U.S. patent application number 13/902062 was filed with the patent office on 2014-06-12 for sirt inhibitors that bind to nad.
This patent application is currently assigned to ELIXIR PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.. The applicant listed for this patent is Rory Curtis, Peter DiStefano, Jeffrey Hixon, L. Julie Huber, Thomas E. McDonagh, Andrew D. Napper, Jean-francois Pons, Jonathan M. Solomon, Russel J. Thomas. Invention is credited to Rory Curtis, Peter DiStefano, Jeffrey Hixon, L. Julie Huber, Thomas E. McDonagh, Andrew D. Napper, Jean-francois Pons, Jonathan M. Solomon, Russel J. Thomas.
Application Number | 20140163029 13/902062 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 36060677 |
Filed Date | 2014-06-12 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140163029 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Napper; Andrew D. ; et
al. |
June 12, 2014 |
SirT INHIBITORS THAT BIND TO NAD
Abstract
Compound of formula (I) ##STR00001## and methods of treating
disorders by administering a compound of formula (I) are described
herein. Examples of disorders include neoplastic disorders,
fat-cell related disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and
metabolic disorders.
Inventors: |
Napper; Andrew D.; (Chadds
Ford, PA) ; DiStefano; Peter; (Cambridge, MA)
; Curtis; Rory; (Ashland, MA) ; Hixon;
Jeffrey; (Salisbury, MA) ; McDonagh; Thomas E.;
(Acton, MA) ; Huber; L. Julie; (Newton, MA)
; Solomon; Jonathan M.; (Somerville, MA) ; Thomas;
Russel J.; (Wootton, GB) ; Pons; Jean-francois;
(Abingdon, GB) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Napper; Andrew D.
DiStefano; Peter
Curtis; Rory
Hixon; Jeffrey
McDonagh; Thomas E.
Huber; L. Julie
Solomon; Jonathan M.
Thomas; Russel J.
Pons; Jean-francois |
Chadds Ford
Cambridge
Ashland
Salisbury
Acton
Newton
Somerville
Wootton
Abingdon |
PA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA |
US
US
US
US
US
US
US
GB
GB |
|
|
Assignee: |
ELIXIR PHARMACEUTICALS,
INC.
Cambridge
MA
|
Family ID: |
36060677 |
Appl. No.: |
13/902062 |
Filed: |
May 24, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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12423751 |
Apr 14, 2009 |
8486990 |
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13902062 |
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11077664 |
Mar 11, 2005 |
|
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12423751 |
|
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|
10940269 |
Sep 13, 2004 |
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11077664 |
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60502811 |
Sep 12, 2003 |
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60531443 |
Dec 19, 2003 |
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60560509 |
Apr 7, 2004 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
514/235.2 ;
514/254.09; 514/292; 514/411; 514/419 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07D 209/18 20130101;
A61P 3/10 20180101; A61K 31/437 20130101; A61P 3/04 20180101; A61P
3/06 20180101; A61P 9/10 20180101; C07D 209/88 20130101; A61P 25/28
20180101; A61P 9/12 20180101; C07D 471/04 20130101; A61P 43/00
20180101; A61K 31/4439 20130101; C07D 209/94 20130101; A61K 31/404
20130101; A61K 31/403 20130101; A61K 31/497 20130101; A61K 31/5377
20130101; A61P 35/00 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
514/235.2 ;
514/411; 514/419; 514/254.09; 514/292 |
International
Class: |
C07D 471/04 20060101
C07D471/04; C07D 209/94 20060101 C07D209/94; C07D 209/18 20060101
C07D209/18; C07D 209/88 20060101 C07D209/88 |
Claims
1. A method of treating a neurodegenerative disease or disorder in
which the neurodegenerative disorder can be mediated at least in
part by polyglutamine aggregation, the method comprising
administering a compound of formula (XI): ##STR00013## wherein;
R.sup.6 is halo, hydroxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6
haloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkoxy,
C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl, C.sub.5-C.sub.10 heteroaryl,
C.sub.7-C.sub.12 aralkyl, C.sub.7-C.sub.12 heteroaralkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.8 heterocyclyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkenyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkynyl, C.sub.5-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl,
C.sub.5-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl, carboxy, carboxylate, cyano,
nitro, amino, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl amino, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 dialkyl
amino, mercapto, SO.sub.3H, sulfate, S(O)NH.sub.2,
S(O).sub.2NH.sub.2, phosphate, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylenedioxy, oxo,
acyl, aminocarbonyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl aminocarbonyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6 dialkyl aminocarbonyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.10
alkoxycarbonyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.10 thioalkoxycarbonyl,
hydrazinocarbonyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl hydrazinocarbonyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6 dialkyl hydrazinocarbonyl, hydroxyaminocarbonyl; or
alkoxyaminocarbonyl; and p is 0, 1, or 2.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein R.sup.6 is halo, C.sub.1-C.sub.6
alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkyl or C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkoxy.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein R.sup.6 is halo or
C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein R.sup.6 is chloro or methyl.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is
6-Chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid
amide.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease is Huntington's
disease, Spinalbulbar Muscular Atrophy (SBMA or Kennedy's Disease)
Dentatorubropallidoluysian Atrophy (DRPLA), Spinocerebellar Ataxia
1 (SCA1), Spinocerebellar Ataxia 2 (SCA2), Machado-Joseph Disease
(MJD; SCA3), Spinocerebellar Ataxia 6 (SCA6), Spinocerebellar
Ataxia 7 (SCAT), or Spinocerebellar Ataxia 12 (SCA12).
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease is Huntington's
disease.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is present in a
composition comprising a racemic mixture of a compound of formula
(XI).
Description
CLAIM OF PRIORITY
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No.
12/423,751, filed on Apr. 14, 2009, which is a divisional of U.S.
Ser. No. 11/077,664 filed on Mar. 11, 2005, which claims priority
under 35 USC .sctn.119(e) to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No.
60/502,811, filed on Sep. 12, 2003, U.S. Patent Application Ser.
No. 60/531,443, filed on Dec. 19, 2003, and U.S. Patent Application
Ser. No. 60/560,509, filed on Apr. 7, 2004, and is a
continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/940,269, filed Sep. 13, 2004, the entire contents of each of
which are hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The Sir2 protein is a deacetylase which uses NAD as a
cofactor (Imai et al., 2000; Moazed, 2001; Smith et al., 2000;
Tanner et al., 2000; Tanny and Moazed, 2001). Unlike other
deacetylases, many of which are involved in gene silencing, Sir2 is
insensitive to histone deacetylase inhibitors like trichostatin A
(TSA) (Imai et al., 2000; Landry et al., 2000a; Smith et al.,
2000).
SUMMARY
[0003] The invention relates to substituted heterocyclic compounds,
compositions comprising the compounds, and methods of using the
compounds and compound compositions. The compounds and compositions
comprising them are useful for treating disease or disease
symptoms, including those mediated by sirtuin, e.g., SIRT1,
mediated deacetylation.
[0004] In one aspect, this invention relates to a method for
treating or preventing a disorder in a subject, e.g., a disorder
described herein. The method includes administering to the subject
an effective amount of a compound having a formula (I):
##STR00002##
[0005] wherein,
[0006] R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, together with the carbons to which they
are attached, form C.sub.5-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl, C.sub.5-C.sub.10
heterocyclyl, C.sub.5-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl, C.sub.5-C.sub.10
heterocycloalkenyl, C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl, or C.sub.5-C.sub.10
heteroaryl, each of which may be optionally substituted with 1-5
R.sup.5; or R.sup.1 is H, S-alkyl, or S-aryl, and R.sup.2 is
amidoalkyl wherein the nitrogen is substituted with alkyl, aryl, or
arylalkyl, each of which is optionally further substituted with
alkyl, halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy;
[0007] R.sup.3 and R.sup.4, together with the carbons to which they
are attached, form C.sub.5-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl, C.sub.5-C.sub.10
heterocyclyl, C.sub.5-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl, C.sub.5-C.sub.10
heterocycloalkenyl, C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl, or C.sub.5-C.sub.10
heteroaryl, each of which may be optionally substituted with 1-5
R.sup.6;
[0008] each of R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is, independently, halo,
hydroxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkoxy,
C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl, C.sub.5-C.sub.10 heteroaryl,
C.sub.7-C.sub.12 aralkyl, C.sub.7-C.sub.12 heteroaralkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.8 heterocyclyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkenyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkynyl, C.sub.5-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl,
C.sub.5-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl, carboxy, carboxylate, cyano,
nitro, amino, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl amino, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 dialkyl
amino, mercapto, SO.sub.3H, sulfate, S(O)NH.sub.2,
S(O).sub.2NH.sub.2, phosphate, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylenedioxy, oxo,
acyl, aminocarbonyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl aminocarbonyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6 dialkyl aminocarbonyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.10
alkoxycarbonyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.10 thioalkoxycarbonyl,
hydrazinocarbonyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl hydrazinocarbonyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6 dialkyl hydrazinocarbonyl, hydroxyaminocarbonyl;
alkoxyaminocarbonyl; or one of R.sup.5 or R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 form
a cyclic moiety containing 4-6 carbons, 1-3 nitrogens, 0-2 oxygens
and 0-2 sulfurs, which may be optionally substituted with oxo or
C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl;
[0009] X is NR.sup.7, O, or S; Y is NR.sup.7, O or S;
[0010] - - - - represent optional double bonds;
[0011] each of R.sup.7 and R.sup.7' is, independently, hydrogen,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.7-C.sub.12 arylalkyl, C.sub.7-C.sub.12
heteroarylalkyl; or Wand one of R.sup.5 or R.sup.6 form a cyclic
moiety containing 4-6 carbons, 1-3 nitrogens, 0-2 oxygens and 0-2
sulfurs, which may be optionally substituted with oxo or
C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl; and n is 0 or 1.
[0012] Embodiments can include one or more of the following.
[0013] In certain embodiments, n can be 1.
[0014] X can be NR.sup.7 and Y can be NR.sup.7'. R.sup.7 and
R.sup.7' can each be, e.g., hydrogen or CH.sub.3. One of R.sup.7
and R.sup.7' can be hydrogen and the other can be CH.sub.3.
[0015] R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can form C.sub.5-C.sub.10
cycloalkenyl.
[0016] R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can form C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl.
[0017] R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can form C.sub.5-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl,
which may be substituted with R.sup.5, and
[0018] R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 can form C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl, which
may be substituted with R.sup.6.
[0019] In certain embodiments, the cycloalkenyl double bond can be
between the carbon attached to R.sup.1 and the carbon attached to
R.sup.2. C.sub.5-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl, e.g., C.sub.6 or C.sub.7
cycloalkenyl, can be substituted with R.sup.5 and C.sub.6-C.sub.10
aryl can be substituted with R.sup.6.
[0020] R.sup.6 can be halo (e.g., chloro or bromo), C.sub.1-C.sub.6
alkyl (e.g., CH.sub.3), C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkyl (e.g., CF.sub.3)
or C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkoxy (e.g., OCF.sub.3). R.sup.5 can be for
example, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl substituted with a substituent such
as an amino substituent, or aminocarbonyl (for example a
substituted aminocarbonyl, substituted with substituents such an
aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocylcloalkyl, aminocarbonyl,
alkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl or other substituents. In each
instances, the substituents can be further substituted with other
substituents.).
[0021] n can be 0.
[0022] R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can form C.sub.5-C.sub.10
cycloalkenyl.
[0023] R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can form C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl.
[0024] X can be NR.sup.7, and R.sup.7 can be, e.g., hydrogen or
CH.sub.3.
[0025] R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can form C.sub.5-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl,
which may be substituted with R.sup.5, and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 can
form C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl, which may be substituted with
R.sup.6.
[0026] In certain embodiments, the cycloalkenyl double bond can be
between the carbon attached to R.sup.1 and the carbon attached to
R.sup.2. C.sub.5-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl, e.g., C.sub.6 or C.sub.7
cycloalkenyl, can be substituted with R.sup.5 and C.sub.6-C.sub.10
aryl can be substituted with R.sup.6.
[0027] R.sup.6 can be halo (e.g., chloro), C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl
(e.g., CH.sub.3), C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkyl (e.g., CF.sub.3) or
C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkoxy (e.g., OCF.sub.3). R.sup.5 can be
aminocarbonyl.
[0028] n can be 0.
[0029] R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can form C.sub.5-C.sub.10
cycloalkenyl.
[0030] R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can form C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl.
[0031] X can be NR.sup.7, and R.sup.7 can be, e.g., hydrogen or
CH.sub.3.
[0032] R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can form C.sub.5-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl,
which may be substituted with R.sup.5, and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 can
form C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl, which may be substituted with
R.sup.6.
[0033] In certain embodiments, the cycloalkenyl double bond can be
between the carbon attached to R.sup.1 and the carbon attached to
R.sup.2. C.sub.5-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl, e.g., C.sub.6 or C.sub.7
cycloalkenyl, can be substituted with R.sup.5 and C.sub.6-C.sub.10
aryl can be substituted with R.sup.6. These compounds may have
formula (II) or formula (III):
##STR00003##
[0034] R.sup.6 can be halo (e.g., chloro or bromo), C.sub.1-C.sub.6
alkyl (e.g., CH.sub.3), C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkyl (e.g., CF.sub.3)
or C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkoxy (e.g., OCF.sub.3). R.sup.5 can be
aminocarbonyl. The compound may be a compound selected from FIG. 1
or compounds (IV), (V), (VI), or (VII).
##STR00004##
[0035] In one instance, the compound can be a compound of formula
(VI) having a high enantiomeric excess of a single isomer, wherein
the optical rotation of the predominant isomer is negative, for
example, -14.1 (c=0.33, DCM) or, for example,
[.alpha.].sub.D.sup.25 -41.2.degree. (c 0.96, CH.sub.3OH). In a
second instance, the compound can be a compound of formula (IV)
having a high enantiomeric excess of a single isomer, wherein the
optical rotation of the predominant isomer is negative. In some
instances, a compound of formula (IV), (V), or (VII) is
administered having a high enantiomeric excess of a single isomer,
where the predominant isomer has the same absolute configuration as
the negative isomer of the compound of formula (VI) as corresponds
to the asterisk carbon shown above.
[0036] The compound can preferentially inhibit SIRT1 relative to a
non-SIRT1 sirtuin, e.g., at least a 1.5, 2, 5, or 10 fold
preference. The compound can have a Ki for SIRT1 that is less than
500, 100, 50, or 40 nM.
[0037] In some instances, the compound reduces the activity of a
FOXO transcription factor such as FoxO1 or FoxO3.
[0038] The amount can be effective to ameliorate at least one
symptom of the disorder. The disease or disorder can be, e.g., an
age-associated disorder, a geriatric disorder, a disorder having an
age-associated susceptibility factor, a neoplastic disorder, a
non-neoplastic disorder, a neurological disorder, a cardiovascular
disorder, a metabolic disorder, a dermatological disorder, or a
dermatological tissue condition. In one embodiment, the disease or
disorder can be a neurodegenerative disease or disorder in which
the neurodegenerative disorder can be mediated at least in part by
polyglutamine aggregation, e.g., Huntington's disease, Spinalbulbar
Muscular Atrophy (SBMA or Kennedy's Disease)
Dentatorubropallidoluysian Atrophy (DRPLA), Spinocerebellar Ataxia
1 (SCA1), Spinocerebellar Ataxia 2 (SCA2), Machado-Joseph Disease
(MJD; SCA3), Spinocerebellar Ataxia 6 (SCA6), Spinocerebellar
Ataxia 7 (SCAT), and Spinocerebellar Ataxia 12 (SCA12). The
neurodegenerative disorder can be Parkinson's or Alzheimer's.
[0039] The disease or disorder can be associated with or mediated
at least in part by a sirtuin, e.g., the disease or disorder can be
associated with or mediated at least in part by sirtuin-mediated
deacetylation, e.g., excessive sirtuin activity or excessive levels
of deacetylated p53, FoxO1, or FoxO3. The sirtuin can be SIRT1,
e.g., human SIRT1.
[0040] The disease or disorder can be cancer. The amount can be,
e.g., effective to reduce cancer or tumor cell mass, risk of
metastasis, or rate of tumor cell growth. The amount can be
effective to modulate (e.g., increase) apoptosis.
[0041] The disease or disorder can be a metabolic disease, such as
metabolic syndrome or diabetes (e.g., type I diabetes or type II
diabetes). The amount can be, for example, effective to increase
insulin sensitivity, increase insulin secretion, or otherwise or
lower levels of glucose. In some instances, the disease or disorder
is related to a metabolic disease, such as cardiac disorder related
diabetes.
[0042] The disease or disorder can be a fat related disorder such
as obesity or dislipidemia or hyperlipidemia. The amount can be,
for example, effective to reduce weight in a subject or to prevent
weight gain in a subject.
[0043] The disease or disorder can be a neurological disorder such
as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease. The amount can be,
for example, effective to reduce one or more symptoms of the
neurological disorder.
[0044] The method can include administering the compound more than
once, e.g., repeatedly administering the compound. The compound can
be administered in one or more boluses or continuous. The compound
can be administered from without (e.g., by injection, ingestion,
inhalation, etc), or from within, e.g., by an implanted device.
[0045] The method can include administering the compound
locally.
[0046] The amount can be effective to increase acetylation of a
sirtuin substrate (e.g., a nuclear protein, e.g., a histone or a
transcription factor, e.g., p53, FoxO1, or FoxO3) in at least some
cells of the subject.
[0047] The subject can be a mammal, e.g., a human.
[0048] The subject can be identified as being in need of such
treatment or prevention.
[0049] The method further can further include identifying a subject
in need of such treatment, e.g., by evaluating sirtuin activity in
a cell of the subject, evaluating nucleotide identity in a nucleic
acid of the subject that encodes a sirtuin, evaluating the subject
for neoplastic cells or a neoplastic growth (e.g., a tumor),
evaluating the genetic composition or expression of genes in a cell
of the subject, e.g., a tumor biopsy.
[0050] The method can further include monitoring the subject, e.g.,
imaging the subject, evaluating tumor size in the subject,
evaluating sirtuin activity in a cell of the subject, evaluating
the subject for side effects, e.g., renal function.
[0051] In another aspect, this invention relates to a method of
inhibiting sirtuin-mediated deacetylation of a substrate, such as a
FoxO transcription factor. The method includes contacting a sirtuin
with a compound of formula (I). The inhibiting can occur in vitro,
in cell-free medium, in cell culture, or in an organism, e.g., a
mammal, preferably a human.
[0052] In a further aspect, this invention relates to a method for
evaluating a plurality of compounds, the method includes: a)
providing library of compound that comprises a plurality of
compounds, each having a formula (I); and b) for each of a
plurality of compounds from the library, i) contacting the compound
to a sirtuin test protein that comprises a functional deacetylase
domain of a sirtuin; and ii) evaluating interaction between the
compound and the sirtuin test protein in the presence of the
compound.
[0053] Embodiments can include one or more of the following.
[0054] In one embodiment, evaluating the interaction between the
compound and the sirtuin test protein includes evaluating enzymatic
activity of the sirtuin test protein.
[0055] In one embodiment, evaluating the interaction between the
compound and the sirtuin test protein includes evaluating a binding
interaction between the compound and the sirtuin test protein
[0056] The method can further include selecting, based on results
of the evaluating, a compound that modulates deacetylase activity
for a substrate. The substrate can be an acetylated lysine amino
acid, an acetylated transcription factor (e.g., p53, FoxO1, or
FoxO3) or an acetylated peptide thereof, an acetylated histone or
an acetylated peptide thereof.
[0057] The method may also further include selecting, based on
results of the evaluating, a compound that modulates sirtuin
deacetylase activity of a substrate.
[0058] The method may also further include selecting, based on
results of the evaluating, a compound that modulates the
sirtuin.
[0059] In one aspect, this invention relates to a conjugate that
includes: a targeting agent and a compound, wherein the targeting
agent and the compound are covalently linked, and the compound has
a formula (I).
[0060] Embodiments can include one or more of the following.
[0061] The targeting agent can be an antibody, e.g., specific for a
cell surface protein, e.g., a cancer-specific antigen.
[0062] The targeting agent can be a synthetic peptide.
[0063] The targeting agent can be a domain of a naturally occurring
protein.
[0064] In another aspect, this invention relates to a kit which
includes: a compound described herein, and instructions for use for
treating a disease described herein. The kit may further include a
printed material comprising a rendering of the structure of the
name of the compound.
[0065] In another aspect, this invention relates to a method of
analyzing or designing structures, the method includes: providing a
computer-generated image or structure (preferably a three
dimensional image or structure) for a compound described herein,
e.g., a compound of formula I, providing a computer-generated image
or structure (preferably a three dimensional image or structure)
for a second compound, e.g., another compound described herein,
(e.g., a compound of formula I, NAD) or a target, e.g., e.g., a
sirtuin (e.g., a human sirtuin, e.g., SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3, SIRT4,
SIRT5, SIRT6, or SIRT7), or an off-target molecule, e.g., a sirtuin
other than SIRT1, e.g., SIRT2 or SIRT3, or non-sirtuin histone
deacetylase; and comparing the structure of the first and second
compound, e.g., comparing the structure, e.g., a parameter related
to bond angle, inter- or intra-molecular distance, position of an
atom or moiety; e.g., a first or second generation compound--the
predicted ability of compound to interact or inhibit a target or
off-target molecule.
[0066] In a preferred embodiment, the structure is further
evaluated in vitro, in vivo, or in silico with target or off-target
molecule.
[0067] In a further aspect, this invention relates to a database,
which includes: information about or identifying the structure,
information about activity of the structure, e.g., in vitro, in
vivo or in silico, e.g., at least 5, 10, 50, or 100 records.
[0068] In one aspect, this invention relates to a database, which
includes a plurality of records, each record having: a) information
about or identifying a compound that has a structure described
herein, e.g., a structure of formula I; and b) information about a
parameter of a patient, the parameter relating to a neoplastic
disorder or a neurodegenerative disorder, e.g. a patient
parameter.
[0069] In one aspect, this invention relates to a method of
evaluating a compound, the method includes: providing a first
compound that has a structure of formula I, or a data record having
information about the structure; providing a second compound that
has a structure of formula I or not having formula I, or a data
record having information about the structure; evaluating a first
compound and the second compound, e.g., in vivo, in vitro, or in
silico; and comparing the ability of a second compound to interact,
e.g., inhibit a sirtuin, e.g., SIRT1, with a first compound,
thereby evaluating ability of the second compound to interact with
SIRT1. [0070] In other aspects, the invention relates to a
composition comprising a compound of any of the formulae herein,
and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition may
contain an additional therapeutic agent, e.g., an anti-tumor agent
or a neurodegenerative disease agent. Also within the scope of this
invention is the use of such a composition for the manufacture of a
medicament for the just-mentioned use.
[0071] In another aspect, the invention is a method for treating or
preventing a disease characterized by unwanted cell proliferation,
e.g., cancer, e.g., a p53 dependent cancer or a p53 independent
cancer, in a subject. The method includes administering a SIRT1
antagonist. For example, the SIRT1 antagonist can be one or more
of: antisense of SIRT1, RNAi, an antibody, an intrabody, and other
compounds identified by a method described herein, e.g., compounds
that induce apoptosis in a SIRT1 expressing cell.
[0072] In a preferred embodiment, the method includes administering
a SIRT1 antagonist in combination with one or more therapeutic
agents, e.g., a therapeutic agent or agent for treating unwanted
cell proliferation. The therapeutic agents include, for example,
one or more of a chemotherapeutic agent, a radioisotope, and a
cytotoxin. Examples of chemotherapeutic agents include taxol,
cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide,
vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, busulfan, cisplatin,
doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone,
mithramycin, chlorambucil, gemcitabine, actinomycin, procaine,
tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, puromycin, maytansinoids and
analogs or homologs thereof. Additional therapeutic agents include,
but are not limited to, antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate,
6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, 5-fluorouracil
decarbazine), alkylating agents (e.g., mechlorethamine, thioepa
chlorambucil, CC-1065, melphalan, carmustine (BSNU) and lomustine
(CCNU), cyclothosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol,
streptozotocin, mitomycin C, and cis-dichlorodiamine platinum (II)
(DDP) cisplatin), anthracyclines (e.g., daunorubicin (formerly
daunomycin) and doxorubicin), antibiotics (e.g., dactinomycin
(formerly actinomycin), bleomycin, mithramycin, and anthramycin
(AMC)), and anti-mitotic agents (e.g., vincristine, vinblastine,
taxol and maytansinoids). Radioisotopes can include alpha, beta
and/or gamma emitters. Examples of radioisotopes include
.sup.212Bi, .sup.213Bi, .sup.131I, .sup.211At, .sup.186Re, .sup.90Y
and .sup.117Lu.
[0073] The SIRT1 antagonist and the therapeutic agents can be
administered simultaneously or sequentially. [0074] Also within the
scope of this invention is a packaged product. The packaged product
includes a container, one of the aforementioned compounds in the
container, and a legend (e.g., a label or insert) associated with
the container and indicating administration of the compound for
treating a disorder described herein (e.g., cancer or
neurodegenerative disorders), diseases, or disease symptoms,
including any of those delineated herein.
[0075] The subject can be a mammal, preferably a human. The subject
can also be a non-human subject, e.g., an animal model. In certain
embodiments the method can further include identifying a subject.
Identifying a subject in need of such treatment can be in the
judgment of a subject or a health care professional and can be
subjective (e.g., opinion) or objective (e.g., measurable by a test
or diagnostic method).
[0076] The term "mammal" includes organisms, which include mice,
rats, cows, sheep, pigs, rabbits, goats, and horses, monkeys, dogs,
cats, and preferably humans.
[0077] The term "treating" or "treated" refers to administering a
compound described herein to a subject with the purpose to cure,
heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve, or
affect a disease, e.g., an infection, the symptoms of the disease
or the predisposition toward the disease.
[0078] An effective amount of the compound described above may
range from about 0.1 mg/Kg to about 500 mg/Kg, alternatively from
about 1 to about 50 mg/Kg. Effective doses will also vary depending
on route of administration, as well as the possibility of co-usage
with other agents.
[0079] The term "halo" or "halogen" refers to any radical of
fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
[0080] The term "alkyl" refers to a hydrocarbon chain that may be a
straight chain or branched chain, containing the indicated number
of carbon atoms. For example, C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl indicates that
the group may have from 1 to 12 (inclusive) carbon atoms in it. The
term "haloalkyl" refers to an alkyl in which one or more hydrogen
atoms are replaced by halo, and includes alkyl moieties in which
all hydrogens have been replaced by halo (e.g., perfluoroalkyl).
The terms "arylalkyl" or "aralkyl" refer to an alkyl moiety in
which an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an aryl group. Aralkyl
includes groups in which more than one hydrogen atom has been
replaced by an aryl group. Examples of "arylalkyl" or "aralkyl"
include benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 9-fluorenyl,
benzhydryl, and trityl groups.
[0081] The term "alkylene" refers to a divalent alkyl, e.g.,
--CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, and
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--.
[0082] The term "alkenyl" refers to a straight or branched
hydrocarbon chain containing 2-12 carbon atoms and having one or
more double bonds. Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not
limited to, allyl, propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-hexenyl and 3-octenyl
groups. One of the double bond carbons may optionally be the point
of attachment of the alkenyl substituent. The term "alkynyl" refers
to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing 2-12 carbon
atoms and characterized in having one or more triple bonds.
Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to,
ethynyl, propargyl, and 3-hexynyl. One of the triple bond carbons
may optionally be the point of attachment of the alkynyl
substituent.
[0083] The terms "alkylamino" and "dialkylamino" refer to
--NH(alkyl) and --NH(alkyl).sub.2 radicals respectively. The term
"aralkylamino" refers to a --NH(aralkyl) radical. The term
alkylaminoalkyl refers to a (alkyl)NH-alkyl- radical; the term
dialkylaminoalkyl refers to a (alkyl).sub.2N-alkyl- radical The
term "alkoxy" refers to an --O-alkyl radical. The term "mercapto"
refers to an SH radical. The term "thioalkoxy" refers to an
--S-alkyl radical. The term thioaryloxy refers to an --S-aryl
radical.
[0084] The term "aryl" refers to an aromatic monocyclic, bicyclic,
or tricyclic hydrocarbon ring system, wherein any ring atom capable
of substitution can be substituted (e.g., by one or more
substituents). Examples of aryl moieties include, but are not
limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, and anthracenyl.
[0085] The term "cycloalkyl" as employed herein includes saturated
cyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or polycyclic hydrocarbon groups
having 3 to 12 carbons. Any ring atom can be substituted (e.g., by
one or more substituents). The cycloalkyl groups can contain fused
rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom.
Examples of cycloalkyl moieties include, but are not limited to,
cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, methylcyclohexyl, adamantyl, and
norbornyl.
[0086] The term "heterocyclyl" refers to a nonaromatic 3-10
membered monocyclic, 8-12 membered bicyclic, or 11-14 membered
tricyclic ring system having 1-3 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6
heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-9 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said
heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S (e.g., carbon atoms and 1-3,
1-6, or 1-9 heteroatoms of N, O, or S if monocyclic, bicyclic, or
tricyclic, respectively). The heteroatom may optionally be the
point of attachment of the heterocyclyl substituent. Any ring atom
can be substituted (e.g., by one or more substituents). The
heterocyclyl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings
that share a common carbon atom. Examples of heterocyclyl include,
but are not limited to, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl,
piperidinyl, morpholino, pyrrolinyl, pyrimidinyl, quinolinyl, and
pyrrolidinyl.
[0087] The term "cycloalkenyl" refers to partially unsaturated,
nonaromatic, cyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or polycyclic hydrocarbon
groups having 5 to 12 carbons, preferably 5 to 8 carbons. The
unsaturated carbon may optionally be the point of attachment of the
cycloalkenyl substituent. Any ring atom can be substituted (e.g.,
by one or more substituents). The cycloalkenyl groups can contain
fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom.
Examples of cycloalkenyl moieties include, but are not limited to,
cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, or norbornenyl.
[0088] The term "heterocycloalkenyl" refers to a partially
saturated, nonaromatic 5-10 membered monocyclic, 8-12 membered
bicyclic, or 11-14 membered tricyclic ring system having 1-3
heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-9
heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S
(e.g., carbon atoms and 1-3, 1-6, or 1-9 heteroatoms of N, O, or S
if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic, respectively). The
unsaturated carbon or the heteroatom may optionally be the point of
attachment of the heterocycloalkenyl substituent. Any ring atom can
be substituted (e.g., by one or more substituents). The
heterocycloalkenyl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are
rings that share a common carbon atom. Examples of
heterocycloalkenyl include but are not limited to tetrahydropyridyl
and dihydropyranyl.
[0089] The term "heteroaryl" refers to an aromatic 5-8 membered
monocyclic, 8-12 membered bicyclic, or 11-14 membered tricyclic
ring system having 1-3 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6 heteroatoms
if bicyclic, or 1-9 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms
selected from O, N, or S (e.g., carbon atoms and 1-3, 1-6, or 1-9
heteroatoms of N, O, or S if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic,
respectively). Any ring atom can be substituted (e.g., by one or
more substituents).
[0090] The term "oxo" refers to an oxygen atom, which forms a
carbonyl when attached to carbon, an N-oxide when attached to
nitrogen, and a sulfoxide or sulfone when attached to sulfur.
[0091] The term "acyl" refers to an alkylcarbonyl,
cycloalkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, or
heteroarylcarbonyl substituent, any of which may be further
substituted (e.g., by one or more substituents).
[0092] The terms "aminocarbonyl," alkoxycarbonyl,"
hydrazinocarbonyl, and hydroxyaminocarbonyl refer to the radicals
--C(O)NH.sub.2, --C(O)O(alkyl), --C(O)NH.sub.2NH.sub.2, and
--C(O)NH.sub.2NH.sub.2, respectively.
[0093] The term "amindo" refers to a --NHC(O)-- radical, wherein N
is the point of attachment.
[0094] The term "substituents" refers to a group "substituted" on
an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl,
heterocycloalkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group at any
atom of that group. Any atom can be substituted. Suitable
substituents include, without limitation, alkyl (e.g., C1, C2, C3,
C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12 straight or branched chain
alkyl), cycloalkyl, haloalkyl (e.g., perfluoroalkyl such as
CF.sub.3), aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkenyl, alkoxy,
haloalkoxy (e.g., perfluoroalkoxy such as OCF.sub.3), halo,
hydroxy, carboxy, carboxylate, cyano, nitro, amino, alkyl amino,
SO.sub.3H, sulfate, phosphate, methylenedioxy (--O--CH.sub.2--O--
wherein oxygens are attached to vicinal atoms), ethylenedioxy, oxo,
thioxo (e.g., C.dbd.S), imino (alkyl, aryl, aralkyl),
S(O).sub.nalkyl (where n is 0-2), S(O).sub.naryl (where n is 0-2),
S(O).sub.nheteroaryl (where n is 0-2), S(O).sub.nheterocyclyl
(where n is 0-2), amine (mono-, di-, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl,
heteroaralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof), ester
(alkyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl), amide (mono-,
di-, alkyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and
combinations thereof), sulfonamide (mono-, di-, alkyl, aralkyl,
heteroaralkyl, and combinations thereof). In one aspect, the
substituents on a group are independently any one single, or any
subset of the aforementioned substituents. In another aspect, a
substituent may itself be substituted with any one of the above
substituents.
[0095] The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are
set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below.
Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be
apparent from the description and drawings, and from the
claims.
[0096] All references cited herein, whether in print, electronic,
computer readable storage media or other form, are expressly
incorporated by reference in their entirety, including but not
limited to, abstracts, articles, journals, publications, texts,
treatises, internet web sites, databases, patents, patent
applications and patent publications. U.S. Ser. No. 60/502,811,
filed Sep. 12, 2003, is also incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0097] FIG. 1 is a table of representative compounds and data.
[0098] FIG. 2 is a computer-generated model showing one possible
orientation of compound 8 bound in the active site of SIRT.
[0099] FIG. 3A is a graph depicting the inhibition of mammalia
SirT1 by compound 8.
[0100] FIG. 3B is a Western blot of NCI-H460 cells treated with
etoposide only or etoposide and compound 8.
[0101] FIG. 4 is a bar graph depicting that enantiomer 8(-) of
compound 8 leads to an increase in p53 acetylation.
[0102] FIG. 5 is a Western blot depicting that compounds which
inhibit SirT catalytic activity also effect p53 acetylation.
[0103] FIG. 6 is a graph depicting that enantiomer 8(-) of compound
8 preferentially inhibits yeast sir2 relative to enantiomer
8(+).
[0104] FIG. 7 is a gel assay depicting the effectiveness of
compound 8 for inhibiting SirT1 in U2 OS cells and MCF-7 cells.
[0105] FIG. 8 is a graph depicting the effect of compound 8 on cell
survival after DNA damage.
[0106] FIGS. 9A through 9C are graphs depicting the effect of
compound 8 on cell survival of NCI-H460 cells.
[0107] FIG. 10 is a bar graph depicting that compound 8 leads to
abrogation of serum starvation-mediated upregulation of the cell
cycle inhibitor p27.
[0108] FIG. 11 is a graph depicting the inhibition of SirT enzymes
by EX000635.
[0109] FIG. 12 is a gel assay depicting the effect of various
compounds on SIRT2 in the presence of TSA.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0110] Structure of Compounds
[0111] Compounds that can be used in practicing the invention have
a general formula (I) and contain a substituted five or six
membered ring core containing one or two, respectively, oxygen,
nitrogen, or sulfur atoms as a constituent atom of the ring, e.g.,
X
##STR00005##
and Y in formula (I) below.
[0112] Any ring carbon atom can be substituted. For example,
R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 may include without
limitation substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl,
alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heterocycloalkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl,
heteroaryl, etc. The five or six membered ring core may be
saturated, i.e. containing no double bonds, or partially or fully
saturated, i.e. one or two double bonds respectively. When n=0, "X"
may be oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen, e.g., NR.sup.7. The substituent
R.sup.7 can be without limitation hydrogen, alkyl, e.g., C1, C2,
C3, C4 alkyl, SO.sub.2(aryl), acyl, or the ring nitrogen may form
part of a carbamate, or urea group. When n=1, X can be NR.sup.7, O,
or S; and Y can be NR.sup.7', O or S. X and Y can be any
combination of heteroatoms, e.g., N,N, N,O, N, S, etc.
[0113] A preferred subset of compounds of formula (I) includes
those having one, or preferably, two rings that are fused to the
five or six membered ring core, e.g., R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, together
with the carbons to which they are attached, and/or R.sup.3 and
R.sup.4, together with the carbons to which they are attached, can
form, e.g., C.sub.5-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl (e.g., C5, C6, or C7),
C.sub.5-C.sub.10 heterocyclyl (e.g., C5, C6, or C7),
C.sub.5-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl (e.g., C5, C6, or C7),
C.sub.5-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl (e.g., C5, C6, or C7),
C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl (e.g., C6, C8 or C10), or C.sub.6-C.sub.10
heteroaryl (e.g., C5 or C6). Fused ring combinations may include
without limitation one or more of the following:
##STR00006##
Preferred combinations include B, e.g. having C.sub.6 aryl and
C.sub.6 cycloalkenyl (B1), and C, e.g. having C.sub.6 aryl and
C.sub.7 cycloalkenyl (C1):
##STR00007##
[0114] Each of these fused ring systems may be optionally
substituted with substituents, which may include without limitation
halo, hydroxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl
(C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,C10), C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkyl
(C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,), C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkoxy
(C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,C10), C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkoxy
(C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,), C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl (C6,C7,C8,C9,C10),
C.sub.5-C.sub.10 heteroaryl (C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,C10), C.sub.7-C.sub.12
aralkyl (C7,C8,C9,C10,C11,C12), C.sub.7-C.sub.12 heteroaralkyl
(C7,C8,C9,C10,C11,C12), C.sub.3-C.sub.8 heterocyclyl
(C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8), C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkenyl
(C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,C10,C11,C12), C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkynyl
(C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,C10,C11,C12), C.sub.5-C.sub.10
cycloalkenyl (C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,C10), C.sub.5-C.sub.10
heterocycloalkenyl (C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,C10), carboxy, carboxylate,
cyano, nitro, amino, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl amino
(C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,), C.sub.1-C.sub.6 dialkyl amino
(C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,), mercapto, SO.sub.3H, sulfate, S(O)NH.sub.2,
S(O).sub.2NH.sub.2, phosphate, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylenedioxy
(C1,C2,C3,C4), oxo, acyl, aminocarbonyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl
aminocarbonyl (C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,), C.sub.1-C.sub.6 dialkyl
aminocarbonyl (C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,), C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkoxycarbonyl
(C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,C10), C.sub.1-C.sub.10
thioalkoxycarbonyl (C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,C10),
hydrazinocarbonyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl hydrazinocarbonyl
(C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,), C.sub.1-C.sub.6 dialkyl hydrazinocarbonyl
(C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,), hydroxyaminocarbonyl, etc. Preferred
substituents include halo (e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo),
C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9,
C10), C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkyl (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6,
e.g., CF.sub.3), C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkoxyl (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4,
C5, C6, e.g., OCF.sub.3), or aminocarbonyl. The substitution
pattern on the two fused rings may be selected as desired, e.g.,
one ring may be substituted and the other is not, or both rings may
be substituted with 1-5 substitutents (1,2,3,4,5 substitutents).
The number of substituents on each ring may be the same or
different. Preferred substitution patterns are shown below:
##STR00008##
[0115] In certain embodiments, when n is 0 and X is NR.sup.7, the
nitrogen substituent R.sup.7 can form a cyclic structure with one
of the fused rings containing, e.g., 4-6 carbons, 1-3 nitrogens,
0-2 oxygens and 0-2 sulfurs. This cyclic structure may optionally
be substituted with oxo or C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl.
[0116] Combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by
this invention are only those that result in the formation of
stable compounds. The term "stable", as used herein, refers to
compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture
and which maintains the integrity of the compound for a sufficient
period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein (e.g.,
therapeutic or prophylactic administration to a subject).
[0117] Exemplary compounds include those depicted in Table 1
below*:
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Exemplary compounds Compound Ave. SirT1
p53-382 number Chemical name IC50 (.mu.M) 1
7-Chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-cyclopenta[b]indole-3-carboxylic A acid
amide 2 2,3,4,9-Tetrahydro-1H-b-carboline-3-carboxylic acid amide C
3 6-Bromo-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-2-carboxylic acid B amide
4 6-Methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid A
amide 5 2,3,4,9-Tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid amide B 6
2-Chloro-5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-cyclohepta[b]indole-6- A carboxylic
acid amide 7 6-Chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic
acid C hydroxyamide 8
6-Chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid A amide
9 6-Chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-2-carboxylic acid C
amide 10 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-cyclopenta[b]indole-3-carboxylic acid
amide B 11 6-Chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic
acid (5- B chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-amide 12
1,6-Dimethyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid C
amide 13 6-Trifluoromethoxy-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-2- C
carboxylic acid amide 14
6-Chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid D
diethylamide 15
6-Chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid D
carbamoylmethyl-amide 16
8-Carbamoyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid D 17
6-Methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid D 18
8-Carbamoyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid D
ethyl ester 19
(6-Chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carbonyl)-amino]- D
acetic acid ethyl ester 20
9-Benzyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid D amide
21 6-Chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid D
methyl ester 22
6-Chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid D 23
C-(6-Methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazol-1-yl)-methylamine D 24
6,9-Dimethyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid D
amide 25
7-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-cyclopenta[b]indole-3-carboxylic D acid
amide 26 6-Chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid
D ethylamide 27
2-(1-Benzyl-3-methylsulfanyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-N-p-tolyl-acetamide D
28 N-Benzyl-2-(1-methyl-3-phenylsulfanyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-acetamide D
29 N-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-2-(1-methyl-3-phenylsulfanyl-1H-indol-2- D
yl)-acetamide 30
N-(3-Hydroxy-propyl)-2-(1-methyl-3-phenylsulfanyl-1H-indol-2- D
yl)-acetamide 31
2-(1-Benzyl-3-phenylsulfanyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-N-(3-hydroxy- D
propyl)-acetamide 32
2-(1-Benzyl-3-methylsulfanyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-N-(4-methoxy- D
phenyl)-acetamide 33
2-(1-Benzyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-N-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-acetamide D 34
2-(1-Methyl-3-methylsulfanyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-N-p-tolyl-acetamide D
35 2-(1-Benzyl-3-methylsulfanyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-N-(2-chloro-phenyl)-
D acetamide 36
2-(1,5-Dimethyl-3-methylsulfanyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-N-(2-hydroxy- D
ethyl)-acetamide 37
(6-Chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazol-1-yl)-[4-(furan-2- D
carbonyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-methanone 38
2-(1-Benzyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-N-(2-chloro-phenyl)-acetamide D 39
6-Chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid D ethyl
ester 40
6-Chloro-9-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-4-carboxylic D
acid ethyl ester 41
5,7-Dichloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid D
ethyl ester 42
7-Chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid D ethyl
ester 43 5,7-Dichloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic
acid D 44
6-Chloro-9-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-4-carboxylic D
acid 45
6-Chloro-9-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-4-carboxylic D
acid amide 46
6-Morpholin-4-yl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic D
acid ethyl ester 47
6-Morpholin-4-yl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic D
acid amide 48 6-Bromo-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic
acid D ethyl ester 49
6-Fluoro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid D ethyl
ester 50 3-Carbamoyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-b-carboline-2-carboxylic
acid D tert-butyl ester 51
6-Chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid (1- D
phenyl-ethyl)-amide 52
7,8-Difluoro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid D
amide 53 6-bromo-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid
D 54 6-hydroxy-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxylic acid C
55 6-bromo-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-2-carboxamide B 56
6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-1- C carboxamide
57 6-bromo-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-1- D
carboxamide 58
2-acetyl-6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-1- C
carboxamide * Compounds having activity designated with an A have
an IC.sub.50 of less than 1.0 .mu.M. Compounds having activity
designated with a B have an IC.sub.50 between 1.0 .mu.M and 10.0
.mu.M. Compounds having activity designated with a C have an
IC.sub.50 greater than 10.0 .mu.M. Compounds designated with a D
were not tested in this assay.
[0118] Compounds that can be useful in practicing this invention
can be identified through both in vitro (cell and non-cell based)
and in vivo methods. A description of these methods is described in
the Examples.
[0119] Synthesis of Compounds
[0120] The compounds described herein can be obtained from
commercial sources (e.g., Asinex, Moscow, Russia; Bionet,
Camelford, England; ChemDiv, SanDiego, Calif.; Comgenex, Budapest,
Hungary; Enamine, Kiev, Ukraine; IF Lab, Ukraine; Interbioscreen,
Moscow, Russia; Maybridge, Tintagel, UK; Specs, The Netherlands;
Timtec, Newark, Del.; Vitas-M Lab, Moscow, Russia) or synthesized
by conventional methods as shown below using commercially available
starting materials and reagents. For example, exemplary compound 4
can be synthesized as shown in Scheme 1 below.
##STR00009##
[0121] Brominated .beta.-keto ester 1 can be condensed with
4-chloroaniline followed by cyclization can afford indole 2. Ester
saponification can afford acid 3. Finally amination with PyAOP can
yield the amide 4. Other methods are known in the art, see, e.g.,
U.S. Pat. No. 3,859,304, U.S. Pat. No. 3,769,298, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1974, 74, 5495. The synthesis above can be extended to other
anilines, e.g., 3,5-dichloroaniline, 3-chloroaniline, and
4-bromoaniline Regioisomeric products, e.g., 5, may be obtained
using N-substituted anilines, e.g., 4-chloro-N-methylaniline
[0122] The compounds described herein can be separated from a
reaction mixture and further purified by a method such as column
chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, or
recrystallization. As can be appreciated by the skilled artisan,
further methods of synthesizing the compounds of the formulae
herein will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Additionally, the various synthetic steps may be performed in an
alternate sequence or order to give the desired compounds.
Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group
methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing
the compounds described herein are known in the art and include,
for example, those such as described in R. Larock, Comprehensive
Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers (1989); T. W. Greene and P.
G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d. Ed., John
Wiley and Sons (1991); L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser's
Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1994); and L.
Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John
Wiley and Sons (1995), and subsequent editions thereof.
[0123] The compounds of this invention may contain one or more
asymmetric centers and thus occur as racemates and racemic
mixtures, single enantiomers, individual diastereomers and
diastereomeric mixtures. All such isomeric forms of these compounds
are expressly included in the present invention. The compounds of
this invention may also contain linkages (e.g., carbon-carbon
bonds) or substituents that can restrict bond rotation, e.g.
restriction resulting from the presence of a ring or double bond.
Accordingly, all cis/trans and E/Z isomers are expressly included
in the present invention. The compounds of this invention may also
be represented in multiple tautomeric forms, in such instances, the
invention expressly includes all tautomeric forms of the compounds
described herein, even though only a single tautomeric form may be
represented (e.g., alkylation of a ring system may result in
alkylation at multiple sites, the invention expressly includes all
such reaction products). All such isomeric forms of such compounds
are expressly included in the present invention. All crystal forms
of the compounds described herein are expressly included in the
present invention.
[0124] Techniques useful for the separation of isomers, e.g.,
stereoisomers are within skill of the art and are described in
Eliel, E. L.; Wilen, S. H.; Mander, L. N. Stereochemistry of
Organic Compounds, Wiley Interscience, NY, 1994. For example
compound 3 or 4 can be resolved to a high enantiomeric excess
(e.g., 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or greater) via formation
of diasteromeric salts, e.g. with a chiral base, e.g., (+) or (-)
.alpha.-methylbenzylamine, or via high performance liquid
chromatography using a chiral column. In some embodiments, the
crude product 4, is purified directly on a chiral column to provide
enantiomerically enriched compound.
[0125] For purposes of illustration, enantiomers of compound 4 are
shown below.
##STR00010##
In some instances, the compounds disclosed herein are administered
where one isomer (e.g., the R isomer or S isomer) is present in
high enantiomeric excess. In general, the isomer of compound 4
having a negative optical rotation, e.g., -14.1 (c=0.33, DCM) or
[.alpha.].sub.D.sup.25 -41.18.degree. (c 0.960, CH.sub.3OH) has
greater activity against the SirT1 enzyme than the enantiomer that
has a positive optical rotation of +32.8 (c=0.38, DCM) or
[.alpha.].sub.D.sup.25 +22.72.degree. (c 0.910, CH.sub.3OH).
Accordingly, in some instances, it is beneficial to administer to a
subject a compound 4 having a high enantiomeric excess of the
isomer having a negative optical rotation to treat a disease.
[0126] While the enantiomers of compound 4 provide one example of a
stereoisomer, other stereoisomers are also envisioned, for example
as depicted in compounds 6 and 7 below.
##STR00011##
As with the compound of formula 4, in some instances it is
beneficial to administer to a subject an isomer of compounds 6 or 7
that has a greater affinity for SirT1 than its enantiomer. For
example, in some instances, it is beneficial to administer a
compound 7, enriched with the (-) optical rotamer, wherein the
amide (or other substituent) has the same configuration as the
negative isomer of compound 4.
[0127] In some instances, it is beneficial to administer a compound
having the one of the following structures where the stereochemical
structure of the amide (or other substituent) corresponds to the
amide in compound 4 having a negative optical rotation.
##STR00012##
[0128] The compounds of this invention include the compounds
themselves, as well as their salts and their prodrugs, if
applicable. A salt, for example, can be formed between an anion and
a positively charged substituent (e.g., amino) on a compound
described herein. Suitable anions include chloride, bromide,
iodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, citrate, methanesulfonate,
trifluoroacetate, and acetate. Likewise, a salt can also be formed
between a cation and a negatively charged substituent (e.g.,
carboxylate) on a compound described herein. Suitable cations
include sodium ion, potassium ion, magnesium ion, calcium ion, and
an ammonium cation such as tetramethylammonium ion. Examples of
prodrugs include esters and other pharmaceutically acceptable
derivatives, which, upon administration to a subject, are capable
of providing active compounds.
[0129] The compounds of this invention may be modified by appending
appropriate functionalities to enhance selected biological
properties, e.g., targeting to a particular tissue. Such
modifications are known in the art and include those which increase
biological penetration into a given biological compartment (e.g.,
blood, lymphatic system, central nervous system), increase oral
availability, increase solubility to allow administration by
injection, alter metabolism and alter rate of excretion.
[0130] In an alternate embodiment, the compounds described herein
may be used as platforms or scaffolds that may be utilized in
combinatorial chemistry techniques for preparation of derivatives
and/or chemical libraries of compounds. Such derivatives and
libraries of compounds have biological activity and are useful for
identifying and designing compounds possessing a particular
activity. Combinatorial techniques suitable for utilizing the
compounds described herein are known in the art as exemplified by
Obrecht, D. and Villalgrodo, J. M., Solid-Supported Combinatorial
and Parallel Synthesis of Small-Molecular-Weight Compound
Libraries, Pergamon-Elsevier Science Limited (1998), and include
those such as the "split and pool" or "parallel" synthesis
techniques, solid-phase and solution-phase techniques, and encoding
techniques (see, for example, Czarnik, A. W., Curr. Opin. Chem.
Bio., (1997) 1, 60. Thus, one embodiment relates to a method of
using the compounds described herein for generating derivatives or
chemical libraries comprising: 1) providing a body comprising a
plurality of wells; 2) providing one or more compounds identified
by methods described herein in each well; 3) providing an
additional one or more chemicals in each well; 4) isolating the
resulting one or more products from each well. An alternate
embodiment relates to a method of using the compounds described
herein for generating derivatives or chemical libraries comprising:
1) providing one or more compounds described herein attached to a
solid support; 2) treating the one or more compounds identified by
methods described herein attached to a solid support with one or
more additional chemicals; 3) isolating the resulting one or more
products from the solid support. In the methods described above,
"tags" or identifier or labeling moieties may be attached to and/or
detached from the compounds described herein or their derivatives,
to facilitate tracking, identification or isolation of the desired
products or their intermediates. Such moieties are known in the
art. The chemicals used in the aforementioned methods may include,
for example, solvents, reagents, catalysts, protecting group and
deprotecting group reagents and the like. Examples of such
chemicals are those that appear in the various synthetic and
protecting group chemistry texts and treatises referenced
herein.
Sirtuins
[0131] Sirtuins are members of the Silent Information Regulator
(SIR) family of genes. Sirtuins are proteins that include a SIR2
domain as defined as amino acids sequences that are scored as hits
in the Pfam family "SIR2"-PF02146. This family is referenced in the
INTERPRO database as INTERPRO description (entry IPR003000). To
identify the presence of a "SIR2" domain in a protein sequence, and
make the determination that a polypeptide or protein of interest
has a particular profile, the amino acid sequence of the protein
can be searched against the Pfam database of HMMs (e.g., the Pfam
database, release 9) using the default parameters
(http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Software/Pfam/HMM_search). The SIR2 domain
is indexed in Pfam as PF02146 and in INTERPRO as INTERPRO
description (entry IPR003000). For example, the hmmsf program,
which is available as part of the HMMER package of search programs,
is a family specific default program for MILPAT0063 and a score of
15 is the default threshold score for determining a hit.
Alternatively, the threshold score for determining a hit can be
lowered (e.g., to 8 bits). A description of the Pfam database can
be found in "The Pfam Protein Families Database" Bateman A, Birney
E, Cerruti L, Durbin R, Etwiller L, Eddy S R, Griffiths-Jones S,
Howe K L, Marshall M, Sonnhammer E L (2002) Nucleic Acids Research
30(1):276-280 and Sonhammer et al. (1997) Proteins 28(3):405-420
and a detailed description of HMMs can be found, for example, in
Gribskov et al. (1990) Meth. Enzymol. 183:146-159; Gribskov et al.
(1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:4355-4358; Krogh et al. (1994)
J. Mol. Biol. 235:1501-1531; and Stultz et al. (1993) Protein Sci.
2:305-314.
[0132] The proteins encoded by members of the SIR2 gene family may
show high sequence conservation in a 250 amino acid core domain. A
well-characterized gene in this family is S. cerevisiae SIR2, which
is involved in silencing HM loci that contain information
specifying yeast mating type, telomere position effects and cell
aging (Guarente, 1999; Kaeberlein et al., 1999; Shore, 2000). The
yeast Sir2 protein belongs to a family of histone deacetylases
(reviewed in Guarente, 2000; Shore, 2000). The Sir2 protein is a
deacetylase which can use NAD as a cofactor (Imai et al., 2000;
Moazed, 2001; Smith et al., 2000; Tanner et al., 2000; Tanny and
Moazed, 2001). Unlike other deacetylases, many of which are
involved in gene silencing, Sir2 is relatively insensitive to
histone deacetylase inhibitors like trichostatin A (TSA) (Imai et
al., 2000; Landry et al., 2000a; Smith et al., 2000). Mammalian
Sir2 homologs, such as SIRT1, have NAD-dependent deacetylase
activity (Imai et al., 2000; Smith et al., 2000).
[0133] Exemplary mammalian sirtuins include SIRT1, SIRT2, and
SIRT3, e.g., human SIRT1, SIRT2, and SIRT3. A compound described
herein may inhibit one or more activities of a mammalian sirtuin,
e.g., SIRT1, SIRT2, or SIRT3, e.g., with a Ki of less than 500,
200, 100, 50, or 40 nM. For example, the compound may inhibit
deacetylase activity, e.g., with respect to a natural or artificial
substrate, e.g., a substrate described herein, e.g., as
follows.
[0134] Natural substrates for SIRT1 include histones, p53, and FoxO
transcription factors such as FoxO1 and FoxO3. SIRT1 proteins bind
to a number of other proteins, referred to as "SIRT1 binding
partners." For example, SIRT1 binds to p53 and plays a role in the
p53 pathway, e.g., K370, K371, K372, K381, and/or K382 of p53 or a
peptide that include one or more of these lysines. For example, the
peptide can be between 5 and 15 amino acids in length. SIRT1
proteins can also deacetylate histones. For example, SIRT1 can
deacetylate lysines 9 or 14 of histone H3 or small peptides that
include one or more of these lysines. Histone deacetylation alters
local chromatin structure and consequently can regulate the
transcription of a gene in that vicinity. Many of the SIRT1 binding
partners are transcription factors, e.g., proteins that recognize
specific DNA sites. For example, SirT1 deacetylates and
downragulates forkhead proteins (i.e., FoxO proteins). Interaction
between SIRT1 and SIRT1 binding partners can deliver SIRT1 to
specific regions of a genome and can result in a local
manifestation of substrates, e.g., histones and transcription
factors localized to the specific region.
[0135] Natural substrates for SIRT2 include tubulin, e.g.,
alpha-tubulin. See, e.g., North et al. Mol Cell. 2003 February;
11(2):437-44. Exemplary substrates include a peptide that includes
lysine 40 of alpha-tubulin.
[0136] Still other exemplary sirtuin substrates include cytochrome
c and acetylated peptides thereof.
[0137] The terms "SIRT1 protein" and "SIRT1 polypeptide" are used
interchangeably herein and refer a polypeptide that is at least 25%
identical to the 250 amino acid conserved SIRT1 catalytic domain,
amino acid residues 258 to 451 of SEQ ID NO:1. SEQ ID NO:1 depicts
the amino acid sequence of human SIRT1. In preferred embodiments, a
SIRT1 polypeptide can be at least 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 85, 90,
95, 99% homologous to SEQ ID NO:1 or to the amino acid sequence
between amino acid residues 258 and 451 of SEQ ID NO:1. In other
embodiments, the SIRT1 polypeptide can be a fragment, e.g., a
fragment of SIRT1 capable of one or more of: deacetylating a
substrate in the presence of NAD and/or a NAD analog and capable of
binding a target protein, e.g., a transcription factor. Such
functions can be evaluated, e.g., by the methods described herein.
In other embodiments, the SIRT1 polypeptide can be a "full length"
SIRT1 polypeptide. The term "full length" as used herein refers to
a polypeptide that has at least the length of a naturally-occurring
SIRT1 polypeptide (or other protein described herein). A "full
length" SIRT1 polypeptide or a fragment thereof can also include
other sequences, e.g., a purification tag, or other attached
compounds, e.g., an attached fluorophore, or cofactor. The term
"SIRT1 polypeptides" can also include sequences or variants that
include one or more substitutions, e.g., between one and ten
substitutions, with respect to a naturally occurring Sir2 family
member. A "SIRT1 activity" refers to one or more activity of SIRT1,
e.g., deacetylation of a substrate (e.g., an amino acid, a peptide,
or a protein), e.g., transcription factors (e.g., p53) or histone
proteins, (e.g., in the presence of a cofactor such as NAD and/or
an NAD analog) and binding to a target, e.g., a target protein,
e.g., a transcription factor.
[0138] As used herein, a "biologically active portion" or a
"functional domain" of a protein includes a fragment of a protein
of interest which participates in an interaction, e.g., an
intramolecular or an inter-molecular interaction, e.g., a binding
or catalytic interaction. An inter-molecular interaction can be a
specific binding interaction or an enzymatic interaction (e.g., the
interaction can be transient and a covalent bond is formed or
broken). An inter-molecular interaction can be between the protein
and another protein, between the protein and another compound, or
between a first molecule and a second molecule of the protein
(e.g., a dimerization interaction). Biologically active
portions/functional domains of a protein include peptides
comprising amino acid sequences sufficiently homologous to or
derived from the amino acid sequence of the protein which include
fewer amino acids than the full length, natural protein, and
exhibit at least one activity of the natural protein. Biological
active portions/functional domains can be identified by a variety
of techniques including truncation analysis, site-directed
mutagenesis, and proteolysis. Mutants or proteolytic fragments can
be assayed for activity by an appropriate biochemical or biological
(e.g., genetic) assay. In some embodiments, a functional domain is
independently folded. Typically, biologically active portions
comprise a domain or motif with at least one activity of a protein,
e.g., SIRT1. An exemplary domain is the SIRT1 core catalytic
domain. A biologically active portion/functional domain of a
protein can be a polypeptide which is, for example, 10, 25, 50,
100, 200 or more amino acids in length. Biologically active
portions/functional domain of a protein can be used as targets for
developing agents which modulate SIRT1.
[0139] The following are exemplary SIR sequences:
TABLE-US-00002 >sp|Q96EB6|SIR1_HUMAN NAD-dependent deacetylase
sirtuin 1 (EC 3.5.1.-) (hSIRT1) (hSIR2) (SIR2-like protein 1) -
Homo sapiens (Human). (SEQ ID NO: 1)
MADEAALALQPGGSPSAAGADREAASSPAGEPLRKRPRRDGPGLERSPGEPGGAAPEREV
PAAARGCPGAAAAALWREAEAEAAAAGGEQEAQATAAAGEGDNGPGLQGPSREPPLADNL
YDEDDDDEGEEEEEAAAAAIGYRDNLLFGDEIITNGFHSCESDEEDRASHASSSDWTPRP
RIGPYTFVQQHLMIGTDPRTILKDLLPETIPPPELDDMTLWQIVINILSEPPKRKKRKDI
NTIEDAVKLLQECKKIIVLTGAGVSVSCGIPDFRSRDGIYARLAVDFPDLPDPQAMFDIE
YFRKDPRPFFKFAKETYPGQFQPSLCHKFIALSDKEGKLLRNYTQNIDTLEQVAGIQRII
QCHGSFATASCLICKYKVDCEAVRGDIFNQVVPRCPRCPADEPLAIMKPEIVFFGENLPE
QFHRAMKYDKDEVDLLIVIGSSLKVRPVALIPSSIPHEVPQILINREPLPHLHFDVELLG
DCDVIINELCHRLGGEYAKLCCNPVKLSEITEKPPRTQKELAYLSELPPTPLHVSEDSSS
PERTSPPDSSVIVTLLDQAAKSNDDLDVSESKGCMEEKPQEVQTSRNVESIAEQMENPDL
KNVGSSTGEKNERTSVAGTVRKCWPNRVAKEQISRRLDGNQYLFLPPNRYIFHGAEVYSD
SEDDVLSSSSCGSNSDSGTCQSPSLEEPMEDESEIEEFYNGLEDEPDVPERAGGAGFGTD
GDDQEAINEAISVKQEVTDMNYPSNKS >sp|Q8IXJ6|SIR2_HUMAN NAD-dependent
deacetylase sirtuin 2 (EC 3.5.1.-) (SIR2-like) (SIR2- like protein
2) - Homo sapiens (Human). (SEQ ID NO: 2)
MAEPDPSHPLETQAGKVQEAQDSDSDSEGGAAGGEADMDFLRNLFSQTLSLGSQKERLLD
ELTLEGVARYMQSERCRRVICLVGAGISTSAGIPDFRSPSTGLYDNLEKYHLPYPEAIFE
ISYFKKHPEPFFALAKELYPGQFKPTICHYFMRLLKDKGLLLRCYTQNIDTLERIAGLEQ
EDLVEAHGTFYTSHCVSASCRHEYPLSWMKEKIFSEVTPKCEDCQSLVKPDIVFFGESLP
ARFFSCMQSDFLKVDLLLVMGTSLQVQPFASLISKAPLSTPRLLINKEKAGQSDPFLGMI
MGLGGGMDFDSKKAYRDVAWLGECDQGCLALAELLGWKKELEDLVRREHASIDAQSGAGV
PNPSTSASPKKSPPPAKDEARTTEREKPQ >sp|Q9NTG7|SIR3_HUMAN
NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin 3, mitochondrial precursor (EC
3.5.1.-) (SIR2-like protein 3) (hSIRT3) - Homo sapiens (Human).
(SEQ ID NO: 3)
MAFWGWRAAAALRLWGRVVERVEAGGGVGPFQACGCRLVLGGRDDVSAGLRGSHGARGEP
LDPARPLQRPPRPEVPRAFRRQPRAAAPSFFFSSIKGGRRSISFSVGASSVVGSGGSSDK
GKLSLQDVAELIRARACQRVVVMVGAGISTPSGIPDFRSPGSGLYSNLQQYDLPYPEAIF
ELPFFFHNPKPFFTLAKELYPGNYKPNVTHYFLRLLHDKGLLLRLYTQNIDGLERVSGIP
ASKLVEAHGTFASATCTVCQRPFPGEDIRADVMADRVPRCPVCTGVVKPDIVFFGEPLPQ
RFLLHVVDFPMADLLLILGTSLEVEPFASLTEAVRSSVPRLLINRDLVGPLAWHPRSRDV
AQLGDVVHGVESLVELLGWTEEMRDLVQRETGKLDGPDK >sp|Q9Y6E7|SIR4_HUMAN
NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin 4 (EC 3.5.1.-) (SIR2-like protein
4) - Homo sapiens (Human). (SEQ ID NO: 4)
MKMSFALTFRSAKGRWIANPSQPCSKASIGLFVPASPPLDPEKVKELQRFITLSKRLLVM
TGAGISTESGIPDYRSEKVGLYARTDRRPIQHGDFVRSAPIRQRYWARNFVGWPQFSSHQ
PNPAHWALSTWEKLGKLYWLVTQNVDALHTKAGSRRLTELHGCMDRVLCLDCGEQTPRGV
LQERFQVLNPTWSAEAHGLAPDGDVFLSEEQVRSFQVPTCVQCGGHLKPDVVFFGDTVNP
DKVDFVHKRVKEADSLLVVGSSLQVYSGYRFILTAWEKKLPIAILNIGPTRSDDLACLKL
NSRCGELLPLIDPC >sp|Q9NXA8|SIR5_HUMAN NAD-dependent deacetylase
sirtuin 5 (EC 3.5.1.-) (SIR2-like protein 5) - Homo sapiens
(Human). (SEQ ID NO: 5)
MRPLQIVPSRLISQLYCGLKPPASTRNQICLKMARPSSSMADFRKFFAKAKHIVIISGAG
VSAESGVPTFRGAGGYWRKWQAQDLATPLAFAHNPSRVWEFYHYRREVMGSKEPNAGHRA
IAECETRLGKQGRRVVVITQNIDELHRKAGTKNLLEIHGSLFKTRCTSCGVVAENYKSPI
CPALSGKGAPEPGTQDASIPVEKLPRCEEAGCGGLLRPHVVWFGENLDPAILEEVDRELA
HCDLCLVVGTSSVVYPAAMFAPQVAARGVPVAEFNTETTPATNRFRFHFQGPCGTTLPEA
LACHENETVS >sp|Q8N6T7|SIR6_HUMAN NAD-dependent deacetylase
sirtuin 6 (EC 3.5.1.-) (SIR2-like protein 6) - Homo sapiens
(Human). (SEQ ID NO: 6)
MSVNYAAGLSPYADKGKCGLPEIFDPPEELERKVWELARLVWQSSSVVFHTGAGISTASG
IPDFRGPHGVWTMEERGLAPKFDTTFESARPTQTHMALVQLERVGLLRFLVSQNVDGLHV
RSGFPRDKLAELHGNMFVEECAKCKTQYVRDTVVGTMGLKATGRLCTVAKARGLRACRGE
LRDTILDWEDSLPDRDLALADEASRNADLSITLGTSLQIRPSGNLPLATKRRGGRLVIVN
LQPTKHDRHADLRIHGYVDEVMTRLMKHLGLEIPAWDGPRVLERALPPLPRPPTPKLEPK
EESPTRINGSIPAGPKQEPCAQHNGSEPASPKRERPTSPAPHRPPKRVKAKAVPS
>sp|Q9NRC8|SIR7_HUMAN NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin 7 (EC
3.5.1.-) (SIR2-like protein 7) - Homo sapiens (Human). (SEQ ID NO:
7) MAAGGLSRSERKAAERVRRLREEQQRERLRQVSRILRKAAAERSAEEGRLLAESADLVTE
LQGRSRRREGLKRRQEEVCDDPEELRGKVRELASAVRNAKYLVVYTGAGISTAASIPDYR
GPNGVWTLLQKGRSVSAADLSEAEPTLTHMSITRLHEQKLVQHVVSQNCDGLHLRSGLPR
TAISELHGNMYIEVCTSCVPNREYVRVFDVTERTALHRHQTGRTCHKCGTQLRDTIVHFG
ERGTLGQPLNWEAATEAASRADTILCLGSSLKVLKKYPRLWCMTKPPSRRPKLYIVNLQW
TPKDDWAALKLHGKCDDVMRLLMAELGLEIPAYSRWQDPIFSLATPLRAGEEGSHSRKSL
CRSREEAPPGDRGAPLSSAPILGGWFGRGCTKRTKRKKVT
[0140] Exemplary compounds described herein may inhibit activity of
SIRT1 or a functional domain thereof by at least 10, 20, 25, 30,
50, 80, or 90%, with respect to a natural or artificial substrate
described herein. For example, the compounds may have a Ki of less
than 500, 200, 100, or 50 nM.
[0141] A compound described herein may also modulate a complex
between a sirtuin and a transcription factor, e.g., increase or
decrease complex formation, deformation, and/or stability.
Exemplary sirtuin-TF complexes include Sir2-PCAF, SIR2-MyoD,
Sir2-PCAF-MyoD, Sir2-p53, Sir2-FoxO1, and Sir2-FoxO3. A compound
described herein may also modulate expression of a Sir2 regulated
gene, e.g., a gene described in Table 1 of Fulco et al. (2003) Mol.
Cell 12:51-62.
In Vitro Assays
[0142] In some embodiments, interaction with, e.g., binding of,
SIRT1 can be assayed in vitro. The reaction mixture can include a
SIRT1 co-factor such as NAD and/or a NAD analog.
[0143] In other embodiments, the reaction mixture can include a
SIRT1 binding partner, e.g., a transcription factor, e.g., p53 or a
transcription factor other than p53 such as FoxO1 or FoxO3, and
compounds can be screened, e.g., in an in vitro assay, to evaluate
the ability of a test compound to modulate interaction between
SIRT1 and a SIRT1 binding partner, e.g., a transcription factor.
This type of assay can be accomplished, for example, by coupling
one of the components, with a radioisotope or enzymatic label such
that binding of the labeled component to the other can be
determined by detecting the labeled compound in a complex. A
component can be labeled with .sup.125I, .sup.35S, .sup.14C, or
.sup.3H, either directly or indirectly, and the radioisotope
detected by direct counting of radioemmission or by scintillation
counting. Alternatively, a component can be enzymatically labeled
with, for example, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or
luciferase, and the enzymatic label detected by determination of
conversion of an appropriate substrate to product. Competition
assays can also be used to evaluate a physical interaction between
a test compound and a target.
[0144] Cell-free assays involve preparing a reaction mixture of the
target protein (e.g., SIRT1) and the test compound under conditions
and for a time sufficient to allow the two components to interact
and bind, thus forming a complex that can be removed and/or
detected.
[0145] The interaction between two molecules can also be detected,
e.g., using a fluorescence assay in which at least one molecule is
fluorescently labeled. One example of such an assay includes
fluorescence energy transfer (FET or FRET for fluorescence
resonance energy transfer) (see, for example, Lakowicz et al., U.S.
Pat. No. 5,631,169; Stavrianopoulos, et al., U.S. Pat. No.
4,868,103). A fluorophore label on the first, `donor` molecule is
selected such that its emitted fluorescent energy will be absorbed
by a fluorescent label on a second, `acceptor` molecule, which in
turn is able to fluoresce due to the absorbed energy. Alternately,
the `donor` protein molecule may simply utilize the natural
fluorescent energy of tryptophan residues. Labels are chosen that
emit different wavelengths of light, such that the `acceptor`
molecule label may be differentiated from that of the `donor`.
Since the efficiency of energy transfer between the labels is
related to the distance separating the molecules, the spatial
relationship between the molecules can be assessed. In a situation
in which binding occurs between the molecules, the fluorescent
emission of the `acceptor` molecule label in the assay should be
maximal. A FET binding event can be conveniently measured through
standard fluorometric detection means well known in the art (e.g.,
using a fluorimeter).
[0146] Another example of a fluorescence assay is fluorescence
polarization (FP). For FP, only one component needs to be labeled.
A binding interaction is detected by a change in molecular size of
the labeled component. The size change alters the tumbling rate of
the component in solution and is detected as a change in FP. See,
e.g., Nasir et al. (1999) Comb Chem HTS 2:177-190; Jameson et al.
(1995) Methods Enzymol 246:283; Seethala et al. (1998) Anal
Biochem. 255:257. Fluorescence polarization can be monitored in
multiwell plates, e.g., using the Tecan Polarion.TM. reader. See,
e.g., Parker et al. (2000) Journal of Biomolecular Screening
5:77-88; and Shoeman, et al. (1999) 38, 16802-16809.
[0147] In another embodiment, determining the ability of the SIRT1
protein to bind to a target molecule can be accomplished using
real-time Biomolecular Interaction Analysis (BIA) (see, e.g.,
Sjolander, S. and Urbaniczky, C. (1991) Anal. Chem. 63:2338-2345
and Szabo et al. (1995) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 5:699-705).
"Surface plasmon resonance" or "BIA" detects biospecific
interactions in real time, without labeling any of the interactants
(e.g., BIAcore). Changes in the mass at the binding surface
(indicative of a binding event) result in alterations of the
refractive index of light near the surface (the optical phenomenon
of surface plasmon resonance (SPR)), resulting in a detectable
signal which can be used as an indication of real-time reactions
between biological molecules.
[0148] In one embodiment, SIRT1 is anchored onto a solid phase. The
SIRT1/test compound complexes anchored on the solid phase can be
detected at the end of the reaction, e.g., the binding reaction.
For example, SIRT1 can be anchored onto a solid surface, and the
test compound, (which is not anchored), can be labeled, either
directly or indirectly, with detectable labels discussed
herein.
[0149] It may be desirable to immobilize either the SIRT1 or an
anti-SIRT1 antibody to facilitate separation of complexed from
uncomplexed forms of one or both of the proteins, as well as to
accommodate automation of the assay. Binding of a test compound to
a SIRT1 protein, or interaction of a SIRT1 protein with a second
component in the presence and absence of a candidate compound, can
be accomplished in any vessel suitable for containing the
reactants. Examples of such vessels include microtiter plates, test
tubes, and micro-centrifuge tubes. In one embodiment, a fusion
protein can be provided which adds a domain that allows one or both
of the proteins to be bound to a matrix. For example,
glutathione-S-transferase/SIRT1 fusion proteins or
glutathione-S-transferase/target fusion proteins can be adsorbed
onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Mo.)
or glutathione derivatized microtiter plates, which are then
combined with the test compound or the test compound and either the
non-adsorbed target protein or SIRT1 protein, and the mixture
incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at
physiological conditions for salt and pH). Following incubation,
the beads or microtiter plate wells are washed to remove any
unbound components, the matrix immobilized in the case of beads,
complex determined either directly or indirectly, for example, as
described above. Alternatively, the complexes can be dissociated
from the matrix, and the level of SIRT1 binding or activity
determined using standard techniques.
[0150] Other techniques for immobilizing either a SIRT1 protein or
a target molecule on matrices include using conjugation of biotin
and streptavidin. Biotinylated SIRT1 protein or target molecules
can be prepared from biotin-NHS (N-hydroxy-succinimide) using
techniques known in the art (e.g., biotinylation kit, Pierce
Chemicals, Rockford, Ill.), and immobilized in the wells of
streptavidin-coated 96 well plates (Pierce Chemical).
[0151] In order to conduct the assay, the non-immobilized component
is added to the coated surface containing the anchored component.
After the reaction is complete, unreacted components are removed
(e.g., by washing) under conditions such that any complexes formed
will remain immobilized on the solid surface. The detection of
complexes anchored on the solid surface can be accomplished in a
number of ways. Where the previously non-immobilized component is
pre-labeled, the detection of label immobilized on the surface
indicates that complexes were formed. Where the previously
non-immobilized component is not pre-labeled, an indirect label can
be used to detect complexes anchored on the surface, e.g., using a
labeled antibody specific for the immobilized component (the
antibody, in turn, can be directly labeled or indirectly labeled
with, e.g., a labeled anti-Ig antibody).
[0152] In one embodiment, this assay is performed utilizing
antibodies reactive with a SIRT1 protein or target molecules but
which do not interfere with binding of the SIRT1 protein to its
target molecule. Such antibodies can be derivatized to the wells of
the plate, and unbound target or the SIRT1 protein trapped in the
wells by antibody conjugation.
[0153] Methods for detecting such complexes, in addition to those
described above for the GST-immobilized complexes, include
immunodetection of complexes using antibodies reactive with the
SIRT1 protein or target molecule, as well as enzyme-linked assays
which rely on detecting an enzymatic activity associated with the
SIRT1 protein or target molecule.
[0154] Alternatively, cell free assays can be conducted in a liquid
phase. In such an assay, the reaction products are separated from
unreacted components, by any of a number of standard techniques,
including but not limited to: differential centrifugation (see, for
example, Rivas, G., and Minton, A. P., (1993) Trends Biochem Sci
18:284-7); chromatography (gel filtration chromatography,
ion-exchange chromatography); electrophoresis (see, e.g., Ausubel,
F. et al., eds. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology 1999, J.
Wiley: New York.); and immunoprecipitation (see, for example,
Ausubel, F. et al., eds. (1999) Current Protocols in Molecular
Biology, J. Wiley: New York). Such resins and chromatographic
techniques are known to one skilled in the art (see, e.g.,
Heegaard, N. H., (1998) J Mol Recognit 11:141-8; Hage, D. S., and
Tweed, S. A. (1997) J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 699:499-525).
Further, fluorescence energy transfer may also be conveniently
utilized, as described herein, to detect binding without further
purification of the complex from solution.
[0155] In a preferred embodiment, the assay includes contacting the
SIRT1 protein or biologically active portion thereof with a known
compound which binds a SIRT1 to form an assay mixture, contacting
the assay mixture with a test compound, and determining the ability
of the test compound to interact with a SIRT1 protein, wherein
determining the ability of the test compound to interact with the
SIRT1 protein includes determining the ability of the test compound
to preferentially bind to the SIRT1 or biologically active portion
thereof, or to modulate the activity of a target molecule, as
compared to the known compound.
[0156] An exemplary assay method includes a 1536 well format of the
SirT1 enzymatic assay that is based on the commercial
"Fluor-de-Lys" assay principle by Biomol, which is fluorogenic
(www.biomol.com/store/Product_Data_PDFs/ak500.pdf). In this assay,
deacetylation of the e-amino function of a lysyl residue is coupled
to a fluorogenic "development step that is dependent on the
unblocked e-amino functionality and generates fluorescent
aminomethylcoumarin. Fluorescence can be read on a commercial
macroscopic reader.
Additional Assays
[0157] A compound or library of compounds described herein can also
be evaluated using one of the following model systems for a disease
or disorder, or other known models of a disease or disorder
described herein.
[0158] Models for evaluating the effect of a test compound on
muscle atrophy include, e.g., 1) rat medial gastrocnemius muscle
mass loss resulting from denervation, e.g., by severing the right
sciatic nerve at mid-thigh; 2) rat medial gastrocnemius muscle mass
loss resulting from immobilization, e.g., by fixed the right ankle
joint at 90 degrees of flexion; 3) rat medial gastrocnemius muscle
mass loss resulting from hindlimb suspension; (see, e.g., U.S.
2003-0129686); 4) skeletal muscle atrophy resulting from treatment
with the cachectic cytokine, interleukin-1 (IL-1) (R. N. Cooney, S.
R Kimball, T. C. Vary, Shock 7, 1-16 (1997)); and 5) skeletal
muscle atrophy resulting from treatment with the glucocorticoid,
dexamethasone (A. L. Goldberg, J Biol Chem 244, 3223-9 (1969).).
Models 1, 2, and 3 induce muscle atrophy by altering the neural
activity and/or external load a muscle experiences to various
degrees. Models 4 and 5 induce atrophy without directly affecting
those parameters MS (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
(EAE)), e.g., as described by Goverman et al., Cell. 72:551-60
(1993), and primate models as reviewed by Brok et al., Immunol.
Rev., 183:173-85 (2001).
[0159] Exemplary animal models for AMD (age-related macular
degeneration) include: laser-induced mouse model simulating
exudative (wet) macular degeneration Bora et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA., 100:2679-84 (2003); a transgenic mouse expressing a
mutated form of cathepsin D resulting in features associated with
the "geographic atrophy" form of AMD (Rakoczy et al., Am. J.
Pathol., 161:1515-24 (2002)); and a transgenic mouse overexpressing
VEGF in the retinal pigment epithelium resulting in CNV.
Schwesinger et al., Am. J. Pathol. 158:1161-72 (2001).
[0160] Exemplary animal models of Parkinson's disease include
primates rendered parkinsonian by treatment with the dopaminergic
neurotoxin 1-methyl-4 phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)
(see, e.g., US Appl 20030055231 and Wichmann et al., Ann. N.Y.
Acad. Sci., 991:199-213 (2003); 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats
(e.g., Lab. Anim Sci., 49:363-71 (1999)); and transgenic
invertebrate models (e.g., Lakso et al., J. Neurochem., 86:165-72
(2003) and Link, Mech. Ageing Dev., 122:1639-49 (2001)).
[0161] Exemplary molecular models of Type II diabetes include: a
transgenic mouse having defective Nkx-2.2 or Nkx-6.1; (U.S. Pat.
No. 6,127,598); Zucker Diabetic Fatty fa/fa (ZDF) rat. (U.S. Pat.
No. 6,569,832); and Rhesus monkeys, which spontaneously develop
obesity and subsequently frequently progress to overt type 2
diabetes (Hotta et al., Diabetes, 50:1126-33 (2001); and a
transgenic mouse with a dominant-negative IGF-I receptor
(KR-IGF-IR) having Type 2 diabetes-like insulin resistance.
[0162] Exemplary animal and cellular models for neuropathy include:
vincristine induced sensory-motor neuropathy in mice (U.S. Pat. No.
5,420,112) or rabbits (Ogawa et al., Neurotoxicology, 21:501-11
(2000)); a streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rat for study of autonomic
neuropathy (Schmidt et al., Am. J. Pathol., 163:21-8 (2003)); and a
progressive motor neuropathy (pmn) mouse (Martin et al., Genomics,
75:9-16 (2001)).
[0163] Structure-Activity Relationships and Structure-Based
Design.
[0164] It is also possible to use structure-activity relationships
(SAR) and structure-based design principles to produce a compound
that interact with a sirtuin, e.g., antagonizes or agonizes a
sirtuin. SARs provide information about the activity of related
compounds in at least one relevant assay. Correlations are made
between structural features of a compound of interest and an
activity. For example, it may be possible by evaluating SARs for a
family of compounds related to a compound described herein to
identify one or more structural features required for the agonist's
activity. A library of compounds can then be chemically produced
that vary these features. In another example, a single compound
that is predicted to interact is produced and evaluated in vitro or
in vivo.
[0165] Structure-based design can include determining a structural
model of the physical interaction of a functional domain of a
sirtuin and a compound. The structural model can indicate how the
compound can be engineered, e.g., to improve interaction or reduce
unfavorable interactions. The compound's interaction with the
sirtuin can be identified, e.g., by solution of a crystal
structure, NMR, or computer-based modeling, e.g., docking methods.
See, e.g., Ewing et al. J Comput Aided Mol Des. 2001 May;
15(5):411-28.
[0166] Both the SAR and the structure-based design approach, as
well as other methods, can be used to identify a pharmacophore. A
pharmacophore is defined as a distinct three dimensional (3D)
arrangement of chemical groups. The selection of such groups may be
favorable for biological activity. Since a pharmaceutically active
molecule must interact with one or more molecular structures within
the body of the subject in order to be effective, and the desired
functional properties of the molecule are derived from these
interactions, each active compound must contain a distinct
arrangement of chemical groups which enable this interaction to
occur. The chemical groups, commonly termed descriptor centers, can
be represented by (a) an atom or group of atoms; (b) pseudo-atoms,
for example a center of a ring, or the center of mass of a
molecule; (c) vectors, for example atomic pairs, electron lone pair
directions, or the normal to a plane. Once formulated a
pharmacophore can be used to search a database of chemical
compound, e.g., for those having a structure compatible with the
pharmacophore. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,343,257; Y. C.
Martin, 3D Database Searching in Drug Design, J. Med. Chem. 35,
2145(1992); and A. C. Good and J. S. Mason, Three Dimensional
Structure Database Searches, Reviews in Comp. Chem. 7, 67(1996).
Database search queries are based not only on chemical property
information but also on precise geometric information.
[0167] Computer-based approaches can use database searching to find
matching templates; Y. C. Martin, Database searching in drug
design, J. Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 35, pp 2145-54 (1992), which
is herein incorporated by reference. Existing methods for searching
2-D and 3-D databases of compounds are applicable. Lederle of
American Cyanamid (Pearl River, N.Y.) has pioneered molecular
shape-searching, 3D searching and trend-vectors of databases.
Commercial vendors and other research groups also provide searching
capabilities (MACSS-3D, Molecular Design Ltd. (San Leandro,
Calif.); CAVEAT, Lauri, G. et al., University of California
(Berkeley, Calif.); CHEM-X, Chemical Design, Inc. (Mahwah, N.J.)).
Software for these searches can be used to analyze databases of
potential drug compounds indexed by their significant chemical and
geometric structure (e.g., the Standard Drugs File (Derwent
Publications Ltd., London, England), the Bielstein database
(Bielstein Information, Frankfurt, Germany or Chicago), and the
Chemical Registry database (CAS, Columbus, Ohio)).
[0168] Once a compound is identified that matches the
pharmocophore, it can be tested for activity in vitro, in vivo, or
in silico, e.g., for binding to a sirtuin or domain thereof.
[0169] In one embodiment, a compound that is an agonist or a
candidate agonist, e.g., a compound described in Nature. 2003 Sep.
11; 425(6954):191-196 can be modified to identify an antagonist,
e.g., using the method described herein. For example, a library of
related compounds can be prepared and the library can be screened
in an assay described herein.
[0170] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this
invention include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable
inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of suitable acid
salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate,
benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate,
camphorsulfonate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate,
formate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycolate, hemisulfate,
heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide,
2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, malonate,
methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate,
palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate,
picrate, pivalate, propionate, salicylate, succinate, sulfate,
tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylate and undecanoate. Other acids, such
as oxalic, while not in themselves pharmaceutically acceptable, may
be employed in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in
obtaining the compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically
acceptable acid addition salts. Salts derived from appropriate
bases include alkali metal (e.g., sodium), alkaline earth metal
(e.g., magnesium), ammonium and N-(alkyl).sub.4.sup.+ salts. This
invention also envisions the quaternization of any basic
nitrogen-containing groups of the compounds disclosed herein. Water
or oil-soluble or dispersible products may be obtained by such
quaternization. Salt forms of the compounds of any of the formulae
herein can be amino acid salts of carboxy groups (e.g. L-arginine,
-lysine, -histidine salts).
[0171] The compounds of the formulae described herein can, for
example, be administered by injection, intravenously,
intraarterially, subdermally, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly,
or subcutaneously; or orally, buccally, nasally, transmucosally,
topically, in an ophthalmic preparation, or by inhalation, with a
dosage ranging from about 0.5 to about 100 mg/kg of body weight,
alternatively dosages between 1 mg and 1000 mg/dose, every 4 to 120
hours, or according to the requirements of the particular drug. The
methods herein contemplate administration of an effective amount of
compound or compound composition to achieve the desired or stated
effect. Typically, the pharmaceutical compositions of this
invention will be administered from about 1 to about 6 times per
day or alternatively, as a continuous infusion. Such administration
can be used as a chronic or acute therapy. The amount of active
ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to
produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host
treated and the particular mode of administration. A typical
preparation will contain from about 5% to about 95% active compound
(w/w). Alternatively, such preparations contain from about 20% to
about 80% active compound.
[0172] Lower or higher doses than those recited above may be
required. Specific dosage and treatment regimens for any particular
patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the
activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight,
general health status, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of
excretion, drug combination, the severity and course of the
disease, condition or symptoms, the patient's disposition to the
disease, condition or symptoms, and the judgment of the treating
physician.
[0173] Upon improvement of a patient's condition, a maintenance
dose of a compound, composition or combination of this invention
may be administered, if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or
frequency of administration, or both, may be reduced, as a function
of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved condition is
retained when the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired
level. Patients may, however, require intermittent treatment on a
long-term basis upon any recurrence of disease symptoms.
[0174] The compositions delineated herein include the compounds of
the formulae delineated herein, as well as additional therapeutic
agents if present, in amounts effective for achieving a modulation
of disease or disease symptoms, including those described
herein.
[0175] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant"
refers to a carrier or adjuvant that may be administered to a
patient, together with a compound of this invention, and which does
not destroy the pharmacological activity thereof and is nontoxic
when administered in doses sufficient to deliver a therapeutic
amount of the compound.
[0176] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles
that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of this
invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina,
aluminum stearate, lecithin, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems
(SEDDS) such as d-.alpha.-tocopherol polyethyleneglycol 1000
succinate, surfactants used in pharmaceutical dosage forms such as
Tweens or other similar polymeric delivery matrices, serum
proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as
phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial
glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts
or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen
phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc
salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl
pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol,
sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes,
polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol
and wool fat. Cyclodextrins such as .alpha.-, .beta.-, and
.gamma.-cyclodextrin, or chemically modified derivatives such as
hydroxyalkylcyclodextrins, including 2- and
3-hydroxypropyl-.beta.-cyclodextrins, or other solubilized
derivatives may also be advantageously used to enhance delivery of
compounds of the formulae described herein.
[0177] The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be
administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically,
rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted
reservoir, preferably by oral administration or administration by
injection. The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may
contain any conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable
carriers, adjuvants or vehicles. In some cases, the pH of the
formulation may be adjusted with pharmaceutically acceptable acids,
bases or buffers to enhance the stability of the formulated
compound or its delivery form. The term parenteral as used herein
includes subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular,
intraarticular, intraarterial, intrasynovial, intrasternal,
intrathecal, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion
techniques.
[0178] The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a
sterile injectable preparation, for example, as a sterile
injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be
formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable
dispersing or wetting agents (such as, for example, Tween 80) and
suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a
sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic
parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a
solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and
solvents that may be employed are mannitol, water, Ringer's
solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition,
sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or
suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be
employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. Fatty acids,
such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the
preparation of injectables, as are natural
pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil,
especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions
or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or
dispersant, or carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents
which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically
acceptable dosage forms such as emulsions and or suspensions. Other
commonly used surfactants such as Tweens or Spans and/or other
similar emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are
commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable
solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the
purposes of formulation.
[0179] The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be
orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including,
but not limited to, capsules, tablets, emulsions and aqueous
suspensions, dispersions and solutions. In the case of tablets for
oral use, carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn
starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also
typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful
diluents include lactose and dried corn starch. When aqueous
suspensions and/or emulsions are administered orally, the active
ingredient may be suspended or dissolved in an oily phase is
combined with emulsifying and/or suspending agents. If desired,
certain sweetening and/or flavoring and/or coloring agents may be
added.
[0180] The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also
be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal
administration. These compositions can be prepared by mixing a
compound of this invention with a suitable non-irritating excipient
which is solid at room temperature but liquid at the rectal
temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the
active components. Such materials include, but are not limited to,
cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
[0181] Topical administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of
this invention is useful when the desired treatment involves areas
or organs readily accessible by topical application. For
application topically to the skin, the pharmaceutical composition
should be formulated with a suitable ointment containing the active
components suspended or dissolved in a carrier. Carriers for
topical administration of the compounds of this invention include,
but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petroleum, white
petroleum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene
compound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, the
pharmaceutical composition can be formulated with a suitable lotion
or cream containing the active compound suspended or dissolved in a
carrier with suitable emulsifying agents. Suitable carriers
include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan
monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol,
2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water. The pharmaceutical
compositions of this invention may also be topically applied to the
lower intestinal tract by rectal suppository formulation or in a
suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches are also
included in this invention.
[0182] The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be
administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions are
prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of
pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in
saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives,
absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons,
and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the
art.
[0183] A composition having the compound of the formulae herein and
an additional agent (e.g., a therapeutic agent) can be administered
using an implantable device. Implantable devices and related
technology are known in the art and are useful as delivery systems
where a continuous, or timed-release delivery of compounds or
compositions delineated herein is desired. Additionally, the
implantable device delivery system is useful for targeting specific
points of compound or composition delivery (e.g., localized sites,
organs). Negrin et al., Biomaterials, 22(6):563 (2001).
Timed-release technology involving alternate delivery methods can
also be used in this invention. For example, timed-release
formulations based on polymer technologies, sustained-release
techniques and encapsulation techniques (e.g., polymeric,
liposomal) can also be used for delivery of the compounds and
compositions delineated herein.
[0184] Also within the invention is a patch to deliver active
chemotherapeutic combinations herein. A patch includes a material
layer (e.g., polymeric, cloth, gauze, bandage) and the compound of
the formulae herein as delineated herein. One side of the material
layer can have a protective layer adhered to it to resist passage
of the compounds or compositions. The patch can additionally
include an adhesive to hold the patch in place on a subject. An
adhesive is a composition, including those of either natural or
synthetic origin, that when contacted with the skin of a subject,
temporarily adheres to the skin. It can be water resistant. The
adhesive can be placed on the patch to hold it in contact with the
skin of the subject for an extended period of time. The adhesive
can be made of a tackiness, or adhesive strength, such that it
holds the device in place subject to incidental contact, however,
upon an affirmative act (e.g., ripping, peeling, or other
intentional removal) the adhesive gives way to the external
pressure placed on the device or the adhesive itself, and allows
for breaking of the adhesion contact. The adhesive can be pressure
sensitive, that is, it can allow for positioning of the adhesive
(and the device to be adhered to the skin) against the skin by the
application of pressure (e.g., pushing, rubbing,) on the adhesive
or device.
[0185] When the compositions of this invention comprise a
combination of a compound of the formulae described herein and one
or more additional therapeutic or prophylactic agents, both the
compound and the additional agent should be present at dosage
levels of between about 1 to 100%, and more preferably between
about 5 to 95% of the dosage normally administered in a monotherapy
regimen. The additional agents may be administered separately, as
part of a multiple dose regimen, from the compounds of this
invention. Alternatively, those agents may be part of a single
dosage form, mixed together with the compounds of this invention in
a single composition.
Neoplastic Disorders
[0186] The compounds of the invention can be used in the treatment
of cancer. As used herein, the terms "cancer",
"hyperproliferative", "malignant", and "neoplastic" are used
interchangeably, and refer to those cells an abnormal state or
condition characterized by rapid proliferation or neoplasm. The
terms include all types of cancerous growths or oncogenic
processes, metastatic tissues or malignantly transformed cells,
tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage
of invasiveness. "Pathologic hyperproliferative" cells occur in
disease states characterized by malignant tumor growth.
[0187] The common medical meaning of the term "neoplasia" refers to
"new cell growth" that results as a loss of responsiveness to
normal growth controls, e.g. to neoplastic cell growth. A
"hyperplasia" refers to cells undergoing an abnormally high rate of
growth. However, as used herein, the terms neoplasia and
hyperplasia can be used interchangeably, as their context will
reveal, referring generally to cells experiencing abnormal cell
growth rates. Neoplasias and hyperplasias include "tumors," which
may be benign, premalignant or malignant.
[0188] Examples of cancerous disorders include, but are not limited
to, solid tumors, soft tissue tumors, and metastatic lesions.
Examples of solid tumors include malignancies, e.g., sarcomas,
adenocarcinomas, and carcinomas, of the various organ systems, such
as those affecting lung, breast, lymphoid, gastrointestinal (e.g.,
colon), and genitourinary tract (e.g., renal, urothelial cells),
pharynx, prostate, ovary as well as adenocarcinomas which include
malignancies such as most colon cancers, rectal cancer, renal-cell
carcinoma, liver cancer, non-small cell carcinoma of the lung,
cancer of the small intestine and so forth. Metastatic lesions of
the aforementioned cancers can also be treated or prevented using a
compound described herein.
[0189] The subject method can be useful in treating malignancies of
the various organ systems, such as those affecting lung, breast,
lymphoid, gastrointestinal (e.g., colon), and genitourinary tract,
prostate, ovary, pharynx, as well as adenocarcinomas which include
malignancies such as most colon cancers, renal-cell carcinoma,
prostate cancer and/or testicular tumors, non-small cell carcinoma
of the lung, cancer of the small intestine and cancer of the
esophagus. Exemplary solid tumors that can be treated include:
fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic
sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma,
lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma,
mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma,
colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer,
prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma,
adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma,
papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma,
medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma,
hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal
carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervical cancer, testicular tumor, lung
carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, non-small cell lung
carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma,
astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma,
pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma,
meningioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma.
[0190] The term "carcinoma" is recognized by those skilled in the
art and refers to malignancies of epithelial or endocrine tissues
including respiratory system carcinomas, gastrointestinal system
carcinomas, genitourinary system carcinomas, testicular carcinomas,
breast carcinomas, prostatic carcinomas, endocrine system
carcinomas, and melanomas. Exemplary carcinomas include those
forming from tissue of the cervix, lung, prostate, breast, head and
neck, colon and ovary. The term also includes carcinosarcomas,
e.g., which include malignant tumors composed of carcinomatous and
sarcomatous tissues. An "adenocarcinoma" refers to a carcinoma
derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form
recognizable glandular structures.
[0191] The term "sarcoma" is recognized by those skilled in the art
and refers to malignant tumors of mesenchymal derivation.
[0192] The subject method can also be used to inhibit the
proliferation of hyperplastic/neoplastic cells of hematopoietic
origin, e.g., arising from myeloid, lymphoid or erythroid lineages,
or precursor cells thereof. For instance, the invention
contemplates the treatment of various myeloid disorders including,
but not limited to, acute promyeloid leukemia (APML), acute
myelogenous leukemia (AML) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
(reviewed in Vaickus, L. (1991) Crit Rev. in Oncol./Hemotol.
11:267-97). Lymphoid malignancies which may be treated by the
subject method include, but are not limited to acute lymphoblastic
leukemia (ALL), which includes B-lineage ALL and T-lineage ALL,
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL),
hairy cell leukemia (HLL) and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM).
Additional forms of malignant lymphomas include, but are not
limited to, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and variants thereof, peripheral
T-cell lymphomas, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), cutaneous
T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), large granular lymphocytic leukemia (LGF)
and Hodgkin's disease.
Alzheimer's Disease
[0193] Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative
disease that results in the irreversible loss of neurons and is an
example of a neurodegenerative disease that has symptoms caused at
least in part by protein aggregation. A compound described herein
can be used to ameliorate at least one symptom of a subject that
has AD.
[0194] Clinical hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease include
progressive impairment in memory, judgment, orientation to physical
surroundings, and language. Neuropathological hallmarks of AD
include region-specific neuronal loss, amyloid plaques, and
neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid plaques are extracellular plaques
containing the .beta. amyloid peptide (also known as A.beta., or
A.beta.42), which is a cleavage product of the .beta.-amyloid
precursor protein (also known as APP). Neurofibrillary tangles are
insoluble intracellular aggregates composed of filaments of the
abnormally hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein, tau.
Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles may contribute to
secondary events that lead to neuronal loss by apoptosis (Clark and
Karlawish, Ann. Intern. Med. 138(5):400-410 (2003). For example,
.beta.-amyloid induces caspase-2-dependent apoptosis in cultured
neurons (Troy et al. J. Neurosci. 20(4):1386-1392). The deposition
of plaques in vivo may trigger apoptosis of proximal neurons in a
similar manner
[0195] Mutations in genes encoding APP, presenilin-1, and
presenilin-2 have been implicated in early-onset AD (Lendon et al.
JAMA 227:825 (1997)). Mutations in these proteins have been shown
to enhance proteolytic processing of APP via an intracellular
pathway that produces A.beta.. Aberrant regulation of A.beta.
processing may be central to the formation of amyloid plaques and
the consequent neuronal damage associated with plaques.
[0196] A variety of criteria, including genetic, biochemical,
physiological, and cognitive criteria, can be used to evaluate AD
in a subject. Symptoms and diagnosis of AD are known to medical
practitioners. Some exemplary symptoms and markers of AD are
presented below. Information about these indications and other
indications known to be associated with AD can be used as an
"AD-related parameter." An AD-related parameter can include
qualitative or quantitative information. An example of quantitative
information is a numerical value of one or more dimensions, e.g., a
concentration of a protein or a tomographic map. Qualitative
information can include an assessment, e.g., a physician's comments
or a binary ("yes"/"no") and so forth. An AD-related parameter
includes information that indicates that the subject is not
diagnosed with AD or does not have a particular indication of AD,
e.g., a cognitive test result that is not typical of AD or a
genetic APOE polymorphism not associated with AD.
[0197] Progressive cognitive impairment is a hallmark of AD. This
impairment can present as decline in memory, judgment, decision
making, orientation to physical surroundings, and language
(Nussbaum and Ellis, New Eng. J. Med. 348(14):1356-1364 (2003)).
Exclusion of other forms of dementia can assist in making a
diagnosis of AD.
[0198] Neuronal death leads to progressive cerebral atrophy in AD
patients. Imaging techniques (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging, or
computed tomography) can be used to detect AD-associated lesions in
the brain and/or brain atrophy.
[0199] AD patients may exhibit biochemical abnormalities that
result from the pathology of the disease. For example, levels of
tau protein in the cerebrospinal fluid is elevated in AD patients
(Andreasen, N. et al. Arch Neurol. 58:349-350 (2001)). Levels of
amyloid beta 42 (A.beta.42) peptide can be reduced in CSF of AD
patients (Galasko, D., et al. Arch. Neurol. 55:937-945 (1998)).
Levels of A.beta.42 can be increased in the plasma of AD patients
(Ertekein-Taner, N., et al. Science 290:2303-2304 (2000)).
Techniques to detect biochemical abnormalities in a sample from a
subject include cellular, immunological, and other biological
methods known in the art. For general guidance, see, e.g.,
techniques described in Sambrook & Russell, Molecular Cloning:
A Laboratory Manual, 3.sup.rd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory, N.Y. (2001), Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in
Molecular Biology (Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley
Interscience, N.Y. (1989), (Harlow, E. and Lane, D. (1988)
Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), and updated editions thereof.
[0200] For example, antibodies, other immunoglobulins, and other
specific binding ligands can be used to detect a biomolecule, e.g.,
a protein or other antigen associated with AD. For example, one or
more specific antibodies can be used to probe a sample. Various
formats are possible, e.g., ELISAs, fluorescence-based assays,
Western blots, and protein arrays. Methods of producing polypeptide
arrays are described in the art, e.g., in De Wildt et al. (2000).
Nature Biotech. 18, 989-994; Lueking et al. (1999). Anal. Biochem.
270, 103-111; Ge, H. (2000). Nucleic Acids Res. 28, e3, I-VII;
MacBeath, G., and Schreiber, S. L. (2000). Science 289, 1760-1763;
and WO 99/51773A1. Proteins can also be analyzed using mass
spectroscopy, chromatography, electrophoresis, enzyme interaction
or using probes that detect post-translational modification (e.g.,
a phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, methylation, or
acetylation).
[0201] Nucleic acid expression can be detected in cells from a
subject, e.g., removed by surgery, extraction, post-mortem or other
sampling (e.g., blood, CSF). Expression of one or more genes can be
evaluated, e.g., by hybridization based techniques, e.g., Northern
analysis, RT-PCR, SAGE, and nucleic acid arrays. Nucleic acid
arrays are useful for profiling multiple mRNA species in a sample.
A nucleic acid array can be generated by various methods, e.g., by
photolithographic methods (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,143,854;
5,510,270; and 5,527,681), mechanical methods (e.g., directed-flow
methods as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,261), pin-based methods
(e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,288,514), and bead-based
techniques (e.g., as described in PCT US/93/04145).
[0202] Metabolites that are associated with AD can be detected by a
variety of means, including enzyme-coupled assays, using labeled
precursors, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). For example, NMR
can be used to determine the relative concentrations of
phosphate-based compounds in a sample, e.g., creatine levels. Other
metabolic parameters such as redox state, ion concentration (e.g.,
Ca.sup.2+) (e.g., using ion-sensitive dyes), and membrane potential
can also be detected (e.g., using patch-clamp technology).
[0203] Information about an AD-associated marker can be recorded
and/or stored in a computer-readable format. Typically the
information is linked to a reference about the subject and also is
associated (directly or indirectly) with information about the
identity of one or more nucleotides in a gene that encodes a
sirtuin in the subject.
[0204] In one embodiment, a non-human animal model of AD (e.g., a
mouse model) is used, e.g., to evaluate a compound or a therapeutic
regimen, e.g., of a compound described herein. For example, U.S.
Pat. No. 6,509,515 describes one such model animal which is
naturally able to be used with learning and memory tests. The
animal expresses an amyloid precursor protein (APP) sequence at a
level in brain tissues such that the animal develops a progressive
neurologic disorder within a short period of time from birth,
generally within a year from birth, preferably within 2 to 6
months, from birth. The APP protein sequence is introduced into the
animal, or an ancestor of the animal, at an embryonic stage,
preferably the one cell, or fertilized oocyte, stage, and generally
not later than about the 8-cell stage. The zygote or embryo is then
developed to term in a pseudo-pregnant foster female. The amyloid
precursor protein genes are introduced into an animal embryo so as
to be chromosomally incorporated in a state which results in
super-endogenous expression of the amyloid precursor protein and
the development of a progressive neurologic disease in the
cortico-limbic areas of the brain, areas of the brain which are
prominently affected in progressive neurologic disease states such
as AD. The gliosis and clinical manifestations in affected
transgenic animals model neurologic disease. The progressive
aspects of the neurologic disease are characterized by diminished
exploratory and/or locomotor behavior and diminished 2-deoxyglucose
uptake/utilization and hypertrophic gliosis in the cortico-limbic
regions of the brain. Further, the changes that are seen are
similar to those that are seen in some aging animals. Other animal
models are also described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,387,742; 5,877,399;
6,358,752; and 6,187,992.
Parkinson's Disease
[0205] Parkinson's disease includes neurodegeneration of
dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra resulting in the
degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system that regulates
motor function. This pathology, in turn, leads to motor
dysfunctions. (see, e.g., and Lotharius et al., Nat. Rev.
Neurosci., 3:932-42 (2002).) Exemplary motor symptoms include:
akinesia, stooped posture, gait difficulty, postural instability,
catalepsy, muscle rigidity, and tremor. Exemplary non-motor
symptoms include: depression, lack of motivation, passivity,
dementia and gastrointestinal dysfunction (see, e.g., Fahn, Ann.
N.Y. Acad. Sci., 991:1-14 (2003) and Pfeiffer, Lancet Neurol.,
2:107-16 (2003)) Parkinson's has been observed in 0.5 to 1 percent
of persons 65 to 69 years of age and 1 to 3 percent among persons
80 years of age and older. (see, e.g., Nussbaum et al., N. Engl. J.
Med., 348:1356-64 (2003)).
[0206] A compound described herein can be used to ameliorate at
least one symptom of a subject that has Parkinson's disease.
[0207] Molecular markers of Parkinson's disease include reduction
in aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). (see, e.g., US Appl
20020172664); loss of dopamine content in the nigrostriatal neurons
(see, e.g., Fahn, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 991:1-14 (2003) and
Lotharius et al., Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 3:932-42 (2002)). In some
familial cases, PD is linked to mutations in single genes encoding
alpha-synuclein and parkin (an E3 ubiquitin ligase) proteins.
(e.g., Riess et al., J. Neurol. 250 Suppl 1:13-10 (2003) and
Nussbaum et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 348:1356-64 (2003)). A missense
mutation in a neuron-specific C-terminal ubiquitin hydrolase gene
is also associated with Parkinson's. (e.g., Nussbaum et al., N.
Engl. J. Med., 348:1356-64 (2003))
[0208] A compound or library of compounds described herein can be
evaluated in a non-human animal model of Parkinson's disease.
Exemplary animal models of Parkinson's disease include primates
rendered parkinsonian by treatment with the dopaminergic neurotoxin
1-methyl-4 phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (see, e.g., US
Appl 20030055231 and Wichmann et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.,
991:199-213 (2003); 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats (e.g., Lab.
Anim Sci., 49:363-71 (1999)); and transgenic invertebrate models
(e.g., Lakso et al., J. Neurochem., 86:165-72 (2003) and Link,
Mech. Ageing Dev., 122:1639-49 (2001)).
Evaluating Polyglutamine Aggregation
[0209] A variety of cell free assays, cell based assays, and
organismal assays are available for evaluating polyglutamine
aggregation, e.g., Huntingtin polyglutamine aggregation. Some
examples are described, e.g., in U.S. 2003-0109476.
[0210] Assays (e.g., cell free, cell-based, or organismal) can
include a reporter protein that includes a polyglutamine repeat
region which has at least 35 polyglutamines. The reporter protein
can be easily detectable, e.g., by fluorescence. For example, the
protein is conjugated to a fluorophore, for example, fluorescein
isothiocyanate (FITC), allophycocyanin (APC), R-phycoerythrin (PE),
peridinin chlorophyll protein (PerCP), Texas Red, Cy3, Cy5, Cy7, or
a fluorescence resonance energy tandem fluorophore such as
PerCP-Cy5.5, PE-Cy5, PE-Cy5.5, PE-Cy7, PE-Texas Red, and APC-Cy7.
In another example the protein is "intrinsically fluorescent" in
that it has a chromophore is entirely encoded by its amino acid
sequence and can fluoresce without requirement for cofactor or
substrate. For example, the protein can include a green fluorescent
protein (GFP)-like chromophore. As used herein, "GFP-like
chromophore" means an intrinsically fluorescent protein moiety
comprising an 11-stranded .beta.-barrel with a central
.alpha.-helix, the central .alpha.-helix having a conjugated
.pi.-resonance system that includes two aromatic ring systems and
the bridge between them.
[0211] The GFP-like chromophore can be selected from GFP-like
chromophores found in naturally occurring proteins, such as A.
victoria GFP (GenBank accession number AAA27721), Renilla
reniformis GFP, FP583 (GenBank accession no. AF168419) (DsRed),
FP593 (AF272711), FP483 (AF168420), FP484 (AF168424), FP595
(AF246709), FP486 (AF168421), FP538 (AF168423), and FP506
(AF168422), and need include only so much of the native protein as
is needed to retain the chromophore's intrinsic fluorescence.
Methods for determining the minimal domain required for
fluorescence are known in the art. Li et al., J. Biol. Chem.
272:28545-28549 (1997).
[0212] Alternatively, the GFP-like chromophore can be selected from
GFP-like chromophores modified from those found in nature.
Typically, such modifications are made to improve recombinant
production in heterologous expression systems (with or without
change in protein sequence), to alter the excitation and/or
emission spectra of the native protein, to facilitate purification,
to facilitate or as a consequence of cloning, or are a fortuitous
consequence of research investigation. The methods for engineering
such modified GFP-like chromophores and testing them for
fluorescence activity, both alone and as part of protein fusions,
are well-known in the art. A variety of such modified chromophores
are now commercially available and can readily be used in the
fusion proteins of the present invention. For example, EGFP
("enhanced GFP"), Cormack et al., Gene 173:33-38 (1996); U.S. Pat.
Nos. 6,090,919 and 5,804,387, is a red-shifted, human
codon-optimized variant of GFP that has been engineered for
brighter fluorescence, higher expression in mammalian cells, and
for an excitation spectrum optimized for use in flow cytometers.
EGFP can usefully contribute a GFP-like chromophore to the fusion
proteins that further include a polyglutamine region. A variety of
EGFP vectors, both plasmid and viral, are available commercially
(Clontech Labs, Palo Alto, Calif., USA). Still other engineered GFP
proteins are known. See, e.g., Heim et al., Curr. Biol. 6:178-182
(1996); Cormack et al., Gene 173:33-38 (1996), BFP2, EYFP
("enhanced yellow fluorescent protein"), EBFP, Ormo et al., Science
273:1392-1395 (1996), Heikal et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
97:11996-12001 (2000). ECFP ("enhanced cyan fluorescent protein")
(Clontech Labs, Palo Alto, Calif., USA). The GFP-like chromophore
can also be drawn from other modified GFPs, including those
described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,124,128; 6,096,865; 6,090,919;
6,066,476; 6,054,321; 6,027,881; 5,968,750; 5,874,304; 5,804,387;
5,777,079; 5,741,668; and 5,625,048.
[0213] In one embodiment, a reporter protein that includes a
polyglutamine repeat region which has at least 35 polyglutamines is
used in a cell-based assay.
[0214] In one example, PC12 neuronal cell lines that have a
construct engineered to express a protein encoded by HD gene exon 1
containing alternating, repeating codons fused to an enhanced GFP
(green fluorescent protein) gene can be used. See, e.g., Boado et
al. J. Pharmacol. and Experimental Therapeutics 295(1): 239-243
(2000) and Kazantsev et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 11404-09
(1999). Expression of this gene leads to the appearance of green
fluorescence co-localized to the site of protein aggregates. The HD
gene exon 1-GFP fusion gene is under the control of an inducible
promoter regulated by muristerone. A particular construct has
approximately 46 glutamine repeats (encoded by either CAA or CAG).
Other constructs have, for example, 103 glutamine repeats. PC12
cells are grown in DMEM, 5% Horse serum (heat inactivated), 2.5%
FBS and 1% Pen-Strep, and maintained in low amounts on Zeocin and
G418. The cells are plated in 24-well plates coated with
poly-L-lysine coverslips, at a density of 510.sup.5 cells/ml in
media without any selection. Muristerone is added after the
overnight incubation to induce the expression of HD gene exon
1-GFP. The cells can be contacted with a test compound, e.g.,
before or after plating and before or after induction. The data can
be acquired on a Zeiss inverted 100M Axioskop equipped with a Zeiss
510 LSM confocal microscope and a Coherent Krypton Argon laser and
a Helium Neon laser. Samples can be loaded into Lab-Tek II
chambered coverglass system for improved imaging. The number of
Huntingtin-GFP aggregations within the field of view of the
objective is counted in independent experiments (e.g., at least
three or seven independent experiments).
[0215] Other exemplary means for evaluating samples include a high
throughput apparatus, such as the Amersham Biosciences IN Cell
Analysis System and Cellomics.TM. ArrayScan HCS System which permit
the subcellular location and concentration of fluorescently tagged
moieties to be detected and quantified, both statically and
kinetically. See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,989,835.
[0216] Other exemplary mammalian cell lines include: a CHO cell
line and a 293 cell line. For example, CHO cells with integrated
copies of HD gene exon 1 with approximately 103Q repeats fused to
GFP as a fusion construct encoding HD gene exon 1 Q103-GFP produce
a visible GFP aggregation at the nuclear membrane, detectable by
microscopy, whereas CHO cells with integrated copies of fusion
constructs encoding HD gene exon 1 Q24-GFP in CHO cells do not
produce a visible GFP aggregation at the nuclear membrane. In
another example, 293 cells with integrated copies of the HD gene
exon 1 containing 84 CAG repeats are used.
[0217] A number of animal model system for Huntington's disease are
available. See, e.g., Brouillet, Functional Neurology 15(4):
239-251 (2000); Ona et al. Nature 399: 263-267 (1999), Bates et al.
Hum Mol Genet. 6(10):1633-7 (1997); Hansson et al. J. of
Neurochemistry 78: 694-703; and Rubinsztein, D. C., Trends in
Genetics, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 202-209 (a review on various animal
and non-human models of HD).
[0218] In one embodiment, the animal is a transgenic mouse that can
express (in at least one cell) a human Huntingtin protein, a
portion thereof, or fusion protein comprising human Huntingtin
protein, or a portion thereof, with, for example, at least 36
glutamines (e.g., encoded by CAG repeats (alternatively, any number
of the CAG repeats may be CAA) in the CAG repeat segment of exon 1
encoding the polyglutamine tract).
[0219] An example of such a transgenic mouse strain is the R6/2
line (Mangiarini et al. Cell 87: 493-506 (1996)). The R6/2 mice are
transgenic Huntington's disease mice, which over-express exon one
of the human HD gene (under the control of the endogenous
promoter). The exon 1 of the R6/2 human HD gene has an expanded
CAG/polyglutamine repeat lengths (150 CAG repeats on average).
These mice develop a progressive, ultimately fatal neurological
disease with many features of human Huntington's disease. Abnormal
aggregates, constituted in part by the N-terminal part of
Huntingtin (encoded by HD exon 1), are observed in R6/2 mice, both
in the cytoplasm and nuclei of cells (Davies et al. Cell 90:
537-548 (1997)). For example, the human Huntingtin protein in the
transgenic animal is encoded by a gene that includes at least 55
CAG repeats and more preferably about 150 CAG repeats.
[0220] These transgenic animals can develop a Huntington's
disease-like phenotype. These transgenic mice are characterized by
reduced weight gain, reduced lifespan and motor impairment
characterized by abnormal gait, resting tremor, hindlimb clasping
and hyperactivity from 8 to 10 weeks after birth (for example the
R6/2 strain; see Mangiarini et al. Cell 87: 493-506 (1996)). The
phenotype worsens progressively toward hypokinesia. The brains of
these transgenic mice also demonstrate neurochemical and
histological abnormalities, such as changes in neurotransmitter
receptors (glutamate, dopaminergic), decreased concentration of
N-acetylaspartate (a marker of neuronal integrity) and reduced
striatum and brain size. Accordingly, evaluating can include
assessing parameters related to neurotransmitter levels,
neurotransmitter receptor levels, brain size and striatum size. In
addition, abnormal aggregates containing the transgenic part of or
full-length human Huntingtin protein are present in the brain
tissue of these animals (e.g., the R6/2 transgenic mouse strain).
See, e.g., Mangiarini et al. Cell 87: 493-506 (1996), Davies et al.
Cell 90: 537-548 (1997), Brouillet, Functional Neurology 15(4):
239-251 (2000) and Cha et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:
6480-6485 (1998).
[0221] To test the effect of the test compound, e.g., a compound
described herein or present in a library described herein, in an
animal model, different concentrations of test compound are
administered to the transgenic animal, for example by injecting the
test compound into circulation of the animal. In one embodiment, a
Huntington's disease-like symptom is evaluated in the animal. For
example, the progression of the Huntington's disease-like symptoms,
e.g. as described above for the mouse model, is then monitored to
determine whether treatment with the test compound results in
reduction or delay of symptoms. In another embodiment,
disaggregation of the Huntingtin protein aggregates in these
animals is monitored. The animal can then be sacrificed and brain
slices are obtained. The brain slices are then analyzed for the
presence of aggregates containing the transgenic human Huntingtin
protein, a portion thereof, or a fusion protein comprising human
Huntingtin protein, or a portion thereof. This analysis can
includes, for example, staining the slices of brain tissue with
anti-Huntingtin antibody and adding a secondary antibody conjugated
with FITC which recognizes the anti-Huntingtin's antibody (for
example, the anti-Huntingtin antibody is mouse anti-human antibody
and the secondary antibody is specific for human antibody) and
visualizing the protein aggregates by fluorescent microscopy.
Alternatively, the anti-Huntingtin antibody can be directly
conjugated with FITC. The levels of Huntingtin's protein aggregates
are then visualized by fluorescent microscopy.
[0222] A Drosophila melanogaster model system for Huntington's
disease is also available. See, e.g., Steffan et al., Nature, 413:
739-743 (2001) and Marsh et al., Human Molecular Genetics 9: 13-25
(2000). For example, a transgenic Drosophila can be engineered to
express human Huntingtin protein, a portion thereof (such as exon
1), or fusion protein comprising human Huntingtin protein, or a
portion thereof, with, for example, a polyglutamine region that
includes at least 36 glutamines (e.g., encoded by CAG repeats
(preferably 51 repeats or more) (alternatively, any number of the
CAG repeats may be CAA)) The polyglutamine region can be encoded by
the CAG repeat segment of exon 1 encoding the poly Q tract. These
transgenic flies can also engineered to express human Huntingtin
protein, a portion thereof (such as exon 1), or fusion protein
comprising human Huntingtin protein, or a portion thereof, in
neurons, e.g., in the Drosophila eye.
[0223] The test compound (e.g., different concentrations of the
test compound) or a compound described herein can be administered
to the transgenic Drosophila, for example, by applying the
pharmaceutical compositions that include the compound into to the
animal or feeding the compound as part of food. Administration of
the compound can occur at various stages of the Drosophila life
cycle. The animal can be monitored to determine whether treatment
with the compound results in reduction or delay of Huntington's
disease-like symptoms, disaggregation of the Huntingtin protein
aggregates, or reduced lethality and/or degeneration of
photoreceptor neurons are monitored.
[0224] Neurodegeneration due to expression of human Huntingtin
protein, a portion thereof (such as exon 1), or fusion protein
comprising human Huntingtin protein, or a portion thereof, is
readily observed in the fly compound eye, which is composed of a
regular trapezoidal arrangement of seven visible rhabdomeres
(subcellular light-gathering structures) produced by the
photoreceptor neurons of each Drosophila ommatidium. Expression of
human Huntingtin protein, a portion thereof (such as exon 1), or
fusion protein comprising human Huntingtin protein, or a portion
thereof, leads to a progressive loss of rhabdomeres. Thus, an
animal to which a test compound is administered can be evaluated
for neuronal degeneration.
[0225] Morely et al. (2002) Proc. Nat. Acad. USA Vol. 99:10417
describes a C. elegans system for evaluating Huntington's disease
related protein aggregation.
Evaluating Huntington's Disease
[0226] A compound described herein can be used to ameliorate at
least one symptom of Huntington's disease in a subject.
[0227] A variety of methods are available to evaluate and/or
monitor Huntington's disease. A variety of clinical symptoms and
indicia for the disease are known. Huntington's disease causes a
movement disorder, psychiatric difficulties and cognitive changes.
The degree, age of onset, and manifestation of these symptoms can
vary. The movement disorder can include quick, random, dance-like
movements called chorea.
[0228] One method for evaluating Huntington's disease uses the
Unified Huntington's disease Rating Scale (UNDRS). It is also
possible to use individual tests alone or in combination to
evaluate if at least one symptom of Huntington's disease is
ameliorated. The UNDRS is described in Movement Disorders (vol.
11:136-142, 1996) and Marder et al. Neurology (54:452-458, 2000).
The UNDRS quantifies the severity of Huntington's Disease. It is
divided into multiple subsections: motor, cognitive, behavioral,
functional. In one embodiment, a single subsection is used to
evaluate a subject. These scores can be calculated by summing the
various questions of each section. Some sections (such as chorea
and dystonia) can include grading each extremity, face,
bucco-oral-ligual, and trunk separately.
[0229] Exemplary motor evaluations include: ocular pursuit, saccade
initiation, saccade velocity, dysarthria, tongue protrusion, finger
tap ability, pronate/supinate, a fist-hand-palm sequence, rigidity
of arms, bradykinesia, maximal dystonia (trunk, upper and lower
extremities), maximal chorea (e.g., trunk, face, upper and lower
extremities), gait, tandem walking, and retropulsion. An exemplary
treatment can cause a change in the Total Motor Score 4 (TMS-4), a
subscale of the UHDRS, e.g., over a one-year period.
Diabetes
[0230] The invention provides methods of treating and preventing
diabetes. Examples of diabetes include insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus and non-insulin dependent diabetes. For example the method
includes administering to a patient having diabetes or at risk of
diabetes a compound described herein. In some instances, a patient
can be identified as being at risk of developing diabetes by having
impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or fasting hyperglycemia.
[0231] For example, a compound described herein can be administered
to a subject in a therapeutically effective amount to decrease
gluconeogenesis, improve glycemic control (i.e., lower fasting
blood glucose), or normalize insulin sensitivity. The compound can
be administered to a subject suffering from diabetes or
obesity.
[0232] Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 1 diabetes) is an
autoimmune disease, where insulitis leads to the destruction of
pancreatic J-cells. At the time of clinical onset of type 1
diabetes mellitus, significant number of insulin producing b cells
are destroyed and only 15% to 40% are still capable of insulin
production (McCulloch et al. (1991) Diabetes 40:673-679). b-cell
failure results in a life long dependence on daily insulin
injections and exposure to the acute and late complication of the
disease.
[0233] Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease of impaired
glucose homeostasis characterized by hyperglycemia, or high blood
sugar, as a result of defective insulin action which manifests as
insulin resistance, defective insulin secretion, or both. A patient
with Type 2 diabetes mellitus has abnormal carbohydrate, lipid, and
protein metabolism associated with insulin resistance and/or
impaired insulin secretion. The disease leads to pancreatic beta
cell destruction and eventually absolute insulin deficiency.
Without insulin, high glucose levels remain in the blood. The long
term effects of high blood glucose include blindness, renal
failure, and poor blood circulation to these areas, which can lead
to foot and ankle amputations. Early detection is critical in
preventing patients from reaching this severity. The majority of
patients with diabetes have the non-insulin dependent form of
diabetes, currently referred to as Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
[0234] The invention also includes methods of treating disorders
related to or resulting from diabetes, for example end organ
damage, diabetic gastroparesis, diabetic neuropathy, cardiac
dysrythmia, etc.
[0235] Exemplary molecular models of Type II diabetes include: a
transgenic mouse having defective Nkx-2.2 or Nkx-6.1; (U.S. Pat.
No. 6,127,598); Zucker Diabetic Fatty fa/fa (ZDF) rat. (U.S. Pat.
No. 6,569,832); and Rhesus monkeys, which spontaneously develop
obesity and subsequently frequently progress to overt type 2
diabetes (Hotta et al., Diabetes, 50:1126-33 (2001); and a
transgenic mouse with a dominant-negative IGF-I receptor
(KR-IGF-IR) having Type 2 diabetes-like insulin resistance.
Metabolic Syndrome
[0236] The invention provides a method of treating metabolic
syndrome, including administering to a subject an effective amount
of a compound described herein.
[0237] The metabolic syndrome (e.g., Syndrome X) is characterized
by a group of metabolic risk factors in one person. They include:
central obesity (excessive fat tissue in and around the abdomen),
atherogenic dyslipidemia (blood fat disorders--mainly high
triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol--that foster plaque buildups
in artery walls); insulin resistance or glucose intolerance (the
body can't properly use insulin or blood sugar); prothrombotic
state (e.g., high fibrinogen or plasminogen activator inhibitor
[-1] in the blood); raised blood pressure (i.e., hypertension)
(130/85 mmHg or higher); and proinflammatory state (e.g., elevated
high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in the blood).
[0238] The underlying causes of this syndrome are
overweight/obesity, physical inactivity and genetic factors. People
with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk of coronary heart
disease, other diseases related to plaque buildups in artery walls
(e.g., stroke and peripheral vascular disease) and type 2 diabetes.
Metabolic syndrome is closely associated with a generalized
metabolic disorder called insulin resistance, in which the body
can't use insulin efficiently.
Fat-Cell Related Disorders
[0239] The invention provides a method of enhancing adipogenesis
comprising administering to a subject a compound described herein.
For example, the subject can be underweight, have reduced fat
content, or require additional fat cells, either locally (e.g., at
a topical location such as the skin of the face) or
systemically
[0240] The compounds may also be used to modulate a fat cell, e.g.,
an adipocyte, e.g., differentiation of the adipocyte. For example,
a compound described herein can be administered in an amount
effective to prevent fat accumulation in a normal or a pathological
state. Disorders relating to adipocytes include obesity. "Obesity"
refers to a condition in which a subject has a body mass index of
greater than or equal to 30. "Over-weight" refers to a condition in
which a subject has a body mass index of greater or equal to 25.0.
The body mass index and other definitions are according to the "NIH
Clinical Guidelines on the Identification and Evaluation, and
Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults" (1998). In
particular, obesity can lead to type II diabetes in successive
phases Clinically, these phases can be characterized as normal
glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemic
diabetes, and hypoinsulinemic diabetes. Such a progressive
impairment of glucose storage correlates with a rise in basal
glycemia.
[0241] Examples of other fat-cell related disorders include)
dislipidemia, and hyperlipidemia (including high triglycerides,
high LDL, high fatty acid levels).
[0242] Exemplary models for the treatment of obesity include two
primary animal model systems: 1) diet-induced obesity (DIO) caused
by feeding rodents .about.60% fat content of caloric intake Animals
treated for up to 12-16 weeks on this type of diet gain substantial
body weight (>50% increase), accumulate excessive fat mass,
become hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic and insulin resistant. In
this model compounds can be tested prior to the initiation of the
diet or at any time during development of obesity. 2) db/db mutant
mice (leptin receptor spontaneous mutant). These animals exhibit a
similar phenotype as the DIO animals only more severe with regard
to various readouts. Animals can be treated similar to the DIO
model. As a surrogate readout of SirT1 inhibitor activity, sister
animals can be sacrificed along the treatment regimen and assessed
biochemically for increased acetylation status of FoxO1 proteins in
various tissues, such as liver, muscle and white adipose
tissue.
[0243] Compound described herein can be used to treat AMD. Macular
degeneration includes a variety of diseases characterized by a
progressive loss of central vision associated with abnormalities of
Bruch's membrane and the retinal pigment epithelium (see, e.g., US
Appl 20030138798). AMD occurs in 1.2% of the population between 52
and 64 years of age and 20% of patients over the age of 75. (see,
e.g., US Appl 20030087889) Macular degeneration occurs in two
forms, "atrophic" ("non-exudative" or "dry" form) and "exudative"
("wet" form). A less common form of AMD is "atrophic AMD," which is
due to dead RPE cells. (US Application 20030093064).
[0244] Symptoms of AMD include: straight lines in the field of
vision appear wavy; type in books, magazines and newspapers appears
blurry; and dark or empty spaces block the center of vision. (see,
e.g., US Appl 20030065020)
[0245] Exemplary molecular markers that can be used to evaluate an
AMD status include: the nucleic acid sequence of a gene encoding
FBNL or the amino acid sequence of the FBNL protein: 345Arg>Trp
and 362 Arg>Gln; (see, e.g., US Appl 20030138798); increases in
the pigment A2E, N-retinyl-N-retinylidene ethanolamine, ultimately
leading to release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm (US Appl
20030050283); auto-antibodies against various macular
degeneration-associated molecules including fibulin-3, vitronectin,
.beta.-crystallin A2, .beta.-crystallin A3, .beta.-crystallin A4,
.beta.-crystallin S, calreticulin, 14-3-3 protein epsilon,
serotransferrin, albumin, keratin, pyruvate carboxylase, or villin
2 (see, e.g., U.S. Appl 20030017501); abnormal activity or level of
complement pathway molecules including clusterin, C6 or C5b-9
complex (see, e.g., US Appl 20020015957); and accumulation of the
pigment lipofuscin in lysosomes of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE)
cells (Suter et al., J Biol Chem. 275:39625-30 (2000)).
Tissue Repair
[0246] A compound described herein may also be used to modulate
tissue repair or tissue state. Exemplary implementations for tissue
repair include wound healing, burns, ulcers (e.g., ulcers in a
diabetic, e.g., diabetic foot ulcers), surgical wounds, sores, and
abrasions. The method can decrease at least one symptom of the
tissue. For example, the method includes administering (e.g.,
locally or systemically) an effective amount of a compound
described herein.
[0247] A compound may be used for a dermatological disease or
disorder.
Skeletal Muscle Atrophy
[0248] Muscle atrophy includes numerous neuromuscular, metabolic,
immunological and neurological disorders and diseases as well as
starvation, nutritional deficiency, metabolic stress, diabetes,
aging, muscular dystrophy, or myopathy. Muscle atrophy occurs
during the aging process. Muscle atrophy also results from reduced
use or disuse of the muscle. Symptoms include a decline in skeletal
muscle tissue mass. In human males, muscle mass declines by
one-third between the ages of 50 and 80.
[0249] Some molecular features of muscle atrophy include the
upregulation of ubiquitin ligases, and the loss of myofibrillar
proteins (Furuno et al., J. Biol. Chem., 265:8550-8557, 1990). The
breakdown of these proteins can be followed, e.g., by measuring
3-methyl-histidine production, which is a specific constituent of
actin, and in certain muscles of myosin (Goodman, Biochem. J,
241:121-12, 1987 and Lowell, et al., Metabolism, 35:1121-112, 1986;
Stein and Schluter, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 272:
E688-E696, 1997). Release of creatine kinase (a cell damage marker)
(Jackson, et al., Neurology, 41: 101 104, 1991) can also be
indicative.
Multiple Sclerosis
[0250] Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuromuscular disease
characterized by focal inflammatory and autoimmune degeneration of
cerebral white matter. White matter becomes inflamed, and
inflammation is followed by destruction of myelin (forming
"lesions" which are marked by an infiltration of numerous immune
cells, especially T-cell lymphocytes and macrophages. MS can cause
a slowing or complete block of nerve impulse transmission and,
thus, diminished or lost bodily function. A patient who has MS may
have one of a variety of grade of MS (e.g., relapsing-remitting MS,
primary progressive MS, secondary progressive, and Marburg's
variant MS).
[0251] Symptoms can include vision problems such as blurred or
double vision, red-green color distortion, or even blindness in one
eye, muscle weakness in the extremities, coordination and balance
problems, muscle spasticity, muscle fatigue, paresthesias, fleeting
abnormal sensory feelings such as numbness, prickling, or "pins and
needles" sensations, and in the worst cases, partial or complete
paralysis. About half of the people suffering from MS also
experience cognitive impairments, such as for example, poor
concentration, attention, memory and/or judgment. (see, e.g., US
2003-0130357 and 2003-0092089)
[0252] Molecular markers of MS include a number of genetic factors,
e.g., Caucasian haplotype DRB*1501-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602 (US Appl
20030113752), a point mutation in the protein tyrosine phosphatase
receptor-type C. (US Appl 20030113752), absence of wild-type
SARG-1-protein, presence of mutated SARG-1-protein, or absence or
mutation in the nucleic acids encoding wild-type SARG-1. (see,
e.g., US Appl 20030113752) and protein indicators, e.g., Myelin
Basic Protein auto-antibody in cerebrospinal fluid. (see, e.g., US
Appl 20030092089)
[0253] Cellular and animal models of MS include transgenic mouse
model for chronic MS (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
(EAE)), e.g., as described by Goverman et al., Cell. 72:551-60
(1993), and primate models as reviewed by Brok et al., Immunol.
Rev., 183:173-85 (2001).
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig's Disease)
[0254] A compound described herein can be used to modulate ALS. ALS
refers to a class of disorders that comprise upper and lower motor
neurons. The incidence of ALS increases substantially in older
adults. These disorders are characterized by major pathological
abnormalities include selective and progressive degeneration of the
lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and the upper motor neurons
in the cerebral cortex resulting in motor neuron death, which
causes the muscles under their control to weaken and waste away
leading to paralysis. Examples of ALS disorders include classical
ALS (typically affecting both lower and upper motor neurons),
Primary Lateral Sclerosis (PLS, typically affecting only the upper
motor neurons), Progressive Bulbar Palsy (PBP or Bulbar Onset, a
version of ALS that typically begins with difficulties swallowing,
chewing and speaking), Progressive Muscular Atrophy (PMA, typically
affecting only the lower motor neurons) or familial ALS (a genetic
version of ALS), or a combination of these conditions. (see, e.g.,
US Appl 20020198236 and US Appl 20030130357).
[0255] The ALS status of an individual may be evaluated by
neurological examination or other means, such as MRI, FVC, MUNE
etc. (see, e.g., US Appl 20030130357). Symptoms include muscle
weakness in the hands, arms, legs; swallowing or breathing
difficulty; twitching (fasciculation) and cramping of muscles; and
reduced use of the limbs. The invention includes administering an
agent that modulates the IGF-1/GH axis in an amount effective to
relieve one or more ALS symptoms, e.g., in an individual having, at
risk to,
[0256] Methods for evaluating ALS status of an individual can
include evaluating the "excitatory amino acid transporter type 2"
(EAAT2) protein or gene, the Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase
(SOD1) protein or gene, mitochondrial Complex I activity, levels of
polyamines, such as putraceine, spermine and spermidine, ornithine
decarboxylase activity, and a gene that encodes a putative GTPase
regulator (see Nat. Genet., 29(2): 166-73 (2001)).
[0257] Cells and animals for evaluating the effect of a compound on
ALS status include a mouse which has an altered SOD gene, e.g., a
SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse which carries a variable number of
copies of the human G93A SOD mutation driven by the endogenous
promoter, a SOD1-G37R transgenic mouse (Wong et al., Neuron,
14(6):1105-16 (1995)); SOD1-G85R transgenic mouse (Bruijn et al.,
Neuron, 18(2):327-38 (1997)); C. elegans strains expressing mutant
human SOD1 (Oeda et al., Hum Mol Genet., 10:2013-23 (2001)); and a
Drosophila expressing mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase
(SOD). (Phillips et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92:8574-78
(1995) and McCabe, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92:8533-34
(1995)).
Neuropathy
[0258] A compound described herein can be used to modulate a
neuropathy. A neuropathy can include a central and/or peripheral
nerve dysfunction caused by systemic disease, hereditary condition
or toxic agent affecting motor, sensory, sensorimotor or autonomic
nerves. (see, e.g., US App 20030013771).
[0259] Symptoms can vary depending upon the cause of the nerve
damage and the particular types of nerves affected. For example,
symptoms of motor neuropathy include clumsiness in performing
physical tasks or as muscular weakness, exhaustion after minor
exertion, difficulty in standing or walking and attenuation or
absence of a neuromuscular reflex. (US App 20030013771) symptoms of
autonomic neuropathy include constipation, cardiac irregularities
and attenuation of the postural hypotensive reflex. (US App
20030013771), symptoms of sensory neuropathy include pain and
numbness; tingling in the hands, legs or feet; and extreme
sensitivity to touch, and symptoms of retinopathy include blurred
vision, sudden loss of vision, black spots, and flashing
lights.
[0260] Guillain-Barr syndrome is a type of motor neuropathy that
usually occurs two to three weeks after a flu-like disease or other
infection. Symptoms include ascending weakness wherein weakness
begins in the lower extremities and ascends to the upper
extremities. An elevation of the protein level in the spinal fluid
without an increase in the number of white cells also results. (US
Appl 20030083242)
Disorders
[0261] Additional disorders for which the compounds described
herein may be useful and definitions therefore include the
following:
[0262] An "age-associated disorder" or "age-related disorder" is a
disease or disorder whose incidence is at least 1.5 fold higher
among human individuals greater than 60 years of age relative to
human individuals between the ages of 30-40, at the time of filing
of this application and in a selected population of greater than
100,000 individuals. A preferred population is a United States
population. A population can be restricted by gender and/or
ethnicity.
[0263] A "geriatric disorder" is a disease or disorder whose
incidence, at the time of filing of this application and in a
selected population of greater than 100,000 individuals, is at
least 70% among human individuals that are greater than 70 years of
age. In one embodiment, the geriatric disorder is a disorder other
than cancer or a cardio-pulmonary disorder. A preferred population
is a United States population. A population can be restricted by
gender and/or ethnicity.
[0264] A disorder having an "age-associated susceptibility factor"
refers to a disease or disorder whose causation is mediated by an
externality, but whose severity or symptoms are substantially
increased in human individuals over the age of 60 relative to human
individuals between the ages of 30-40, at the time of filing of
this application and in the United States population. For example,
pneumonia is caused by pathogens, but the severity of the disease
is greater in humans over the age of 60 relative to human
individuals between the ages of 30-40.
[0265] A "neoplastic disorder" is a disease or disorder
characterized by cells that have the capacity for autonomous growth
or replication, e.g., an abnormal state or condition characterized
by proliferative cell growth. An "age-associated neoplastic
disorder" is a neoplastic disorder that is also an age-associated
disorder.
[0266] A "non-neoplastic disorder" is a disease or disorder that is
not characterized by cells that have the capacity for autonomous
growth or replication. An "age-associated non-neoplastic disorder"
is a non-neoplastic disorder that is also an age-associated
disorder.
[0267] A "neurological disorder" is a disease or disorder
characterized by an abnormality or malfunction of neuronal cells or
neuronal support cells (e.g., glia or muscle). The disease or
disorder can affect the central and/or peripheral nervous system.
Exemplary neurological disorders include neuropathies, skeletal
muscle atrophy, and neurodegenerative diseases, e.g., a
neurodegenerative disease caused at least in part by polyglutamine
aggregation or a neurodegenerative disease other than one caused at
least in part by polyglutamine aggregation. Exemplary
neurodegenerative diseases include: Alzheimer's, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson's disease. An
"age-associated neurological disorder is a neurological disorder
that is also an age-associated disorder.
[0268] A "cardiovascular disorder" is a disease or disorder
characterized by an abnormality or malfunction of the
cardiovascular system, e.g., heart, lung, or blood vessels.
Exemplary cardiovascular disorders include: cardiac dysrhythmias,
chronic congestive heart failure, ischemic stroke, coronary artery
disease, elevated blood pressure (i.e., hypertension), and
cardiomyopathy. An "age-associated cardiovascular disorder" is a
cardiovascular disorder that is also an age-associated
disorder.
[0269] A "metabolic disorder" is a disease or disorder
characterized by an abnormality or malfunction of metabolism. One
category of metabolic disorders are disorders of glucose or insulin
metabolism An "age-associated metabolic disorder is a metabolic
disorder that is also an age-associated disorder.
[0270] A "dermatological disorder" is a disease or disorder
characterized by an abnormality or malfunction of the skin A
"dermatological tissue condition" refers to the skin and any
underlying tissue (e.g., support tissue) which contributes to the
skins function and/or appearance, e.g., cosmetic appearance.
[0271] Exemplary diseases and disorders that are relevant to
certain implementations include: cancer (e.g., breast cancer,
colorectal cancer, CCL, CML, prostate cancer); skeletal muscle
atrophy; adult-onset diabetes; diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy
(e.g., sensory neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, motor neuropathy,
retinopathy); obesity; bone resorption; age-related macular
degeneration, ALS, Alzheimer's, Bell's Palsy, atherosclerosis,
cardiovascular disorders (e.g., cardiac dysrhythmias, chronic
congestive heart failure, ischemic stroke, coronary artery disease,
high blood pressure (i.e., hypertension), and cardiomyopathy),
chronic renal failure, type 2 diabetes, ulceration, cataract,
presbiopia, glomerulonephritis, Guillan-Barre syndrome, hemorrhagic
stroke, short-term and long-term memory loss, rheumatoid arthritis,
inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, SLE, Crohn's
disease, osteoarthritis, Parkinson's disease, pneumonia, and
urinary incontinence. In addition, many neurodegenerative disorders
and disorders associated with protein aggregation (e.g., other than
polyglutamine aggregation) or protein misfolding can also be
age-related. Symptoms and diagnosis of diseases are well known to
medical practitioners. The compositions may also be administered to
individuals being treated by other means for such diseases, for
example, individuals being treated with a chemotherapeutic (e.g.,
and having neutropenia, atrophy, cachexia, nephropathy, neuropathy)
or an elective surgery.
Kits
[0272] A compound described herein described herein can be provided
in a kit. The kit includes (a) a compound described herein, e.g., a
composition that includes a compound described herein, and,
optionally (b) informational material. The informational material
can be descriptive, instructional, marketing or other material that
relates to the methods described herein and/or the use of a
compound described herein for the methods described herein.
[0273] The informational material of the kits is not limited in its
form. In one embodiment, the informational material can include
information about production of the compound, molecular weight of
the compound, concentration, date of expiration, batch or
production site information, and so forth. In one embodiment, the
informational material relates to methods for administering the
compound.
[0274] In one embodiment, the informational material can include
instructions to administer a compound described herein in a
suitable manner to perform the methods described herein, e.g., in a
suitable dose, dosage form, or mode of administration (e.g., a
dose, dosage form, or mode of administration described herein). In
another embodiment, the informational material can include
instructions to administer a compound described herein to a
suitable subject, e.g., a human, e.g., a human having or at risk
for a disorder described herein.
[0275] The informational material of the kits is not limited in its
form. In many cases, the informational material, e.g.,
instructions, is provided in printed matter, e.g., a printed text,
drawing, and/or photograph, e.g., a label or printed sheet.
However, the informational material can also be provided in other
formats, such as Braille, computer readable material, video
recording, or audio recording. In another embodiment, the
informational material of the kit is contact information, e.g., a
physical address, email address, website, or telephone number,
where a user of the kit can obtain substantive information about a
compound described herein and/or its use in the methods described
herein. Of course, the informational material can also be provided
in any combination of formats.
[0276] In addition to a compound described herein, the composition
of the kit can include other ingredients, such as a solvent or
buffer, a stabilizer, a preservative, a flavoring agent (e.g., a
bitter antagonist or a sweetener), a fragrance or other cosmetic
ingredient, and/or a second agent for treating a condition or
disorder described herein. Alternatively, the other ingredients can
be included in the kit, but in different compositions or containers
than a compound described herein. In such embodiments, the kit can
include instructions for admixing a compound described herein and
the other ingredients, or for using a compound described herein
together with the other ingredients.
[0277] A compound described herein can be provided in any form,
e.g., liquid, dried or lyophilized form. It is preferred that a
compound described herein be substantially pure and/or sterile.
When a compound described herein is provided in a liquid solution,
the liquid solution preferably is an aqueous solution, with a
sterile aqueous solution being preferred. When a compound described
herein is provided as a dried form, reconstitution generally is by
the addition of a suitable solvent. The solvent, e.g., sterile
water or buffer, can optionally be provided in the kit.
[0278] The kit can include one or more containers for the
composition containing a compound described herein. In some
embodiments, the kit contains separate containers, dividers or
compartments for the composition and informational material. For
example, the composition can be contained in a bottle, vial, or
syringe, and the informational material can be contained in a
plastic sleeve or packet. In other embodiments, the separate
elements of the kit are contained within a single, undivided
container. For example, the composition is contained in a bottle,
vial or syringe that has attached thereto the informational
material in the form of a label. In some embodiments, the kit
includes a plurality (e.g., a pack) of individual containers, each
containing one or more unit dosage forms (e.g., a dosage form
described herein) of a compound described herein. For example, the
kit includes a plurality of syringes, ampules, foil packets, or
blister packs, each containing a single unit dose of a compound
described herein. The containers of the kits can be air tight,
waterproof (e.g., impermeable to changes in moisture or
evaporation), and/or light-tight.
[0279] The kit optionally includes a device suitable for
administration of the composition, e.g., a syringe, inhalant,
pipette, forceps, measured spoon, dropper (e.g., eye dropper), swab
(e.g., a cotton swab or wooden swab), or any such delivery device.
In a preferred embodiment, the device is a medical implant device,
e.g., packaged for surgical insertion.
Genetic Information
[0280] SIRT1 genetic information can be obtained, e.g., by
evaluating genetic material (e.g., DNA or RNA) from a subject
(e.g., as described below). Genetic information refers to any
indication about nucleic acid sequence content at one or more
nucleotides. Genetic information can include, for example, an
indication about the presence or absence of a particular
polymorphism, e.g., one or more nucleotide variations. Exemplary
polymorphisms include a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), a
restriction site or restriction fragment length, an insertion, an
inversion, a deletion, a repeat (e.g., trinucleotide repeat, a
retroviral repeat), and so forth.
[0281] Exemplary SIRT1 SNPs are listed in Table 2.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 Exemplary SIRT1 SNPs start stop dbSNP rs#
local loci transID avg.het s.e.het 69520160 69520160 rs730821 0
69520607 69520607 rs3084650 0 69530733 69530733 rs4746715 0
69531621 69531621 rs4745944 0 69535743 69535743 rs3758391
SIRT1:locus; 0.267438 0.153425 69536360 69536360 rs3740051
SIRT1:locus; 0.424806 0.114325 69536618 69536618 rs932658
SIRT1:locus; 0 69536736 69536736 rs3740053 SIRT1:locus; 0 69536742
69536742 rs2394443 SIRT1:locus; 0 69539733 69539733 rs932657
SIRT1:intron; 0 69540006 69540006 rs737477 SIRT1:intron; 0.118187
0.201473 69540390 69540390 rs911738 SIRT1:intron; 0 69540762
69540762 rs4351720 SIRT1:intron; 0 69540970 69540970 rs2236318
SIRT1:intron; 0.222189 0.135429 69541621 69541621 rs2236319
SIRT1:intron; 0.455538 0.102018 69544136 69544136 rs768471
SIRT1:intron; 0 0.01 69547213 69547213 rs1885472 SIRT1:intron; 0
69549191 69549191 rs2894057 SIRT1:intron; 0 69551326 69551326
rs4746717 SIRT1:intron; 0 69557788 69557788 rs2224573 SIRT1:intron;
0 69558999 69558999 rs2273773 SIRT1; NM_012238; 0.430062 0.135492
69559302 69559302 rs3818292 SIRT1:intron; 0.456782 0.10598 69564725
69564725 rs1063111 SIRT1; NM_012238; 0 69564728 69564728 rs1063112
SIRT1; NM_012238; 0 69564741 69564741 rs1063113 SIRT1; NM_012238; 0
69564744 69564744 rs1063114 SIRT1; NM_012238; 0 69565400 69565400
rs3818291 SIRT1:intron; 0.179039 0.132983 69566230 69566237
rs5785840 SIRT1:intron; 0 69566318 69566318 rs2394444 SIRT1:intron;
0 69567559 69567559 rs1467568 SIRT1:intron; 0 69567728 69567728
rs1966188 SIRT1:intron; 0 69568961 69568961 rs2394445 SIRT1;
NM_012238:UTR; 0 69568962 69568962 rs2394446 SIRT1; NM_012238:UTR;
0 69569231 69569231 rs4746720 SIRT1; NM_012238:UTR; 0 69569461
69569461 rs752578 SIRT1; NM_012238:UTR; 0 69570479 69570479
rs2234975 SIRT1; NM_012238:UTR; 0 69570580 69570580 rs1022764
SIRT1:locus; 0 69570983 69570983 rs1570290 SIRT1:locus; 0.0392
0.167405 69572334 69572334 rs2025162 0 69573968 69573968 rs4141919
DKFZP564G092:locus; 0 69574252 69574252 rs14819 DKFZP564G092:locus;
0 69575032 69575032 rs14840 DKFZP564G092:locus;
[0282] It is possible to digitally record or communicate genetic
information in a variety of ways. Typical representations include
one or more bits, or a text string. For example, a biallelic marker
can be described using two bits. In one embodiment, the first bit
indicates whether the first allele (e.g., the minor allele) is
present, and the second bit indicates whether the other allele
(e.g., the major allele) is present. For markers that are
multi-allelic, e.g., where greater than two alleles are possible,
additional bits can be used as well as other forms of encoding
(e.g., binary, hexadecimal text, e.g., ASCII or Unicode, and so
forth). In some embodiments, the genetic information describes a
haplotype, e.g., a plurality of polymorphisms on the same
chromosome. However, in many embodiments, the genetic information
is unphased.
[0283] A decision about whether to administer a compound described
herein can be made depending on the genetic information about
SIRT1. For example, a method for administering a compound described
herein can include evaluating nucleic acid from a subject to obtain
genetic information about SIRT1 or another sirtuin, and
administering a compound described herein.
Databases
[0284] The invention also features a database that associates
information about or identifying one or more of the compounds
described herein with a parameter about a patient, e.g., a patient
being treated with a disorder herein. The parameter can be a
general parameter, e.g., blood pressure, core body temperature,
etc., or a parameter related to a specific disease or disorder,
e.g., as described herein.
EXAMPLES
[0285] In all of the Examples below, compounds are referred to as
they correspond to their designation in Table 1 (i.e., exemplified
compounds).
Example 1
HeLa Apoptosis Assay
[0286] The following exemplary compounds were evaluated for their
effect on a HeLa cell apoptosis assay using the Cell Death
Detection ELISA plus kit from Roche Applied Science.
TABLE-US-00004 Compound dose average SD 8 0 1.12 0.15 8 0.5 1.23
0.04 8 2.5 1.85 0.24 8 10 2.11 0.25 8 25 2.27 0.20 5 0 0.92 0.07 5
0.5 1.00 0.08 5 2.5 0.97 0.11 5 10 1.07 0.02 5 25 0.91 0.07
Resveratol 0 0.73 0.08 Resveratol 0.5 0.83 0.05 Resveratol 2.5 0.84
0.02 Resveratol 10 1.01 0.07 Resveratol 25 0.56 0.08 DMSO 0 0.72
0.09 DMSO 0.5 0.79 0.12 DMSO 2.5 0.91 0.13 DMSO 10 0.76 0.09 DMSO
25 1.18 0.20
Example 2
List of Reagents
TABLE-US-00005 [0287] Supplied Catalog Name of Reagent As Source
Number Storage 1 human SirT1 2.5 or 3.5 Biomol SE-239 -20 C. U/ul 2
Fluor de Lys 50 mM in Biomol KI-104 -20 C. Substrate DMSO 3 Fluor
de Lys 20x Biomol KI-105 -20 C. Developer concen- trate 4 NAD solid
Sigma N-1636 -20 C. 5 Nicotinamide solid Calbiochem 481907 RT 6
Trizma-HCl solid Sigma T-5941 RT 7 Sodium Chloride solid Sigma
S-9888 RT 8 Magnesium Chloride solid Sigma M-2393 RT 9 Potassium
Chloride solid Sigma P-3911 RT 10 Polyoxyethylene 100% Sigma P-7949
RT sorbitan monolaurate (Tween-20) 11 Fluor de Lys 10 mM in Biomol
KI-142 -20 C. Deacetylated DMSO Standard
[0288] List of Equipment:
TABLE-US-00006 Tool Name Tool Source Catalog Number 1 Fluorescence
Plate Reader BIO-TEK SIAFR Synergy HT 2 Matrix Impact2 16 Channel
Apogent 2069 pipet Discoveries 3 37 C. Incubator VWR 1540
[0289] List of Disposables:
TABLE-US-00007 Catalog Disposable Source Number 1 384 white low
volume plates Greiner/Bellco 4507-84075 2 Tips for matrix 16 chan
pipet Apogent Discoveries 7421 3 25 ml divided reagent Apogent
Discoveries 8095 reservoirs 4 Plate Sealing Films Apogent
Discoveries 4418
[0290] Standard Reagent Formulations:
TABLE-US-00008 Component Final Prepared Component Quantity
Component Reagent Name Name M.W. (in water) Concentration Storage 1
Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 Trizma-HCl 157.6 157.6 g/L 1M RT HCl to pH 8.0 pH
8.0 2 Sodium Chloride NaCl 58.44 292 g/L 5M RT 3 Magnesium
MgCl.sub.2 203.3 20.33 g/L 100 mM RT Chloride 4 Potassium KCl 74.55
20.13 g/L 270 mM RT Chloride 5 Polyoxyethylene Tween-20 1 ml/10 ml
10% RT sorbitan monolaurate 6 NAD NAD 717 0.0717 g/ml 100 mM -20 C.
7 Nicotinamide Nicotinamide 122 0.0061 g/ml 50 mM -20 C. 8 Assay
Buffer Tris-HCl, pH 25 ml of 1M 25 mM 4 C. 8.0 stock/L NaCl 27.4 ml
of 5M 137 mM stock/L KCl 10 ml of 270 mM 2.7 mM stock/L MgCl.sub.2
10 ml of 100 mM 1 mM stock/L Tween-20 5 ml of 10% 0.05% stock/L
**Prepare working stocks below just The following are prepared in
before use assay buffer 9 2x Substrates Flour de Lys 6 ul/ml 300 uM
ice substrate NAD 20 ul of 100 mM 2 mM stock/ml 10 Enzyme Mix
Biomol SirT1 **depends upon 0.125 U/ul ice specific activity (0.5
U/well) of lot. Ex: 3.5 U/ul, 35.71 ul/ml 11 Developer/stop 20x
developer 50 ul/ml 1x in assay ice reagent concentrate 20 ul of 50
mM buffer nicotinamide stock/ml 1 mM
Example 3
[0291] In order to determine if the mammalian enzyme is inhibited
by compound 8, 293T cells were transfected with a construct
designed to express human SIRT1 fused to glutathione-S-transferase
to allow for rapid purification from cell extracts. Following lysis
cell extracts were incubated with glutathione-Sepharose beads
followed by several washes in lysis buffer and a final wash in
SIRT1 enzyme assay buffer. Beads with bound GST-SIRT1 were added to
the Fleur-de-lys assay (Biomol) in the presence of a range of
concentrations of compound 8. As can be seen in FIG. 2a, the
EC.sub.50 value of compound 8 for mammalian SIRT1 is comparable to
that obtained for the recombinant bacterially produced human
enzyme.
[0292] As can be seen in FIG. 2B, compound 8 enters cells and
increases p53 acetylation (at lysine 382) after etoposide
treatment. In the experiment depicted in FIG. 2B, NCI-H460 cells
were treated with 20 uM etoposide (a DNA damaging agent) in the
presence or absence of SIRT1 inhibitors, either compound 8 or
nicotinamde and the amount of acetylated p53 (at lysine 382) was
visualized by Western blot. Compound 8 is able to increase p53
acetylation significantly relative to DMSO alone and luM and 10 uM
is equally effective.
Example 4
[0293] Enantiomers of compound 8 were tested, where each enantiomer
had a purity of greater than 90% enantiomeric excess, to determine
if a single enantiomer was more potent than a mixture of
enantiomers. NCI-H460 cells were treated for 6 hours with compounds
8(+) and 8(-) in the presence of 20 micromolar etoposide followed
by lysis and immunoprecipitaion of p53 using Ab-6 (Oncogene
Science). Extracts were probed with an antibody that recognizes
acetylated lysine 382 of p53 (Cell Signaling). FIG. 3 demonstrates
that there are active and inactive enantiomers of compound 8.
Specifically the inactive enantiomer, compound 8(+), does not lead
to increased acetylation of p53 in the presence of etoposide
whereas compound 8(-) leads to a significant increase in
acetylation and stabilization of p53 protein.
Example 5
[0294] In the results of the experiment below, which is depicted in
FIG. 4, we show that a compound's ability to increase p53
acetylation correlates with its in vitro potency against SIRT1. A
series of structurally similar compounds were added to cells at 1
uM concentration. Only those compounds that inhibit SIRT1 with
IC50s below 1 uM increased p53 acetylation, whereas compounds with
IC50s above 1 uM did not.
Example 6
[0295] The experiment depicted in FIG. 5 demonstrates that in a
yeast silencing assay dependent on SIRT1 activity, the inactive
enantiomer of compound 8, compound 8(+), has no effect on cell
growth whereas the active enantiomer, 8(-), inhibits SIRT1 and
allows for expression of URA3 which blocks growth in the presence
of 5-fluorouracil. Strain SL8c (URA at the telomere) was used for
yeast based assay to screen compounds. Cells were grown in -URA
media to select de-silenced cells. The next day cells were diluted
1:20 into fresh YPD with 2% glucose then grow for 5 hrs. Cells were
then diluted OD=0.01 in both SD and SD+0.1% 5FOA media. The
compounds were then serially diluted into 10 ul of SD or SD+0.1%
5FOA medium 140 .mu.l of cells were pipetted into a 96 well plate
and grown at 30 C for 18-24 hrs.
Example 7
[0296] Compound 8 inhibits the SIRT1 enzyme in additional cells.
Cell lines U2OS and MCF7 cell lines were treated with compound 8 in
the presence of 20 micromolar etoposide (TOPO) for 6 hours followed
by lysis and immunoprecipitation with p53 Ab-6 conjugated to
agarose beads. Samples were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted
with an antibody that recognizes acetylated lysine 382 of p53. The
results depicted in FIG. 6 demonstrate that compound 8 is competent
to inhibit SIRT1 in a variety of cell lines with similar effects on
P53 acetylation.
Example 8
[0297] In order to assess whether the affects of compound 8 on p53
acetylation lead to changes in p53 function on experiment was
performed to measure cell survival after DNA damage. NCI-H460 cells
were damaged with varying concentrations of etoposide in the
presence or absence of SIRT1 inhibitors. As depicted in FIG. 7,
compound 8 by itself did not modulate p53 function significantly in
this assay.
Example 9
[0298] Cells were plated at a density of 800 per well in 96 well
cytostar plates in the presence of a range of etoposide
concentrations and 1 micromolar compound 8. Thymidine incorporation
was measured at 24 hours intervals. As depicted in FIG. 9, this
experiment demonstrates that there is no synergy between etoposide
and compound 8 on the growth characteristics of NCI-H460 cells
under conditions in which compound was added concurrent to, prior
to, and after treatment with etoposide.
Example 10
[0299] HEK293 cells were serum starved in the presence or absence
of compound 8 for 24 hrs followed by lysis and immunoblotting
analysis of p27 protein. As can be seen in FIG. 9, treatment of
cells with compound 8 leads to abrogation of serum
starvation-mediated upregulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p27.
The proposed explanation for this result is that SIRT1-mediated
deacetylation leads to inactivation of FOXO1-mediated transcription
of p27 and the addition of compound 8 reverses this effect.
Example 11
[0300] HeLa cells were transfected with GFP-hSIRT2isoform 1
(green). At 36 hours post transfection 1 .mu.M of TSA and either
DMSO or 50 .mu.M of compound 8 was added. The next morning cells
were fixed, permeabilized, and stained for acetylated tubulin
(red). In cells treated with DMSO there was very little acetylated
tubulin in cells expressing SIRT2, in cells treated with compound 8
the tubulin is more highly acetylated indicating that the effect of
SIRT2 was blocked.
[0301] It was also possible to observe the effect of the compounds
using Western analysis. 293T cells were transfected with either
eGFP (control) or with mouse SIRT2 Isoform 1 (mSIRT2). TSA was
added to increase amount of acetylated tubulin and at the same time
either DMSO or the compound listed below were added to 10
.mu.M.
[0302] Procedure Description:
[0303] Step Description [0304] 1 Prepare amount of 2.times.
Substrates necessary for the number of wells to be assayed. 5 ul
per well is needed [0305] 2 Dispense 5 ul 2.times. substrates to
test wells [0306] 3 Dispense 1 ul of test compound to the test
wells [0307] Dispense 1 ul of compound solvent/diluent to the
positive control wells [0308] Dispense 1 ul of 1 mM nicotinamide to
the 50% inhibition wells [0309] Dispense 1 ul of 10 mM nicotinamide
to the 100% inhibition wells [0310] 4 Dispense 4 ul of assay buffer
to negative control wells (no enzyme controls) [0311] 5 Prepare
amount of enzyme necessary for number of wells to assay. 4 ul
enzyme mix needed per well [0312] 6 Dispense 4 ul of enzyme mix to
the test wells and positive control wells [0313] 7 Cover and
incubate at 37 C for 45 minutes [0314] 8 Less then 30 minutes
before use, prepare amount of 1.times. developer/stop reagent for
the number of wells being assayed [0315] 9 Dispense 10 ul 1.times.
developer/stop reagent to all wells [0316] 1 Incubate at room
temperature for at least 15 minutes [0317] 0 [0318] 1 Read in
fluorescence plate reader, excitation=350-380 nm, emission=440-460
[0319] 1 [0320] 1 Fluor de Lys in the substrate has an intrinsic
fluorescence that needs to be subtracted [0321] 2 as background
before any calculations are to be done on the data. These values
can be found in the negative control wells.
APPENDIX 1
Preparation of a Standard Curve Using Fluor De Lys Deacetylated
Standard
[0321] [0322] 1 Determine the concentration range of deacetylated
standard to use in conjunction with the above assay by making a 1
uM dilution of the standard. Mix 10 ul of the 1 uM dilution with 10
ul developer and read at the same wavelengths and sensitivity
settings that the assay is read at. Use this estimate of AFU
(arbitrary fluorescence units)/uM to determine the range of
concentrations to test in the standard curve. [0323] 2 Prepare, in
assay buffer, a series of dilutions of the Fluor de Lys deactylated
standard that span the desired concentration range [0324] 3 Pipet
10 ul assay buffer to the `zero` wells [0325] 4 Pipet 10 ul of the
standard dilutions into wells [0326] 5 Pipet 10 ul developer to the
wells and incubate 15 minutes at RT [0327] 6 Read plate at above
wavelengths [0328] 7 Plot fluorescence signal (y) versus
concentration of the Fluor de Lys deacetylated standard (x) and
determine the slope as AFU/uM
[0329] Protocol for Testing for Inhibitors of the Developer
Reaction [0330] 1 From the standard curve select concentration of
deacetylated standard that gives a fluorescence signal equivalent
to positive controls in assay (eg. 5 uM) [0331] 2 Dispense 5 ul
2.times. deacetylated standard (eg. 10 uM) [0332] 3 Dispense 1 ul
compound, 4 ul assay buffer [0333] 4 Dispense 10 ul developer
[0334] 5 Incubate at room temp 15 minutes (or equivalent time as in
screen) and read at same settings as screen
Example 12
Synthesis of
2-chloro-5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocyclohepta[b]indole-6-carboxamide
Preparation of methyl 3-bromo-2-oxocycloheptanecarboxylate
[0335] Methyl 2-oxo-1-cycloheptanecarboxylate (50 g, 294 mmole) was
dissolved in carbon tetrachloride (200 mL) and chilled to 0.degree.
C. Bromine (46.8 g, 294 mmole) was added via addition funnel over
.about.30 minutes. The cooling bath was then removed and the
reaction was allowed to warm to rt. The reaction was stirred under
nitrogen at room temperature for 4 days. After 4 days the solution
was poured into a separatory funnel containing water (1 L). The
organic was washed with water and dried over sodium sulfate.
Removal of the solvent in vacuo gave (72.4 g, 291 mmole, 99% crude
yield). The material was carried on without further
purification.
Preparation of methyl
2-chloro-5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocyclohepta[b]indole-6-carboxylate
[0336] Methyl 3-bromo-2-oxocycloheptanecarboxylate (16.8 g, 67.4
mmol) and 4-chloroaniline (18.4 g, 98%, 2.13 eq, 143.6 mmol) were
added to flask with thermometer, nitrogen inlet and mechanical
stirring machine. As the temperature of the mixture passed
140.degree. C. a relatively rapid exotherm and vigorous evolution
of gas occurred. The reaction was cooled with water immediately.
The reaction mixture was dissolved in DCM (200 mL) The material was
transferred into a separatory funnel and washed with water
(2.times.50 mL), 3 HCl (3.times.50 mL), water (2.times.50 mL),
brine, dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, and the solvent was removed by
vacuo. The crude residue was applied to a Biotage and eluted with
9/1 heptane/ethyl acetate to afford product 10 g (53%) as an off
white solid, which was used for next reaction without further
purification.
Preparation of
2-chloro-5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocyclohepta[b]indole-6-carboxamide
[0337] Methyl
2-chloro-5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocyclohepta[b]indole-6-carboxylate
(10 g, 36 mmol) was dissolved in 7 N ammonia in methanol (350 mL)
and transferred to Parr pressure reactor. The reaction vessel was
purged briefly to displace any air with Nitrogen. The reaction was
then heated to 90.degree. C. for 48 h. The reaction was cooled to
r.t. and the solvent removed in vacuo, the crude residue was
applied to a Biotage and eluted with grading (1/1 heptane/ethyl
acetate to 0/1 heptane/ethyl acetate) to afford product as an off
white foam, which was triturated with DCM to afford pure product 2
g (21%) as an off white solid.
[0338] A number of embodiments of the invention have been
described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various
modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and
scope of the invention. Other embodiments are in the claims.
Sequence CWU 1
1
71747PRTHomo sapiens 1Met Ala Asp Glu Ala Ala Leu Ala Leu Gln Pro
Gly Gly Ser Pro Ser 1 5 10 15Ala Ala Gly Ala Asp Arg Glu Ala Ala
Ser Ser Pro Ala Gly Glu Pro 20 25 30Leu Arg Lys Arg Pro Arg Arg Asp
Gly Pro Gly Leu Glu Arg Ser Pro 35 40 45Gly Glu Pro Gly Gly Ala Ala
Pro Glu Arg Glu Val Pro Ala Ala Ala 50 55 60Arg Gly Cys Pro Gly Ala
Ala Ala Ala Ala Leu Trp Arg Glu Ala Glu65 70 75 80Ala Glu Ala Ala
Ala Ala Gly Gly Glu Gln Glu Ala Gln Ala Thr Ala 85 90 95Ala Ala Gly
Glu Gly Asp Asn Gly Pro Gly Leu Gln Gly Pro Ser Arg 100 105 110Glu
Pro Pro Leu Ala Asp Asn Leu Tyr Asp Glu Asp Asp Asp Asp Glu 115 120
125Gly Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ile Gly Tyr Arg Asp
130 135 140Asn Leu Leu Phe Gly Asp Glu Ile Ile Thr Asn Gly Phe His
Ser Cys145 150 155 160Glu Ser Asp Glu Glu Asp Arg Ala Ser His Ala
Ser Ser Ser Asp Trp 165 170 175Thr Pro Arg Pro Arg Ile Gly Pro Tyr
Thr Phe Val Gln Gln His Leu 180 185 190Met Ile Gly Thr Asp Pro Arg
Thr Ile Leu Lys Asp Leu Leu Pro Glu 195 200 205Thr Ile Pro Pro Pro
Glu Leu Asp Asp Met Thr Leu Trp Gln Ile Val 210 215 220Ile Asn Ile
Leu Ser Glu Pro Pro Lys Arg Lys Lys Arg Lys Asp Ile225 230 235
240Asn Thr Ile Glu Asp Ala Val Lys Leu Leu Gln Glu Cys Lys Lys Ile
245 250 255Ile Val Leu Thr Gly Ala Gly Val Ser Val Ser Cys Gly Ile
Pro Asp 260 265 270Phe Arg Ser Arg Asp Gly Ile Tyr Ala Arg Leu Ala
Val Asp Phe Pro 275 280 285Asp Leu Pro Asp Pro Gln Ala Met Phe Asp
Ile Glu Tyr Phe Arg Lys 290 295 300Asp Pro Arg Pro Phe Phe Lys Phe
Ala Lys Glu Ile Tyr Pro Gly Gln305 310 315 320Phe Gln Pro Ser Leu
Cys His Lys Phe Ile Ala Leu Ser Asp Lys Glu 325 330 335Gly Lys Leu
Leu Arg Asn Tyr Thr Gln Asn Ile Asp Thr Leu Glu Gln 340 345 350Val
Ala Gly Ile Gln Arg Ile Ile Gln Cys His Gly Ser Phe Ala Thr 355 360
365Ala Ser Cys Leu Ile Cys Lys Tyr Lys Val Asp Cys Glu Ala Val Arg
370 375 380Gly Asp Ile Phe Asn Gln Val Val Pro Arg Cys Pro Arg Cys
Pro Ala385 390 395 400Asp Glu Pro Leu Ala Ile Met Lys Pro Glu Ile
Val Phe Phe Gly Glu 405 410 415Asn Leu Pro Glu Gln Phe His Arg Ala
Met Lys Tyr Asp Lys Asp Glu 420 425 430Val Asp Leu Leu Ile Val Ile
Gly Ser Ser Leu Lys Val Arg Pro Val 435 440 445Ala Leu Ile Pro Ser
Ser Ile Pro His Glu Val Pro Gln Ile Leu Ile 450 455 460Asn Arg Glu
Pro Leu Pro His Leu His Phe Asp Val Glu Leu Leu Gly465 470 475
480Asp Cys Asp Val Ile Ile Asn Glu Leu Cys His Arg Leu Gly Gly Glu
485 490 495Tyr Ala Lys Leu Cys Cys Asn Pro Val Lys Leu Ser Glu Ile
Thr Glu 500 505 510Lys Pro Pro Arg Thr Gln Lys Glu Leu Ala Tyr Leu
Ser Glu Leu Pro 515 520 525Pro Thr Pro Leu His Val Ser Glu Asp Ser
Ser Ser Pro Glu Arg Thr 530 535 540Ser Pro Pro Asp Ser Ser Val Ile
Val Thr Leu Leu Asp Gln Ala Ala545 550 555 560Lys Ser Asn Asp Asp
Leu Asp Val Ser Glu Ser Lys Gly Cys Met Glu 565 570 575Glu Lys Pro
Gln Glu Val Gln Thr Ser Arg Asn Val Glu Ser Ile Ala 580 585 590Glu
Gln Met Glu Asn Pro Asp Leu Lys Asn Val Gly Ser Ser Thr Gly 595 600
605Glu Lys Asn Glu Arg Thr Ser Val Ala Gly Thr Val Arg Lys Cys Trp
610 615 620Pro Asn Arg Val Ala Lys Glu Gln Ile Ser Arg Arg Leu Asp
Gly Asn625 630 635 640Gln Tyr Leu Phe Leu Pro Pro Asn Arg Tyr Ile
Phe His Gly Ala Glu 645 650 655Val Tyr Ser Asp Ser Glu Asp Asp Val
Leu Ser Ser Ser Ser Cys Gly 660 665 670Ser Asn Ser Asp Ser Gly Thr
Cys Gln Ser Pro Ser Leu Glu Glu Pro 675 680 685Met Glu Asp Glu Ser
Glu Ile Glu Glu Phe Tyr Asn Gly Leu Glu Asp 690 695 700Glu Pro Asp
Val Pro Glu Arg Ala Gly Gly Ala Gly Phe Gly Thr Asp705 710 715
720Gly Asp Asp Gln Glu Ala Ile Asn Glu Ala Ile Ser Val Lys Gln Glu
725 730 735Val Thr Asp Met Asn Tyr Pro Ser Asn Lys Ser 740
7452389PRTHomo sapiens 2Met Ala Glu Pro Asp Pro Ser His Pro Leu Glu
Thr Gln Ala Gly Lys 1 5 10 15Val Gln Glu Ala Gln Asp Ser Asp Ser
Asp Ser Glu Gly Gly Ala Ala 20 25 30Gly Gly Glu Ala Asp Met Asp Phe
Leu Arg Asn Leu Phe Ser Gln Thr 35 40 45Leu Ser Leu Gly Ser Gln Lys
Glu Arg Leu Leu Asp Glu Leu Thr Leu 50 55 60Glu Gly Val Ala Arg Tyr
Met Gln Ser Glu Arg Cys Arg Arg Val Ile65 70 75 80Cys Leu Val Gly
Ala Gly Ile Ser Thr Ser Ala Gly Ile Pro Asp Phe 85 90 95Arg Ser Pro
Ser Thr Gly Leu Tyr Asp Asn Leu Glu Lys Tyr His Leu 100 105 110Pro
Tyr Pro Glu Ala Ile Phe Glu Ile Ser Tyr Phe Lys Lys His Pro 115 120
125Glu Pro Phe Phe Ala Leu Ala Lys Glu Leu Tyr Pro Gly Gln Phe Lys
130 135 140Pro Thr Ile Cys His Tyr Phe Met Arg Leu Leu Lys Asp Lys
Gly Leu145 150 155 160Leu Leu Arg Cys Tyr Thr Gln Asn Ile Asp Thr
Leu Glu Arg Ile Ala 165 170 175Gly Leu Glu Gln Glu Asp Leu Val Glu
Ala His Gly Thr Phe Tyr Thr 180 185 190Ser His Cys Val Ser Ala Ser
Cys Arg His Glu Tyr Pro Leu Ser Trp 195 200 205Met Lys Glu Lys Ile
Phe Ser Glu Val Thr Pro Lys Cys Glu Asp Cys 210 215 220Gln Ser Leu
Val Lys Pro Asp Ile Val Phe Phe Gly Glu Ser Leu Pro225 230 235
240Ala Arg Phe Phe Ser Cys Met Gln Ser Asp Phe Leu Lys Val Asp Leu
245 250 255Leu Leu Val Met Gly Thr Ser Leu Gln Val Gln Pro Phe Ala
Ser Leu 260 265 270Ile Ser Lys Ala Pro Leu Ser Thr Pro Arg Leu Leu
Ile Asn Lys Glu 275 280 285Lys Ala Gly Gln Ser Asp Pro Phe Leu Gly
Met Ile Met Gly Leu Gly 290 295 300Gly Gly Met Asp Phe Asp Ser Lys
Lys Ala Tyr Arg Asp Val Ala Trp305 310 315 320Leu Gly Glu Cys Asp
Gln Gly Cys Leu Ala Leu Ala Glu Leu Leu Gly 325 330 335Trp Lys Lys
Glu Leu Glu Asp Leu Val Arg Arg Glu His Ala Ser Ile 340 345 350Asp
Ala Gln Ser Gly Ala Gly Val Pro Asn Pro Ser Thr Ser Ala Ser 355 360
365Pro Lys Lys Ser Pro Pro Pro Ala Lys Asp Glu Ala Arg Thr Thr Glu
370 375 380Arg Glu Lys Pro Gln3853399PRTHomo sapiens 3Met Ala Phe
Trp Gly Trp Arg Ala Ala Ala Ala Leu Arg Leu Trp Gly 1 5 10 15Arg
Val Val Glu Arg Val Glu Ala Gly Gly Gly Val Gly Pro Phe Gln 20 25
30Ala Cys Gly Cys Arg Leu Val Leu Gly Gly Arg Asp Asp Val Ser Ala
35 40 45Gly Leu Arg Gly Ser His Gly Ala Arg Gly Glu Pro Leu Asp Pro
Ala 50 55 60Arg Pro Leu Gln Arg Pro Pro Arg Pro Glu Val Pro Arg Ala
Phe Arg65 70 75 80Arg Gln Pro Arg Ala Ala Ala Pro Ser Phe Phe Phe
Ser Ser Ile Lys 85 90 95Gly Gly Arg Arg Ser Ile Ser Phe Ser Val Gly
Ala Ser Ser Val Val 100 105 110Gly Ser Gly Gly Ser Ser Asp Lys Gly
Lys Leu Ser Leu Gln Asp Val 115 120 125Ala Glu Leu Ile Arg Ala Arg
Ala Cys Gln Arg Val Val Val Met Val 130 135 140Gly Ala Gly Ile Ser
Thr Pro Ser Gly Ile Pro Asp Phe Arg Ser Pro145 150 155 160Gly Ser
Gly Leu Tyr Ser Asn Leu Gln Gln Tyr Asp Leu Pro Tyr Pro 165 170
175Glu Ala Ile Phe Glu Leu Pro Phe Phe Phe His Asn Pro Lys Pro Phe
180 185 190Phe Thr Leu Ala Lys Glu Leu Tyr Pro Gly Asn Tyr Lys Pro
Asn Val 195 200 205Thr His Tyr Phe Leu Arg Leu Leu His Asp Lys Gly
Leu Leu Leu Arg 210 215 220Leu Tyr Thr Gln Asn Ile Asp Gly Leu Glu
Arg Val Ser Gly Ile Pro225 230 235 240Ala Ser Lys Leu Val Glu Ala
His Gly Thr Phe Ala Ser Ala Thr Cys 245 250 255Thr Val Cys Gln Arg
Pro Phe Pro Gly Glu Asp Ile Arg Ala Asp Val 260 265 270Met Ala Asp
Arg Val Pro Arg Cys Pro Val Cys Thr Gly Val Val Lys 275 280 285Pro
Asp Ile Val Phe Phe Gly Glu Pro Leu Pro Gln Arg Phe Leu Leu 290 295
300His Val Val Asp Phe Pro Met Ala Asp Leu Leu Leu Ile Leu Gly
Thr305 310 315 320Ser Leu Glu Val Glu Pro Phe Ala Ser Leu Thr Glu
Ala Val Arg Ser 325 330 335Ser Val Pro Arg Leu Leu Ile Asn Arg Asp
Leu Val Gly Pro Leu Ala 340 345 350Trp His Pro Arg Ser Arg Asp Val
Ala Gln Leu Gly Asp Val Val His 355 360 365Gly Val Glu Ser Leu Val
Glu Leu Leu Gly Trp Thr Glu Glu Met Arg 370 375 380Asp Leu Val Gln
Arg Glu Thr Gly Lys Leu Asp Gly Pro Asp Lys385 390 3954314PRTHomo
sapiens 4Met Lys Met Ser Phe Ala Leu Thr Phe Arg Ser Ala Lys Gly
Arg Trp 1 5 10 15Ile Ala Asn Pro Ser Gln Pro Cys Ser Lys Ala Ser
Ile Gly Leu Phe 20 25 30Val Pro Ala Ser Pro Pro Leu Asp Pro Glu Lys
Val Lys Glu Leu Gln 35 40 45Arg Phe Ile Thr Leu Ser Lys Arg Leu Leu
Val Met Thr Gly Ala Gly 50 55 60Ile Ser Thr Glu Ser Gly Ile Pro Asp
Tyr Arg Ser Glu Lys Val Gly65 70 75 80Leu Tyr Ala Arg Thr Asp Arg
Arg Pro Ile Gln His Gly Asp Phe Val 85 90 95Arg Ser Ala Pro Ile Arg
Gln Arg Tyr Trp Ala Arg Asn Phe Val Gly 100 105 110Trp Pro Gln Phe
Ser Ser His Gln Pro Asn Pro Ala His Trp Ala Leu 115 120 125Ser Thr
Trp Glu Lys Leu Gly Lys Leu Tyr Trp Leu Val Thr Gln Asn 130 135
140Val Asp Ala Leu His Thr Lys Ala Gly Ser Arg Arg Leu Thr Glu
Leu145 150 155 160His Gly Cys Met Asp Arg Val Leu Cys Leu Asp Cys
Gly Glu Gln Thr 165 170 175Pro Arg Gly Val Leu Gln Glu Arg Phe Gln
Val Leu Asn Pro Thr Trp 180 185 190Ser Ala Glu Ala His Gly Leu Ala
Pro Asp Gly Asp Val Phe Leu Ser 195 200 205Glu Glu Gln Val Arg Ser
Phe Gln Val Pro Thr Cys Val Gln Cys Gly 210 215 220Gly His Leu Lys
Pro Asp Val Val Phe Phe Gly Asp Thr Val Asn Pro225 230 235 240Asp
Lys Val Asp Phe Val His Lys Arg Val Lys Glu Ala Asp Ser Leu 245 250
255Leu Val Val Gly Ser Ser Leu Gln Val Tyr Ser Gly Tyr Arg Phe Ile
260 265 270Leu Thr Ala Trp Glu Lys Lys Leu Pro Ile Ala Ile Leu Asn
Ile Gly 275 280 285Pro Thr Arg Ser Asp Asp Leu Ala Cys Leu Lys Leu
Asn Ser Arg Cys 290 295 300Gly Glu Leu Leu Pro Leu Ile Asp Pro
Cys305 3105310PRTHomo sapiens 5Met Arg Pro Leu Gln Ile Val Pro Ser
Arg Leu Ile Ser Gln Leu Tyr 1 5 10 15Cys Gly Leu Lys Pro Pro Ala
Ser Thr Arg Asn Gln Ile Cys Leu Lys 20 25 30Met Ala Arg Pro Ser Ser
Ser Met Ala Asp Phe Arg Lys Phe Phe Ala 35 40 45Lys Ala Lys His Ile
Val Ile Ile Ser Gly Ala Gly Val Ser Ala Glu 50 55 60Ser Gly Val Pro
Thr Phe Arg Gly Ala Gly Gly Tyr Trp Arg Lys Trp65 70 75 80Gln Ala
Gln Asp Leu Ala Thr Pro Leu Ala Phe Ala His Asn Pro Ser 85 90 95Arg
Val Trp Glu Phe Tyr His Tyr Arg Arg Glu Val Met Gly Ser Lys 100 105
110Glu Pro Asn Ala Gly His Arg Ala Ile Ala Glu Cys Glu Thr Arg Leu
115 120 125Gly Lys Gln Gly Arg Arg Val Val Val Ile Thr Gln Asn Ile
Asp Glu 130 135 140Leu His Arg Lys Ala Gly Thr Lys Asn Leu Leu Glu
Ile His Gly Ser145 150 155 160Leu Phe Lys Thr Arg Cys Thr Ser Cys
Gly Val Val Ala Glu Asn Tyr 165 170 175Lys Ser Pro Ile Cys Pro Ala
Leu Ser Gly Lys Gly Ala Pro Glu Pro 180 185 190Gly Thr Gln Asp Ala
Ser Ile Pro Val Glu Lys Leu Pro Arg Cys Glu 195 200 205Glu Ala Gly
Cys Gly Gly Leu Leu Arg Pro His Val Val Trp Phe Gly 210 215 220Glu
Asn Leu Asp Pro Ala Ile Leu Glu Glu Val Asp Arg Glu Leu Ala225 230
235 240His Cys Asp Leu Cys Leu Val Val Gly Thr Ser Ser Val Val Tyr
Pro 245 250 255Ala Ala Met Phe Ala Pro Gln Val Ala Ala Arg Gly Val
Pro Val Ala 260 265 270Glu Phe Asn Thr Glu Thr Thr Pro Ala Thr Asn
Arg Phe Arg Phe His 275 280 285Phe Gln Gly Pro Cys Gly Thr Thr Leu
Pro Glu Ala Leu Ala Cys His 290 295 300Glu Asn Glu Thr Val Ser305
3106355PRTHomo sapiens 6Met Ser Val Asn Tyr Ala Ala Gly Leu Ser Pro
Tyr Ala Asp Lys Gly 1 5 10 15Lys Cys Gly Leu Pro Glu Ile Phe Asp
Pro Pro Glu Glu Leu Glu Arg 20 25 30Lys Val Trp Glu Leu Ala Arg Leu
Val Trp Gln Ser Ser Ser Val Val 35 40 45Phe His Thr Gly Ala Gly Ile
Ser Thr Ala Ser Gly Ile Pro Asp Phe 50 55 60Arg Gly Pro His Gly Val
Trp Thr Met Glu Glu Arg Gly Leu Ala Pro65 70 75 80Lys Phe Asp Thr
Thr Phe Glu Ser Ala Arg Pro Thr Gln Thr His Met 85 90 95Ala Leu Val
Gln Leu Glu Arg Val Gly Leu Leu Arg Phe Leu Val Ser 100 105 110Gln
Asn Val Asp Gly Leu His Val Arg Ser Gly Phe Pro Arg Asp Lys 115 120
125Leu Ala Glu Leu His Gly Asn Met Phe Val Glu Glu Cys Ala Lys Cys
130 135 140Lys Thr Gln Tyr Val Arg Asp Thr Val Val Gly Thr Met Gly
Leu Lys145 150 155 160Ala Thr Gly Arg Leu Cys Thr Val Ala Lys Ala
Arg Gly Leu Arg Ala 165 170 175Cys Arg Gly Glu Leu Arg Asp Thr Ile
Leu Asp Trp Glu Asp Ser Leu 180 185 190Pro Asp Arg Asp Leu Ala Leu
Ala Asp Glu Ala Ser Arg Asn Ala Asp 195 200 205Leu Ser Ile Thr Leu
Gly Thr Ser Leu Gln Ile Arg Pro Ser Gly Asn 210 215 220Leu Pro Leu
Ala Thr Lys Arg Arg Gly Gly Arg Leu Val Ile Val Asn225 230 235
240Leu Gln Pro Thr Lys His Asp Arg His Ala Asp Leu Arg Ile His Gly
245 250 255Tyr Val Asp Glu Val Met Thr Arg Leu Met Lys His Leu Gly
Leu Glu 260 265 270Ile Pro Ala Trp Asp Gly Pro Arg Val Leu Glu Arg
Ala Leu Pro Pro 275 280 285Leu Pro Arg Pro Pro Thr Pro Lys Leu Glu
Pro Lys Glu Glu Ser Pro 290 295 300Thr Arg Ile Asn Gly Ser Ile Pro
Ala Gly Pro Lys Gln Glu Pro
Cys305 310 315 320Ala Gln His Asn Gly Ser Glu Pro Ala Ser Pro Lys
Arg Glu Arg Pro 325 330 335Thr Ser Pro Ala Pro His Arg Pro Pro Lys
Arg Val Lys Ala Lys Ala 340 345 350Val Pro Ser 3557400PRTHomo
sapiens 7Met Ala Ala Gly Gly Leu Ser Arg Ser Glu Arg Lys Ala Ala
Glu Arg 1 5 10 15Val Arg Arg Leu Arg Glu Glu Gln Gln Arg Glu Arg
Leu Arg Gln Val 20 25 30Ser Arg Ile Leu Arg Lys Ala Ala Ala Glu Arg
Ser Ala Glu Glu Gly 35 40 45Arg Leu Leu Ala Glu Ser Ala Asp Leu Val
Thr Glu Leu Gln Gly Arg 50 55 60Ser Arg Arg Arg Glu Gly Leu Lys Arg
Arg Gln Glu Glu Val Cys Asp65 70 75 80Asp Pro Glu Glu Leu Arg Gly
Lys Val Arg Glu Leu Ala Ser Ala Val 85 90 95Arg Asn Ala Lys Tyr Leu
Val Val Tyr Thr Gly Ala Gly Ile Ser Thr 100 105 110Ala Ala Ser Ile
Pro Asp Tyr Arg Gly Pro Asn Gly Val Trp Thr Leu 115 120 125Leu Gln
Lys Gly Arg Ser Val Ser Ala Ala Asp Leu Ser Glu Ala Glu 130 135
140Pro Thr Leu Thr His Met Ser Ile Thr Arg Leu His Glu Gln Lys
Leu145 150 155 160Val Gln His Val Val Ser Gln Asn Cys Asp Gly Leu
His Leu Arg Ser 165 170 175Gly Leu Pro Arg Thr Ala Ile Ser Glu Leu
His Gly Asn Met Tyr Ile 180 185 190Glu Val Cys Thr Ser Cys Val Pro
Asn Arg Glu Tyr Val Arg Val Phe 195 200 205Asp Val Thr Glu Arg Thr
Ala Leu His Arg His Gln Thr Gly Arg Thr 210 215 220Cys His Lys Cys
Gly Thr Gln Leu Arg Asp Thr Ile Val His Phe Gly225 230 235 240Glu
Arg Gly Thr Leu Gly Gln Pro Leu Asn Trp Glu Ala Ala Thr Glu 245 250
255Ala Ala Ser Arg Ala Asp Thr Ile Leu Cys Leu Gly Ser Ser Leu Lys
260 265 270Val Leu Lys Lys Tyr Pro Arg Leu Trp Cys Met Thr Lys Pro
Pro Ser 275 280 285Arg Arg Pro Lys Leu Tyr Ile Val Asn Leu Gln Trp
Thr Pro Lys Asp 290 295 300Asp Trp Ala Ala Leu Lys Leu His Gly Lys
Cys Asp Asp Val Met Arg305 310 315 320Leu Leu Met Ala Glu Leu Gly
Leu Glu Ile Pro Ala Tyr Ser Arg Trp 325 330 335Gln Asp Pro Ile Phe
Ser Leu Ala Thr Pro Leu Arg Ala Gly Glu Glu 340 345 350Gly Ser His
Ser Arg Lys Ser Leu Cys Arg Ser Arg Glu Glu Ala Pro 355 360 365Pro
Gly Asp Arg Gly Ala Pro Leu Ser Ser Ala Pro Ile Leu Gly Gly 370 375
380Trp Phe Gly Arg Gly Cys Thr Lys Arg Thr Lys Arg Lys Lys Val
Thr385 390 395 400
* * * * *
References