciting electromagnetic radiation.
[0011] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds being of
formula (FX1):
##STR00001##
[0012] wherein: each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.a(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.3,
--(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.3,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4CONR.s-
up.5(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4CSNR.s-
up.5(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eCONR.sup.4(CH.-
sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4SO.sub-
.2(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eSO.sub.2NR.sup-
.4(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4CO(CH.-
sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4CO.sub-
.2(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eOC(O)NR.sup.4(-
CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.aY.sup.1; each Y.sup.1 is independently
--OR.sup.3, --(CHOH).sub.cR.sup.7, --NR.sup.8R.sup.9,
--CONR.sup.8R.sup.9,
--NHCO(CH.sub.2).sub.a(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6 or
--NHCO(CHOH).sub.cR.sup.7; each of R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5,
R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 is independently --H or C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl;
each of R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 is independently --H, C.sub.1-C.sub.3
alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.a(CHOH).sub.cR.sup.7 or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.a(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6; each of a, c, e
and f is independently an integer from 0 to 10; each b is
independently an integer from 1 to 120; each d is independently an
integer from 0 to 120; and each of m and n is independently an
integer from 0 to 5.
[0013] In one aspect, described herein are compounds of Formula
(FX1) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters. In
some embodiments, each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.a(CHOH).sub.cR.sup.7. In other embodiments, each
of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is --(CH.sub.2).sub.aNR.sup.8R.sup.9. In
still other embodiments, each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4CSNR.s-
up.5(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6. In other
embodiments, each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.aY.sup.1. In still other embodiments, each of
R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is --(CH.sub.2).sub.aCONR.sup.8R.sup.9. In
still other embodiments, each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eOC(O)NR.sup.4(-
CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6. In still other
embodiments, each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is
--(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.3. In still other embodiments,
each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4SO.sub-
.2(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6.
[0014] Still referring to compounds of Formula (FX1), in some
embodiments, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are --H
or C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, optionally C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl or
optionally --H. For example, in some embodiments, each occurrence
of R.sup.5 can independently be C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl (e.g., each
occurrence of R.sup.5 is C.sub.1 alkyl). In some embodiments, each
of R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 is --H. In other
embodiments, each of R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7
is independently C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl (e.g., each of R.sup.3,
R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 is C.sub.1 alkyl).
[0015] The variable m independently varies from 0 to 5, inclusive.
For instance, in some embodiments, m can be 1, 2, or 3 (e.g., m can
be 3 in some embodiments). Likewise, n independently varies from 0
to 5, inclusive. For instance, in some embodiments, n can be 3 or 4
(e.g., n can be 3 in some embodiments). One of the benefits of m
and n independently varying from 0 to 5 is that the pyrazine
derivative can be "tuned" to absorb or luminesce at a desired
wavelength or range of wavelengths. In this regard, some pyrazine
derivatives having both m and n equal to 3 absorb and/or luminesce
at respective electromagnetic radiation wavelengths that are
greater than (e.g., about 10-15 nm greater than) that of a
generally similar pyrazine derivative where both m and n are equal
to 2. A similar shift in absorption and/or luminescent wavelengths
of some compounds is observed moving from 3 to 4, from 4 to 5,
and/or from 5 to 6. Accordingly, pyrazine derivatives described
herein can be designed to absorb and/or luminesce at
electromagnetic radiation wavelengths that can penetrate tissues
better than that of lower electromagnetic radiation
wavelengths.
[0016] Still referring to compounds of Formula (FX1), each
occurrence of b independently varies from 1 to 120, inclusive. For
instance, in some embodiments, each b independently varies from 2
to 50, inclusive. In other embodiments, each b independently varies
from 2 to 24, inclusive. In still other embodiments, each b
independently varies from 12 to 24, inclusive. In an embodiment,
the invention provides a compound having formula (FX1), wherein
each b is independently an integer greater than 3, preferably an
integer greater than 5 for some applications, and preferably an
integer greater than 10 for some applications. Still referring to
compounds of Formula (FX1), each occurrence of d independently
varies from 0 to 120, inclusive. For instance, in some embodiments,
each d independently varies from 2 to 50, inclusive. In other
embodiments, each d independently varies from 0 to 23, inclusive.
In other embodiments, each d is independently 0.
[0017] With regard to the various possibilities for R.sup.1 and
R.sup.2 in Formula (FX1), each occurrence of a, c, e, and f
independently vary from 0 to 10, inclusive. For instance, in some
embodiments, each occurrence of a, c, e, and f independently varies
from 0 to 6, inclusive. In embodiments, each of a, c, e, and f is
independently an integer from 0 to 3. For example, each occurrence
of a is 3 in some embodiments.
[0018] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds having
formula (FX2):
##STR00002##
[0019] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds having
formula (FX3):
##STR00003##
[0020] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds having
formula (FX4):
##STR00004##
[0021] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds having
formula (FX5):
##STR00005##
[0022] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds having
formula (FX8) or (FX7):
##STR00006##
[0023] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds having
formula (FX6) or (FX7) wherein each a independently varies from 0
to 3, inclusive (e.g., each a is 2). In a further aspect of this
embodiment, the invention provides compounds having formula (FX6)
or (FX7) wherein each a is 1.
[0024] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds having
formula (FX8) or (FX9):
##STR00007##
[0025] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds having
formula (FX8) or (FX9) wherein each a independently varies from 0
to 3, inclusive (e.g., each a is 2). In a further aspect of this
embodiment, the invention provides compounds having formula (FX8)
or (FX9) wherein each a is 1. In a further aspect of this
embodiment, the invention provides compounds having formula (FX8)
or (FX9) wherein each c independently varies from 1 to 10,
inclusive (e.g., each c is 2).
[0026] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds having
formula (FX10) or (FX11):
##STR00008##
[0027] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds having
formula (FX12):
##STR00009##
[0028] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds having
formula (FX13):
##STR00010##
[0029] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein
each R.sup.3 is independently C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl. In an
embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein each R.sup.3
is independently C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl. In an embodiment, the
invention provides compounds wherein each R.sup.3 is C.sub.1 alkyl.
In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein each
R.sup.3 is --H. In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds
wherein each a is independently an integer from 0 to 10 (e.g. each
a is 4). In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein
each a is independently an integer from 0 to 6 (e.g., each a is
3).
[0030] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds having
formula (FX14):
##STR00011##
[0031] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds having
formula (FX15):
##STR00012##
[0032] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein
each R.sup.4 is independently --H. In an embodiment, the invention
provides compounds wherein each R.sup.4 is independently
C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl. In an embodiment, the invention provides
compounds wherein each R.sup.4 is independently C.sub.1-C.sub.3
alkyl. In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein
each R.sup.4 is independently C.sub.1 alkyl.
[0033] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein
each R.sup.6 is independently --H. In an embodiment, the invention
provides compounds wherein each R.sup.6 is independently
C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl. In an embodiment, the invention provides
compounds wherein each R.sup.6 is independently C.sub.1-C.sub.3
alkyl. In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein
each R.sup.6 is independently C.sub.1 alkyl.
[0034] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein
each b is independently an integer from 2 to 24 (e.g., each b is
12). In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein
each b is independently an integer from 2 to 50 (e.g., each b is
24). In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein
each b is independently an integer from 12 to 24 (e.g., each b is
18). In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein
each b is independently an integer greater than 3, preferably an
integer greater than 5 for some applications, and preferably an
integer greater than 10 for some applications.
[0035] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein
each a is independently an integer from 0 to 10 (e.g., each a is
3). In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein each
a is independently an integer from 0 to 6 (e.g., each a is 4). In
an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein each a is
independently an integer from 0 to 2 (e.g., each a is 2). In an
embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein each a is
0.
[0036] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein
each c is independently an integer from 0 to 10 (e.g., each c is
3). In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein each
c is independently an integer from 0 to 6 (e.g., each c is 4). In
an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein each c is
independently an integer from 0 to 2 (e.g., each c is 2). In an
embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein each c is
0.
[0037] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein
each d is independently an integer from 0 to 24(e.g., each d is
12). In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein
each d is 0.
[0038] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein
each e is independently an integer from 1 to 6 (e.g., each e is 1).
In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein each e
is independently an integer from 2 to 4 (e.g., each e is 3). In an
embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein each e is
2.
[0039] In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein
each f is independently an integer from 0 to 6 (e.g., each f is 1).
In an embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein each f
is independently an integer from 0 to 4 (e.g., each f is 2). In an
embodiment, the invention provides compounds wherein each f is
0.
[0040] In an aspect of the invention, m and n are the same integer.
In an aspect of the invention, each b appearing in a formula is the
same integer. In an aspect of the invention, each c appearing in a
formula is the same integer. In an aspect of the invention, each a
appearing in a --(CH.sub.2).sub.aY.sup.1 group is the same integer.
In an aspect of the invention, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same. In
an aspect of the invention, the groups that are para to each other
on the pyrazine ring are the same. In an aspect of the invention, m
and n are the same. In an aspect of the invention, compounds of the
invention are aminopyrazine compounds having one or more
poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) groups. In an aspect of the invention,
PEG groups add hydrophilic character to the pyrazine derivatives.
As used herein, PEG groups are generally depicted by the formula
--(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.b-- and are also known as repeating
ethylene oxide groups.
[0041] In an embodiment, compounds of the invention comprise one or
more branched or straight chain alkyl groups containing two or more
hydroxyl groups. These groups can be referred to as
"polyhydroxylated alkyl" or "polyhydroxyalkyl" groups in an
embodiment. In an embodiment, the polyhydroxylated alkyl group has
from three to six carbon atoms. In an embodiment, the
polyhydroxylated alkyl group includes two or more --(CHOH) groups
along with one or more methylene groups, depicted by the formula:
--(CHR.sup.10).sub.rR.sup.11 where R.sup.10 and R.sup.11 are each
independently H, C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl or --OH, and r is an integer
from 1 to 10. In an embodiment, the hydroxyl groups can be adjacent
to each other or separated by one or more methylene groups. In an
embodiment, the polyhydroxylated alkyl group refers to a
substituent having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms and from 2 to 5
hydroxyl groups, such as the 2,3-dihydroxypropyl,
2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl or 2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl residue.
[0042] In an aspect of the invention, there is a one to six carbon
alkylene group attached to the amino groups directly attached to
the pyrazine core.
[0043] In an embodiment, compounds absorb electromagnetic radiation
having wavelengths in the UVA, visible and near IR portion of the
spectrum. In an embodiment, compounds of the invention absorb
electromagnetic radiation between 350 to 1300 nm. In an embodiment,
compounds of the invention absorb electromagnetic radiation having
wavelengths between 400 to 900 nm. In an embodiment, compounds of
the invention absorb electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths
between 300 to 500 nm. In an embodiment, the compounds of the
invention exhibit luminescence between 520 to 650 nm. In an
embodiment, some compounds of the invention absorb electromagnetic
radiation and generate fluorescence having wavelengths between 350
to 1300 nm, optionally between 400 to 900 nm. In an aspect of the
invention, it is desirable for the compounds to absorb and emit at
longer wavelengths to enhance optical detection methods due to
enhanced tissue penetration from minimized absorption from
hemoglobin, water, lipids and other substances present in a
biological system.
[0044] In an aspect of the invention, tetra-substituted pyrazine
derivatives of the invention having PEG groups are hydrophilic.
Increasing the number of PEG groups on the pyrazine derivatives is
believed to increase the terminal half-life in circulation of the
body. It is believed that lower molecular weight PEG chains
(<6000 Da) are filtered by the glomerulus and not absorbed by
renal tubules. These characteristics are useful in tailoring the
compound to have the desired characteristics.
[0045] In an aspect of the invention, compounds of the invention
have percent plasma binding of 20% or less. In an aspect of the
invention, compounds of the invention have percent plasma binding
of 15% or less. In an aspect of the invention, compounds of the
invention have percent plasma binding of 10% or less. In an
embodiment, compounds of the invention have a percent plasma
binding selected over the range over 1-15%, optionally 1-10%. As
used herein, "percent plasma binding" is the percentage amount of
compound that binds to plasma upon administration to a subject,
such as a human subject. In an embodiment of the invention,
compounds of the invention are highly cleared in the urine in a
patient a period of time on the order of hours. In a particular
embodiment, compounds of the invention are at least 80% cleared in
the urine within 10 hours after administration.
[0046] In an aspect of the present invention, a compound of the
invention is used in an optical imaging, medical imaging,
diagnostic, visualization, monitoring, surgical, biomedical or
therapeutic procedure on a patient. In an aspect of the present
invention, the invention is directed to performing an optical
imaging, medical imaging, diagnostic, visualization, monitoring,
surgical, biomedical or therapeutic procedure on a patient. In an
aspect of the present invention, the invention is directed to a
method of performing a medical imaging procedure or diagnostic
procedure on a patient. The method comprises administering a
diagnostically effective amount of the compound to a subject,
wherein the compound is differentially separated from a bodily
fluid of the subject by an organ, tissue or system in the subject;
and detecting the administered compound. In an aspect, the compound
can be detected chemically, where a sample of a bodily fluid is
analyzed after administration of the compound and the concentration
of the compound is measured. In an embodiment of this aspect of the
invention, the compound is administered into a bodily fluid.
[0047] In an aspect of the present invention, the medical imaging
procedure or diagnostic procedure comprises detecting
electromagnetic radiation emitting or luminescing from the compound
in the subject. In an aspect of the medical imaging procedure or
diagnostic procedure of the present invention, exposing the
compound administered to the subject to electromagnetic radiation
changes an optical property of the compound. In an aspect of the
invention, the change in optical property of the compound
administered from exposure to electromagnetic radiation is measured
or monitored.
[0048] In an aspect of the invention, the electromagnetic radiation
is non-ionizing. In an aspect of the invention, exposing the
administered compound to electromagnetic radiation generates
luminescence from the compound, such as fluorescence. In an aspect
of the invention, the procedure comprises detecting luminescence
from the administered compound. In an aspect of the invention, the
method comprises generating an image based, at least in part, on
the luminescence from the compound. In an aspect of the invention,
the luminescence is collected proximate to the subject's ear, hand,
head, forehead, or finger. In an aspect of the invention, the
luminescence is detected visually. In an aspect of the invention,
the luminescence is detected using a camera, charged coupled
device, or diode array. In an aspect of the invention, the medical
imaging or diagnosing procedure comprises: administering an
effective amount of a renally excretable compound of the invention
to a subject; exposing a tissue of the subject's renal system
having the administered compound to electromagnetic radiation,
thereby generating emitted electromagnetic radiation from the
compound; detecting the emitted electromagnetic radiation from the
compound, thereby visualizing or imaging at least a portion of the
renal system of the subject. In an aspect of the invention, the
procedure comprises determining if the administered compound is
substantially retained in tissue of the subject's renal system. In
an aspect of the invention, provided is a compound described herein
for use in a biomedical procedure for assessing physiological
function of an organ, tissue or system. In an aspect of the
invention, a compound of the invention is used in vivo in assessing
renal function of a subject. In an aspect of the invention, a
compound of the invention is used in vivo in detecting at least a
portion of the urinary system of a subject in a surgical procedure.
In an aspect of the invention, a portion of the urinary system
comprises a ureter, bladder or urethra of the subject. In an aspect
of the invention, a compound of the invention is: administered into
the bloodstream of a subject; exposed to electromagnetic radiation
while in the bloodstream of the subject; and detected within the
bloodstream of the subject. In an aspect of the invention, provided
is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the
invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In an aspect
of the invention, provided is a compound of the invention and one
or more additional therapeutic agents or diagnostic agents.
[0049] The present invention includes therapeutic agents for
biomedical applications, including monitoring renal function,
comprising purified stereoisomers (e.g., enantiomers and
diastereomers), salts (including quarternary salts), and/or ionic
forms (e.g., protonated and deprotonated forms) of the compounds of
any of formula (FX1)-(FX17), and mixtures thereof. As will be
understood by those having general skill in the art, acidic
functional groups and basic functional groups of the compounds of
any of formula (FX1)-(FX17) can be in protonated or deprotonated
states depending on the molecular environment (e.g., pH, ionic
strength, composition, etc.), for example during synthesis,
formulation and/or administration.
[0050] The present invention provides methods of making and using
compounds of the invention, including specifically those shown
herein, in particular compounds of formulas (FX1) to (FX17).
Methods of this aspect of the present invention include in vivo, in
vitro and ex vivo methods for biomedical and bioanalytical
applications. Methods of the present invention include
photodiagnostic and phototherapeutic methods, such as optical
imaging, anatomical visualization, endoscopic visualization, and
image guided surgery. For some compounds for use in vivo, in vitro
or ex vivo for imaging or visualizing, the tissue, organs and/or
cells is a kidney, ureter, kidney cell or other portion of the
renal system.
[0051] In another aspect, described herein are "kits" that include
one or more compounds (or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof)
having a formula (FX1)-(FX17) and a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier in a single package. In other words, the compound (or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) and the pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier are packaged together. A kit of this aspect
optionally includes instructions (e.g., in the form of a paper
product insert) for preparing and/or utilizing a composition that
includes the compound (or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof)
and the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments,
the compound (or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can have
already been combined with (e.g., dissolved or suspended within)
the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier prior to placing the same
within the packaging. In other embodiments, the compound (or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be disposed within a
first container, and the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can be
disposed within a second container that is separate and distinct
from the first container. In such embodiments, the first and second
containers can be found within the same packaging.
[0052] Incorporation of a combination of the substituents on the
pyrazine ring is particularly beneficial for providing compounds
and optical agents having large extinction coefficients in the
visible and near infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum
(e.g., 350 nm-1300 nm, optionally 400 nm to 900 nm), emission in
the visible and near infrared regions (e.g., 350 nm-1300 nm,
optionally 500-900 nm), a large fluorescence quantum yield (e.g.,
>0.1) and a Stokes shift useful for optical detection and
imaging (e.g., Stokes shift>10 nm). For example, depending on
the number of methylene groups present in the substituents linked
to the pyrazine ring, the Stokes shift increases by 10 nm or more
for some compounds.
[0053] In an embodiment, provided herein are methods for a
biomedical procedure, such as an imaging procedure, wherein the
method comprises: (i) administering (e.g., via intravenous or
intraarterial injection, oral administration, topical
administration, subcutaneous administration, etc.) to a subject a
diagnostically effective amount of the compound having any one of
formula (FX1)-(FX17) and (ii) exposing the administered compound to
electromagnetic radiation. In an embodiment, the administering step
is carried out under conditions sufficient for contacting the
compound with a bodily fluid of the subject, wherein the compound
is differentially separated from the bodily fluid of the subject by
an organ, tissue or system in the subject.
[0054] In an embodiment, exposing the administered compound to
electromagnetic radiation generates a diagnostically effective
amount of luminescence, for example an amount of luminescence
allowing for optical detection, visualizing and/or imaging of the
compound. In an embodiment, a method of the invention further
comprises exposing the administered compound to electromagnetic
radiation having sufficient power, fluence, intensity and/or dose
(net number of photons provided to the target tissue) to provide
optical detection, visualization and/or imaging of the compound. In
an embodiment, a method of the invention further comprises
generating an image of the luminescence from the compound. In an
embodiment, a method of the invention further comprises visualizing
the luminescence from the compound.
[0055] In an embodiment, the electromagnetic radiation exposed to
the compound of any one of formulas (FX1)-(FX17) does not have
wavelengths in the X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In
a method, the electromagnetic radiation exposed to the compound of
any one of formulas (FX1)-(FX17) does not have wavelengths in the
ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In an
embodiment, non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation is used in the
present methods.
[0056] As used herein, pyrazine compounds or derivatives of the
present invention include a substituted pyrazine group. For
example, the invention provides a pyrazine compound of the Formula
A:
##STR00013##
where the R variables depict "tails" or substituent groups and are
further defined herein. In a specific embodiment, pyrazine
compounds or derivatives of the present invention include the
structure shown in Formula B:
##STR00014##
where the R variables are further defined and illustrated
herein.
[0057] Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, there
can be discussion herein of beliefs or understandings of underlying
principles or mechanisms relating to the invention. It is
recognized that regardless of the ultimate correctness of any
explanation or hypothesis, an embodiment of the invention can
nonetheless be operative and useful.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0058] Those of skill in the art will understand that the figures,
described below, are for illustrative purposes only. The figures
are not intended to limit the scope of the present teachings in any
way.
[0059] FIG. 1 provides examples of conventional imaging agents.
[0060] FIG. 2 provides a synthetic scheme for the compound of
Example 1.
[0061] FIG. 3 provides a synthetic scheme for the compound of
Example 2.
[0062] FIG. 4 provides a block diagram of an assembly for assessing
renal function.
[0063] FIG. 5 provides a block diagram of an assembly for optical
organ function monitoring.
[0064] FIG. 6 provides a plot illustrating non-invasive in vivo
fluorescence as a function of time following delivery of a renally
excretable compound.
[0065] FIG. 7 provides an apparatus for non-invasive in vivo
detection of fluorescence.
[0066] FIG. 8 provides a plot illustrating invasive PK (plasma
concentration) as a function of time following delivery of a
renally excretable compound.
[0067] FIG. 9 provides a plot illustrating a linear correlation
between the concentration of a renally excretable compound from
FIGS. 6 and 8.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0068] Referring to the drawings, like numerals indicate like
elements and the same number appearing in more than one drawing
refers to the same element. In general the terms and phrases used
herein have their art-recognized meaning, which can be found by
reference to standard texts, journal references and contexts known
to those skilled in the art. The following definitions are provided
to clarify their specific use in the context of the invention.
[0069] "Optical agent" generally refers to compounds, compositions,
preparations, and/or formulations that absorb, emit, or scatter
electromagnetic radiation of wavelength, generally in the range of
350-1300 nanometers, within a biologically relevant environment or
condition. In some embodiments, optical agents of the invention,
when excited by electromagnetic radiation, undergo emission via
fluorescence or phosphorescence pathways. These pathways are useful
for diagnostic imaging, visualization, or organ function
monitoring. Compounds belonging to this class are commonly referred
to as `optical imaging agents` or `optical contrast agents`. In an
embodiment, an optical agent is a compound described herein.
[0070] Optical agents of the present invention can contain
fluorophores. The term "fluorophore" generally refers to a
component or moiety of a molecule which causes a molecule to be
fluorescent. Fluorophores can be functional groups in a molecule
which absorb electromagnetic radiation of first specific
wavelengths and re-emit energy at second specific wavelengths. The
amount and wavelengths of the emitted electromagnetic radiation
depend on both the fluorophore and the chemical environment of the
fluorophore.
[0071] Compounds and compositions of the invention provide optical
agents including imaging agents and detectable agents; and
conjugates, complexes, and derivatives thereof. Some optical agents
of the invention provide detectable agents that can be administered
to a subject and subsequently detected using a variety of optical
techniques, including optical imaging, visualization, and one-,
two-, three- and point optical detection.
[0072] Optical agents include, but are not limited to, imaging
agents, detectable agents and conjugates, complexes, and
derivatives thereof.
[0073] When used herein, the terms "diagnosis", "diagnostic" and
other root word derivatives are as understood in the art and are
further intended to include a general monitoring, characterizing
and/or identifying a state of health or disease. The term is meant
to encompass the concept of prognosis. For example, the diagnosis
of acute renal failure can include an initial determination and/or
one or more subsequent assessments regardless of the outcome of a
previous finding. The term does not necessarily imply a defined
level of certainty regarding the prediction of a particular status
or outcome.
[0074] As defined herein, "administering" means that a compound or
formulation thereof of the invention, such as an optical agent, is
provided to a patient or subject, for example in a diagnosably
effective amount. The invention includes methods for a biomedical
procedure wherein a diagnostically effective amount of a compound
having any one of formulas (FX1)-(FX17) is administered to a
patient in need of diagnosis, for example to a patient suspected of
having a disorder in the renal system. Administering can be carried
out by a range of techniques known in the art including
intravenous, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection or infusion,
oral administration, transdermal absorption through the skin, or by
inhalation.
[0075] Alkyl groups include straight-chain, branched and cyclic
alkyl groups. Alkyl groups include those having from 1 to 30 carbon
atoms. Alkyl groups include small alkyl groups having 1 to 3 carbon
atoms. Alkyl groups include medium length alkyl groups having from
4-10 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups include long alkyl groups having
more than 10 carbon atoms, particularly those having 10-30 carbon
atoms. Cyclic alkyl groups include those having one or more rings.
Cyclic alkyl groups include those having a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-,
9- or 10-member carbon ring and particularly those having a 3-, 4-,
5-, 6-, or 7-member ring. The carbon rings in cyclic alkyl groups
can also carry alkyl groups. Cyclic alkyl groups can include
bicyclic and tricyclic alkyl groups. Alkyl groups are optionally
substituted. Substituted alkyl groups include among others those
which are substituted with aryl groups, which in turn can be
optionally substituted. Specific alkyl groups include methyl,
ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, s-butyl,
t-butyl, cyclobutyl, n-pentyl, branched-pentyl, cyclopentyl,
n-hexyl, branched hexyl, and cyclohexyl groups, all of which are
optionally substituted. Substituted alkyl groups include fully
halogenated or semihalogenated alkyl groups, such as alkyl groups
having one or more hydrogens replaced with one or more fluorine
atoms, chlorine atoms, bromine atoms and/or iodine atoms.
Substituted alkyl groups include fully fluorinated or
semifluorinated alkyl groups, such as alkyl groups having one or
more hydrogens replaced with one or more fluorine atoms. An alkoxy
group is an alkyl group that has been modified by linkage to oxygen
and can be represented by the formula R--O and can also be referred
to as an alkyl ether group. Examples of alkoxy groups include, but
are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy and heptoxy.
Alkoxy groups include substituted alkoxy groups wherein the alky
portion of the groups is substituted as provided herein in
connection with the description of alkyl groups. As used herein
MeO-- refers to CH.sub.3O--.
[0076] Alkenyl groups include straight-chain, branched and cyclic
alkenyl groups. Alkenyl groups include those having 1, 2 or more
double bonds and those in which two or more of the double bonds are
conjugated double bonds. Alkenyl groups include those having from 2
to 20 carbon atoms. Alkenyl groups include small alkenyl groups
having 2 to 3 carbon atoms. Alkenyl groups include medium length
alkenyl groups having from 4-10 carbon atoms. Alkenyl groups
include long alkenyl groups having more than 10 carbon atoms,
particularly those having 10-20 carbon atoms. Cyclic alkenyl groups
include those having one or more rings. Cyclic alkenyl groups
include those in which a double bond is in the ring or in an
alkenyl group attached to a ring. Cyclic alkenyl groups include
those having a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9- or 10-member carbon ring
and particularly those having a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-member ring.
The carbon rings in cyclic alkenyl groups can also carry alkyl
groups. Cyclic alkenyl groups can include bicyclic and tricyclic
alkyl groups. Alkenyl groups are optionally substituted.
Substituted alkenyl groups include among others those which are
substituted with alkyl or aryl groups, which groups in turn can be
optionally substituted. Specific alkenyl groups include ethenyl,
prop-1-enyl, prop-2-enyl, cycloprop-1-enyl, but-1-enyl, but-2-enyl,
cyclobut-1-enyl, cyclobut-2-enyl, pent-1-enyl, pent-2-enyl,
branched pentenyl, cyclopent-1-enyl, hex-1-enyl, branched hexenyl,
cyclohexenyl, all of which are optionally substituted. Substituted
alkenyl groups include fully halogenated or semihalogenated alkenyl
groups, such as alkenyl groups having one or more hydrogens
replaced with one or more fluorine atoms, chlorine atoms, bromine
atoms and/or iodine atoms. Substituted alkenyl groups include fully
fluorinated or semifluorinated alkenyl groups, such as alkenyl
groups having one or more hydrogens replaced with one or more
fluorine atoms.
[0077] Aryl groups include groups having one or more 5-, 6- or
7-member aromatic or heterocyclic aromatic rings. Aryl groups can
contain one or more fused aromatic rings. Heterocyclic aromatic
rings can include one or more N, O, or S atoms in the ring.
Heterocyclic aromatic rings can include those with one, two or
three N, those with one or two O, and those with one or two S, or
combinations of one or two or three N, O or S. Aryl groups are
optionally substituted. Substituted aryl groups include among
others those which are substituted with alkyl or alkenyl groups,
which groups in turn can be optionally substituted. Specific aryl
groups include phenyl groups, biphenyl groups, pyridinyl groups,
and naphthyl groups, all of which are optionally substituted.
Substituted aryl groups include fully halogenated or
semihalogenated aryl groups, such as aryl groups having one or more
hydrogens replaced with one or more fluorine atoms, chlorine atoms,
bromine atoms and/or iodine atoms. Substituted aryl groups include
fully fluorinated or semifluorinated aryl groups, such as aryl
groups having one or more hydrogens replaced with one or more
fluorine atoms. Aryl groups include, but are not limited to,
aromatic group-containing or heterocylic aromatic group-containing
groups corresponding to any one of the following benzene,
naphthalene, naphthoquinone, diphenylmethane, fluorene, anthracene,
anthraquinone, phenanthrene, tetracene, naphthacenedione, pyridine,
quinoline, isoquinoline, indoles, isoindole, pyrrole, imidazole,
oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole, pyrazine, pyrimidine, purine,
benzimidazole, furans, benzofuran, dibenzofuran, carbazole,
acridine, acridone, phenanthridine, thiophene, benzothiophene,
dibenzothiophene, xanthene, xanthone, flavone, coumarin, azulene or
anthracycline. As used herein, a group corresponding to the groups
listed above expressly includes an aromatic or heterocyclic
aromatic radical, including monovalent, di valent and polyvalent
radicals, of the aromatic and heterocyclic aromatic groups listed
above provided in a covalently bonded configuration in the
compounds of the invention. Aryl groups optionally have one or more
aromatic rings or heterocyclic aromatic rings having one or more
electron donating groups, electron withdrawing groups and/or other
ligands provided as substituents.
[0078] Arylalkyl groups are alkyl groups substituted with one or
more aryl groups wherein the alkyl groups optionally carry
additional substituents and the aryl groups are optionally
substituted. Specific alkylaryl groups are phenyl-substituted alkyl
groups, e.g., phenylmethyl groups. Alkylaryl groups are
alternatively described as aryl groups substituted with one or more
alkyl groups wherein the alkyl groups optionally carry additional
substituents and the aryl groups are optionally substituted.
Specific alkylaryl groups are alkyl-substituted phenyl groups such
as methylphenyl. Substituted arylalkyl groups include fully
halogenated or semihalogenated arylalkyl groups, such as arylalkyl
groups having one or more alkyl and/or aryl having one or more
hydrogens replaced with one or more fluorine atoms, chlorine atoms,
bromine atoms and/or iodine atoms.
[0079] Optional substitution of any alkyl, alkenyl and aryl groups
includes substitution with one or more of the following
substituents: halogens, --CN, --COOR, --OR, --COR, --OCOOR,
--CON(R).sub.2, --OCON(R).sub.2, --N(R).sub.2, --NO.sub.2, --SR,
--SO.sub.2R, --SO.sub.2N(R).sub.2 or --SOR groups. Optional
substitution of alkyl groups includes substitution with one or more
alkenyl groups, aryl groups or both, wherein the alkenyl groups or
aryl groups are optionally substituted. Optional substitution of
alkenyl groups includes substitution with one or more alkyl groups,
aryl groups, or both, wherein the alkyl groups or aryl groups are
optionally substituted. Optional substitution of aryl groups
includes substitution of the aryl ring with one or more alkyl
groups, alkenyl groups, or both, wherein the alkyl groups or
alkenyl groups are optionally substituted.
[0080] Optional substituents for alkyl, alkenyl and aryl groups
include among others: [0081] --COOR where R is a hydrogen or an
alkyl group or an aryl group and more specifically where R is
methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or phenyl groups all of which are
optionally substituted; [0082] --COR where R is a hydrogen, or an
alkyl group or an aryl groups and more specifically where R is
methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or phenyl groups all of which groups
are optionally substituted; [0083] --CON(R).sub.2 where each R,
independently of each other R, is a hydrogen or an alkyl group or
an aryl group and more specifically where R is methyl, ethyl,
propyl, butyl, or phenyl groups all of which groups are optionally
substituted; R and R can form a ring which can contain one or more
double bonds; [0084] --OCON(R).sub.2 where each R, independently of
each other R, is a hydrogen or an alkyl group or an aryl group and
more specifically where R is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or
phenyl groups all of which groups are optionally substituted; R and
R can form a ring which can contain one or more double bonds;
[0085] --N(R).sub.2 where each R, independently of each other R, is
a hydrogen, or an alkyl group, acyl group or an aryl group and more
specifically where R is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or phenyl or
acetyl groups all of which are optionally substituted; or R and R
can form a ring which can contain one or more double bonds. [0086]
--SR, --SO.sub.2R, or --SOR where R is an alkyl group or an aryl
groups and more specifically where R is methyl, ethyl, propyl,
butyl, phenyl groups all of which are optionally substituted; for
--SR, R can be hydrogen; [0087] --OCOOR where R is an alkyl group
or an aryl groups; [0088] --SO.sub.2N(R).sub.2 where R is a
hydrogen, an alkyl group, or an aryl group and R and R can form a
ring; [0089] --OR where R is H, alkyl, aryl, or acyl; for example,
R can be an acyl yielding --OCOR* where R* is a hydrogen or an
alkyl group or an aryl group and more specifically where R* is
methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or phenyl groups all of which groups
are optionally substituted.
[0090] As used herein, the term "alkylene" refers to a divalent
radical derived from an alkyl group as defined herein. Alkylene
groups in some embodiments function as attaching and/or spacer
groups in the present compositions. Compounds of the invention
include substituted and unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkylene,
C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylene and C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkylene groups.
[0091] As used herein, the term "cycloalkenylene" refers to a
divalent radical derived from a cycloalkyl group as defined herein.
Cycloalkenylene groups in some embodiments function as attaching
and/or spacer groups in the present compositions. Compounds of the
invention include substituted and unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.20
cycloalkenylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.10 cycloalkenylene and
C.sub.1-C.sub.5 cycloalkenylene groups.
[0092] As used herein, the term "alkenylene" refers to a divalent
radical derived from an alkenyl group as defined herein. Alkenylene
groups in some embodiments function as attaching and/or spacer
groups in the present compositions. Compounds of the invention
include substituted and unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkenylene,
C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkenylene and C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkenylene
groups.
[0093] As used herein, the term "cylcoalkenylene" refers to a
divalent radical derived from a cylcoalkenyl group as defined
herein. Cycloalkenylene groups in some embodiments function as
attaching and/or spacer groups in the present compositions.
Compounds of the invention include substituted and unsubstituted
C.sub.1-C.sub.20 cylcoalkenylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.10 cylcoalkenylene
and C.sub.1-C.sub.5 cylcoalkenylene groups.
[0094] As used herein, the term "alkynylene" refers to a divalent
radical derived from an alkynyl group as defined herein. Alkynylene
groups in some embodiments function as attaching and/or spacer
groups in the present compositions. Compounds of the invention
include substituted and unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkynylene,
C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkynylene and C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkynylene
groups.
[0095] As used herein, the term "halo" refers to a halogen group
such as a fluoro (--F), chloro (--Cl), bromo (--Br), iodo (--I) or
astato (--At).
[0096] As used herein, the term "azo" refers to a group having at
least one --N.dbd.N-- moiety. Azo groups include cyclic and acyclic
groups having --N.dbd.N-- moiety, for example: (i) aryl-azo groups
having an --N.dbd.N-- moiety directly or indirectly linked to one
or more carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic rings of a
C.sub.5-C.sub.20 aryl, (ii) alkyl-azo groups having an --N.dbd.N--
moiety directly or indirectly linked to a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl
group and (iii) alkylaryl-azo groups having an --N.dbd.N-- moiety
directly or indirectly linked to a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group and
one or more carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic rings of a
C.sub.5-C.sub.20 aryl. In an embodiment, for example, an azo group
of a compound of the invention includes a cyclic group having an
intra-ring --N.dbd.N-- group. In an embodiment, for example, an azo
group of a compound of the invention includes a cyclic group
wherein a carbon-carbon bond in a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring
is replaced with a nitrogen-nitrogen double bond (i.e. N.dbd.N). In
an embodiment, for example, an azo compound of the invention
includes a fused ring structure comprising one or more aromatic
groups and one or more alicyclic groups, wherein a carbon-carbon
bond in a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring of the alicyclic group
is replaced with a nitrogen-nitrogen double bond (i.e.
N.dbd.N).
[0097] The term "heterocyclic" refers to ring structures containing
at least one other kind of atom, in addition to carbon, in the
ring. Examples of such atoms include nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
Examples of heterocyclic rings include, but are not limited to,
pyrrolidinyl, piperidyl, imidazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl,
tetrahydrothienyl, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl,
pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, indolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl,
pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, triazolyl
and tetrazolyl groups.
[0098] The term carbocyclic refers to ring structures containing
only carbon atoms in the ring. Carbon atoms of carbocyclic rings
can be bonded to a wide range of other atoms and function
groups.
[0099] Alicyclic refers to a ring that is not an aromatic ring.
Alicyclic rings include both carbocyclic and heterocyclic
rings.
[0100] Alkoxyalkyl: As used herein, the term "alkoxyalkyl" refers
to a substituent of the formula alkyl-O-alkyl.
[0101] Polyalkoxyalkyl: As used herein, the term "polyalkoxyalkyl"
refers to a substituent of the formula alkylalkoxy).sub.n-alkoxy
wherein n is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 4, and more
preferably for some embodiments 1 to 3.
[0102] As used herein, the term "luminescence" refers to the
emission of electromagnetic radiation from excited electronic
states of atoms or molecules. Luminescence generally refers to
electromagnetic radiation emission, such as photoluminescence,
chemiluminescence, and electrochemiluminescence, among others. In
photoluminescence, including fluorescence and phosphorescence, the
excited electronic state is created by the absorption of
electromagnetic radiation. Luminescence detection involves
detection of one or more properties of the luminescence or
associated luminescence process. These properties can include
intensity, excitation and/or emission spectrum, polarization,
lifetime, and energy transfer, among others. These properties can
also include time-independent (steady-state) and/or time-dependent
(time-resolved) properties of the luminescence. Representative
luminescence techniques include fluorescence intensity (FLINT),
fluorescence polarization (FP), fluorescence resonance energy
transfer (FRET), fluorescence lifetime (FLT), total internal
reflection fluorescence (TIRE), fluorescence correlation
spectroscopy (FCS), fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
(FRAP), and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), among
others. By way of example, when an optical agent is used in the
present invention, it is desirable that the wavelength be
non-ionizing radiation and be such that it excites the optical
agent. This excitation can also cause the molecule to emit part of
the absorbed energy at a different wavelength; such emission can be
detected using fluorometric techniques as described herein. One
skilled in the art can readily determine the most appropriate
optical detection technique based, at least in part, on the
specific agent(s) administered and/or the particular use (e.g.,
area to be imaged).
[0103] As used herein, the term "controlled-release component"
refers to an agent that facilitates the controlled-release of a
compound including, but not limited to, polymers, polymer matrices,
gels, permeable membranes, liposomes, microspheres, or the like, or
any combination thereof. Methods for producing compounds in
combination with controlled-release components are known to those
of skill in the art.
[0104] As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable" means
approved by a regulatory agency of an appropriate federal or state
government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia or other generally
recognized pharmacopoeia for use in animals, and more particularly
in humans or does not impart significant deleterious or undesirable
effect on a subject to whom it is administered and in the context
in which it is administered.
[0105] As is customary and well known in the art, hydrogen atoms in
formulas (FX1)-(FX17) are not always explicitly shown, for example,
hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms of aromatic and alicyclic
rings are not always explicitly shown in formulas (FX1)-(FX17). The
structures provided herein, for example in the context of the
description of formulas (FX1)-(FX17), are intended to convey to one
of reasonable skill in the art the chemical composition of
compounds of the methods and compositions of the invention, and as
will be understood by one of skill in the art, the structures
provided do not indicate the specific bond angles between atoms of
these compounds.
[0106] Specific substituted alkyl groups include haloalkyl groups,
particularly trihalomethyl groups and specifically trifluoromethyl
groups. Specific substituted aryl groups include mono-, di-, tri,
tetra- and pentahalo-substituted phenyl groups; mono-, di-, tri-,
tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and hepta-halo-substituted naphthalene
groups; 3- or 4-halo-substituted phenyl groups, 3- or
4-alkyl-substituted phenyl groups, 3- or 4-alkoxy-substituted
phenyl groups, 3- or 4-RCO-substituted phenyl, 5- or
6-halo-substituted naphthalene groups. More specifically,
substituted aryl groups include acetylphenyl groups, particularly
4-acetylphenyl groups; fluorophenyl groups, particularly
3-fluorophenyl and 4-fluorophenyl groups; chlorophenyl groups,
particularly 3-chlorophenyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups; methylphenyl
groups, particularly 4-methylphenyl groups, and methoxyphenyl
groups, particularly 4-methoxyphenyl groups.
[0107] As to any of the above groups which contain one or more
substituents, it is understood that such groups do not contain any
substitution or substitution patterns which are sterically
impractical and/or synthetically non-feasible. In addition, the
compounds of this invention include all stereochemical isomers
arising from the substitution of these compounds.
[0108] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts comprise
pharmaceutically-acceptable anions and/or cations. As used herein,
the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" can refer to acid
addition salts or base addition salts of the compounds in the
present disclosure. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt is any salt
which retains at least a portion of the activity of the parent
compound and does not impart significant deleterious or undesirable
effect on a subject to whom it is administered and in the context
in which it is administered. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts
include metal complexes and salts of both inorganic and organic
acids. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include metal salts such
as aluminum, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese and complex salts.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to,
acid salts such as acetic, aspartic, alkylsulfonic, arylsulfonic,
axetil, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, bicarbonic, bisulfuric,
bitartaric, butyric, calcium edetate, camsylic, carbonic,
chlorobenzoic, cilexetil, citric, edetic, edisylic, estolic, esyl,
esylic, formic, fumaric, gluceptic, gluconic, glutamic, glycolic,
glycolylarsanilic, hexamic, hexylresorcjnoic, hydrabamic,
hydrobromic, hydrochloric, hydroiodic, hydroxynaphthoic,
isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, maleic, malic, malonic, mandelic,
methanesulfonic, methylnitric, methylsulfuric, mucic, muconic,
napsylic, nitric, oxalic, p-nitromethanesulfonic, pamoic,
pantothenic, phosphoric, monohydrogen phosphoric, dihydrogen
phosphoric, phthalic, polygalactouronic, propionic, salicylic,
stearic, succinic, sulfamic, sulfanlic, sulfonic, sulfuric, tannic,
tartaric, teoclic, toluenesulfonic, and the like. Pharmaceutically
acceptable salts can be derived from amino acids, including but not
limited to cysteine. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be
found, for example, in Stahl et al., Handbook of Pharmaceutical
Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use, Wiley-VCH; Verlag Helvetica
Chimica Acta, Zurich, 2002. (ISBN 3-906390-26-8).
Pharmaceutically-acceptable cations include among others, alkali
metal cations (e.g., Li.sup.+, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+), alkaline earth
metal cations (e.g., Ca.sup.2+, Mg.sup.2+), non-toxic heavy metal
cations and ammonium (NH.sub.4.sup.+) and substituted ammonium
(N(R').sub.4.sup.+, where R' is hydrogen, alkyl, or substituted
alkyl, i.e., including, methyl, ethyl, or hydroxyethyl,
specifically, trimethyl ammonium, triethyl ammonium, and triethanol
ammonium cations). Pharmaceutically-acceptable anions include among
other halides (e.g., Cl.sup.-, B.sup.-), sulfate, acetates (e.g.,
acetate, trifluoroacetate), ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates,
citrates, and lactate.
[0109] The compounds of this invention can contain one or more
chiral centers. Accordingly, this invention is intended to include
racemic mixtures, diasteromers, enantiomers, tautomers and mixtures
enriched in one or more stereoisomer. The scope of the invention as
described and claimed encompasses the racemic forms of the
compounds as well as the individual enantiomers and non-racemic
mixtures thereof.
[0110] Before the present methods are described, it is understood
that this invention is not limited to the particular methodology,
protocols and reagents described, as these can vary. It is also to
be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose
of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to
limit the scope of the invention which will be limited only by the
appended claims.
[0111] In certain embodiments, the invention encompasses
administering optical agents useful in the invention to a patient
or subject. A "patient" or "subject", used equivalently herein,
refers to an animal. In particular, an animal refers to a mammal,
preferably a human. The subject can either: (1) have a condition
diagnosable by administration of an optical agent of the invention;
or (2) is susceptible to a condition that is diagnosable by
administering an optical agent of this invention. The patient can
also be involved in a surgical procedure for treatment of a
separate disorder.
[0112] Compositions of the invention includes formulations and
preparations comprising one or more of the present optical agents
provided in an aqueous solution, such as a pharmaceutically
acceptable formulation or preparation. Optionally, compositions of
the invention further comprise one or more pharmaceutically
acceptable surfactants, buffers, electrolytes, salts, carriers,
binders, coatings, preservatives and/or excipients.
[0113] In an embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical
formulation having an active ingredient comprising a composition of
the invention, such as a compound of any one of formulas (FX1)
(FX17). In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of
synthesizing a composition of the invention or a pharmaceutical
formulation thereof, such as a compound of any one of formulas
(FX1)-(FX17). In an embodiment, a pharmaceutical formulation
comprises one or more excipients, carriers, diluents, and/or other
components as would be understood in the art. Preferably, the
components meet the standards of the National Formulary ("NF"),
United States Pharmacopoeia ("USP"; United States Pharmacopeial
Convention Inc., Rockville, Md.), or Handbook of Pharmaceutical
Manufacturing Formulations (Sarfaraz K. Niazi, all volumes, ISBN:
9780849317521, ISBN 10: 0849317525; CRC Press, 2004). See, e.g.,
United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP 30-NF 25),
Rockville, Md.: United States Pharmacopeial Convention; 2007; and
2008, and each of any earlier editions; The Handbook of
Pharmaceutical Excipients, published jointly by the American
Pharmacists Association and the Pharmaceutical Press
(Pharmaceutical Press (2005) (ISBN-10: 0853696187, ISBN-13:
978-0853696186); Merck Index, Merck & Co., Rahway, N.J.; and
Gilman et al., (eds) (1996); Goodman and Gilman's: The
Pharmacological Bases of Therapeutics, 8th Ed., Pergamon Press. In
embodiments, the formulation base of the formulations of the
invention comprises physiologically acceptable excipients, namely,
at least one binder and optionally other physiologically acceptable
excipients. Physiologically acceptable excipients are those known
to be usable in the pharmaceutical technology sectors and adjacent
areas, particularly, those listed in relevant pharmacopeias (e.g.
DAB, Ph. Eur., BP, NF, USP), as well as other excipients whose
properties do not impair a physiological use.
[0114] In an embodiment, an effective amount of a composition of
the invention is a "diagnostically effective" amount. As used
herein, the phrase "diagnostically effective" qualifies the amount
of compound administered in diagnosis, for example of a disease
state or other pathological condition. The amount achieves the goal
of being detectable while avoiding adverse side effects found with
higher doses. In an embodiment, an active ingredient or other
component is included in a therapeutically acceptable amount. In an
embodiment, an active ingredient or other component is included in
a diagnostically acceptable amount.
[0115] Variations on compositions including salts and ester forms
of compounds: Compounds of this invention and compounds useful in
the methods of this invention include those of the compounds and
formula(s) described herein and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts
and esters of those compounds. In embodiments, salts include any
salts derived from the acids of the formulas herein which
acceptable for use in human or veterinary applications. In
embodiments, the term esters refers to hydrolyzable esters of
compounds of the names and structural formulas herein. In
embodiments, salts and esters of the compounds of the formulas
herein can include those which have the same or better therapeutic,
diagnostic, or pharmaceutical (human or veterinary) general
properties as the compounds of the formulas herein. In an
embodiment, a composition of the invention is a compound or salt or
ester thereof suitable for pharmaceutical formulations.
[0116] In an embodiment, the invention provides a method for
diagnosing a medical condition comprising administering to a
subject (e.g. patient) in need thereof, a diagnostically effective
amount of a composition of the invention, such as a compound of any
one of formulas (FX1)-(FX17). In an embodiment, the medical
condition is acute renal failure or various other diseases,
injuries, and disorders, including renal system disorders such as
declining renal function, liver failure, renal failure, and failure
of one or more organs or aspects of the renal system.
[0117] In an embodiment, the invention provides a medicament which
comprises a diagnostically effective amount of one or more
compositions of the invention. In an embodiment, the invention
provides a method for making a medicament for diagnosis or aiding
in the diagnosis of a condition described herein. In an embodiment,
the invention provides the use of one or more compositions set
forth herein for the making of a medicament.
[0118] The invention contemplates pharmaceutically active compounds
either chemically synthesized or formed by in vivo
biotransformation to compounds set forth herein.
[0119] In accordance with the present invention, one protocol for
assessing physiological function of body cells includes
administering an effective amount of a compound represented by
Formula (FX1) to a patient. An appropriate dosage of the compound
that is administered to a patient is readily determinable by one of
ordinary skill in the art and can vary according to the clinical
procedure contemplated, generally ranging from about 1 nanomolar to
about 100 micromolar. The administration of the compound to the
patient can occur in any of a number of appropriate fashions
including, but not limited to: (1) intravenous, intraperitoneal, or
subcutaneous injection or infusion; (2) oral administration; (3)
transdermal absorption through the skin; and (4) inhalation.
[0120] Compounds of this invention can be administered as solutions
in most pharmaceutically acceptable intravenous carriers known in
the art. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that are well known
to those skilled in the art include, but are not limited to,
0.01-0.1 M phosphate buffer or 0.8% saline. Additionally,
pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be aqueous or non-aqueous
solutions, suspensions, emulsions, or appropriate combinations
thereof. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol,
polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and
injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Examples of aqueous
carriers are water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or
suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Exemplary
parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's
dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's or fixed
oils. Exemplary intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient
replenishers, electrolyte replenishers such as those based on
Ringer's dextrose, and the like. Preservatives and other additives
can also be present, such as, for example, antimicrobials,
antioxidants, collating agents, inert gases, and the like.
[0121] Suitable diluents, preservatives, solubilizers, emulsifiers,
adjuvant and/or excipients are also suitable carriers. Such
carriers are liquids or lyophilized or otherwise dried formulations
and include diluents of various buffer content (e.g., Tris-HCl,
acetate, phosphate), pH and ionic strength, additives such as
albumin or gelatin to prevent absorption to surfaces, detergents
(e.g., Tween 20, Tween 80, Pluronic F68, bile acid salts),
solubilizing agents (e.g., glycerol, polyethylene glycerol),
anti-oxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite),
preservatives (e.g., Thimerosal, benzyl alcohol, parabens), bulking
substances or tonicity modifiers (e.g., lactose, mannitol),
complexation with metal ions, or incorporation of the material into
or onto particulate preparations of polymeric compounds such as
polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, hydrogels, etc, or onto
liposomes, microemulsions, micelles, unilamellar or multilamellar
vesicles, erythrocyte ghosts, or spheroplasts. Such carriers can
influence the physical state, solubility, stability, rate of in
vivo release, and/or rate of in vivo clearance.
[0122] Still referring to the above-mentioned protocol, the
compound can be exposed to visible and/or near infrared light. This
exposure of the compound to light can occur at any appropriate time
but preferably occurs while the compound is located in the body
(e.g., within the bloodstream and/or urinary system). Due to this
exposure of the compound to the visible and/or near infrared light,
the compound luminesces, emitting spectral energy (e.g., visible
and/or near infrared light) that can be detected by appropriate
detection equipment. The luminescence from the compound tends to
exhibit a wavelength range greater than a wavelength range absorbed
by the compound during excitation. For example, if an embodiment of
the compound absorbs light of about 700 nm, the compound can
luminesce, emitting light of about 745 nm.
[0123] Detection of the compound (or more particularly, the
luminescence therefrom) can be achieved through optical
fluorescence, absorbance or light scattering procedures known in
the art. In one embodiment, this detection of the luminesced
spectral energy can be characterized as a collection of the
luminesced spectral energy and a generation of electrical signal
indicative of the collected spectral energy. The mechanism(s)
utilized to detect the luminescence from the compound that is
present in the body can be designed to detect only selected
wavelengths (or wavelength ranges) and/or can include one or more
appropriate spectral filters. Various catheters, endoscopes, ear
clips, hand bands, head bands, surface coils, finger probes and the
like can be utilized to expose the compound to light and/or to
detect the light luminesced therefrom [30]. This detection of
luminescence can be accomplished at one or more times
intermittently or can be substantially continuous.
[0124] Compounds of this invention can be provided in the form of a
kit comprising a compound packaged in a container. In some
embodiments, the compound can be dissolved a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier and provided in a single container. The
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can comprise any suitable
vehicle, diluent, preservative, solubilizer, emulsifier, adjuvant,
excipient and/or the like such as is known in the art and/or as is
described above. In some embodiments, the compound can be in one
container (e.g., in a dried or lyophilized form), and the
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can be in a separate container,
all of which are packaged together in the kit. Kits of the
invention can also include a package insert providing instructions
for use.
[0125] Renal function of a patient can be determined based on the
detected luminescence. This can be achieved by using data
indicative of the detected luminescence and generating an
intensity/time profile indicative of a clearance of the compound
from the body. This profile can be correlated to a physiological or
pathological condition. For example, the patient's clearance
profiles and/or clearance rates can be compared to known clearance
profiles and/or rates to assess the patient's renal function and to
diagnose the patient's physiological condition. In the case of
analyzing the presence of the compound in bodily fluids,
concentration/time curves can be generated and analyzed (preferably
in real time) using an appropriate microprocessor to diagnose renal
function.
[0126] Physiological function can be assessed by: (1) comparing
differences in manners in which normal and impaired cells and/or
tissues remove a compound of the invention from the bloodstream;
(2) measuring a rate or an accumulation of a compound of the
invention in organs or tissues; and/or (3) obtaining tomographic
images of organs or tissues having a compound of the invention
associated therewith.
[0127] In an embodiment, a composition of the invention is isolated
or purified. In an embodiment, an isolated or purified compound can
be at least partially isolated or purified as would be understood
in the art.
[0128] The invention is further detailed in the following Examples,
which are offered by way of illustration and are not intended to
limit the scope of the invention in any manner.
[0129] General Experimental Conditions:
[0130] Unless otherwise noted, all reagents are used as supplied.
All discrete (mono disperse) methoxy terminated poly (ethylene
glycol) (PEG) reagents are purchased from Quanta BioDesign, Ltd.,
Powell, Ohio RP-LC/MS (ESI, positive ion mode) analyses re carried
out on a Waters Micromass ZQ system equipped with a PDA detector
using a ThermoElectron Hypersil Gold C18 3 .mu.m (4.6 mm.times.50
mm) column (gradient: 5-95% B16 min; flow rate: 1 mL/min; mobile
phase A: 0.05% TFA in H.sub.2O; mobile phase B: 0.05% TFA in
CH.sub.3CN). Preparative RP-HPLC is carried out using a Waters Dual
Pump system equipped with a Liquid Handler and a PDA detector
[column: Waters XBrdige.TM. or Sunfire.TM. Prep C18 OBD.TM. 5 .mu.m
30.times.150 mm; .lamda..sub.max: PDA (200-600 nm); flow: 50
mL/min; gradient: 5-20 to 5-95% B/10 min; mobile phase A: 0.1% TFA
in H.sub.2O; mobile phase B: 0.1% TFA in CH.sub.3CN]. RP-HPLC
analyses are carried out on Agilent 1200 series system equipped
with a UV detector [(column: Phenomenex Luna 5 .mu.m C18(2) 100
.ANG. 250.times.4.6 mm; flow: 1 mL/min; gradient: 20-80% B/20 min;
mobile phase A: 0.1% TFA in H.sub.2O; mobile phase B: 0.1% TFA in
CH.sub.3CN)]. .sup.1NMR spectra re recorded on either a Varian
Gemini-300 or a VNMRS-500 spectrometer and chemical shifts are
expressed in parts per million (.delta.) relative to TMS
(.delta.=0) as an internal standard. HRMS (ESI) data is obtained on
a Thermo Scientific LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer equipped with an
IonMax electrospray ionization source in FTMS (Fourier Transform)
mode with resolution.gtoreq.30K.
[0131] Statement Regarding Correlation of Formula Identification
Numbers
[0132] Certain compounds described herein are meant to correspond
to the compounds of Example 1 and Example 2, below. The compound
having formula (FX16), for example, is intended to correspond to
compound 1 of Example 1. Additionally, the compound having formula
(FX17) is intended to correspond to the compound 4 of Example 2.
Should any discrepancy exist between formula (FX16) and compound 1,
or formula (FX17) and compound 4, it is intended that all compounds
that are encompassed by the structures and description disclosed
herein are included.
Example 1
N.sup.2,N.sup.5-Bis(38-oxo-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35-dodecaoxa-39-a-
zahentetracontan-41-yl)-3,6-bis(propylamino)pyrazine-2,5-dicarboxamide
(1)
##STR00015##
[0133] Step 1. Synthesis of
N.sup.2,N.sup.6-bis[2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)aminoethyl]-3,6-bis(propylamin-
o)pyrazine-2,5-dicarboxamide (2)
##STR00016##
[0135] This compound was prepared from
3,6-diaminopyrazine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid in 62% yield in two steps
in the manner set forth in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.
61/082,296, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its
entirety. A synthetic scheme is also provided in FIG. 2.
Step 2.
N.sup.2,N.sup.5-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-3,6-bis(propylamino)pyrazine-2,5-
-dicarboxamide bis-TFA salt (3)
##STR00017##
[0137] To a solution of
N.sup.2,N.sup.5-bis[2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)aminoethyl]-3,6-bis(propylamin-
o)pyrazine-2,5-dicarboxamide (2, 0.430 g, 0.759 mmol) in anhydrous
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (5 mL), was added TFA (5 mL) carefully while
stirring at ice-bath temperature. After few minutes the reaction
mixture was slowly allowed to warm to room temperature in an
atmosphere of argon. The reaction mixture was concentrated in
vacuo, the viscous residue was co-evaporated with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2
(4.times.20 mL), and then dried overnight under high vacuum to give
bis-TFA salt 3 (quantitative): RP-LC/MS (ESI) m/z 367.3 (M
(t.sub.R=3.36 min).
Step 3
[0138] To a solution of the above bis-TFA salt 3 (0.759 mmol) in
anhydrous DMF (7 mL), 4-methylmorpholine NMM (0.835 mL, 7.59 mmol)
was added at 0.degree. C., and stirred for 30 min in an atmosphere
of argon. Then a solution of m-dPEG.sub.12-NHS (1.25 g, 1.82 mmol)
in anhydrous CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3 mL) was added and the reaction
mixture was stirred overnight at ambient temperature. Most of the
solvents were removed under high vacuum and the crude product (1.82
g) was subjected to purification by preparative RP-HPLC (XBrdige,
20-50% B/10 min). The pure fractions were concentrated in vacuo,
the residue was co-evaporated with CH.sub.3CN (3.times.10 mL), and
then dried under high vacuum to give 1 (0.481 g, 42%) as a
brick-red sticky solid: .sup.1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6) characteristic
br s at .delta. 3.50 and s at .delta. 3.23 for poly(ethylene
glycol) moiety; HPLC (264 nm) 90% (t.sub.R=17.63 min); LC/MS (ESI)
m/z 1508.9 (M+HRMS (ESI) m/z calculated for
C.sub.68H.sub.132N.sub.8O.sub.28 (M+2H).sup.2+ 754.4570. found
754.4568; calculated for C.sub.68H.sub.131N.sub.8O.sub.28
(M+H).sup.+ 1507.9067. found 1507.9055.
Example 2
3,6-Bis(propylamino)-N.sup.2,N.sup.5-di(2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,3-
8,41,44,47,50,53,56,59,62,65,68,71-tetracosaoxatriheptacontan-73-yl)pyrazi-
ne-2,5-dicarboxamide (4)
##STR00018##
[0139] Step 1
[0140] Synthesis of
3,6-diamino-N.sup.2,N.sup.5-di(2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,41,44,-
47,-50,53,56,59,62,65,68,71-tetracosaoxatriheptacontan-73-yl)pyrazine-2,5--
dicarboxamide (5). A synthetic scheme is also provided in FIG.
3.
##STR00019##
[0141] To a mixture of 3,6-diaminopyrazine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid
(0.073 g, 0.367 mmol) and m-dPEG.TM. 24 amine (1.00 g, 0.919 mmol)
in anhyd DMF (20 mL), HOBt.H.sub.2O (0.136 g, 0.888 mmol) and
EDC.HCl (0.194 g, 1.01 mmol) were added with stirring at 0.degree.
C. in an atmosphere of argon. Then the reaction mixture was slowly
allowed to warm to r.t. and stirred overnight. Most of the DMF was
removed under high vacuum, the viscous residue was dissolved in
CHCl.sub.3 (150 mL), and successively washed with water (.times.2)
and brine (50 mL portions). Solvent was removed and the residue was
dried under high vacuum to give the crude bis-amide 5 (2.15 g):
RP-LC/MS (ESI) m/z 780.3 (M+3H).sup.3+, 1169.6 (M+2H).sup.24
(t.sub.R=3.62 min).
[0142] Step 2. To a solution of the above bis-amide 5 (crude, 2.15
g, 0.367 mmol) in anhyd 1,2-dichloroethane (20 mL), propionaldehyde
(0.265 mL, 3.67 mmol) and HOAc (0.263 mL, 4.56 mmol) were added at
ice-bath temperature while stirring in an atmosphere of argon. Then
sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.779 g, 3.68 mmol) was added in
small portions over a 15 min period, resulting reddish suspension
was slowly allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred
overnight under argon. The reaction was quenched by a slow addition
of saturated NaHCO.sub.3 (20 mL) at 0.degree. C. The biphasic
mixture was stirred for 15 min and extracted with CHCl.sub.3
(3.times.25 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with
water and brine (50 mL each) and then dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4.
Solvents were removed in vacuo and the crude product (0.945 g) was
subjected purification by preparative RP-HPLC (Sunfire, 5-95% B/10
min). The pure fractions were concentrated in vacuo, the residue
was co-evaporated with CH.sub.3CN (3.times.10 mL), and then dried
under high vacuum to give 4 (0.281 g, 33%) as a brick-red sticky
solid: .sup.1H NMR (CDCl.sub.3) characteristic br s at .delta. 3.64
for poly(ethylene glycol) moiety; RP-HPLC (264 nm) 91%
(t.sub.R=19.2 min); RP-LC/MS (ESI) m/z 567.4 (M+H).sup.+ , 589.4
(M+Na).sup.+ (t.sub.R=5.17 min). HRMS (ESI) m/z calculated for
C.sub.110H.sub.218N.sub.6O.sub.56 (M+2H).sup.2+ 1211.7345. found
1211.7343; calculated for C.sub.110H.sub.217N.sub.6O.sub.56Na
(M+H+Na).sup.2+ 1222.7254. found 1222.7256; calculated for
C.sub.110H.sub.216N.sub.6O.sub.56Na.sub.2 (M+2 Na).sup.2+
1233.7164. found 1233.7173.
Example 3
Protocols for Assessing Renal Function
[0143] 3.1 General Procedures
[0144] An example of an in vivo renal monitoring assembly 410 is
shown in FIG. 4 and includes a light source 412 and a data
processing system 414. The light source 412 generally includes or
is interconnected with an appropriate device for exposing at least
a portion of a patient's body to light therefrom. Examples of
appropriate devices that can be interconnected with or be a part of
the light source 412 include, but are not limited to, catheters,
endoscopes, fiber optics, ear clips, hand bands, head bands,
forehead sensors, surface coils, and finger probes. Indeed, any of
a number of devices capable of emitting visible and/or near
infrared light of the light source can be employed in the renal
monitoring assembly 410.
[0145] Still referring to FIG. 4, the data processing system 414 of
the renal monitoring assembly 410 can be any appropriate system
capable of detecting spectral energy and processing data indicative
of the spectral energy. For instance, the data processing system
414 can include one or more lenses (e.g., to direct and/or focus
spectral energy), one or more filters (e.g., to filter out
undesired wavelengths of spectral energy), a photodiode (e.g., to
collect the spectral energy and convert the same into electrical
signal indicative of the detected spectral energy), an amplifier
(e.g., to amplify electrical signal from the photodiode), and a
processing unit (e.g., to process the electrical signal from the
photodiode). This data processing system 414 is preferably
configured to manipulate collected spectral data and generate an
intensity/time profile and/or a concentration/time curve indicative
of renal clearance of a compound of the present invention from the
patient 420. Indeed, the data processing system 414 can be
configured to generate appropriate renal function data by comparing
differences in manners in which normal and impaired cells remove a
compound of the invention from the bloodstream, to determine a rate
or an accumulation of the compound in organs or tissues of the
patient 420, and/or to provide tomographic images of organs or
tissues having the compound associated therewith.
[0146] In one protocol for determining renal function, an effective
amount of a compound of the invention is administered to the
patient (e.g., in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable
composition). At least a portion of the body of the patient 420 is
exposed to visible and/or near infrared light from the light source
412 as indicated by arrow 416. For instance, the light from the
light source 412 can be delivered via a fiber optic that is affixed
to an ear of the patient 420. The patient can be exposed to the
light from the light source 412 before and/or after administration
of the compound to the patient 420. In some cases, it can be
beneficial to generate a background or baseline reading of light
being emitted from the body of the patient 420 (due to exposure to
the light from the light source 412) before administering the
compound to the patient 420. When the compound that is in the body
of the patient 420 is exposed to the light from the light source
412, the compound luminesces, emitting light (indicated by arrow
418) that is detected/collected by the data processing system 414.
Initially, administration of the compound to the patient 420
generally enables an initial spectral signal indicative of the
initial content of the compound in the patient 420. The spectral
signal then tends to decay as a function of time as the compound is
cleared from the patient 420. This decay in the spectral signal as
a function of time is indicative of the patient's renal function.
For example, in a first patient exhibiting healthy/normal renal
function, the spectral signal can decay back to a baseline in a
time of T. However, a spectral signal indicative of a second
patient exhibiting deficient renal function can decay back to a
baseline in a time of T+4 hours. As such, the patient 420 can be
exposed to the light from the light source 412 for any amount of
time appropriate for providing the desired renal function data.
Likewise, the data processing system 414 can be allowed to
collect/detect spectral energy for any amount of time appropriate
for providing the desired renal function data.
[0147] Referring now to FIG. 5, an example of an in vivo monitoring
assembly includes a source of electromagnetic radiation 510, an
electromagnetic radiation detector 570 and a data processing system
580. The electromagnetic radiation source 510 generally includes or
is interconnected with an appropriate device or devices 520 for
exposing at least a portion of a subject's body to electromagnetic
radiation 530. Examples of appropriate devices 520 that can be
operatively connected to, or be a part of, the electromagnetic
radiation source 510 include, but are not limited to, catheters,
endoscopes, fiber optics, ear clips, hand bands, head bands,
forehead sensors, surface coils, and finger probes. Indeed, any of
a number of devices capable of emitting visible and/or near
infrared electromagnetic radiation can be employed in a monitoring
assembly.
[0148] The electromagnetic radiation detector 570 of the monitoring
assembly can be any appropriate system capable of collecting and
detecting electromagnetic radiation emitted from a subject 590. The
electromagnetic radiation detector 570 can be operatively connected
to, for example, one or more optical collection elements 550. The
optical collection elements 550 of the monitoring assembly can
include, among other elements, lenses, mirrors, filters, and fiber
optics. Electromagnetic radiation detectors 570 suitable for use
with the monitoring assembly include, but are not limited to, CCD
detectors, CMOS detectors, photodiode detectors, photodiode array
detectors, and photomultiplier tube detectors.
[0149] The data processing system 580 of the monitoring assembly
can be any appropriate system capable of processing data obtained
from the electromagnetic radiation detector 570. For instance, the
data processing system 580 can include an amplifier (e.g., to
amplify an electrical signal from the detector 570), and a
processing unit (e.g., to process the electrical signal from the
detector 570). The data processing system 580 is preferably
configured to manipulate collected electromagnetic radiation data
and generate an intensity as a function of time profile and/or a
concentration as a function of time curve indicative of clearance
of a detectable agent, such as a compound having formula
(FX1)-(FX17), for example a compound of the formula (FX1), from a
subject 590. Indeed, the data processing system 580 can be
configured to generate appropriate data by comparing amount or
concentration of the composition in the bloodstream or bodily
fluid, to determine a rate of excretion or an accumulation of the
composition in cells, organs or tissues of the subject 590, and/or
to provide tomographic images of cells, organs or tissues having
the optically functional composition associated therewith.
[0150] In one protocol for monitoring, an effective amount of a
composition, such as a compound of the formula (FX1), is
administered to the subject 590. At least a portion of the body of
the subject 590 is exposed to electromagnetic radiation 530 from
the electromagnetic radiation source 510. For instance, the
electromagnetic radiation 530 from the electromagnetic radiation
source 510 can be delivered via a fiber optic 520 that is affixed
to an ear of the subject 590. The subject 590 can be exposed to the
electromagnetic radiation 530 from the electromagnetic radiation
source 510 before, after or during administration of the
composition to the subject 590. In some cases, it can be beneficial
to generate a background or baseline reading of electromagnetic
radiation 540 being emitted from the body of the subject 590, due
to exposure to the electromagnetic radiation 530 from the
electromagnetic radiation source 510, before administering the
composition to the subject 590. When the optically functional
composition that is in the body of the subject 590 is exposed to
the electromagnetic radiation 530 from the electromagnetic
radiation source 510, the optically functional compositions emit
electromagnetic radiation 540 that is collected by the optical
collection elements 550 and detected by the electromagnetic
radiation detector 570. The signal from the electromagnetic
radiation detector 570 is then analyzed by the data processing
system 580.
[0151] 3.2. Photophysical Properties and Protein Binding.
[0152] In general, renally excretable compounds are dissolved in
PBS buffer to form a 2 mM stock solution. The UV absorbance
properties are determined on a 100 .mu.M solution in PBS using a
UV-3101PC UV-Vis-NIR Scanning spectrophotometer system from
Shimadzu. The fluorescence properties (.lamda..sub.ex,
.lamda..sub.em, and CPS at .lamda..sub.em) are determined on a 10
.mu.M solution in PBS using a Fluorolog-3 spectrofluorometer system
from Jobin Yvon Horiba. The percent plasma protein binding are
determined on a 20 .mu.M compound solution in rat plasma incubated
at 37.degree. C. for 1 h. The separation of free from bound is made
using an Amicon Centrifree YM-30 device (Regenerated Cellulose
30,000 MWCO) and a Z400K Refrigerated Universal Centrifuge from
Hermle. The concentration of protein-free is determined via HPLC
analysis using a set of external calibration standards and
fluorescence detection.
[0153] 3.3. Urine Elimination Studies.
[0154] Rat urine elimination studies are conducted in either
conscious or anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. The test compound (1
mL, 2 mM in PBS) is administered by tail vein injection into
conscious, restrained rats, with subsequent collection of urine at
the time points of 2, 4 and 6 h post injection. The metabolic cages
are washed with water to maximize the recovery of urine discharged
at each time point. Alternatively, rats are anesthetized with 100
mg/kg Inactin intraperitoneally, a trachea tube is inserted to
maintain adequate respiration, and 1 mL of test compound is
injected into the lateral tail vein. Rats are placed on 37.degree.
C. heating pad during the entire experiment. At 6 h post injection,
the abdomen is opened, and the urine is removed from the bladder
using a 21 gauge needle and a 3 cc syringe. Quantitation of each
compound in urine is performed via HPLC analysis using a set of
external calibration standards and fluorescence detection. The
percent recovery of compound in urine at each time point is
calculated based on the balance of mass.
[0155] 3.4. Non-Invasive Optical Pharmacokinetic Studies.
[0156] Male Sprague-Dawley rats (330-380 g) are anesthetized by
Inactin (I.P.) or 2% Isoflurane gas anesthesia delivered by a small
rodent gas anesthesia machine (RC2, Vetequip, Pleasanton, Calif.).
The animals are placed on a heated board where temperature is
maintained between 36-38.degree. C. One ear lobe is glued flat to a
glass slide positioned approximately 2 mm beneath a fiber optic
bundle for recording fluorescence from a test compound passing
through the ear. After a 100 second baseline recording, 1 mL of a 2
mM solution is injected into the tail-vein of the rat and the
fluorescence signal corresponding to plasma and tissue distribution
and subsequent renal clearance of the compound is monitored at the
ear. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the compounds are analyzed
using WinNonLin pharmacokinetic modeling software (Pharsight,
Mountain View, Calif.) and Microsoft (Redmond, Wash.) Excel. This
method is used to detect renally excretable compounds of the
invention and FIG. 6 provides a plot illustrating non-invasive in
vivo fluorescence as a function of time following delivery of a
renally excretable compound.
[0157] 3.5. Optical Monitoring Apparatus and Protocol.
[0158] A schematic of the apparatus for non-invasive in vivo
detection of fluorescence is shown in FIG. 7. A nominal 473 nm
solid state laser source (100) is employed (Power Technology model
LDCU12/7314). The laser source (100) is directed into one leg (110)
of a silica bifurcated fiber optic bundle (120) (Oriel #77565). The
common end of this bifurcated bundle (130) is placed approximately
2 mm from the rat ear (140). The second leg of the bifurcated fiber
optic bundle (150) is fitted with a collimating beam probe (160)
(Oriel #77644). A long pass filter (170) (Semrock LP02-488RS-25)
and narrow band interference filter (180) (Semrock FF01-593/40-25)
are placed in front of a photomultiplier tube (190) (Hamamatsu
photosensor module H7827-011).
[0159] A chopper (200) (Stanford Research Systems model SR540) is
placed after the laser (100) and before the launch into the
bifurcated cable (120). The output of the photosensor is connected
to a lock-in amplifier (210) (Stanford Research Systems model
SR830). The lock-in output is digitized (220) (National Instruments
NI-USB-6211) and the digitized data is acquired by computer using
LabVIEW.RTM. data acquisition software (230).
[0160] 3.6. Invasive Pharmacokinetic (PK) Studies.
[0161] Male Sprague-Dawley rats (330-380 g) are anesthetized by
Inactin (I.P.). Rats are surgically instrumented with a trachea
tube (PE-190) to facilitate breathing and femoral artery and vein
catheters (PE-50 filled with 20 units/mL heparinized saline) for
blood sampling and drug administration respectively. After
administration of 1 mL of a 2 mM solution of agent, approximately
200 .mu.L of blood is sampled and placed into a heparinized tube
(Microtainer Brand Tube w/Lithium Heparin, BD 365971) at 0, 1, 6,
12, 18, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 min. The concentration of compound in
each centrifuged plasma sample is determined via HPLC analysis
using a set of external calibration standards and fluorescence
detection. The resulting pharmacokinetic parameters of the compound
are analyzed using WinNonLin pharmacokinetic modeling software
(Pharsight, Mountain View, Calif.). This method is used to detect
renally excretable compounds of the invention and FIG. 8 provides a
plot illustrating invasive PK (plasma concentration) as a function
of time following delivery of a renally excretable compound.
[0162] 3.7. Probenecid Inhibition Studies.
[0163] Six male Sprague-Dawley rats are treated in the same manner
as described above in the invasive pharmacokinetic studies. These 6
rats receive 70 mg/kg Probenecid (Sigma-Aldrich; St. Louis, Mo.) 10
min prior to the test compound; this administration is flushed with
0.2 ml NaCl. An additional 6 rats are treated in the same fashion
but do not receive probenecid.
[0164] 3.8. Non-Invasive and Invasive Concentration
Correlation.
[0165] Time course data from an invasive plasma pharmacokinetic
(PK) experiment and a non-invasive optical monitoring experiment
are used to correlate in vivo fluorescence with plasma
concentration. By plotting the average relative fluorescence unit
response from three optical monitoring runs versus concentration
values from an invasive PK experiment for each time point, a good
correlation can be demonstrated for a renally excretable compound.
FIG. 9 provides a plot illustrating such a linear correlation. PK
parameters are determined from the optical clearance data.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is estimated with reasonable
accuracy from the pharmacokinetic clearance value derived from
direct analysis of the non-invasive optical monitoring data.
Example 4
Photophysical and Renal Clearance Properties of Exemplary
Compounds
[0166] Spectral and pharmacokinetic properties, photophysical
properties, urine percentages, tissue clearance (optical) and
plasma pharmacokinetic clearances of some compounds were measured
according to the methods described below and herein. Table 1 shows
the results of these measurements.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Photophysical properties, urine clearance,
optical monitoring, and pharmacokinetic data of the compounds of
Example 1 and Example 2 Photophysical Tissue Properties Percent in
clearance Plasma PK Excitation Emission Urine.sup.a (Optical)
Clearance Clearance.sup.a Compd. .lamda..sub.max (nm)
.lamda..sub.max (nm) (6 hrs) T.sub.1/2.beta. .sup.a(min)
T.sub.1/2.beta. .sup.a(min) (mL/min) 1 498 613 21.7 .+-. 1.3
(3).sup.b 3.0 .+-. 0.2 (3) 4 501 611 85 .+-. 2 (3) 20.5 .+-. 2.5
(3) 15.2 .+-. 6.7 (2).sup. 4.3 .+-. 1.1 (2) .sup.aGiven as mean
.+-. SEM. .sup.bNumbers in parentheses indicate number of test
animals.
Example 5
Modified Pyrazine Derivatives and Uses Thereof
##STR00020##
[0168] In an embodiment, the present invention is directed to
compounds of Formula I and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
With regard to Formula I, each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is
independently --(CH.sub.2).sub.a(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.3,
--(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.3, or C.sub.3-C.sub.6
polyhydroxylated alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.-
4CONR.sup.5(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4CSNR.s-
up.5(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eCONR.sup.4(CH.-
sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4SO.sub-
.2(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eSO.sub.2NR.sup-
.4(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4CO(CH.-
sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4CO.sub-
.2(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eOC(O)NR.sup.4(-
CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6.
[0169] For instance, in some embodiments, each of R.sup.1 and
R.sup.2 is --(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.3. In other
embodiments, each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is C.sub.3-C.sub.6
polyhydroxylated alkyl (e.g., each is C.sub.3 polyhydroxylated
alkyl, or each is C.sub.3 or C.sub.4 polyhydroxylated alkyl). In
still other embodiments, each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.a(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.3. In yet other
embodiments, each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4CO(CH.-
sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6.
[0170] Still referring to compounds of Formula I, each occurrence
of R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 is independently --H or
C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl. For example, in some embodiments, each
occurrence of R.sup.3 can be C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl (e.g., each
occurrence of R.sup.3 can be C.sub.1 alkyl). In other embodiments,
each occurrence of R.sup.3 can be --H. Further, in some
embodiments, each occurrence of R.sup.3 can be --H. In some
embodiments, each occurrence of R.sup.6 can be C.sub.1-C.sub.3
alkyl (e.g., each occurrence of R.sup.6 can be C.sub.1 alkyl).
[0171] `m` independently varies from 0 to 5, inclusive (i.e., `m`
can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5). For instance, in some embodiments, can
be from 1 to 3, inclusive (e.g., `m` can be 2 in some embodiments).
Likewise, `n` independently varies from 0 to 5, inclusive (i.e.,
`n` can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5). For instance, in some embodiments,
`n` can be 1 to 3, inclusive (e.g., `n` can be 2 in some
embodiments). One of the benefits of `m` and `n` independently
varying from 0 to 5 is that disclosed pyrazine derivatives can be
"tuned" to a desired wavelength. In this regard, a pyrazine
derivative having both `m` and `n` equal to 1 can absorb and/or
luminesce at respective light wavelengths that are greater than
(e.g., about 10-15 nm greater than) that of a generally similar
pyrazine derivative where both `m` and `n` are equal to 0. A
similar phenomenon could potentially be observed moving from 1 to
2, from 2 to 3, and so on. Accordingly, pyrazine derivatives of
Formula I can be designed to absorb and/or luminesce at light
wavelengths that can penetrate tissues better than that of lower
light wavelengths.
[0172] Still referring to compounds of Formula I, each occurrence
of `a` independently varies from 1 to 10, inclusive (i.e., `a` can
be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10). For instance, in some
embodiments, each occurrence of `a` can independently be 1, 2, 3,
4, 5 or 6. In other embodiments, each occurrence of `a` can
independently be 1, 2, 3, or 4.
[0173] Each occurrence of `b` in compounds of Formula I is
independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,
33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,
50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83,
84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or
100. For example, in some embodiments, each occurrence of `b` can
independently be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24. In other embodiments, each
occurrence of `b` can independently be 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,
34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40. In still other embodiments, each
occurrence of b' can independently be 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24.
[0174] In compounds of Formula I, each occurrence of `c` is
independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. For example, in
some embodiments, each occurrence of `c` can independently be 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In other embodiments, each occurrence of `c` can
independently be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. In yet other embodiments, each
occurrence of `c` can be 0.
[0175] Still referring to compounds of Formula I, each occurrence
of `d` is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63,
64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97,
98, 99, or 100. For example, in some embodiments, each occurrence
of `d` can independently be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20. In other embodiments, each
occurrence of `d` can independently be 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24. In yet other
embodiments, each occurrence of `d` can be 0.
[0176] Each occurrence of `e` in a compound of Formula I is
independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. For instance, in
some embodiments, each occurrence of `e` can independently be 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, or 6. In other embodiments, each occurrence of `e` can
independently be 1, 2, or 3. In yet other embodiments, each
occurrence of `e` can be 2.
[0177] Still referring to compounds of Formula I, each occurrence
of `f` is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. For
example, in some embodiments, each occurrence of `f` can
independently be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In other embodiments, each
occurrence of `f` can independently be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. In yet
other embodiments, each occurrence of `f` can be 0.
[0178] In accordance with the present invention, one protocol for
assessing physiological function of body cells includes
administering an effective amount of a compound represented by
Formula I to a patient. An appropriate dosage of the compound that
is administered to a patient is readily determinable by one of
ordinary skill in the art and can vary according to the clinical
procedure contemplated, generally ranging from about 1 nanomolar to
about 100 micromolar. The administration of the compound to the
patient can occur in any of a number of appropriate fashions
including, but not limited to: (1) intravenous, intraperitoneal, or
subcutaneous injection or infusion; (2) oral administration; (3)
transdermal absorption through the skin; and (4) inhalation.
Example 6
Surgical Use of Modified Pyrazine Derivatives
[0179] The invention includes methods of using the compounds of any
of formula (FX1)-(FX17) in a surgical procedure to visualize bodily
fluids, organs or tissues. The compounds of any of formula (FX1)
(FX17), for example, can be administered to a subject and allowed
to collect in selected bodily fluids, organs, tissues or systems,
such as urine and the renal system. The surgical area can then be
illuminated with electromagnetic radiation that is absorbed by the
compound, for example, electromagnetic radiation of wavelength
selected over the range of 350 nanometers to 900 nanometers. The
surgeon is then be able to see luminescence, such as fluorescence,
from the administered compound, thereby allowing visualization of
bodily fluids, organs, or tissue useful for conducting a surgical
procedure. For example if a bodily fluid, such as urine, containing
the administered compound is exposed to the illuminating
electromagnetic radiation, the surgeon will see luminescence
resulting therefrom.
[0180] Once administered to a subject, the compounds of any of
formula (FX1)-(FX17) allow for more successful surgical outcomes,
for example due to the ability of a surgeon to identify those
bodily fluids, tissue and organs, such as organs and tissue of the
renal system, which contain the administered compounds.
Identification of these fluids, tissue and/or organs enables the
surgeon to avoid unwanted damage to non-target organs and tissues
during surgery. If, however, an organ or tissue comprising the
administered compound is damaged, for example, the luminescence
from the administered compound in bodily fluids at or near the
damage site will alert the surgeon to the damage. The surgeon can
then take remedial measures and thereby reduce the extent of the
damage to the subject.
Example 7
Optical Imaging Using Pyrazine Compounds
[0181] In general, molecules absorbing, emitting, or scattering in
the visible or NIR region of the electromagnetic spectrum are
useful for optical measurement. The high sensitivity associated
with fluorescence permits detection without the negative effects of
radioactivity or ionizing radiation. Pyrazine compounds of the
invention absorb strongly in the red and NIR regions. Furthermore,
the electronic properties of these systems are very sensitive to
substitution patterns in the ring of the pyrazine compound and
allows for "tuning" the absorption and emission properties using
the information described herein.
[0182] In an embodiment of this aspect, the invention provides a
method of using an optical agent, for example, in a biomedical
procedure for optically imaging or visualizing a target tissue or a
class of target tissues. The present methods include tissue
selective imaging and visualization methods, such as imaging or
visualization of renal tissue. A method of this aspect comprises
the step of administering a diagnostically effective amount of a
compound to a subject, wherein the compound is a compound having
any of formulae (FX1) to (FX17) or a pharmaceutical preparation
thereof. The present methods are useful for imaging or visualizing
aspects of the renal system, for example.
[0183] In methods of this aspect, the compound that has been
administered to the subject then is exposed in vivo to
electromagnetic radiation and electromagnetic radiation emitted or
scattered by the compound is then detected. In some embodiments,
fluorescence is excited from the compound (e.g., due to the
electromagnetic radiation exposure), optionally via multiphoton
excitation processes. In an embodiment particularly useful for
imaging and/or visualization, the method of this aspect further
comprises: (i) exposing a compound, such as a compound having any
one of formula (FX1) to (FX17), administered to the subject to
electromagnetic radiation capable of exciting emission from the
compound; and (ii) measuring the emission from the compound. In
some embodiments, the methods of the present invention use
fluorescence excitation via exposure to electromagnetic radiation
having wavelengths selected over the range of 400-1300 nm. For
example, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an optical imaging
technique compatible with the present compounds that allows high
resolution cross-sectional imaging of tissue microstructure. OCT
methods use wavelengths of about 1280 nm. Use of electromagnetic
radiation having wavelengths selected over the range of 700
nanometers to 1300 nanometers can be useful for some in situ
optical imaging methods of the present invention, including
biomedical applications for imaging organs, tissue and/or tumors,
anatomical visualization, optical guided surgery and endoscopic
procedures. Compounds in present methods can function as contrast
agents, optical probes and/or tracer elements. The methods of the
present invention include in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo imaging and
visualization. The present invention provides methods for a range
of clinical procedures, including optical imaging methods and/or
visualization guided surgery and/or endoscopic diagnostic and
therapeutic procedures.
[0184] The techniques utilized to detect the spectral energy from
the pyrazine derivative that is present in the body can be designed
to detect only selected wavelengths (or wavelength ranges) and/or
can include one or more appropriate spectral filters. Various
catheters, endoscopes, ear clips, headbands, surface coils, finger
probes, and the like can be utilized to expose the pyrazine
derivative to light and/or to detect light emitting therefrom. This
detection of spectral energy can be accomplished at one or more
times intermittently or can be substantially continuous.
[0185] Preferably, non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation is
provided to a compound of the invention administered to the subject
or sample for detecting or imaging a biological sample. As used
herein, the term "non-ionizing energy" generally refers to
electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy to
completely remove at least one electron from an atom or molecule of
the patient's body. For example, in some embodiments, non-ionizing
energy can include spectral energy ranging in wavelength from about
350 nm to about 1200 nm. In some embodiments, non-ionizing energy
can simply include visible and/or near infrared light.
[0186] In one embodiment, the spectral properties of the compounds
of the invention can be tuned to desired wavelength ranges for
excitation and/or emission. This can be useful, for example, in
developing a particular imaging technique using a known excitation
source.
Example 8
Methods of Monitoring Organ Function Using Pyrazine Compounds
[0187] The invention provides compositions and methods for
monitoring organ function in a subject. In an embodiment, the
present invention provides a method of using a detectable agent,
the method comprising:
(i) administering a diagnostically effective amount of a detectable
agent to a subject, for example by administering the detectable
agent into a bodily fluid of the subject, wherein the detectable
agent is differentially separated from the bodily fluid by the
organ or tissue; the detectable agent comprising a compound having
formula (FX1), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester
thereof:
##STR00021##
wherein: each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.a(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.3,
--(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.3,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4CONR.s-
up.5(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4CSNR.s-
up.5(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eCONR.sup.4(CH.-
sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4SO.sub-
.2(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eSO.sub.2NR.sup-
.4(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4CO(CH.-
sub.2).sub.fCH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eNR.sup.4CO.sub-
.2(CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.c(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.d(CH.sub.2).sub.eOC(O)NR.sup.4(-
CH.sub.2).sub.f(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.aY.sup.1; each Y.sup.1 is independently
--OR.sup.3, --(CHOH).sub.cR.sup.7, --NR.sup.8R.sup.9,
--CONR.sup.8R.sup.9,
--NHCO(CH.sub.2).sub.a(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.8 or
--NHCO(CHOH).sub.cR.sup.7; each of R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5,
R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 is independently --H or C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl;
each of R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 is independently --H, C.sub.1-C.sub.3
alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.a(CHOH).sub.cR.sup.7 or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.a(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.bR.sup.6; each of a, c, e
and f is independently an integer from 0 to 10; each b is
independently an integer from 1 to 120; each d is independently an
integer from 0 to 120; and each of m and n is independently an
integer from 0 to 5; (ii) exposing the detectable agent in the
bodily fluid to electromagnetic radiation for exciting emission
from the detectable agent; (iii) measuring the emission from the
detectable agent that is in the bodily fluid; and (iv) determining
the physiological function of the organ or tissue of the subject
based on measurement of the emission. In an embodiment, for
example, the organ or tissue is a kidney, or tissue or cells
thereof, of the subject. In an embodiment, for example, the organ
or tissue is a liver, or tissue or cells thereof, of the
subject.
[0188] In an embodiment, a method of monitoring organ function of
the invention comprise administering to a patient a compound having
any one of formula selected from (FX1)-(FX17), including any of the
specific compositions classes and compounds described in connection
with formula (FX1)-(FX17). As will be understood by one of skill in
the art, the present methods of monitoring organ function expressly
include methods of using optical agents wherein the detectable
agent includes the compound classes, compounds, and all variations
thereof, described herein, including the compound classes,
compounds and variations described in connection with any one of
formulae (FX1)-(FX17).
[0189] In an embodiment, for example, the method further comprises
exciting and measuring fluorescence from the detectable agent in
the subject for a plurality of times after administration of the
detectable agent. In an embodiment, a temporal profile of
fluorescence from the detectable agent administered to the subject
is determined and evaluated with respect to characterizing organ
functioning, for example, by measuring a rate of change in
fluorescence (e.g., a decrease in fluorescence) as a function of
time, and optionally comparing the measured rate of change in
fluorescence to a rate of change characteristic of a subject having
a healthy organ or a subject having a known disease condition.
Organ function can be assessed in the present methods by comparing
differences in the manner in which normal and impaired cells remove
the detectable agent (also referred to as a tracer in this context)
from the bloodstream, by measuring the clearance or accumulation of
these tracers in the organs or tissues, and/or by obtaining
tomographic images of the organs or tissues. Blood pool clearance
can be measured non-invasively from convenient surface capillaries
such as those found in an ear lobe or a finger or can be measured
invasively using an endovascular catheter. Accumulation of the
tracer within the cells of interest can be assessed in a similar
fashion. The clearance of the tracer compounds can be determined by
selecting excitation wavelengths and filters for the emitted
photons. The concentration versus time curves and/or fluorescence
intensity versus time curves can be analyzed (preferably, but not
necessarily in real time) by a microprocessor or the like.
[0190] Systems and methods of the present invention can optionally
include an optical monitoring assembly or device for detecting
optical agents of the invention. An example of an in vivo disease
state optical monitoring assembly includes a source of
electromagnetic radiation, an electromagnetic radiation detector
and a data processing system. The electromagnetic radiation source
generally includes or is interconnected with an appropriate device
or devices for exposing at least a portion of a patient's body to
electromagnetic radiation therefrom. Examples of appropriate
devices that can be operatively connected to, or be a part of, the
electromagnetic radiation source include, but are not limited to,
catheters, endoscopes, fiber optics, ear clips, hand bands, head
bands, forehead sensors, surface coils, and finger probes. Indeed,
any of a number of devices capable of emitting visible and/or near
infrared electromagnetic radiation can be employed in an optical
monitoring assembly.
[0191] The electromagnetic radiation detector of the optical
monitoring assembly can be any appropriate system capable of
collecting, detecting and measuring the intensity of
electromagnetic radiation emitted from a subject. The
electromagnetic radiation detector can be operatively connected to,
for example, one or more optical collection elements. The optical
collection elements of the optical monitoring assembly can include,
among other elements, lenses, mirrors, optical filters (e.g., band
pass filters and cut off filters), and fiber optics.
Electromagnetic radiation detectors suitable for use with the
disease state optical monitoring assembly include, but are not
limited to, CCD detectors, CMOS detectors, photodiode detectors,
photodiode array detectors, and photomultiplier tube detectors.
[0192] The data processing system of the optical monitoring
assembly can be any appropriate system capable of processing data
obtained from the electromagnetic radiation detector. For instance,
the data processing system can include an amplifier (e.g., to
amplify an electrical signal from the detector), and a processing
unit (e.g., to process the electrical signal from the detector).
The data processing system is preferably configured to manipulate
collected electromagnetic radiation data and generate an intensity
as a function of time profile and/or a concentration as a function
of time curve indicative of clearance of an optical agent,
conjugate, bioconjugate or integrated bioconjugate composition of
the present invention from a subject. Indeed, the data processing
system can be configured to generate appropriate disease state or
health state data by comparing differences in amount of normal and
impaired cells in the bloodstream, to determine a rate or an
accumulation of the composition in cells, organs or tissues of the
subject, and/or to provide tomographic images of cells, organs or
tissues having the optical agent, conjugate, bioconjugate or
integrated bioconjugate composition associated therewith.
[0193] In one protocol for optical monitoring, an effective amount
of a composition having formula (FX1)-(FX17) including an optical
agent, conjugate, bioconjugate or integrated bioconjugate of the
invention is administered to the subject. At least a portion of the
body of the subject is exposed to visible and/or near infrared
electromagnetic radiation from the electromagnetic radiation
source. For instance, the electromagnetic radiation from the
electromagnetic radiation source can be delivered via a fiber optic
that is affixed to an ear of the subject. The subject can be
exposed to electromagnetic radiation from the electromagnetic
radiation source before, during or after administration of the
composition to the subject. In some cases, it can be beneficial to
generate a background or baseline reading of electromagnetic
radiation being emitted from the body of the subject, due to
exposure to the electromagnetic radiation from the electromagnetic
radiation source, before administering the composition to the
subject. When the optical agents, conjugates, bioconjugates or
integrated bioconjugates of the composition that are in the body of
the subject are exposed to the electromagnetic radiation from the
electromagnetic radiation source, the optical agents, conjugates,
bioconjugates or integrated bioconjugates emit electromagnetic
radiation that is collected by optical collection elements and
detected by the electromagnetic radiation detector. The signal from
the electromagnetic radiation detector is then analyzed by the data
processing system.
[0194] Initially, administration of the composition to the subject
generally enables an electromagnetic radiation signal indicative of
the content of the optical agent(s), conjugate(s), bioconjugate(s)
or integrated bioconjugate(s) in the subject. In some embodiments,
the electromagnetic radiation signal tends to decay as a function
of time as the optical agent(s), conjugate(s), bioconjugate(s) or
integrated bioconjugate(s) is cleared from the subject. In a
subject with a healthy disease state, the electromagnetic radiation
signal will decay to near the baseline level as the optical
agent(s), conjugate(s), bioconjugate(s) or integrated
bioconjugate(s) is cleared from the subject. In a subject with an
unhealthy disease condition, the optical agent(s), conjugate(s),
bioconjugate(s) or integrated bioconjugate(s) will not be cleared
by the subject during the time scale of the monitoring, or will be
cleared at a rate which differs from the healthy disease state
clearance rate. As a result, the electromagnetic radiation signal
can decay at a different rate. Alternatively, the electromagnetic
radiation signal can not decrease to the baseline level, but will
remain at an elevated level. The difference between this increased
electromagnetic radiation signal level (or decay rate) and the
baseline level (or decay rate) can be indicative of a disease state
in the subject. Some methods of the present invention further
comprise comparing the rate of decay of fluorescence intensity at a
number of different times so as to assess the state of organ
function. As such, the subject can be exposed to the
electromagnetic radiation from the electromagnetic radiation source
for any amount of time appropriate for providing the desired
disease state monitoring data. Likewise, the electromagnetic
radiation collection, detection, and data processing systems can be
allowed to collect and detect electromagnetic radiation for any
amount of time appropriate for providing the desired disease state
monitoring data.
[0195] In addition to noninvasive techniques, a modified pulmonary
artery catheter that can be used to make desired measurements has
been developed. This is a distinct improvement over current
pulmonary artery catheters that measure only intravascular
pressures, cardiac output and other derived measures of blood flow.
Currently critically ill patients are managed using these
parameters but rely on intermittent blood sampling and testing for
assessment of renal function. These laboratory parameters represent
discontinuous data and are frequently misleading in many patient
populations. Yet, importantly, they are relied upon heavily for
patient assessment, treatment decisions, and drug dosing.
[0196] The modified pulmonary artery catheter incorporates an
optical sensor into the tip of a standard pulmonary artery
catheter. This wavelength-specific optical sensor can monitor the
organ and/or system function specific elimination of a designed
optically detectable chemical entity. Thus, by a method
substantially analogous to a dye dilution curve, real-time organ
and/or system function can be monitored by the disappearance of the
optically detected compound. Appropriate modification of a standard
pulmonary artery catheter generally includes making the fiber optic
sensor wavelength-specific. Catheters that incorporate fiber optic
technology for measuring mixed venous oxygen saturation exist
currently.
[0197] In an embodiment of this aspect, the present invention
provides a method of monitoring a physiological state or condition
of a patient undergoing treatment. In this method, an effective
amount of an optical agent of the present invention is administered
to a mammal (e.g., a patient undergoing treatment). Further, the
optical agent that has been administered is exposed to
electromagnetic radiation. In addition, electromagnetic radiation
transmitted, scattered or emitted by the optical agent is detected.
In some embodiments, a change in the wavelengths or intensities of
electromagnetic radiation emitted by the optical agent that has
been administered to the mammal can be detected and/or measured,
optionally as a function of time. Methods of this aspect of the
present invention include in situ, real time methods of monitoring
renal function in the mammal, wherein the optical agent is cleared
by the renal system of the subject.
[0198] In an embodiment particularly useful for monitoring
physiological function of an organ or tissue of a subject, the
method of this aspect further comprises: (i) exposing the
detectable agent in the bodily fluid to electromagnetic radiation
for exciting emission from the detectable agent; (ii) measuring the
emission from the detectable agent that is in the bodily fluid; and
(iii) determining the physiological function of the organ or tissue
of the subject based on measurement of the emission. The present
invention includes fluorescence detection of an agent which is
cleared from the bloodstream by the kidneys. Thus, assessment of
renal function by in vivo fluorescence detection is encompassed
within the scope of the invention. The invention can also be used
to monitor the efficiency of hemodialysis. The organ or tissue in
some methods is a kidney, or tissue or cells thereof, of the
subject, wherein the present invention provides methods for
monitoring renal function of the subject.
[0199] Methods of this aspect of the present invention can further
comprise a variety of optional steps, including analysis of the
measured emission from the optical agent as a function of time,
such as over a period ranging from 10 minutes to 48 hours. In an
embodiment, for example, the method further comprises measuring a
blood clearance parameter or profile of the detectable agent
administered to the subject. A method of this aspect further
comprises comparing the blood clearance parameter or profile of the
detectable agent administered to the subject to a reference blood
clearance parameter or profile. Useful blood clearance parameters
for this aspect of the invention include instantaneous and/or
average rates of clearance of the detectable agent. A method of
this aspect further comprises comparing the emission from the
subject or function thereof with one or more emission reference
values or a function thereof of a reference subject. In some
embodiments, measuring the emission from the detectable agent
comprises measuring emission from the detectable agent in the
bodily fluid at a plurality of different times. The clearance of a
plurality of separate tracers can be determined simultaneously by
selecting excitation wavelengths and filters for the emitted
electromagnetic radiation. The concentration versus time or
fluorescence intensity versus time curves can be analyzed in real
time by a microprocessor. The resulting clearance rates can be
calculated and displayed for immediate clinical impact. In cases
where unlabeled competing compounds are present, a single blood
sample can be analyzed for the concentration of these competing
compounds and the results used to calculate a flux
(micromoles/minute) through the clearance pathways.
[0200] In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention,
a method is disclosed for determining cell and/or organ function by
measuring the blood pool clearance of an optical agent, sometimes
referred to herein as a tracer. The cell and/or organ function can
be determined by the rate these cells remove the tracer from the
bloodstream. Function can also be assessed by measuring the rate
the cells of interest accumulate the tracer or convert it into an
active or other form. The agent can be targeted to a group of cells
or organ which is a high capacity clearance system. The agent can
be an optical agent comprising a pyrazine compound, or derivative
or conjugate thereof including bioconjugate, such as the
compositions provided in formulae (FX1)-(FX17). For optical agents
containing a pyrazine component, blood pool clearance can be
measured using a light source--photodetector device that measures
tissue absorbance or fluorescence in a non-target site, such as an
ear lobe, finger, brain or retina. Accumulation of the tracer
within the cells of interest can be assessed in a similar fashion.
The detection of such accumulation can be facilitated by using
fluorophores which emit in the near infrared wavelengths since body
tissues are relatively transparent at these wavelengths.
[0201] The present invention can be used for rapid bedside
evaluation of biologic functions. For example, data on renal
function can be obtained in less than sixty minutes at the bedside
after a single intravenous injection. In accordance with one
embodiment, a patient can receive a bolus injection of a plurality
(e.g., three) of different compounds, each containing a different
optical agent (e.g., fluorophore, dye, chromophore).
[0202] In an embodiment, the method comprises exposing the
detectable agent in the bodily fluid to electromagnetic radiation
having wavelengths selected over the range of 350 nm to 1300 nm.
Optionally, excitation is achieved using electromagnetic radiation
substantially free (e.g., less than about 10% of total radiant
energy), of ultraviolet radiation for example to minimize exposure
of the subject to electromagnetic radiation capable of causing
unwanted cell or tissue damage. Excitation of optical agents can be
provided by a wide range of techniques and optical sources as known
in the art, including use of laser, fiber optic and/or endoscopic
optical sources and methods. The present invention includes methods
using multiphoton excitation of optical agents. In an embodiment,
the method comprises measuring fluorescence from the detectable
agent having wavelengths selected over the range of 350 nm to 1300
nm. Detection of emission, including fluorescence, can be achieved
by a wide range of techniques and detection systems as known in the
art, including detection by eye (e.g., visualization) and
two-dimensional or three-dimensional detection.
Example 9
Pharmaceutical Formulations
Therapeutically Effective Amount
[0203] Toxicity and diagnostic efficacy of compounds of the
invention can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures
in cell cultures or experimental animals for determining the
LD.sub.50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the
ED.sub.50, (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the
population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects
is the therapeutic index that can be expressed as the ratio
LD.sub.50/ED.sub.50. Compounds that exhibit large therapeutic
indices are preferred. While compounds exhibiting toxic side
effects can be used, care should be taken to design a delivery
system that minimizes potential damage to cells and reduce side
effects.
[0204] The data obtained from the cell culture assays and animal
studies can be used in formulating a range of dosages for use in
humans and other mammals. The dosage of such compounds lies
preferably within a range of circulating plasma or other bodily
fluid concentrations that include the ED.sub.50 and provides
effective imaging results (i.e., ability to image or diagnose a
condition or system). The dosage can vary within this range
depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of
administration utilized. For any compound of the present invention,
the visually effective amount can be estimated initially from cell
culture assays. A dosage can be formulated in animal models to
achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the
IC.sub.50 (the concentration of the test compound that achieves a
half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture.
Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful
dosages in humans and other mammals. Compound levels in plasma can
be measured, for example, by high performance liquid
chromatography.
[0205] As used herein, a "bodily fluid" is a liquid originating
inside a living organism. A bodily fluid can be excretable or
secretable from the body. Blood or blood components are particular
examples of bodily fluids.
[0206] As used herein, "proximate" means near or on. For example, a
sensor is located proximate to a light emission source if the
sensor can detect the light emission. As used herein, "renal
function" is a measure of the functioning of the renal system or
component thereof. The renal system includes the kidneys, renal
artery, and urinary system.
[0207] An amount of a compound that can be combined with a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to produce a single dosage form
will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode
of administration. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the
art that the unit content of a compound contained in an individual
dose of each dosage form need not in itself constitute effective
imaging amount, as the necessary imaging effective amount could be
reached by administration of a number of individual doses. The
selection of dosage depends upon the dosage form utilized, and the
particular purpose to be achieved according to the determination of
those skilled in the art.
[0208] The dosage and dosage regime for imaging a disease or
condition can be selected in accordance with a variety of factors,
including the type, age, weight, sex, diet and/or medical condition
of the patient, the route of administration, pharmacological
considerations such as activity, efficacy, pharmacokinetic and/or
toxicology profiles of the particular compound employed, whether a
compound delivery system is utilized, and/or whether the compound
is administered as a pro-drug or part of a drug combination. Thus,
the dosage regime actually employed can vary widely from subject to
subject, or disease to disease and different routes of
administration can be employed in different clinical settings.
[0209] Subjects are preferably animals (e.g., mammals, reptiles
and/or avians), more preferably humans, horses, cows, dogs, cats,
sheep, pigs, and/or chickens, and most preferably humans.
[0210] In an embodiment, the invention provides a medicament which
comprises an imaging or diagnostically effective amount of one or
more compositions of the invention, such as a compound of any one
of formulas (FX1)-(FX17). In an embodiment, the invention provides
a method for making a medicament for imaging or diagnosing of a
condition described herein such as renal failure or renal system
disorder. In an embodiment, the invention provides a method for
making a medicament for diagnosis or aiding in the diagnosis of a
condition described herein. In an embodiment, the invention
provides the use of one or more compositions set forth herein for
the making of a medicament.
[0211] Compounds of the invention can have prodrug forms. Prodrugs
of the compounds of the invention are useful in embodiments
including compositions and methods. Any compound that will be
converted in vivo to provide a biologically, pharmaceutically, or
diagnostically active form of a compound of the invention is a
prodrug. Various examples and forms of prodrugs are well known in
the art. Examples of prodrugs are found, inter alia, in Design of
Prodrugs, edited by H. Bundgaard, (Elsevier, 1985), Methods in
Enzymology, Vol. 42, at pp. 309-396, edited by K. Widder, et. al.
(Academic Press, 1985); A Textbook of Drug Design and Development,
edited by Krosgaard-Larsen and H. Bundgaard, Chapter 5, "Design and
Application of Prodrugs," by H. Bundgaard, at pp. 113-191, 1991);
H. Bundgaard, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Vol. 8, p. 1-38
(1992); H. Bundgaard, et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Vol. 77, p. 285 (1988); and Nogrady (1985) Medicinal Chemistry A
Biochemical Approach, Oxford University Press, New York, pages
388-392). A prodrug, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug
can represent prodrugs of the compounds of the invention which are,
within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in
contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue
toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate
with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their
intended use. Prodrugs of the invention can be rapidly transformed
in vivo to a parent compound of a compound described herein, for
example, by hydrolysis in blood or by other cell, tissue, organ, or
system processes. Further discussion is provided in T. Higuchi and
V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, V. 14 of the A.C.S.
Symposium Series, and in Edward B. Roche, ed., Bioreversible
Carriers in Drug Design, American Pharmaceutical Association and
Pergamon Press (1987).
[0212] The invention contemplates pharmaceutically active compounds
either chemically synthesized or formed by in vivo
biotransformation to compounds set forth herein.
[0213] In an embodiment, a composition of the invention is isolated
or purified. In an embodiment, an isolated or purified compound can
be at least partially isolated or purified as would be understood
in the art. In an embodiment, the composition of the invention has
a chemical purity of 95%, optionally for some applications 99%,
optionally for some applications 99.9%, optionally for some
applications 99.99% pure, and optionally for some applications
99.999% pure.
[0214] Typically, a compound of the invention, or pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a subject in a
diagnostically or imaging effective amount. One skilled in the art
generally can determine an appropriate dosage. Factors affecting a
particular dosage regimen (including the amount of compound
delivered, frequency of administration, and whether administration
is continuous or intermittent) include, for example, the type, age,
weight, sex, diet, and condition of the subject; the type of
pathological condition and its severity; and the nature of the
desired therapeutic effect. Pharmacological considerations include
compound activity, efficacy, pharmacokinetic, and toxicology
profiles of the particular compound used; the route of
administration and whether a drug delivery system is utilized; and
whether the compound is administered as part of a combination
therapy (e.g., whether the agent is administered in combination
with one or more other active compounds, other agents, radiation,
and the like).
[0215] Compositions for oral administration can be, for example,
prepared in a manner such that a single dose in one or more oral
preparations contains at least about 20 mg of the pyrazine compound
per square meter of subject body surface area, or at least about
50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, or 500 mg of the pyrazine compound per
square meter of subject body surface area (the average body surface
area for a human is, for example, 1.8 square meters). In
particular, a single dose of a composition for oral administration
can contain from about 20 to about 600 mg, and in certain aspects
from about 20 to about 400 mg, in another aspect from about 20 to
about 300 mg, and in yet another aspect from about 20 to about 200
mg of the pyrazine compound per square meter of subject body
surface area. Compositions for parenteral administration can be
prepared in a manner such that a single dose contains at least
about 20 mg of the pyrazine compound per square meter of subject
body surface area, or at least about 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300,
400, or 500 mg of the pyrazine compound per square meter of subject
body surface area. In particular, a single dose in one or more
parenteral preparations contains from about 20 to about 500 mg, and
in certain aspects from about 20 to about 400 mg, and in another
aspect from about 20 to about 450 mg, and in yet another aspect
from about 20 to about 350 mg of the pyrazine compound per square
meter of subject body surface area. It should be recognized that
these oral and parenteral dosage ranges represent generally
preferred dosage ranges, and are not intended to limit the
invention. The dosage regimen actually employed can vary widely,
and, therefore, can deviate from the generally preferred dosage
regimen. It is contemplated that one skilled in the art will tailor
these ranges to the individual subject.
[0216] It is further contemplated that the pyrazine compounds and
salts of this invention can be used in the form of a kit that is
suitable for use in performing the methods described herein,
packaged in a container. The kit can contain the pyrazine compounds
and, optionally, appropriate diluents, devices or device components
suitable for administration and instructions for use in accordance
with the methods of the invention. The devices can include
parenteral injection devices, such as syringes or transdermal patch
or the like. Device components can include cartridges for use in
injection devices and the like. In one aspect, the kit includes a
first dosage form including a pyrazine compound or salt of this
invention and a second dosage form including another active
ingredient in quantities sufficient to carry out the methods of the
invention. The first dosage form and the second dosage form
together can include a diagnostically effective amount of the
compounds for imaging or diagnosing the targeted condition(s).
[0217] This invention also is directed, in part, to pharmaceutical
compositions including a diagnostically effective amount of a
compound or salt of this invention, as well as processes for making
such compositions. Such compositions generally include one or more
pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (e.g., excipients, vehicles,
auxiliaries, adjuvants, diluents) and can include other active
ingredients. Formulation of these compositions can be achieved by
various methods known in the art. A general discussion of these
methods can be found in, for example, Hoover, John E., Remington's
Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.: 1975).
See also, Lachman, L, eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (Marcel
Decker, New York, N. Y., 1980).
[0218] The preferred composition depends on the route of
administration. Any route of administration can be used as long as
the target of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt is
available via that route. Suitable routes of administration
include, for example, oral, intravenous, parenteral, inhalation,
rectal, nasal, topical (e.g., transdermal and intraocular),
intravesical, intrathecal, enteral, pulmonary, intralymphatic,
intracavital, vaginal, transurethral, intradermal, aural,
intramammary, buccal, orthotopic, intratracheal, intralesional,
percutaneous, endoscopical, transmucosal, sublingual, and
intestinal administration.
[0219] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that can be used in
conjunction with the compounds of the invention are well known to
those of ordinary skill in the art. Carriers can be selected based
on a number of factors including, for example, the particular
pyrazine compound(s) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) used;
the compound's concentration, stability, and intended
bioavailability; the condition being treated; the subject's age,
size, and general condition; the route of administration; etc. A
general discussion related to carriers can be found in, for
example, J. G. Nairn, Remington's Pharmaceutical Science, pp.
1492-1517 (A. Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.
(1985)).
[0220] Solid dosage forms for oral administration include, for
example, capsules, tablets, gelcaps, pills, dragees, troches,
powders, granules, and lozenges. In such solid dosage forms, the
compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can be
combined with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. The
compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can be
mixed with carriers including, but not limited to, lactose,
sucrose, starch powder, corn starch, potato starch, magnesium
carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose esters of alkanoic
acids, cellulose alkyl esters, talc, stearic acid, magnesium
stearate, magnesium oxide, sodium and calcium salts of phosphoric
and sulfuric acids, sodium carbonate, agar, mannitol, sorbitol,
sodium saccharin, gelatin, acacia gum, alginic acid, sodium
alginate, tragacanth, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose
sodium, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and/or polyvinyl alcohol, and then
tableted or encapsulated for convenient administration. Such
capsules or tablets can contain a controlled-release formulation,
as can be provided in a dispersion of the compound or salt in
hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets,
and pills, the dosage forms also can include buffering agents, such
as sodium citrate, or magnesium or calcium carbonate or
bicarbonate. Tablets and pills additionally can, for example,
include a coating (e.g., an enteric coating) to delay
disintegration and absorption. The concentration of the pyrazine
compound in a solid oral dosage form can be from about 5 to about
50%, and in certain aspects from about 8 to about 40%, and in
another aspect from about 10 to about 30% by weight based on the
total weight of the composition.
[0221] Liquid dosage forms of the compounds of the invention for
oral administration include, for example, pharmaceutically
acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs
containing inert diluents commonly used in the art (e.g., water).
Such compositions also can include adjuvants, such as wetting,
emulsifying, suspending, flavoring (e.g., sweetening), and/or
perfuming agents. The concentration of the pyrazine compound in the
liquid dosage form can be from about 0.01 to about 5 mg, and in
certain aspects from about 0.01 to about 1 mg, and in another
aspect from about 0.01 to about 0.5 mg per ml of the composition.
Low concentrations of the compounds of the invention in liquid
dosage form can be prepared in the case that the pyrazine compound
is more soluble at low concentrations. Techniques for making oral
dosage forms useful in the invention are generally described in,
for example, Modern Pharmaceutics, Chapters 9 and 10 (Banker &
Rhodes, Editors (1979)). See also, Lieberman et al., Pharmaceutical
Dosage Forms: Tablets (1981). See also, Ansel, Introduction to
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (2nd Edition (1976)).
[0222] In some aspects of the invention, tablets or powders for
oral administration can be prepared by dissolving the pyrazine
compound in a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent capable of
dissolving the compound to form a solution and then evaporating
when the solution is dried under vacuum. A carrier can also be
added to the solution before drying. The resulting solution can be
dried under vacuum to form a glass. The glass can then mix with a
binder to form a powder. This powder can be mixed with fillers or
other conventional tableting agents, and then processed to form a
tablet. Alternatively, the powder can be added to a liquid carrier
to form a solution, emulsion, suspension, or the like.
[0223] In some aspects, solutions for oral administration are
prepared by dissolving the pyrazine compound in a pharmaceutically
acceptable solvent capable of dissolving the compound to form a
solution. An appropriate volume of a carrier is added to the
solution while stirring to form a pharmaceutically acceptable
solution for oral administration.
[0224] "Parenteral administration" includes subcutaneous
injections, intravenous injections, intraarterial injections,
intraorbital injections, intracapsular injections, intraspinal
injections, intraperitoneal injections, intramuscular injections,
intrasternal injections, and infusion. Dosage forms suitable for
parenteral administration include solutions, suspensions,
dispersions, emulsions, and any other dosage form that can be
administered parenterally.
[0225] Injectable preparations (e.g., sterile injectable aqueous or
oleaginous suspensions) can be formulated according to the known
art using suitable dispersing, wetting agents, and/or suspending
agents. Acceptable vehicles for parenteral use include both aqueous
and nonaqueous pharmaceutically-acceptable solvents. Suitable
pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous solvents include, for example,
water, saline solutions, dextrose solutions (e.g., such as DW5),
electrolyte solutions, etc.
[0226] In one embodiment, the present pyrazine compounds are
formulated as nanoparticles or microparticles. Use of such
nanoparticle or microparticle formulations can be beneficial for
some applications to enhance delivery, localization, target
specificity, administration, etc. of the pyrazine compound.
Potentially useful nanoparticles and microparticles include, but
are not limited to, micelles, liposomes, microemulsions,
nanoemulsions, vesicles, tubular micelles, cylindrical micelles,
bilayers, folded sheets structures, globular aggregates, swollen
micelles, inclusion complex, encapsulated droplets, microcapsules,
nanocapsules or the like. As will be understood by those having
skill in the art, the present pyrazine compounds can be located
inside the nanoparticle or microparticle, within a membrane or wall
of the nanoparticle or microparticle, or outside of (but bonded to
or otherwise associated with) the nanoparticle or microparticle.
The agent formulated in nanoparticles or microparticles can be
administered by any of the routes previously described. In a
formulation applied topically, the pyrazine compound is slowly
released over time. In an injectable formulation, the liposome,
micelle, capsule, etc., circulates in the bloodstream and is
delivered to the desired site (e.g., renal system).
[0227] Preparation and loading of nanoparticles and microparticles
are well known in the art. As one example, liposomes can be
prepared from dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or egg
phosphatidylcholine (PC) because this lipid has a low heat
transition. Liposomes are made using standard procedures as known
to one skilled in the art (e.g., Braun-Falco et al., (Eds.),
Griesbach Conference, Liposome Dermatics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
(1992), pp. 69 81; 91 117 which is expressly incorporated by
reference herein). Polycaprolactone, poly(glycolic) acid,
poly(lactic) acid, polyanhydride or lipids can be formulated as
microspheres. As an illustrative example, the present pyrazine
compounds can be mixed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), the mixture
then dried and coated with ethylene vinyl acetate, then cooled
again with PVA. In a liposome, the present pyrazine compounds can
be within one or both lipid bilayers, in the aqueous between the
bilayers, or within the center or core. Liposomes can be modified
with other molecules and lipids to form a cationic liposome.
Liposomes can also be modified with lipids to render their surface
more hydrophilic which increases their circulation time in the
bloodstream. The thus-modified liposome has been termed a "stealth"
liposome, or a long-lived liposome, as described in U.S. Pat. No.
6,258,378, and in Stealth Liposomes, Lasic and Martin (Eds.) 1995
CRC Press, London, which are expressly incorporated by reference
herein. Encapsulation methods include detergent dialysis, freeze
drying, film forming, injection, as known to one skilled in the art
and disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,713 which is
expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Optionally, the present compositions and methods include a micelle
delivery system, for example, involving one or more PEG-based
amphiphilic polymers developed for drug delivery including
PEG-poly(s-caprolactone), PEG-poly(amino acid), PEG-polylactide or
a PEG-phospholid constructs; a cross linked poly(acrylic acid)
polymer system, a phospholipid-based system and/or block copolymer
systems comprising one or more of the following polymer blocks a
poly(lactic acid) polymer block, a poly(propylene glycol) polymer
block; a poly(amino acid) polymer block; a poly(ester) polymer
block; and a poly (.epsilon.-caprolactone) polymer block, a
poly(ethylene glycol) block, a poly(acrylic acid) block, a
polylactide block, a polyester block, a polyamide block, a
polyanhydride block, a polyurethane block, a polyimine block, a
polyurea block, a polyacetal block, a polysaccharide block and a
polysiloxane block.
[0228] Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable nonaqueous solvents
include, but are not limited to, the following (as well as mixtures
thereof): alcohols (these include, for example, .sigma.-glycerol
formal, .beta.-glycerol formal, 1,3-butyleneglycol, aliphatic or
aromatic alcohols having from 2 to about 30 carbons (e.g.,
methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, t-butanol,
hexanol, octanol, amylene hydrate, benzyl alcohol, glycerin
(glycerol), glycol, hexylene, glycol, tetrahydrofuranyl alcohol,
cetyl alcohol, and stearyl alcohol), fatty acid esters of fatty
alcohols (e.g., polyalkylene glycols, such as polypropylene glycol
and polyethylene glycol), sorbitan, sucrose, and cholesterol);
amides (these include, for example, dimethylacetamide (DMA), benzyl
benzoate DMA, dimethylformamide, N-hydroxyethyO-lactamide, N,
N-dimethylacetamide-amides, 2-pyrrolidinone,
1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, and polyvinylpyrrolidone); esters (these
include, for example, acetate esters (e.g., monoacetin, diacetin,
and triacetin), aliphatic and aromatic esters (e.g., ethyl
caprylate or octanoate, alkyl oleate, benzyl benzoate, or benzyl
acetate), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), esters of glycerin (e.g., mono,
di, and tri-glyceryl citrates and tartrates), ethyl benzoate, ethyl
acetate, ethyl carbonate, ethyl lactate, ethyl oleate, fatty acid
esters of sorbitan, glyceryl monostearate, glyceride esters (e.g.,
mono, di, or tri-glycerides), fatty acid esters (e.g., isopropyl
myristrate), fatty acid derived PEG esters (e.g., PEG-hydroxyoleate
and PEG-hydroxystearate), N-methyl pyrrolidinone, pluronic 60,
polyoxyethylene sorbitol oleic polyesters (e.g.,
poly(ethoxylated).sub.30-60 sorbitol poly(oleate).sub.2-4,
poly(oxyethylene).sub.15-20 monooleate, poly(oxyethylene).sub.15-20
mono 12-hydroxystearate, and poly(oxyethylene).sub.15-20 mono
ricinoleate), polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters (e.g.,
polyoxyethylene-sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene-sorbitan
monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene-sorbitan monolaurate,
polyoxyethylene-sorbitan monostearate, and POLYSORBATE 20, 40, 60,
and 80 (from ICI Americas, Wilmington, Del.)),
polyvinylpyrrolidone, alkyleneoxy modified fatty acid esters (e.g.,
polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil and polyoxyethylated castor
oils, such as CREMOPHOR EL solution or CREMOPHOR RH 40 solution),
saccharide fatty acid esters (i.e., the condensation product of a
monosaccharide (e.g., pentoses, such as, ribose, ribulose,
arabinose, xylose, lyxose, and xylulose; hexoses, such as glucose,
fructose, galactose, mannose, and sorbose; trioses; tetroses;
heptoses; and octoses), disaccharide (e.g., sucrose, maltose,
lactose, and trehalose), oligosaccharide, or a mixture thereof with
one or more C.sub.4-C.sub.22 fatty acids (e.g., saturated fatty
acids, such as caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic
acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid; and unsaturated fatty acids,
such as palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, erucic acid,
and linoleic acid), and steroidal esters); ethers (these are
typically alkyl, aryl, and cyclic ethers having from 2 to about 30
carbons. Examples include diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl
isosorbide, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether), and glycofurol
(tetrahydrofurfuranyl alcohol polyethylene glycol ether); ketones
(these typically have from about 3 to about 30 carbons. Examples
include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone);
hydrocarbons (these are typically aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and
aromatic hydrocarbons having from about 4 to about 30 carbons).
Examples include benzene, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, dioxolanes,
hexane, n-decane, n-dodecane, n-hexane, sulfolane,
tetramethylenesulfone, tetramethylenesulfoxide, toluene,
dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO); and tetramethylene sulfoxide; oils (these
include oils of mineral, vegetable, animal, essential, or synthetic
origin). These include mineral oils, such as aliphatic and
wax-based hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, mixed aliphatic and
aromatic based hydrocarbons, and refined paraffin oil; vegetable
oils, such as linseed, tung, safflower, soybean, castor,
cottonseed, groundnut, rapeseed, coconut, palm, olive, corn, corn
germ, sesame, persic, and peanut oil; glycerides, such as mono-,
di-, and triglycerides; animal oils, such as fish, marine, sperm,
cod-liver, haliver, squalene, squalane, and shark liver oil; oleic
oils; and polyoxyethylated castor oil); alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl
halides (these include alkyl or aryl halides having from 1 to about
30 carbons and one or more halogen substituents. Examples include
methylene chloride); monoethanolamine; petroleum benzin; trolamine;
omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g., alpha-linolenic acid,
eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, or docosahexaenoic
acid); polyglycol ester of 12-hydroxystearic acid and polyethylene
glycol (SOLUTOL HS-15, from BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany);
polyoxyethylene glycerol; sodium laurate; sodium oleate; and
sorbitan monooleate. Other pharmaceutically acceptable solvents for
use in the invention are well known to those of ordinary skill in
the art. General discussion relating to such solvents can be found
in, for example, The Chemotherapy Source Book (Williams &
Wilkens Publishing), The Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients,
(American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington, D.C., and The
Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, London, England, 1968),
Modern Pharmaceutics 3d ed., (G. Banker et. al., eds., Marcel
Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y. (1995)), The Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutics, (Goodman & Gilman, McGraw Hill Publishing),
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, (H. Lieberman et. al., eds., Marcel
Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y. (1980)), Remington's Pharmaceutical
Sciences, 19th ed., (A. Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing, Easton, Pa.,
(1995)), The United States Pharmacopeia 24, The National Formulary
19, (National Publishing, Philadelphia, Pa. (2000)); Spiegel, A.
J., et al., "Use of Nonaqueous Solvents in Parenteral Products," J.
Pharma. Sciences, Vol. 52, No. 10, pp. 917-927 (1963).
[0229] Solvents useful in the invention include, but are not
limited to, those known to stabilize the pyrazine compounds or
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. These typically include,
for example, oils rich in triglycerides, such as safflower oil,
soybean oil, and mixtures thereof; and alkyleneoxy-modified fatty
acid esters, such as polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil and
polyoxyethylated castor oils (e.g., CREMOPHOR EL solution or
CREMOPHOR RH 40 solution). Commercially available triglycerides
include INTRALIPID emulsified soybean oil (Kabi-Pharmacia Inc.,
Stockholm, Sweden), NUTRALIPID emulsion (McGaw, Irvine, Calif.),
LIPOSYN II 20% emulsion (a 20% fat emulsion solution containing 100
mg safflower oil, 100 mg soybean oil, 12 mg egg phosphatides, and
25 mg glycerin per ml of solution; Abbott Laboratories, Chicago,
Ill.), LIPOSYN III 2% emulsion (a 2% fat emulsion solution
containing 100 mg safflower oil, 100 mg soybean oil, 12 mg egg
phosphatides, and 25 mg glycerin per ml of solution; Abbott
Laboratories, Chicago, Ill.), natural or synthetic glycerol
derivatives containing the docosahexaenoyl group at levels of from
about 25 to about 100% (by weight based on the total fatty acid
content) (DHASCO from Martek Biosciences Corp., Columbia, Md.; DHA
MAGURO from Daito Enterprises, Los Angeles, Calif.; SOYACAL; and
TRAVEMULSION). Ethanol in particular is a useful solvent for
dissolving a pyrazine compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof to form solutions, emulsions, and the like.
[0230] Additional components can be included in the compositions of
this invention for various purposes generally known in the
pharmaceutical industry. These components tend to impart properties
that, for example, enhance retention of the pyrazine compound or
salt at the site of administration, protect the stability of the
composition, control the pH, and facilitate processing of the
pyrazine compound or salt into pharmaceutical formulations, and the
like. Specific examples of such components include cryoprotective
agents; agents for preventing reprecipitation of the pyrazine
compound or salt surface; active, wetting, or emulsifying agents
(e.g., lecithin, polysorbate-80, TWEEN 80, pluronic 60, and
polyoxyethylene stearate); preservatives (e.g.,
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate); microbial preservatives (e.g., benzyl
alcohol, phenol, m-cresol, chlorobutanol, sorbic acid, thimerosal,
and paraben); agents for adjusting pH or buffering agents (e.g.,
acids, bases, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, etc.); agents
for adjusting osmolarity (e.g., glycerin); thickeners (e.g.,
aluminum monostearate, stearic acid, cetyl alcohol, stearyl
alcohol, guar gum, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose,
tristearin, cetyl wax esters, polyethylene glycol, etc.);
colorants; dyes; flow aids; non-volatile silicones (e.g.,
cyclomethicone); clays (e.g., bentonites); adhesives; bulking
agents; flavorings; sweeteners; adsorbents; fillers (e.g., sugars
such as lactose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose, calcium
phosphate, etc.); diluents (e.g., water, saline, electrolyte
solutions, etc.); binders (e.g., gelatin; gum tragacanth; methyl
cellulose; hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; sodium carboxymethyl
cellulose; polyvinylpyrrolidone; sugars; polymers; acacia;
starches, such as maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, and
potato starch; etc.); disintegrating agents (e.g., starches, such
as maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, and
carboxymethyl starch; cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone; agar;
alginic acid or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate;
croscarmellose sodium; crospovidone; etc); lubricants (e.g.,
silica; talc; stearic acid and salts thereof, such as magnesium
stearate; polyethylene glycol; etc.); coating agents (e.g.,
concentrated sugar solutions including gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl
pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide,
etc.); and antioxidants (e.g., sodium metabisulfite, sodium
bisulfite, sodium sulfite, dextrose, phenols, thiophenols, etc.).
Techniques and compositions for making parenteral dosage forms are
generally known in the art. Formulations for parenteral
administration can be prepared from one or more sterile powders
and/or granules having a compound or salt of this invention and one
or more of the carriers or diluents mentioned for use in the
formulations for oral administration. The powder or granule
typically is added to an appropriate volume of a solvent (typically
while agitating (e.g., stirring) the solvent) that is capable of
dissolving the powder or granule. Particular solvents useful in the
invention include, for example, water, polyethylene glycol,
propylene glycol, ethanol, corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil,
sesame oil, benzyl alcohol, sodium chloride, and/or various
buffers.
[0231] Emulsions for parenteral administration can be prepared by,
for example, dissolving a compound or salt of this invention in any
pharmaceutically acceptable solvent capable of dissolving the
compound to form a solution; and adding an appropriate volume of a
carrier to the solution while stirring to form the emulsion.
Solutions for parenteral administration can be prepared by, for
example, dissolving a compound or salt of this invention in any
pharmaceutically acceptable solvent capable of dissolving the
compound to form a solution; and adding an appropriate volume of a
carrier to the solution while stirring to form the solution.
[0232] Suppositories for rectal administration can be prepared by,
for example, mixing the drug with a suitable nonirritating
excipient that is solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquid at the
rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release
the drug. Suitable excipients include, for example, cocoa butter;
synthetic mono-, di-, or triglycerides; fatty acids; and/or
polyethylene glycols.
[0233] "Topical administration" includes the use of transdermal
administration, such as transdermal patches or iontophoresis
devices.
[0234] If desired, the emulsions or solutions described above for
oral or parenteral administration can be packaged in IV bags,
vials, or other conventional containers in concentrated form, and
then diluted with a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid (e.g.,
saline) to form an acceptable pyrazine compound concentration
before use.
[0235] It is understood that this invention is not limited to the
particular compounds, methodology, protocols, and reagents
described, as these can vary. It is also to be understood that the
terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular
embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the
invention which will be limited only by the appended claims.
[0236] Compositions of the invention include formulations and
preparations comprising one or more of the present compounds
provided in an aqueous solution, such as a pharmaceutically
acceptable formulation or preparation. Optionally, compositions of
the invention further comprise one or more pharmaceutically
acceptable surfactants, buffers, electrolytes, salts, carriers,
binders, coatings, preservatives and/or excipients.
Formulations and Use
[0237] Compounds and bioconjugates of the present invention can be
formulated by known methods for administration to a subject using
several routes which include, but are not limited to, parenteral,
oral, topical, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal,
intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, and ophthalmic
routes. An individual compound/bioconjugate can be administered in
combination with one or more additional compounds/bioconjugates of
the present invention and/or together with other biologically
active or biologically inert agents. Such biologically active or
inert agents can be in fluid or mechanical communication with the
compound(s)/bioconjugate(s) or attached to the
compound(s)/bioconjugate(s) by ionic, covalent, Van der Waals,
hydrophobic, hydrophilic or other physical forces. Administration
can optionally be localized in a subject. Administration can
optionally be systemic.
[0238] Compounds and bioconjugates of the present invention can be
formulated by any conventional manner using one or more
pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Thus, the
compounds/bioconjugates and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts
and solvates can be specifically formulated for administration,
e.g., by inhalation or insufflation (either through the mouth or
the nose) or oral, buccal, parenteral or rectal administration. The
compounds/bioconjugates can take the form of charged, neutral
and/or other pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms. Examples of
pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited
to, those described in REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (A.R.
Gennaro, Ed.), 20th edition, Williams & Wilkins PA, USA
(2000).
[0239] Compounds and bioconjugates of the present invention can be
formulated in the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsions,
tablets, pills, capsules, powders, controlled- or sustained-release
formulations and the like. Such formulations will contain a
therapeutically effective amount of the compound/bioconjugate,
preferably in purified form, together with a suitable amount of
carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the
patient. The formulation should suit the mode of
administration.
Parenteral Administration
[0240] Compounds and bioconjugates of the present invention can be
formulated for parenteral administration by injection (e.g., by
bolus injection or continuous infusion). Formulations for injection
can be presented in unit dosage form in ampoules or in multi-dose
containers with an optional preservative added. The parenteral
preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or
multiple dose vials made of glass, plastic or the like. The
formulation can take such forms as suspensions, solutions or
emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and can contain formulatory
agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing
agents.
[0241] For example, a parenteral preparation can be a sterile
injectable solution or suspension in a nontoxic parenterally
acceptable diluent or solvent (e.g., as a solution in
1,3-butanediol). Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that
can be employed are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium
chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are
conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this
purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic
mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid
can be used in the parenteral preparation.
[0242] Alternatively, compounds and bioconjugates of the present
invention can be formulated in powder form for constitution with a
suitable vehicle, such as sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
For example, a compound/bioconjugate suitable for parenteral
administration can include a sterile isotonic saline solution
containing between 0.1 percent and 90 percent weight per volume of
the compound/bioconjugate. By way of example, a solution can
contain from about 5 percent to about 20 percent, more preferably
from about 5 percent to about 17 percent, more preferably from
about 8 to about 14 percent, and still more preferably about 10
percent of the compound/bioconjugate. The solution or powder
preparation can also include a solubilizing agent and a local
anesthetic such as lignocaine to ease pain at the site of the
injection. Other methods of parenteral delivery of
compounds/bioconjugates will be known to the skilled artisan and
are within the scope of the invention.
Oral Administration
[0243] For oral administration, a compound/bioconjugate of the
invention can be formulated to take the form of tablets or capsules
prepared by conventional means with one or more pharmaceutically
acceptable carriers (e.g., excipients such as binding agents,
fillers, lubricants and disintegrants):
A. Binding Agents
[0244] Binding agents include, but are not limited to, corn starch,
potato starch, or other starches, gelatin, natural and synthetic
gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, alginic acid, other
alginates, powdered tragacanth, guar gum, cellulose and its
derivatives (e.g., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate,
carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose),
polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch,
hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, (e.g., Nos. 2208, 2906, 2910),
microcrystalline cellulose, and mixtures thereof. Suitable forms of
microcrystalline cellulose include, for example, the materials sold
as AVICEL-PH-101, AVICEL-PH-103 and AVICEL-PH-105 (available from
FMC Corporation, American Viscose Division, Avicel Sales, Marcus
Hook, Pa., USA). An exemplary suitable binder is a mixture of
microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose sold
as AVICEL RC-581 by FMC Corporation.
B. Fillers
[0245] Fillers include, but are not limited to, talc, calcium
carbonate (e.g., granules or powder), lactose, microcrystalline
cellulose, powdered cellulose, dextrates, kaolin, mannitol, silicic
acid, sorbitol, starch, pre-gelatinized starch, and mixtures
thereof.
C. Lubricants
[0246] Lubricants include, but are not limited to, calcium
stearate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, electromagnetic
radiation mineral oil, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, polyethylene
glycol, other glycols, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc,
hydrogenated vegetable oil (e.g., peanut oil, cottonseed oil,
sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil),
zinc stearate, ethyl oleate, ethyl laurate, agar, and mixtures
thereof. Additional lubricants include, for example, a syloid
silica gel (AEROSIL 200, manufactured by W.R. Grace Co. of
Baltimore, Md., USA), a coagulated aerosol of synthetic silica
(marketed by Deaussa Co. of Plano, Tex., USA), CAB-O-SIL (a
pyrogenic silicon dioxide product sold by Cabot Co. of Boston,
Mass., USA), and mixtures thereof.
D. Disintegrants
[0247] Disintegrants include, but are not limited to, agar-agar,
alginic acid, calcium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose,
croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, polacrilin potassium, sodium
starch glycolate, potato or tapioca starch, other starches,
pre-gelatinized starch, other starches, clays, other algins, other
celluloses, gums, and mixtures thereof.
[0248] The tablets or capsules can optionally be coated by methods
well known in the art. If binders and/or fillers are used with a
compound/bioconjugate of the invention, they are typically
formulated as about 50 to about 99 weight percent of the
compound/bioconjugate. In one aspect, about 0.5 to about 15 weight
percent of disintegrant, and particularly about 1 to about 5 weight
percent of disintegrant, can be used in combination with the
compound. A lubricant can optionally be added, typically in an
amount of less than about 1 weight percent of the
compound/bioconjugate. Techniques and pharmaceutically acceptable
additives for making solid oral dosage forms are described in
Marshall, SOLID ORAL DOSAGE FORMS, Modern Pharmaceutics (Banker and
Rhodes, Eds.), 7:359-427 (1979). Other less typical formulations
are known in the art.
[0249] Liquid preparations for oral administration can take the
form of solutions, syrups or suspensions. Alternatively, the liquid
preparations can be presented as a dry product for constitution
with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid
preparations can be prepared by conventional means with
pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents
(e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives or hydrogenated edible
fats); emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous
vehicles (e.g., almond oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol or
fractionated vegetable oils); and/or preservatives (e.g., methyl or
propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid). The preparations can
also contain buffer salts, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and
sweetening agents as appropriate. Preparations for oral
administration can also be formulated to achieve controlled release
of the compound/bioconjugate. Oral formulations preferably contain
10% to 95% compound/bioconjugate. In addition, a
compound/bioconjugate of the present invention can be formulated
for buccal administration in the form of tablets or lozenges
formulated in a conventional manner. Other methods of oral delivery
of compounds/bioconjugates of the invention will be known to the
skilled artisan and are within the scope of the invention.
Controlled-Release Administration
[0250] Controlled-release (or sustained-release) preparations can
be formulated to extend the activity of a compound/bioconjugate and
reduce dosage frequency. Controlled-release preparations can also
be used to effect the time of onset of action or other
characteristics, such as blood levels of the compound/bioconjugate,
and consequently affect the occurrence of side effects.
[0251] Controlled-release preparations can be designed to initially
release an amount of a compound/bioconjugate that produces the
desired therapeutic effect, and gradually and continually release
other amounts of the compound/bioconjugate to maintain the level of
therapeutic effect over an extended period of time. In order to
maintain a near-constant level of a compound/bioconjugate in the
body, the compound/bioconjugate can be released from the dosage
form at a rate that will replace the amount of
compound/bioconjugate being metabolized and/or excreted from the
body. The controlled-release of a compound/bioconjugate can be
stimulated by various inducers, e.g., change in pH, change in
temperature, enzymes, water, and/or other physiological conditions
or molecules.
[0252] Controlled-release systems can include, for example, an
infusion pump which can be used to administer the
compound/bioconjugate in a manner similar to that used for
delivering insulin or chemotherapy to the body generally, or to
specific organs or tumors. Typically, using such a system, the
compound/bioconjugate is administered in combination with a
biodegradable, biocompatible polymeric implant that releases the
compound/bioconjugate over a controlled period of time at a
selected site. Examples of polymeric materials include
polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters, polyglycolic acid, polylactic
acid, polyethylene vinyl acetate, and copolymers and combinations
thereof. In addition, a controlled release system can be placed in
proximity of a therapeutic target (e.g., organ, tissue, or group of
cells), thus requiring only a fraction of a systemic dosage.
[0253] Compounds/bioconjugates of the invention can be administered
by other controlled-release means or delivery devices that are well
known to those of ordinary skill in the art. These include, for
example, hydropropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, gels,
permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings,
microparticles, liposomes, microspheres, or the like, or a
combination of any of the above to provide the desired release
profile in varying proportions. Other methods of controlled-release
delivery of compounds/bioconjugates will be known to the skilled
artisan and are within the scope of the invention.
Inhalation Administration
[0254] Compounds/bioconjugates of the invention can be administered
directly to the lung of a patient/subject by inhalation. For
administration by inhalation, a compound/bioconjugate can be
conveniently delivered to the lung by a number of different
devices. For example, a Metered Dose Inhaler ("MDI") which utilizes
canisters that contain a suitable low boiling point propellant,
e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane,
dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas can
be used to deliver a compound/bioconjugate directly to the lung.
MDI devices are available from a number of suppliers such as 3M
Corporation, Aventis, Boehringer Ingleheim, Forest Laboratories,
Glaxo-Wellcome, Schering Plough and Vectura.
[0255] Alternatively, a Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) device can be used
to administer a compound/bioconjugate to the lung. DPI devices
typically use a mechanism such as a burst of gas to create a cloud
of dry powder inside a container, which can then be inhaled by the
patient. DPI devices are also well known in the art and can be
purchased from a number of vendors which include, for example,
Fisons, Glaxo-Wellcome, Inhale Therapeutic Systems, ML
Laboratories, Qdose and Vectura. A popular variation is the
multiple dose DPI ("MDDPI") system, which allows for the delivery
of more than one therapeutic dose. MDDPI devices are available from
companies such as AstraZeneca, GlaxoWellcome, IVAX, Schering
Plough, SkyePharma and Vectura. For example, capsules and
cartridges of gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator can be
formulated containing a powder mix of the compound/bioconjugate and
a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch for these systems.
Exemplary formulations that include compounds/bioconjugates of the
present invention are described herein (the compounds/bioconjugates
of the present invention are indicated in some embodiments as an
"active ingredient", but those of skill in the art will recognize
that pro-drugs and compound combinations are also meant to be
encompassed by this term).
[0256] Another type of device that can be used to deliver a
compound/bioconjugate to the lung is a liquid spray device
supplied, for example, by Aradigm Corporation. Liquid spray systems
use extremely small nozzle holes to aerosolize liquid
compound/bioconjugate formulations that can then be directly
inhaled into the lung. For example, a nebulizer device can be used
to deliver a compound/bioconjugate to the lung. Nebulizers create
aerosols from liquid compound/bioconjugate formulations by using,
for example, ultrasonic energy to form fine particles that can be
readily inhaled. Examples of nebulizers include devices supplied by
Sheffield/Systemic Pulmonary Delivery Ltd., Aventis and Batelle
Pulmonary Therapeutics.
[0257] In another example, an electrohydrodynamic ("EHD") aerosol
device can be used to deliver a compound/bioconjugate to the lung.
EHD aerosol devices use electrical energy to aerosolize liquid
compound/bioconjugate solutions or suspensions. The electrochemical
properties of the compound/bioconjugate formulation are important
parameters to optimize when delivering this compound/bioconjugate
to the lung with an EHD aerosol device. Such optimization is
routinely performed by one of skill in the art. Other methods of
intra-pulmonary delivery of compounds/bioconjugates will be known
to the skilled artisan and are within the scope of the
invention.
[0258] Liquid compound/bioconjugate formulations suitable for use
with nebulizers and liquid spray devices and EHD aerosol devices
will typically include the compoundfbioconjugate with a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one exemplary embodiment,
the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a liquid such as
alcohol, water, polyethylene glycol or a perfluorocarbon.
Optionally, another material can be added to alter the aerosol
properties of the solution or suspension of the
compound/bioconjugate. For example, this material can be a liquid
such as an alcohol, glycol, polyglycol or a fatty acid. Other
methods of formulating liquid compound/bioconjugate solutions or
suspensions suitable for use in aerosol devices are known to those
of skill in the art.
Depot Administration
[0259] A compound/bioconjugate of the invention can be formulated
as a depot preparation. Such long-acting formulations can be
administered by implantation (e.g., subcutaneously or
intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. Accordingly, the
compound/bioconjugate can be formulated with suitable polymeric or
hydrophobic materials such as an emulsion in an acceptable oil or
ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives such as a
sparingly soluble salt. Other methods of depot delivery of
compounds/bioconjugates will be known to the skilled artisan and
are within the scope of the invention.
Topical Administration
[0260] For topical application, a compound/bioconjugate can be
combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier so that an
effective dosage is delivered, based on the desired activity
ranging from an effective dosage, for example, of 1.0 .mu.M to 1.0
mM. In one aspect of the invention, a topical formulation of a
compound/bioconjugate can be applied to the skin. The
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can be in the form of, for
example, and not by way of limitation, an ointment, cream, gel,
paste, foam, aerosol, suppository, pad or gelled stick.
[0261] A topical formulation can include a therapeutically
effective amount of a compound/bioconjugate in an
ophthalmologically acceptable excipient such as buffered saline,
mineral oil, vegetable oils such as corn or arachis oil, petroleum
jelly, Miglyol 182, alcohol solutions, or liposomes or
liposome-like products. Any of these formulations of such
compounds/bioconjugates can include preservatives, antioxidants,
antibiotics, immunosuppressants, and other biologically or
pharmaceutically effective agents that do not exert a significant
detrimental effect on the compound/bioconjugate. Other methods of
topical delivery of compounds/bioconjugates will be known to the
skilled artisan and are within the scope of the invention.
Rectal Administration
[0262] Compounds/bioconjugates of the invention can be formulated
in rectal formulations such as suppositories or retention enemas
that include conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or
other glycerides and/or binders and/or carriers such as
triglycerides, microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or
gelatin. Rectal formulations can contain a compound/bioconjugate in
the range of 0.5% to 10% by weight. Other methods of rectal
delivery of compounds/bioconjugates will be known to the skilled
artisan and are within the scope of the invention.
Other Systems of Administration
[0263] Various other delivery systems are known in the art and can
be used to administer the compounds/bioconjugates of the invention.
Moreover, these and other delivery systems can be combined and/or
modified to promote optimization of the administration of
compounds/bioconjugates of the present invention.
Kits
[0264] Various embodiments of the present invention include kits.
Such kits can include a compound/bioconjugate of the present
invention, optionally one or more ingredients for preparing a
pharmaceutically acceptable formulation of the
compound/bioconjugate, and instructions for use (e.g.,
administration). When supplied as a kit, different components of a
compound/bioconjugate formulation can be packaged in separate
containers and admixed immediately before use. Such packaging of
the components separately can, if desired, be presented in a pack
or dispenser device which can contain one or more unit dosage forms
containing the compound/bioconjugate. The pack can, for example,
comprise metal or plastic foil such as a blister pack. Such
packaging of the components separately can also, in certain
instances, permit long-term storage without losing activity of the
components. In addition, if more than one route of administration
is intended or more than one schedule for administration is
intended, the different components can be packaged separately and
not mixed prior to use. In various embodiments, the different
components can be packaged in one combination for administration
together.
[0265] Kits can include reagents in separate containers such as,
for example, sterile water or saline to be added to a lyophilized
active component packaged separately. For example, sealed glass
ampules can contain lyophilized compounds and in a separate ampule,
sterile water, sterile saline or sterile each of which has been
packaged under a neutral non-reacting gas, such as nitrogen.
Ampules can consist of any suitable material, such as glass,
organic polymers, such as polycarbonate, polystyrene, ceramic,
metal or any other material typically employed to hold reagents.
Other examples of suitable containers include bottles that can be
fabricated from similar substances as ampules, and envelopes that
can consist of foil-lined interiors, such as aluminum or an alloy.
Other containers include test tubes, vials, flasks, bottles,
syringes, and the like. Containers can have a sterile access port,
such as a bottle having a stopper that can be pierced by a
hypodermic injection needle. Other containers can have two
compartments that are separated by a readily removable membrane
that upon removal permits the components to mix. Removable
membranes can be glass, plastic, rubber, and the like.
[0266] In certain embodiments, kits can be supplied with
instructional materials. Instructions can be printed on paper or
other substrate, and/or can be supplied as an electronic-readable
medium, such as a floppy disc, mini-CD-ROM, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, Zip
disc, videotape, audio tape, and the like. Detailed instructions
can not be physically associated with the kit; instead, a user can
be directed to an Internet web site specified by the manufacturer
or distributor of the kit, or supplied as electronic mail.
[0267] Statements Regarding Incorporation by Reference and
Variations
[0268] All references cited throughout this application, for
example patent documents including issued or granted patents or
equivalents; patent application publications; and non-patent
literature documents or other source material; are hereby
incorporated by reference herein in their entireties, as though
individually incorporated by reference, to the extent each
reference is at least partially not inconsistent with the
disclosure in this application (for example, a reference that is
partially inconsistent is incorporated by reference except for the
partially inconsistent portion of the reference).
[0269] The terms and expressions which have been employed herein
are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there
is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of
excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or
portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications
are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it
should be understood that although the invention has been
specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments, exemplary
embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of
the concepts herein disclosed can be resorted to by those skilled
in the art, and that such modifications and variations are
considered to be within the scope of this invention as defined by
the appended claims. The specific embodiments provided herein are
examples of useful embodiments of the invention and it will be
apparent to one skilled in the art that the invention can be
carried out using a large number of variations of the devices,
device components, methods steps set forth in the present
description. As will be obvious to one of skill in the art, methods
and devices useful for the present methods can include a large
number of optional composition and processing elements and
steps.
[0270] When a group of substituents is disclosed herein, it is
understood that all individual members of that group and all
subgroups, including any isomers, enantiomers, and diastereomers of
the group members, are disclosed separately. When a Markush group
or other grouping is used herein, all individual members of the
group and all combinations and subcombinations possible of the
group are intended to be individually included in the disclosure.
When a compound is described herein such that a particular isomer,
enantiomer or diastereomer of the compound is not specified, for
example, in a formula or in a chemical name, that description is
intended to include each isomers and enantiomer of the compound
described individual or in any combination. Additionally, unless
otherwise specified, all isotopic variants of compounds disclosed
herein are intended to be encompassed by the disclosure. For
example, it will be understood that any one or more hydrogens in a
molecule disclosed can be replaced with deuterium or tritium.
Isotopic variants of a molecule are generally useful as standards
in assays for the molecule and in chemical and biological research
related to the molecule or its use. Methods for making such
isotopic variants are known in the art. Specific names of compounds
are intended to be exemplary, as it is known that one of ordinary
skill in the art can name the same compounds differently.
[0271] Many of the molecules disclosed herein contain one or more
ionizable groups [groups from which a proton can be removed (e.g.,
--COOH) or added (e.g., amines) or which can be quaternized (e.g.,
amines)]. All possible ionic forms of such molecules and salts
thereof are intended to be included individually in the disclosure
herein. With regard to salts of the compounds herein, one of
ordinary skill in the art can select from among a wide variety of
available counterions those that are appropriate for preparation of
salts of this invention for a given application. In specific
applications, the selection of a given anion or cation for
preparation of a salt can result in increased or decreased
solubility of that salt.
[0272] It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended
claims, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include plural
reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for
example, reference to "a cell" includes a plurality of such cells
and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so
forth. As well, the terms "a" (or "an"), "one or more" and "at
least one" can be used interchangeably herein. It is also to be
noted that the terms "comprising", "including", and "having" can be
used interchangeably. The expression "of any of claims XX-YY"
(wherein XX and YY refer to claim numbers) is intended to provide a
multiple dependent claim in the alternative form, and in some
embodiments is interchangeable with the expression "as in any one
of claims XX-YY."
[0273] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms
used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of
ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although
any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described
herein can be used in the practice or testing of the invention, the
preferred methods and materials are now described. Nothing herein
is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not
entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior
invention.
[0274] In some embodiments, a liposome or micelle can be utilized
as a carrier or vehicle for the composition.
[0275] Every formulation or combination of components described or
exemplified herein can be used to practice the invention, unless
otherwise stated.
[0276] The present compositions, preparations and formulations can
be formulated into diagnostic compositions for enteral, parenteral,
topical, aerosol, inhalation, or cutaneous administration. Topical
or cutaneous delivery of the compositions, preparations and
formulations can also include aerosol formulation, creams, gels,
solutions, etc. The present compositions, preparations and
formulations are administered in doses effective to achieve the
desired diagnostic and/or therapeutic effect. Such doses can vary
widely depending upon the particular compositions employed in the
composition, the organs or tissues to be examined, the equipment
employed in the clinical procedure, the efficacy of the treatment
achieved, and the like. These compositions, preparations and
formulations contain an effective amount of the composition(s),
along with conventional pharmaceutical carriers and excipients
appropriate for the type of administration contemplated. These
compositions, preparations and formulations can also optionally
include stabilizing agents and skin penetration enhancing
agents.
[0277] Methods of this invention comprise the step of administering
an "effective amount" of the present diagnostic compositions,
formulations and preparations containing the present compounds, to
diagnosis, image, monitor, or evaluate a biological condition
and/or disease state in a patient. The term "effective amount," as
used herein, refers to the amount of the diagnostic formulation,
that, when administered to the individual is effective to diagnose,
image, monitor, or evaluate a biological condition and/or disease
state. As is understood in the art, the effective amount of a given
composition or formulation will depend at least in part upon, the
mode of administration (e.g. intravenous, oral, topical
administration), any carrier or vehicle employed, and the specific
individual to whom the formulation is to be administered (age,
weight, condition, sex, etc.). The dosage requirements needed to
achieve the "effective amount" vary with the particular
formulations employed, the route of administration, and clinical
objectives. Based on the results obtained in standard
pharmacological test procedures, projected daily dosages of active
compound can be determined as is understood in the art.
[0278] Any suitable form of administration can be employed in
connection with the diagnostic formulations of the invention. The
diagnostic formulations of this invention can be administered
intravenously, in oral dosage forms, intraperitoneally,
subcutaneously, or intramuscularly, all using dosage forms well
known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts.
[0279] The diagnostic formulations of this invention can be
administered alone, but can be administered with a pharmaceutical
carrier selected upon the basis of the chosen route of
administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
[0280] The diagnostic formulations of this invention and
medicaments of this invention can further comprise one or more
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, buffer, emulsifier,
surfactant, electrolyte or diluent. Such compositions and
medicaments are prepared in accordance with acceptable
pharmaceutical procedures, such as, for example, those described in
Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th edition, ed. Alfonoso R.
Gennaro, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. (1985).
[0281] Whenever a range is given in the specification, for example,
a temperature range, a time range, or a composition or
concentration range, all intermediate ranges and subranges, as well
as all individual values included in the ranges given are intended
to be included in the disclosure. As used herein, ranges
specifically include the values provided as endpoint values of the
range. For example, a range of 1 to 100 specifically includes the
end point values of 1 and 100. It will be understood that any
subranges or individual values in a range or subrange that are
included in the description herein can be excluded from the claims
herein.
[0282] As used herein, "comprising" is synonymous with "including,"
"containing," or "characterized by," and is inclusive or open-ended
and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method
steps. As used herein, "consisting of" excludes any element, step,
or ingredient not specified in the claim element. As used herein,
"consisting essentially of" does not exclude materials or steps
that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics
of the claim. In each instance herein any of the terms
"comprising", "consisting essentially of" and "consisting of" can
be replaced with either of the other two terms. The invention
illustratively described herein suitably can be practiced in the
absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations which
is not specifically disclosed herein.
[0283] One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that
starting materials, biological materials, reagents, synthetic
methods, purification methods, analytical methods, assay methods,
and biological methods other than those specifically exemplified
can be employed in the practice of the invention without resort to
undue experimentation. All art-known functional equivalents, of any
such materials and methods are intended to be included in this
invention. The terms and expressions which have been employed are
used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no
intention that in the use of such terms and expressions of
excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or
portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications
are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it
should be understood that although the invention has been
specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional
features, modification and variation of the concepts herein
disclosed can be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that
such modifications and variations are considered to be within the
scope of this invention as defined by the appended claims.
REFERENCES
[0284] 1. Nally, J. V. Acute renal failure in hospitalized
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