U.S. patent application number 13/658576 was filed with the patent office on 2014-06-19 for phich transmission in time division duplex systems.
This patent application is currently assigned to RESEARCH IN MOTION LIMITED. The applicant listed for this patent is RESEARCH IN MOTION LIMITED. Invention is credited to Jun Li, Yiping Wang, Jianfeng Weng.
Application Number | 20140169151 13/658576 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 47222292 |
Filed Date | 2014-06-19 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140169151 |
Kind Code |
A9 |
Wang; Yiping ; et
al. |
June 19, 2014 |
PHICH Transmission in Time Division Duplex Systems
Abstract
A method is provided for communication in a wireless
telecommunication system. The method comprises multiplexing, by a
network element, at least one symbol of a PHICH onto at least one
resource element of a PCFICH.
Inventors: |
Wang; Yiping; (Allen,
TX) ; Weng; Jianfeng; (Kanata, CA) ; Li;
Jun; (Richardson, TX) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
RESEARCH IN MOTION LIMITED |
Waterloo |
|
CA |
|
|
Assignee: |
RESEARCH IN MOTION LIMITED
Waterloo
CA
|
Prior
Publication: |
|
Document Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20130301401 A1 |
November 14, 2013 |
|
|
Family ID: |
47222292 |
Appl. No.: |
13/658576 |
Filed: |
October 23, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61645939 |
May 11, 2012 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
370/209 ;
370/329 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L 5/0055 20130101;
H04L 27/2607 20130101; H04W 72/0413 20130101; H04L 1/1812 20130101;
H04L 5/001 20130101; H04W 72/14 20130101; H04L 5/143 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
370/209 ;
370/329 |
International
Class: |
H04W 72/04 20090101
H04W072/04; H04J 11/00 20060101 H04J011/00 |
Claims
1. A method for communication in a wireless telecommunication
system, the method comprising: multiplexing, by a network element,
at least one symbol of a physical HARQ (hybrid automatic repeat
request) indicator channel (PHICH) onto at least one resource
element of a physical control format indicator channel
(PCFICH).
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one PHICH symbol is
orthogonal to at least one PCFICH symbol.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one PHICH symbol is
mapped to a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) by the following
equation:
n.sub.PHICH.sup.seq=(I.sub.PRB.sub.--.sub.RA.sup.lowest.sup.--.sup.index+-
n.sub.DMRS)mod N where N is 6 for a normal cyclic prefix and 2 for
an extended cyclic prefix.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein explicit signaling is used to
define the mapping between the PUSCH and the at least one PHICH
symbol.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein channel coding for the PHICH
generates a total of 16 coded bits with four repeated sections,
each section having a length of four for normal cyclic prefix mode
and a length of two for extended cyclic prefix mode, and wherein
each PHICH acknowledgement/negative acknowledgement (ACK/NACK) bit
is repeated 16 times and then binary phase shift keying (BPSK)
modulated, scrambled, and cover-coded with the PHICH orthogonal
sequence.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein, for a given PHICH sequence, the
resulting symbols are given by: d ( PHICH ) ( k ) = { 1 2 w k (
seqIdx ) ( 1 - 2 b ( HI , seqIdx ) ( k ) ) ( 1 - 2 b ( CFI ) ( 2 k
) ) ( 1 - 2 c ( 2 k ) ) , if w k ( seqIdx ) is real 1 2 w k (
seqIdx ) ( 1 - 2 b ( HI , seqIdx ) ( k ) ) ( 1 - 2 b ( CFI ) ( 2 k
+ 1 ) ) ( 1 - 2 c ( 2 k + 1 ) ) , otherwise ##EQU00009## where
w.sub.k.sup.(seqIdx) is the k-th element in the four-times-repeated
orthogonal sequence with sequence index seqIdx;
b.sup.(HI,seqIdx)(k) is a HI bit (for ACK/NACK) associated with
sequence index seqIdx; b.sup.(CFI)(i).epsilon.{0,1} for i=2k and
2k+1 denotes the i-th bit in a CFI sequence for a given CFI value;
and c(k) is a cell-specific scrambling sequence that is the same as
that used for PCFICH generation.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein the four-times-repeated
orthogonal sequence is formed by repeating the complex orthogonal
Walsh sequence [w(0) . . . w(N.sub.SF.sup.PHICH-1)] four times and
concatenating the sequences together.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein power on the PCFICH is increased
to overcome performance degradation caused by the multiplexing of
the PHICH and the PCFICH.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the network element includes, in
an uplink grant to a transmitting entity, a new data indicator
capable of assuming one of two different values, wherein the
network element changes the value of the new data indicator when
the network element requests a new data transmission from the
transmitting entity, and wherein the network element does not
change the value of the new data indicator when the network element
requests a retransmission from the transmitting entity.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the new data indicator is
included in the uplink grant when the number of PHICH bits to be
transmitted is greater than the number of PHICH bits that can be
multiplexed onto the PCFICH.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the network element is a primary
cell in a wireless telecommunication system that employs carrier
aggregation.
12. A network element in a wireless telecommunication system, the
network element comprising: a processor configured such that the
network element multiplexes at least one symbol of a physical HARQ
(hybrid automatic repeat request) indicator channel (PHICH) onto at
least one resource element of a physical control format indicator
channel (PCFICH).
13. The network element of claim 12, wherein the at least one PHICH
symbol is orthogonal to at least one PCFICH symbol.
14. The network element of claim 12, wherein the at least one PHICH
symbol is mapped to a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) by the
following equation:
n.sub.PHICH.sup.seq=(I.sub.PRB.sub.--.sub.RA.sup.lowest.sup.--.sup.indexn-
.sub.DMRS)mod N where N is 6 for a normal cyclic prefix and 2 for
an extended cyclic prefix.
15. The network element of claim 14, wherein explicit signaling is
used to define the mapping between the PUSCH and the at least one
PHICH symbol.
16. The network element of claim 12, wherein channel coding for the
PHICH generates a total of 16 coded bits with four repeated
sections, each section having a length of four for normal cyclic
prefix mode and a length of two for extended cyclic prefix mode,
and wherein each PHICH acknowledgement/negative acknowledgement
(ACK/NACK) bit is repeated 16 times and then binary phase shift
keying (BPSK) modulated, scrambled, and cover-coded with the PHICH
orthogonal sequence.
17. The network element of claim 16, wherein, for a given PHICH
sequence, the resulting symbols are given by: d ( PHICH ) ( k ) = {
1 2 w k ( seqIdx ) ( 1 - 2 b ( HI , seqIdx ) ( k ) ) ( 1 - 2 b (
CFI ) ( 2 k ) ) ( 1 - 2 c ( 2 k ) ) , if w k ( seqIdx ) is real 1 2
w k ( seqIdx ) ( 1 - 2 b ( HI , seqIdx ) ( k ) ) ( 1 - 2 b ( CFI )
( 2 k + 1 ) ) ( 1 - 2 c ( 2 k + 1 ) ) , otherwise ##EQU00010##
where w.sub.k.sup.(seqIdx) is the k-th element in the
four-times-repeated orthogonal sequence with sequence index seqIdx;
b.sup.(HI,seqIdx)(k) is a HI bit (for ACK/NACK) associated with
sequence index seqIdx; b.sup.(CFI)(i).epsilon.{0,1} for i=2k and
2k+1 denotes the i-th bit in a CFI sequence for a given CFI value;
and c(k) is a cell-specific scrambling sequence that is the same as
that used for PCFICH generation.
18. The network element of claim 16, wherein the
four-times-repeated orthogonal sequence is formed by repeating the
complex orthogonal Walsh sequence [w(0) . . .
w(N.sub.SF.sup.PHICH-1)] four times and concatenating the sequences
together.
19. The network element of claim 12, wherein power on the PCFICH is
increased to overcome performance degradation caused by the
multiplexing of the PHICH and the PCFICH.
20. The network element of claim 12, wherein the network element
includes, in an uplink grant to a transmitting entity, a new data
indicator capable of assuming one of two different values, wherein
the network element changes the value of the new data indicator
when the network element requests a new data transmission from the
transmitting entity, and wherein the network element does not
change the value of the new data indicator when the network element
requests a retransmission from the transmitting entity.
21. The network element of claim 20, wherein the new data indicator
is included in the uplink grant when the number of PHICH bits to be
transmitted is greater than the number of PHICH bits that can be
multiplexed onto the PCFICH.
22. The network element of claim 12, wherein the network element is
a primary cell in a wireless telecommunication system that employs
carrier aggregation.
Description
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0001] The present disclosure relates to control channels in
wireless telecommunications systems.
BACKGROUND
[0002] As used herein, the term "user equipment" (alternatively
"UE") might in some cases refer to mobile devices such as mobile
telephones, personal digital assistants, handheld or laptop
computers, and similar devices that have telecommunications
capabilities. Such a UE might include a device and its associated
removable memory module, such as but not limited to a Universal
Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) that includes a Subscriber Identity
Module (SIM) application, a Universal Subscriber Identity Module
(USIM) application, or a Removable User Identity Module (R-UIM)
application. Alternatively, such a UE might include the device
itself without such a module. In other cases, the term "UE" might
refer to devices that have similar capabilities but that are not
transportable, such as desktop computers, set-top boxes, or network
appliances. The term "UE" can also refer to any hardware or
software component that can terminate a communication session for a
user. Also, the terms "user equipment," "UE," "user agent," "UA,"
"user device," and "mobile device" might be used synonymously
herein.
[0003] As telecommunications technology has evolved, more advanced
network access equipment has been introduced that can provide
services that were not possible previously. This network access
equipment might include systems and devices that are improvements
of the equivalent equipment in a traditional wireless
telecommunications system. Such advanced or next generation
equipment may be included in evolving wireless communications
standards, such as long-term evolution (LTE). For example, an LTE
system might include an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (E-UTRAN) node B (eNB), a wireless access point, or a
similar component rather than a traditional base station. Any such
component will be referred to herein as an eNB, but it should be
understood that such a component is not necessarily an eNB. Such a
component may also be referred to herein as an access node.
[0004] LTE may be said to correspond to Third Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 8 (Rel-8 or R8) and Release 9
(Rel-9 or R9), while LTE Advanced (LTE-A) may be said to correspond
to Release 10 (Rel-10 or R10) and possibly also to Release 11
(Rel-11 or R11) and other releases beyond Release 11. As used
herein, the terms "legacy", "legacy UE", and the like might refer
to signals, UEs, and/or other entities that comply with LTE Release
10 and/or earlier releases but do not fully comply with releases
later than Release 10. The terms "advanced", "advanced UE", and the
like might refer to signals, UEs, and/or other entities that comply
with LTE Release 11 and/or later releases. While the discussion
herein deals with LTE systems, the concepts are equally applicable
to other wireless systems as well.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0005] For a more complete understanding of this disclosure,
reference is now made to the following brief description, taken in
connection with the accompanying drawings and detailed description,
wherein like reference numerals represent like parts.
[0006] FIG. 1 is a diagram of frequency division duplex and time
division duplex modes.
[0007] FIG. 2 is a table showing LTE time division duplex
uplink/downlink configurations.
[0008] FIG. 3 is a diagram of a PHICH modulation process.
[0009] FIG. 4 is a diagram of a PCFICH modulation process.
[0010] FIG. 5 is a diagram of generation and detection of the PHICH
and the PCFICH.
[0011] FIG. 6 is a diagram of uplink HARQ linkage in inter-band
carrier aggregation with uplink/downlink configuration 1 on a PCell
and configuration 0 on an SCell.
[0012] FIG. 7 is a simplified block diagram of an exemplary network
element according to one embodiment.
[0013] FIG. 8 is a block diagram with an example user equipment
capable of being used with the systems and methods in the
embodiments described herein.
[0014] FIG. 9 illustrates a processor and related components
suitable for implementing the several embodiments of the present
disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0015] It should be understood at the outset that although
illustrative implementations of one or more embodiments of the
present disclosure are provided below, the disclosed systems and/or
methods may be implemented using any number of techniques, whether
currently known or in existence. The disclosure should in no way be
limited to the illustrative implementations, drawings, and
techniques illustrated below, including the exemplary designs and
implementations illustrated and described herein, but may be
modified within the scope of the appended claims along with their
full scope of equivalents. Embodiments are described herein in the
context of an LTE wireless network or system, but can be adapted
for other wireless networks or systems.
[0016] In an LTE system, downlink and uplink transmissions are
organized into one of two duplex modes, frequency division duplex
(FDD) mode and time division duplex (TDD) mode. The FDD mode uses
paired spectrum where the frequency domain is used to separate the
uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) transmissions. In TDD systems, on the
other hand, unpaired spectrum is used where both UL and DL are
transmitted over the same carrier frequency. The UL and DL are
separated in the time domain. FIG. 1 illustrates both duplex
modes.
[0017] In a 3GPP LTE TDD system, a subframe of a radio frame can be
a downlink, an uplink or a special subframe. The special subframe
comprises downlink and uplink time regions separated by a guard
period for downlink to uplink switching. 3GPP Technical
Specification (TS) 36.211 defines seven different UL/DL
configuration schemes in LTE TDD operations. The schemes are listed
in FIG. 2, where D represents downlink subframes, U represents
uplink subframes, and S represents a special frame. A special frame
includes three parts: the downlink pilot time slot (DwPTS), the
uplink pilot time slot (UpPTS), and the guard period (GP). Downlink
transmissions on the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) may
be made in DL subframes or in the DwPTS portion of the special
subframe.
[0018] As FIG. 2 shows, there are two switching point periodicities
specified in the LTE standard, 5 milliseconds (ms) and 10 ms. 5 ms
switching point periodicity is introduced to support the
co-existence between LTE and low chip rate UTRA TDD systems, and 10
ms switching point periodicity is for the coexistence between LTE
and high chip rate UTRA TDD systems. The supported configurations
cover a wide range of UL/DL allocations from a DL-heavy 1:9 ratio
to a UL-heavy 3:2 ratio. The DL allocations in these ratios include
both DL subframes and special subframes, which can also carry
downlink transmissions in the DwPTS. Compared to FDD, TDD systems
have more flexibility in terms of the proportion of resources
assignable to uplink and downlink communications within a given
assignment of spectrum. Specifically, it is possible to distribute
the radio resources unevenly between the uplink and the downlink.
Such a distribution may allow the radio resources to be utilized
efficiently through the selection of an appropriate UL/DL
configuration based on the interference situation and different
traffic characteristics in the DL and the UL.
[0019] The UL and DL transmissions may not be continuous in an LTE
TDD system. That is, UL or DL transmissions may not occur in every
subframe. Therefore, the data channel transmissions with their
scheduling grant and Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) timing
relationships are separately defined in the 3GPP specifications.
Currently, the HARQ acknowledgement/negative acknowledgement
(ACK/NACK) timing relationship for downlink data channel
transmission is defined by Table 10.1.3.1-1 in 3GPP TS 36.213. This
timing relationship is shown in Table 1 below. Table 1 associates a
UL ACK/NACK transmission at sub-frame n, with a DL PDSCH
transmission at sub-frames n-ki, i=0 to M-1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Downlink HARQ association set index K:
{k.sub.0, k.sub.1, . . . k.sub.M-1} UL-DL Config- Subframe n
uration 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 -- -- 6 -- 4 -- -- 6 -- 4 1 -- -- 7,
6 4 -- -- -- 7, 6 4 -- 2 -- -- 8, 7, 4, -- -- -- -- 8, 7, -- -- 6
4, 6 3 -- -- 7, 6, 11 6, 5 5, 4 -- -- -- -- -- 4 -- -- 12, 8, 7, 6,
5, -- -- -- -- -- -- 11 4, 7 5 -- -- 13, 12, 9, -- -- -- -- -- --
-- 8, 7, 5, 4, 11, 6 6 -- -- 7 7 5 -- -- 7 7 --
[0020] The uplink HARQ ACK/NACK timing linkage with the PUSCH
transmission is listed in Table 8.3-1 of 3GPP TS 36.213, which is
provided as Table 2 below. Table 2 indicates that the Physical HARQ
Indicator Channel (PHICH) carrying an ACK/NACK received in DL
sub-frame i is linked with the UL data transmission in UL sub-frame
i-k, where k is given in Table 2. For UL/DL configuration 0, in
sub-frames 0 and 5, if I.sub.PHICH=1, then k=6. Otherwise k=7. This
is because there may be two ACK/NACKs for a UE transmitted on the
PHICH in subframes 0 and 5.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 k for Uplink HARQ ACK/NACK association TDD
UL/DL Config- subframe number i uration 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 7 or
4 7 or 4 6 6 1 4 6 4 6 2 6 6 3 6 6 6 4 6 6 5 6 6 6 4 7 4 6
[0021] The relationship of a UL grant and/or an ACK/NACK with a UL
transmission/retransmission is listed in Table 8.2 of 3GPP TS
36.213, which is provided as Table 3 below. The UE, upon detection
of a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) with Downlink
Control Information (DCI) format 0 and/or a PHICH transmission in
sub-frame n intended for the UE, sends the corresponding PUSCH
transmission in sub-frame n+k, where k is given in Table 3.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 k for Uplink PUSCH grant association TDD
UL/DL Config- subframe number n uration 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 4 6 4
6 1 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 6 7 7 7 7 5
[0022] For TDD UL/DL configuration 0, if the Least Significant Bit
(LSB) of the UL index in DCI format 0 is set to 1 in sub-frame n or
a PHICH is received in sub-frame n=0 or 5 in the resource
corresponding to I.sub.PHICH=1 or a PHICH is received in sub-frame
n=1 or 6, the UE sends the corresponding Physical Uplink Shared
Channel (PUSCH) transmission in sub-frame n+7. If, for TDD UL/DL
configuration 0, both the Most Significant Bit (MSB) and the LSB of
the UL index in DCI format 0 are set to 1 in sub-frame n, the UE
sends the corresponding PUSCH transmission in both sub-frames n+k
and n+7, where k is given in Table 3.
[0023] It can be seen that both grant and HARQ timing linkage in
TDD are more complicated than the fixed time linkages used in FDD.
Accordingly, TDD usually requires more attention in design.
[0024] The PHICH specified in 3GPP TS 36.211 is used to transmit a
HARQ-ACK, which indicates whether the eNB has correctly received UL
shared channel (UL-SCH) data on the PUSCH. Multiple PHICHs can be
transmitted in the same set of resource elements as a PHICH group.
In the same PHICH group, multiple PHICHs may be multiplexed with
different complex orthogonal Walsh sequences. In the case of a
normal cyclic prefix, eight PHICHs can be multiplexed within one
PHICH group as the length of the sequences is four and the PHICHs
are also multiplexed in the complex domain. For an extended cyclic
prefix, four PHICHs can be multiplexed within a PHICH group with
length-2 Walsh sequences. FIG. 3 illustrates the PHICH modulation
flow at the eNB.
[0025] For PHICH resource configuration, two parameters are
signaled in the Master Information Block (MIB): the PHICH duration
and the number of PHICH groups. The PHICH duration defines the
number of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols
over which the PHICH is distributed. To avoid a dependency on the
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH), the PHICH
duration is independently signaled and can be different from the
control region for the PDCCH. The number of PHICH groups is used to
define the amount of PHICH resources. The correspondence between
PHICH resources and UL-SCH transmission is implicit. That is, there
is a predefined representation rule between the PHICH resource
index and the PUSCH Physical Resource Block (PRB) index
transmitting the UL-SCH. Because there is a PUSCH transmission
without a PDCCH in the case of resource non-adaptive
retransmission, a PHICH resource is linked to the actual PUSCH PRB
index instead of the PDCCH Control Channel Element (CCE) index.
[0026] The PHICH resource is identified by the index pair
(n.sub.PHICH.sup.group,n.sub.PHICH.sup.seq) where
n.sub.PHICH.sup.group is the PHICH group number and
n.sub.PHICH.sup.seq is the orthogonal sequence index within the
group. As PHICH resource is implicitly linked to the PUSCH PRB
index that is used to transmit the corresponding PUSCH, a UE may
derive the assigned index pair with the scheduled PUSCH PRB index.
If a PHICH resource is smaller than the number of PUSCH PRBs or if
multiple users are scheduled in the same PUSCH PRBs, a collision
can happen. That is, the same PHICH resource may be assigned to
multiple UEs. To avoid a collision, a different cyclic shift value
that is indicated in the uplink DCI format may be used to derive
the assigned PHICH resource. The following equations are used to
determine the PHICH group number and the orthogonal sequence index
within the group:
n.sub.PHICH.sup.group=(I.sub.PRB.sub.--.sub.RA.sup.lowest.sup.--.sup.ind-
ex+n.sub.DMRS)mod
N.sub.PHICH.sup.group+I.sub.PHICHN.sub.PHICH.sup.group
n.sub.PHICH.sup.seq=(.left
brkt-bot.I.sub.PRB.sub.--.sub.RA.sup.lowest.sup.--.sup.index/N.sub.PHICH.-
sup.group.right brkt-bot.+n.sub.DRMS)mod 2N.sub.SF.sup.PHICH
[0027] In the above equations, n.sub.DMRS is mapped from the cyclic
shift for a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) field according to
the most recent PDCCH with uplink DCI format, as described in 3GPP
TS 36.212 for the transport block or blocks associated with the
corresponding PUSCH transmission. n.sub.DMRS is set to zero if
there is no PDCCH with uplink DCI format for the same transport
block, and if the initial PUSCH for the same transport block is
semi-persistently scheduled or if the initial PUSCH for the same
transport block is scheduled by a random access response grant.
N.sub.SF.sup.PHICH is the spreading factor size used for PHICH
modulation as described in section 6.9.1 of 3GPP TS 36.211.
I.sub.PRB.sub.--.sub.RA.sup.lowest.sup.--.sup.index is the lowest
PRB index in the first slot of the corresponding PUSCH
transmission. N.sub.PHICH.sup.group is the number of PHICH groups
configured by higher layers as described in section 6.9 of 3GPP TS
36.211.
I PHICH = { 1 for T D D U L / D L configuration 0 with PUSCH
transmission in subframe n = 4 or 9 0 otherwise . ##EQU00001##
[0028] For FDD, the index n.sub.PHICH.sup.group ranges from 0 to
N.sub.PHICH.sup.group-1. For TDD, the number of PHICH groups may
vary between downlink subframes and is given by
m.sub.iN.sub.PHICH.sup.group where m.sub.i is given by Table 4. The
index n.sub.PHICH.sup.group in a downlink subframe with non-zero
PHICH resources ranges from 0 to
m.sub.iN.sub.PHICH.sup.group-1.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 The factor m.sub.i for TDD Uplink- downlink
config- Subframe number i uration 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 1 -- --
-- 2 1 -- -- -- 1 0 1 -- -- 1 0 1 -- -- 1 2 0 0 -- 1 0 0 0 -- 1 0 3
1 0 -- -- -- 0 0 0 1 1 4 0 0 -- -- 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 0 0 -- 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 6 1 1 -- -- -- 1 1 -- -- 1
[0029] The PCFICH is currently used to indicate the number of OFDM
symbols used for transmission of PDCCHs in each subframe. This
number is called the Control Format Indicator (CFI). There are
three different CFI code words used in the current version of LTE
and a fourth one is reserved for future use. Each codeword is 32
bits in length.
[0030] FIG. 4 illustrates the PCFICH modulation flow at an eNB.
[0031] In the current LTE specification, the PCFICH and the PHICH
use different resource elements. The PCFICH takes four Resource
Element Groups (REGs) and the PHICH consumes three REGs. FIG. 5
shows the modulation chain at an eNB and the demodulation chain at
a UE.
[0032] To meet LTE-A requirements, the Rel-10 LTE specification
defines carrier aggregation (CA) for TDD systems. However, the
Rel-10 specification supports CA only with the same UL/DL
configuration on the aggregated carriers because intra-band CA is
prioritized, and having different UL/DL configurations is
impossible to support in intra-band CA, especially when one single
RF chain is used.
[0033] To achieve bandwidth flexibility and coexistence with legacy
TDD systems, inter-band carrier aggregation with different TDD
UL/DL configurations on the carriers from different bands has been
proposed in LTE Rel-11. Many design details, such as supporting
both half duplex and full duplex modes, supporting both separate
scheduling (s-scheduling) and cross-carrier scheduling
(c-scheduling), transmitting the PHICH on the cell carrying the UL
grant, and transmitting the PUCCH only on the primary cell, have
been agreed upon. Some agreements have also been reached on HARQ
timing linkage.
[0034] It should be noted that a component carrier (CC) is also
known as a serving cell or a cell. Furthermore, when multiple CCs
are scheduled, for each UE, one of the CCs is designated as the
primary carrier which is used for PUCCH transmission,
semi-persistent scheduling, etc., while the remaining CCs are
configured as secondary CCs. This primary carrier is also known as
a PCell (Primary cell), while the secondary CC is known as an SCell
(Secondary cell).
[0035] As discussed above, the timing linkage in TDD systems is not
as simple as in FDD systems. The degree of complexity increases
when CA with different TDD configurations is considered. This is
because, with different TDD configurations, there are some time
instances with conflicting subframes among aggregated CCs. For
example, a UL subframe on CC1 may occur at the same time that CC2
has a DL subframe. Also, the timing linkage may be different for
each different TDD configuration and, furthermore, certain control
signals may have to be on a specific carrier. For example, the
PHICH may have to be transmitted on the cell carrying the UL grant.
These conditions may lead to a need to transmit a PUSCH ACK/NACK at
a DL subframe that does not have a PHICH resource configured
according to Table 4 above.
[0036] One of the 3GPP design agreements indicates that the PHICH
can be transmitted only on the cell carrying the UL grant in the
case of inter-band CA with different UL/DL configurations.
Therefore, a PUSCH ACK/NACK may need to be transmitted at a DL
subframe that does not have a PHICH resource configured.
[0037] In an example case, two TDD carriers may be aggregated, the
PCell may be set as UL/DL configuration 1, and the SCell may have
UL/DL configuration 0, in full duplex mode. Based on the 3GPP
design principles, the PCell follows its own UL HARQ timing
relationship, which is configuration 1, and the SCell UL HARQ
follows the timing of configuration 0. In this case, the PCell with
UL/DL configuration 1 is the scheduling cell and carries the UL
grant for the SCell, so the PUSCH ACK/NACK should be on the PCell
as well. FIG. 6 illustrates the UL HARQ timing of the above
scenario. The solid arrows represent the SCell UL grant for
transmission/retransmission, and the dashed arrows represent the UL
HARQ-ACK timing of the SCell.
[0038] It can be seen that the ACK/NACK for PUSCH transmission at
subframe #3 or #4 of the SCell should be at subframe #0 of the
PCell. However, with UL/DL configuration 1, referring to Table 4
above, there is no PHICH resource provisioned in the control region
of PCell subframe #0. The same issue occurs for the PUSCH
transmission at subframes #8 and #9 of the SCell. Additionally,
there is no PHICH resource provisioned at subframe #5 of the
PCell.
[0039] Embodiments of the present disclosure can resolve these
PHICH resource issues by multiplexing the PHICH onto PCFICH
resource elements. The extra PHICH resources created by
multiplexing the PHICH for the carrier aggregation UEs onto the
PCFICH provide the capability to convey up to six ACK/NACKs using
PCFICH resource elements. These extra PHICH resources are
recognized only by CA UEs, that is, UEs capable of operating under
a carrier aggregation scenario. Legacy UEs can still use the same
resources defined in Rel 8/9/10. Therefore, these embodiments are
fully backward compatible.
[0040] In some cases, these embodiments may be used in conjunction
with an adaptive retransmission procedure. In these cases,
retransmission is directly triggered by a UL grant if there is a
need for PUSCH retransmission. In this way, there is no need for an
ACK/NACK transmission if there is no PHICH resource provisioned in
some DL subframes.
[0041] In PCFICH generation, the scrambled bits are given by:
{tilde over (b)}.sup.(CFI)(i)=(b.sup.(CFI)(i)+c(i))mod 2 (1)
where b.sup.(CFM)(i).epsilon.{0,1} denotes the i-th bit in a CFI
sequence for a given CFI value; {c(i)} denotes the scrambling
sequence initialized with c.sub.init=(.left
brkt-bot.n.sub.s/2.right
brkt-bot.+1)(2N.sub.ID.sup.cell+1)2.sup.9+N.sub.ID.sup.cell at the
start of each subframe; and {tilde over (b)}.sup.(CFI)(i) is the
i-th scrambled bit.
[0042] Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation is used to
generate a block of 16 complex-valued symbols {d(k), k=0, 1, . . .
, 15}.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 QPSK modulation mapping {tilde over
(b)}.sup.(CFI) (i), {tilde over (b)}.sup.(CFI) (i + 1) I Q 00
1/{square root over (2)} 1/{square root over (2)} 01 1/{square root
over (2)} -1/{square root over (2)} 10 -1/{square root over (2)}
1/{square root over (2)} 11 -1/{square root over (2)} -1/{square
root over (2)}
[0043] It can be shown that the modulated PCFICH symbols can be
written into the following form:
d ( PCFICH ) ( k ) = 1 2 ( 1 - 2 b ( CFI ) ( 2 k ) ) ( 1 - 2 c ( 2
k ) ) + j 1 2 ( 1 - 2 b ( CFI ) ( 2 k + 1 ) ) ( 1 - 2 c ( 2 k + 1 )
) , k = 0 , 1 , 2 , , 15 ( 2 ) ##EQU00002##
[0044] A PCFICH detection in general is a reversed operation of the
PCFICH generation to find the one with the maximum energy of the
following possible RxCFI correlations:
y ( RxCFI ) = [ k = 0 15 Re { x ( PCFICH ) ( k ) } ( 1 - 2 b (
RxCFI ) ( 2 k ) ) ( 1 - 2 c ( 2 k ) ) ] 2 + [ k = 0 15 Im { x (
PCFICH ) ( k ) } ( 1 - 2 b ( RxCFI ) ( 2 k + 1 ) ) ( 1 - 2 c ( 2 k
+ 1 ) ) ] 2 , RxCFI = 0 , 1 , 2 ( 3 ) ##EQU00003##
where x.sup.(PCFICH)(k) denotes the received signal at PCFICH RE k.
It may be noted that x.sup.(PCFICH)(k)=d.sup.(PCFICH)(k) in an
ideal channel (no noise, no fading, and no phase rotation).
[0045] Also, it is possible to add the real and imaginary parts and
then take the square instead of taking the squares separately and
then summing.
[0046] The detected CFI is given by:
C F I detected = arg max RxCFI .di-elect cons. { 0 , 1 , 2 } ( y (
RxCFI ) ) ( 4 ) ##EQU00004##
[0047] For the PHICH, the channel coding will generate a total of
12 coded bits with three repeated sections, each section having a
length of four. Each PHICH ACK/NACK bit will be repeated 12 times
and then be binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulated, scrambled,
and cover-coded with the PHICH orthogonal sequence. For a given
PHICH sequence, the resulting symbols are given by:
d ( PHICH ) ( k ) = 1 2 ( 1 + j ) w k ( seqIdx ) ( 1 - 2 b ( HI ,
segIdx ) ( k ) ) ( 1 - 2 c ( k ) ) , k = 0 , 1 , 2 , , 11 ( normal
CP ) k = 0 , 1 , 2 , , 5 ( extended CP ) ( 5 ) ##EQU00005##
where w.sub.k.sup.(seqIdx) is the k-th element in the
three-times-repeated orthogonal sequence with sequence index
seqIdx; b.sup.(HI,seqIdx)(k) is a HI bit (for ACK/NACK) associated
with sequence index seqIdx; and c(k) is a cell-specific scrambling
sequence that is the same as that used for PCFICH generation.
[0048] The three-times-repeated orthogonal sequence is formed by
repeating the complex orthogonal Walsh sequence [w(0) . . .
w(N.sub.SF.sup.PHICH-1)] three times and concatenating the
sequences together. The complex orthogonal Walsh sequence is given
by Table 6 below, where the sequence index
seqIdx=n.sub.PHICH.sup.seq corresponds to the PHICH number within
the PHICH group.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Orthogonal sequences [w(0) . . .
w(N.sub.SF.sup.PHICH - 1)] for PHICH. Orthogonal sequence Sequence
index Normal cyclic prefix Extended cyclic prefix
n.sub.PHICH.sup.seq N.sub.SF.sup.PHICH = 4 N.sub.SF.sup.PHICH = 2 0
[+1 +1 +1 +1] [+1 +1] 1 [+1 -1 +1 -1] [+1 -1] 2 [+1 +1 -1 -1] [+j
+j] 3 [+1 -1 -1 +1] [+j -j] 4 [+j +j +j +j] -- 5 [+j -j +j -j] -- 6
[+j +j -j -j] -- 7 [+j -j -j +j] --
[0049] The transmitted PHICH symbols are a summation of PHICH
symbols for multiple PHICH sequences in one PHICH group.
[0050] PHICH detection involves extracting the transmitted PHICH
information from the received channel-equalized symbols. Given a
set of received symbols {x(k)}, the decision variable for PHICH
sequence RxSeqIdx can be written in the following form:
y ( RxseqIdx ) = Re { k ( 1 + j ) H ( w k ( seqIdx ) ) H ( 1 - 2 c
( k ) ) x ( k ) } , k = 0 , 1 , 2 , , 11 ( normal CP ) k = 0 , 1 ,
2 , , 5 ( extended CP ) ( 6 ) ##EQU00006##
where the superscript H denotes a matrix Hermitian operation, which
is equal to a conjugate transpose.
[0051] By comparing PCFICH generation Equation (2) and PHICH
generation Equation (5), a sequence of PHICH symbols orthogonal to
the sequence of PCFICH symbols in Equation (2) can be formulated by
removing the BPSK modulation factor of (1+j) from Equation (5),
replacing (1-2c(k)) by (1-2b.sup.(CFI)(2k)). (1-2c(2k)) for
real-valued w.sub.k(seqIdx), replacing (1-2c(k)) by
(1-2b.sup.(CFI)(2k+1)). (1-2c(2k+1)) for imaginary-valued
w.sub.k.sup.(seqIdx), and extending the length of PHICH spreading
to 16 by repeating the HARQ indicator and Walsh sequence four times
instead of three times.
[0052] The resulting PHICH symbols are given by:
d ( PHICH ) ( k ) = { 1 2 w k ( seqIdx ) ( 1 - 2 b ( HI , seqIdx )
( k ) ) ( 1 - 2 b ( CFI ) ( 2 k ) ) ( 1 - 2 c ( 2 k ) ) , if w k (
seqIdx ) is real 1 2 w k ( seqIdx ) ( 1 - 2 b ( HI , seqIdx ) ( k )
) ( 1 - 2 b ( CFI ) ( 2 k ) ) ( 1 - 2 c ( 2 k + 1 ) ) , otherwise ,
( 7 ) ##EQU00007##
[0053] If Equation (7) is compared with Equation (2), it can be
seen that Equation (7) can be viewed as a generalized extension of
the real or imaginary part of Equation (2) with an additional layer
of covering code w.sub.k.sup.(seqIdx)(1-2b.sup.(HI,seqIdx)(k)). On
the other hand, Equation (2) is a special case of Equation (7) when
b.sup.(HI,seqIdx)(k)=0 and w.sub.k.sup.(seqIdx)=[1,1,1,1 . . . ]
combined with the case when b.sup.(HI,seqIdx)(k)=0 and
w.sub.k.sup.(seqIdx)=[j, j, j, j . . . ]. If an orthogonal Walsh
sequence from Table 6, except sequence number 0 [1,1,1,1] and
sequence number 4 [j,j,j,j] for normal CP or sequence number 0
[1,1] and sequence number 2 [j,j] for extended CP, is used in
Equation (7), and if the CFI hypothesis is correct, the sequence of
PHICH symbols defined in Equation (7) is orthogonal to the sequence
of PCFICH symbols defined in Equation (2).
[0054] As a result, the PHICH symbols defined in Equation (7) can
be transmitted on top of PCFICH symbols defined in Equation (2)
such that the PHICH and the PCFICH share the same set of resource
elements. This may be useful in subframes where there is no
provisioned resource for the PHICH.
[0055] Since the newly added PHICH symbols are differentiated by
the Walsh code and orthogonal to the PCFICH symbols, this solution
is backward compatible. Legacy UEs are still able to decode the
PCFICH. According to CFI detection with Equations (3) and (4) and
the orthogonality of the Walsh code, if the CFI hypothesis is
correct, the overlay PHICH transmission does not affect PCFICH
correlation in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) or when the
frequency selectivity of the channel is not as severe. However,
this overlay PHICH transmission may or may not increase the
correlation value of the CFI detection using Equations (3) and (4),
when the CFI hypothesis is not correct. This may slightly decrease
the CFI detection performance. As the orthogonality of the Walsh
code defined in Table 6 needs to be maintained just in one REG, and
the four resource elements (REs) of one REG are closely located, it
is expected that, in frequency selective fading channel cases, this
solution will have only a limited performance degradation compared
to the flat channel case. This performance degradation can be
overcome by slightly increasing the transmit power on the PCFICH
transmission.
[0056] CA UEs could make use of the extra power corresponding to
the PHICH transmission to improve their PCFICH detection.
[0057] After the PCFICH is correctly detected, the PHICH can be
detected, similarly to Equation (6), by the following equation:
y ( RxseqIdx ) = { Re { k ( w k ( seqIdx ) ) H ( 1 - 2 b ( CFI ) (
2 k ) ) ( 1 - 2 c ( 2 k ) ) x ( k ) } , if w k ( seqIdx ) is real
Re { k ( w k ( seqIdx ) ) H ( 1 - 2 b ( CFI ) ( 2 k + 1 ) ) ( 1 - 2
c ( 2 k + 1 ) ) x ( k ) } , otherwise , ##EQU00008##
[0058] In above equation, (1-2b.sup.(CFI)(2k))(1-2c(2k)) or
(1-2b.sup.(CFI)(2k+1))(1-2c(2k+1)) can be treated as new scrambling
sequences for the overlay PHICH transmission.
[0059] To achieve orthogonality between the overlaying PHICH
transmission and the PCFICH transmission, it can be seen that the
number of sequences available to carry PHICH bits is reduced to six
from eight. This solution enables an eNB to multiplex six PUSCH
HARQ indicators onto a PCFICH channel without using any extra
resource elements. The peak to average power ratio (PAPR) in this
combined PCFICH and PHICH is no worse than in the existing
PHICH.
[0060] In an embodiment, since there is only one PHICH group in
this case and only six PHICHs available, the mapping between the
PUSCH and these new PHICHs may be given by:
n.sub.PHICH.sup.seq=(I.sub.PRB.sub.--.sub.RA.sup.lowest.sup.--.sup.index-
+n.sub.DMRS)mod N
where N is 6 for a normal cyclic prefix and 2 for an extended
cyclic prefix. The other variables use the same notation as
above.
[0061] The sequence index seqIdx=n.sub.PHICH.sup.seq corresponding
to the PHICH number is given by Table 7.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Proposed orthogonal sequence to PHICH
sequence index mapping. Orthogonal sequence Sequence index Normal
cyclic prefix Extended cyclic prefix n.sub.PHICH.sup.seq
N.sub.SF.sup.PHICH = 4 N.sub.SF.sup.PHICH = 2 0 [+1 -1 +1 -1] [+1
-1] 1 [+1 +1 -1 -1] [+j -j] 2 [+1 -1 -1 +1] -- 3 [+j -j +j -j] -- 4
[+j +j -j -j] -- 5 [+j -j -j +j] --
[0062] Alternatively, explicit signaling can be used to define the
mapping between the PUSCH and these new PHICH bits.
[0063] In an embodiment, if there are more than six PHICH bits, the
first six bits can use the approach described above and the rest
can rely on an adaptive retransmission procedure. The adaptive
retransmission procedure uses a UL grant to instruct UEs regarding
PUSCH retransmission. ACK/NACK information can be implicitly
conveyed in this procedure, so there is no need for ACK/NACK
transmission in DL subframes. Legacy UEs will not be impacted,
since this procedure is UE-specific. Moreover, legacy UEs could
also use this scheme if needed.
[0064] In an embodiment, the UL grant uses DCI format 0 transmitted
in the PDCCH and contains a New Data Indicator (NDI). Whenever a
new packet transmission begins, the one-bit NDI is toggled. For
indication of retransmission, the one-bit NDI is kept at the same
value as in the previous DCI 0 grant for the same HARQ process. The
UE receives the UL grant and compares the NDI with the previously
received grant's NDI. If the NDIs are the same, the UE knows that
the UL grant is for the retransmission of the UL-SCH data on the
previous PUSCH.
[0065] With adaptive retransmission, the retransmission Physical
Resource Block (PRB) can be different from the initial PUSCH PRB.
This provides an opportunity to choose more desirable radio
resources based on the current radio channel conditions and may
lead to better performance. However, since the UL grant is
UE-specific, it may become costly, in terms of PDCCH resources, if
there are a significant number of retransmissions relying on this
scheme. Operators could apply a policy to restrict the feature to
important users with high quality of service requirements.
[0066] The above may be implemented by a network element. A
simplified network element is shown with regard to FIG. 7. In FIG.
7, network element 3110 includes a processor 3120 and a
communications subsystem 3130, where the processor 3120 and
communications subsystem 3130 cooperate to perform the methods
described above.
[0067] Further, the above may be implemented by a UE. An example of
a UE is described below with regard to FIG. 8. UE 3200 may comprise
a two-way wireless communication device having voice and data
communication capabilities. In some embodiments, voice
communication capabilities are optional. The UE 3200 generally has
the capability to communicate with other computer systems on the
Internet. Depending on the exact functionality provided, the UE
3200 may be referred to as a data messaging device, a two-way
pager, a wireless e-mail device, a cellular telephone with data
messaging capabilities, a wireless Internet appliance, a wireless
device, a smart phone, a mobile device, or a data communication
device, as examples.
[0068] Where the UE 3200 is enabled for two-way communication, it
may incorporate a communication subsystem 3211, including a
receiver 3212 and a transmitter 3214, as well as associated
components such as one or more antenna elements 3216 and 3218,
local oscillators (LOs) 3213, and a processing module such as a
digital signal processor (DSP) 3220. The particular design of the
communication subsystem 3211 may be dependent upon the
communication network in which the UE 3200 is intended to
operate.
[0069] Network access requirements may also vary depending upon the
type of network 3219. In some networks, network access is
associated with a subscriber or user of the UE 3200. The UE 3200
may require a removable user identity module (RUIM) or a subscriber
identity module (SIM) card in order to operate on a network. The
SIM/RUIM interface 3244 is typically similar to a card slot into
which a SIM/RUIM card may be inserted. The SIM/RUIM card may have
memory and may hold many key configurations 3251 and other
information 3253, such as identification and subscriber-related
information.
[0070] When required network registration or activation procedures
have been completed, the UE 3200 may send and receive communication
signals over the network 3219. As illustrated, the network 3219 may
consist of multiple base stations communicating with the UE
3200.
[0071] Signals received by antenna 3216 through communication
network 3219 are input to receiver 3212, which may perform such
common receiver functions as signal amplification, frequency down
conversion, filtering, channel selection, and the like. Analog to
digital (A/D) conversion of a received signal allows more complex
communication functions, such as demodulation and decoding to be
performed in the DSP 3220. In a similar manner, signals to be
transmitted are processed, including modulation and encoding for
example, by DSP 3220 and are input to transmitter 3214 for digital
to analog (D/A) conversion, frequency up conversion, filtering,
amplification, and transmission over the communication network 3219
via antenna 3218. DSP 3220 not only processes communication signals
but also provides for receiver and transmitter control. For
example, the gains applied to communication signals in receiver
3212 and transmitter 3214 may be adaptively controlled through
automatic gain control algorithms implemented in DSP 3220.
[0072] The UE 3200 generally includes a processor 3238 which
controls the overall operation of the device. Communication
functions, including data and voice communications, are performed
through communication subsystem 3211. Processor 3238 also interacts
with further device subsystems such as the display 3222, flash
memory 3224, random access memory (RAM) 3226, auxiliary
input/output (I/O) subsystems 3228, serial port 3230, one or more
keyboards or keypads 3232, speaker 3234, microphone 3236, other
communication subsystem 3240 such as a short-range communications
subsystem, and any other device subsystems generally designated as
3242. Serial port 3230 may include a USB port or other port
currently known or developed in the future.
[0073] Some of the illustrated subsystems perform
communication-related functions, whereas other subsystems may
provide "resident" or on-device functions. Notably, some
subsystems, such as keyboard 3232 and display 3222, for example,
may be used for both communication-related functions, such as
entering a text message for transmission over a communication
network, and device-resident functions, such as a calculator or
task list.
[0074] Operating system software used by the processor 3238 may be
stored in a persistent store such as flash memory 3224, which may
instead be a read-only memory (ROM) or similar storage element (not
shown). The operating system, specific device applications, or
parts thereof, may be temporarily loaded into a volatile memory
such as RAM 3226. Received communication signals may also be stored
in RAM 3226.
[0075] As shown, flash memory 3224 may be segregated into different
areas for both computer programs 3258 and program data storage
3250, 3252, 3254 and 3256. These different storage types indicate
that each program may allocate a portion of flash memory 3224 for
their own data storage requirements. Processor 3238, in addition to
its operating system functions, may enable execution of software
applications on the UE 3200. A predetermined set of applications
that control basic operations, including at least data and voice
communication applications for example, may typically be installed
on the UE 3200 during manufacturing. Other applications may be
installed subsequently or dynamically.
[0076] Applications and software may be stored on any
computer-readable storage medium. The computer-readable storage
medium may be tangible or in a transitory/non-transitory medium
such as optical (e.g., CD, DVD, etc.), magnetic (e.g., tape), or
other memory currently known or developed in the future.
[0077] One software application may be a personal information
manager (PIM) application having the ability to organize and manage
data items relating to the user of the UE 3200 such as, but not
limited to, e-mail, calendar events, voice mails, appointments, and
task items. One or more memory stores may be available on the UE
3200 to facilitate storage of PIM data items. Such a PIM
application may have the ability to send and receive data items via
the wireless network 3219. Further applications may also be loaded
onto the UE 3200 through the network 3219, an auxiliary I/O
subsystem 3228, serial port 3230, short-range communications
subsystem 3240, or any other suitable subsystem 3242, and installed
by a user in the RAM 3226 or a non-volatile store (not shown) for
execution by the processor 3238. Such flexibility in application
installation may increase the functionality of the UE 3200 and may
provide enhanced on-device functions, communication-related
functions, or both. For example, secure communication applications
may enable electronic commerce functions and other such financial
transactions to be performed using the UE 3200.
[0078] In a data communication mode, a received signal such as a
text message or web page download may be processed by the
communication subsystem 3211 and input to the processor 3238, which
may further process the received signal for output to the display
3222, or alternatively to an auxiliary I/O device 3228.
[0079] A user of the UE 3200 may also compose data items, such as
email messages for example, using the keyboard 3232, which may be a
complete alphanumeric keyboard or telephone-type keypad, among
others, in conjunction with the display 3222 and possibly an
auxiliary I/O device 3228. Such composed items may then be
transmitted over a communication network through the communication
subsystem 3211.
[0080] For voice communications, overall operation of the UE 3200
is similar, except that received signals may typically be output to
a speaker 3234 and signals for transmission may be generated by a
microphone 3236. Alternative voice or audio I/O subsystems, such as
a voice message recording subsystem, may also be implemented on the
UE 3200. Although voice or audio signal output may be accomplished
primarily through the speaker 3234, display 3222 may also be used
to provide an indication of the identity of a calling party, the
duration of a voice call, or other voice call-related information,
for example.
[0081] Serial port 3230 may be implemented in a personal digital
assistant (PDA)-type device for which synchronization with a user's
desktop computer (not shown) may be desirable, but such a port is
an optional device component. Such a port 3230 may enable a user to
set preferences through an external device or software application
and may extend the capabilities of the UE 3200 by providing for
information or software downloads to the UE 3200 other than through
a wireless communication network. The alternate download path may,
for example, be used to load an encryption key onto the UE 3200
through a direct and thus reliable and trusted connection to
thereby enable secure device communication. Serial port 3230 may
further be used to connect the device to a computer to act as a
modem.
[0082] Other communications subsystems 3240, such as a short-range
communications subsystem, are further optional components which may
provide for communication between the UE 3200 and different systems
or devices, which need not necessarily be similar devices. For
example, the subsystem 3240 may include an infrared device and
associated circuits and components or a Bluetooth.TM. communication
module to provide for communication with similarly enabled systems
and devices. Subsystem 3240 may further include non-cellular
communications such as WiFi, WiMAX, near field communication (NFC),
and/or radio frequency identification (RFID). The other
communications element 3240 may also be used to communicate with
auxiliary devices such as tablet displays, keyboards or
projectors.
[0083] The UE and other components described above might include a
processing component that is capable of executing instructions
related to the actions described above. FIG. 9 illustrates an
example of a system 3300 that includes a processing component 3310
suitable for implementing one or more embodiments disclosed herein.
In addition to the processor 3310 (which may be referred to as a
central processor unit or CPU), the system 3300 might include
network connectivity devices 3320, random access memory (RAM) 3330,
read only memory (ROM) 3340, secondary storage 3350, and
input/output (I/O) devices 3360. These components might communicate
with one another via a bus 3370. In some cases, some of these
components may not be present or may be combined in various
combinations with one another or with other components not shown.
These components might be located in a single physical entity or in
more than one physical entity. Any actions described herein as
being taken by the processor 3310 might be taken by the processor
3310 alone or by the processor 3310 in conjunction with one or more
components shown or not shown in the drawing, such as a digital
signal processor (DSP) 3380. Although the DSP 3380 is shown as a
separate component, the DSP 3380 might be incorporated into the
processor 3310.
[0084] The processor 3310 executes instructions, codes, computer
programs, or scripts that it might access from the network
connectivity devices 3320, RAM 3330, ROM 3340, or secondary storage
3350 (which might include various disk-based systems such as hard
disk, floppy disk, or optical disk). While only one CPU 3310 is
shown, multiple processors may be present. Thus, while instructions
may be discussed as being executed by a processor, the instructions
may be executed simultaneously, serially, or otherwise by one or
multiple processors. The processor 3310 may be implemented as one
or more CPU chips.
[0085] The network connectivity devices 3320 may take the form of
modems, modem banks, Ethernet devices, universal serial bus (USB)
interface devices, serial interfaces, token ring devices, fiber
distributed data interface (FDDI) devices, wireless local area
network (WLAN) devices, radio transceiver devices such as code
division multiple access (CDMA) devices, global system for mobile
communications (GSM) radio transceiver devices, universal mobile
telecommunications system (UMTS) radio transceiver devices, long
term evolution (LTE) radio transceiver devices, worldwide
interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) devices, and/or other
well-known devices for connecting to networks. These network
connectivity devices 3320 may enable the processor 3310 to
communicate with the Internet or one or more telecommunications
networks or other networks from which the processor 3310 might
receive information or to which the processor 3310 might output
information. The network connectivity devices 3320 might also
include one or more transceiver components 3325 capable of
transmitting and/or receiving data wirelessly.
[0086] The RAM 3330 might be used to store volatile data and
perhaps to store instructions that are executed by the processor
3310. The ROM 3340 is a non-volatile memory device that typically
has a smaller memory capacity than the memory capacity of the
secondary storage 3350. ROM 3340 might be used to store
instructions and perhaps data that are read during execution of the
instructions. Access to both RAM 3330 and ROM 3340 is typically
faster than to secondary storage 3350. The secondary storage 3350
is typically comprised of one or more disk drives or tape drives
and might be used for non-volatile storage of data or as an
over-flow data storage device if RAM 3330 is not large enough to
hold all working data. Secondary storage 3350 may be used to store
programs that are loaded into RAM 3330 when such programs are
selected for execution.
[0087] The I/O devices 3360 may include liquid crystal displays
(LCDs), touch screen displays, keyboards, keypads, switches, dials,
mice, track balls, voice recognizers, card readers, paper tape
readers, printers, video monitors, or other well-known input/output
devices. Also, the transceiver 3325 might be considered to be a
component of the I/O devices 3360 instead of or in addition to
being a component of the network connectivity devices 3320.
[0088] In an embodiment, a method for communication in a wireless
telecommunication system is provided. The method comprises
multiplexing, by a network element, at least one symbol of a PHICH
onto at least one resource element of a PCFICH.
[0089] In another embodiment, a network element is provided. The
network element comprises a processor configured such that the
network element multiplexes at least one symbol of a PHICH onto at
least one resource element of a PCFICH.
[0090] The following are incorporated herein by reference for all
purposes: 3GPP TS 36.211, 3GPP TS 36.212, and 3GPP TS 36.213.
[0091] The embodiments described herein are examples of structures,
systems or methods having elements corresponding to elements of the
techniques of this application. This written description may enable
those skilled in the art to make and use embodiments having
alternative elements that likewise correspond to the elements of
the techniques of this application. The intended scope of the
techniques of this application thus includes other structures,
systems or methods that do not differ from the techniques of this
application as described herein, and further includes other
structures, systems or methods with insubstantial differences from
the techniques of this application as described herein.
[0092] While several embodiments have been provided in the present
disclosure, it should be understood that the disclosed systems and
methods may be embodied in many other specific forms without
departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The present
examples are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive,
and the intention is not to be limited to the details given herein.
For example, the various elements or components may be combined or
integrated in another system or certain features may be omitted, or
not implemented.
[0093] Also, techniques, systems, subsystems and methods described
and illustrated in the various embodiments as discrete or separate
may be combined or integrated with other systems, modules,
techniques, or methods without departing from the scope of the
present disclosure. Other items shown or discussed as coupled or
directly coupled or communicating with each other may be indirectly
coupled or communicating through some interface, device, or
intermediate component, whether electrically, mechanically, or
otherwise. Other examples of changes, substitutions, and
alterations are ascertainable by one skilled in the art and could
be made without departing from the spirit and scope disclosed
herein.
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