U.S. patent application number 14/105645 was filed with the patent office on 2014-06-05 for building panels and method of forming building panels.
This patent application is currently assigned to PROPST FAMILY LIMITED PARTNERSHIP. The applicant listed for this patent is PROPST FAMILY LIMITED PARTNERSHIP. Invention is credited to John Eugene Propst.
Application Number | 20140150362 14/105645 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 50824049 |
Filed Date | 2014-06-05 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140150362 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Propst; John Eugene |
June 5, 2014 |
BUILDING PANELS AND METHOD OF FORMING BUILDING PANELS
Abstract
A building panel structure is disclosed, in which building
panels are used to form a structure. Roof panels and roof panel
tiles are disclosed, which can be used to form the roof of the
structure. The roof panels and the building panels include a core
and a coating covering a portion of the core. In some embodiments
the core consists of a frame and at least one insulating structural
block. The insulating structural blocks can be encapsulated
polystyrene (EPS) foam blocks. In some embodiments the coating
includes ceramic material. In some embodiments the coating includes
a first layer and a second layer. In some embodiments the coating
is used to retrofit existing wall structures. The roof panel and
the roof tile can be shaped, formed, and colored to look like
traditional roof tiles such as shake roof tiles or Spanish roof
tiles.
Inventors: |
Propst; John Eugene;
(Phoenix, AZ) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
PROPST FAMILY LIMITED PARTNERSHIP |
Phoenix |
AZ |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
PROPST FAMILY LIMITED
PARTNERSHIP
Phoenix
AZ
|
Family ID: |
50824049 |
Appl. No.: |
14/105645 |
Filed: |
December 13, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13954239 |
Jul 30, 2013 |
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14105645 |
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13954339 |
Jul 30, 2013 |
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13954239 |
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13431053 |
Mar 27, 2012 |
8695299 |
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13954239 |
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PCT/US2012/048065 |
Jul 25, 2012 |
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13431053 |
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13362947 |
Jan 31, 2012 |
8458983 |
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13431053 |
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13110706 |
May 18, 2011 |
8127509 |
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13362947 |
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12844163 |
Jul 27, 2010 |
7984594 |
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13110706 |
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61740110 |
Dec 20, 2012 |
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61296616 |
Jan 20, 2010 |
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61511891 |
Jul 26, 2011 |
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61560897 |
Nov 17, 2011 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
52/309.12 ;
52/746.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B32B 2260/044 20130101;
E04C 2/296 20130101; E04B 1/66 20130101; E04F 13/0885 20130101;
E04B 2002/0202 20130101; E04D 3/352 20130101; E04B 2/02 20130101;
Y02B 10/20 20130101; C04B 28/04 20130101; F24S 20/67 20180501; E04B
7/22 20130101; F24S 20/69 20180501; E04F 13/0866 20130101; E04G
23/0296 20130101; E04D 1/28 20130101; B32B 17/02 20130101; B32B
5/18 20130101; C04B 2111/00612 20130101; B32B 2419/06 20130101;
B32B 5/26 20130101; B32B 2260/023 20130101; C04B 2111/28 20130101;
E04B 1/941 20130101; E04F 13/14 20130101; E04F 13/0869 20130101;
B32B 2607/00 20130101; B32B 2262/101 20130101; C04B 28/04 20130101;
C04B 14/42 20130101; C04B 14/06 20130101; C04B 14/30 20130101; C04B
24/2641 20130101; C04B 20/0076 20130101; C04B 24/2641 20130101;
C04B 20/0076 20130101; C04B 28/04 20130101; C04B 14/42 20130101;
C04B 2111/80 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
52/309.12 ;
52/746.1 |
International
Class: |
E04C 2/288 20060101
E04C002/288 |
Claims
1. A building panel comprising: a building panel core, wherein the
building panel core comprises: a front surface; a rear surface; a
top edge; a bottom edge; a first side edge; a second side edge; a
frame, wherein the frame comprises: a first frame member, wherein
the first frame member extends horizontally from the first side
edge to the second side edge; a second frame member, wherein the
second frame member extends horizontally from the first side edge
to the second side edge; and a flange protruding from the first
side edge, wherein the flange is coupled to the second frame
member; and an insulating structural block coupled to the frame;
and a coating covering a portion of the building panel core,
wherein the coating comprises a cementitious mixture.
2. The building panel of claim 1, wherein the first frame member is
a first distance from the bottom edge, wherein the first distance
is between 12 and 16 inches.
3. The building panel of claim 2, wherein the second frame member
is a second distance from the bottom edge, wherein the second
distance is between 42 and 54 inches.
4. The building panel of claim 3, further comprising a third frame
member extending horizontally from the first side edge to the
second side edge.
5. The building panel of claim 4, wherein the third frame member is
a third distance from the bottom edge, wherein the third distance
is between 78 and 90 inches.
6. The building panel of claim 5, wherein the coating comprises: a
first coating layer covering a portion of the building panel core,
wherein the first coating layer comprises cement, aggregate and
acrylic bonder; and a second coating layer covering a portion of
the first coating layer, wherein the second coating layer comprises
cement, aggregate and acrylic bonder.
7. The building panel of claim 6, wherein: the first coating layer
comprises a plurality of crests and valleys; the second coating
layer covers the plurality of crests and valleys; and the plurality
of crests have an average half-width of between 1/16 inch and 1/2
inch.
8. The building panel of claim 7, wherein the plurality of crests
have an average height of between 1/8 inch and 3/4 inch.
9. A method of retrofitting an outer surface of an existing wall
structure of a building, the method comprising: coupling a first
piece of expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam to the outer surface of
the existing wall structure of the building; applying a first
coating layer to a portion of the first piece of EPS foam, wherein
the first coating layer comprises cement, aggregate and acrylic
bonder; and applying a second coating layer to a portion of the
first coating layer, wherein the second coating layer comprises
cement, aggregate and acrylic bonder.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the existing wall structure of
the building comprises a cement block.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein the existing wall structure
comprises: a cement block; a second piece of EPS foam covering a
portion of the cement block; and a cementitious adhesive coating
covering a portion of the second piece of EPS foam.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein the existing wall structure of
the building comprises: a wood frame; a wallboard coupled to the
wood frame; a metal lath coupled to the wallboard; and a stucco
coating coupled to the metal lath.
13. The method of claim 9, wherein the existing wall structure of
the building comprises: a steel frame; a wallboard coupled to the
steel frame; a second piece of EPS foam covering a portion of the
wall board; and a cementitious adhesive coating covering a portion
of the second piece of EPS foam.
14. The method of claim 9, further comprising embedding a fluid
channel in the first coating layer.
15. The method of claim 9, further comprising covering a portion of
the first coating layer with a fire barrier material before
applying the second coating layer.
16. A method of forming a building panel, the method comprising:
expanding a portion of polystyrene foam beads; placing a metal
frame into a building panel mold; placing the portion of expanded
polystyrene foam beads into the building panel mold; and molding
the portion of expanded polystyrene foam beads into a predetermined
shape around the metal frame.
17. The method of claim 16, further comprising aging the portion of
expanded polystyrene foam beads after the portion of expanded
polystyrene foam beads is expanded, and before the portion of
expanded polystyrene foam beads is placed in the mold.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein aging the portion of expanded
polystyrene foam beads extends for a time less than or equal to 30
hours.
19. The method of claim 16, wherein expanding a portion of
polystyrene foam beads comprises applying steam to the portion of
expanded polystyrene foam beads.
20. The method of claim 16, wherein molding the portion of expanded
polystyrene foam beads into a predetermined shape around the metal
frame comprises applying steam and pressure to the portion of
expanded polystyrene foam beads.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/954,239 to John Eugene Propst entitled
"Roof Panel and Method of Forming a Roof," filed Jul. 30, 2013,
which is included entirely herein by reference. This application is
a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
13/954,339 to John Eugene Propst entitled "Building Panel System,"
filed Jul. 30, 2013, which is included entirely herein by
reference. This application also claims priority to U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 61/740,110 to John Eugene Propst entitled
"Building Panel System", filed Dec. 20, 2012, which is included
entirely herein by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No.
13/954,239 is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 13/431,053 to John Eugene Propst entitled "Building Panel
System," filed Mar. 27, 2012, which is included entirely herein by
reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/954,239 is also a
continuation-in-part of International patent application number
PCT/US2012/048065 filed Jul. 25, 2012, which is included entirely
herein by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/431,053 is
a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
13/362,947 to John Eugene Propst, filed Jan. 31, 2012 and now
issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,458,983, which is a continuation of U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 13/110,706 to John Eugene Propst, filed
May 18, 2011 and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,127,509, which is a
continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/844,163 to John
Eugene Propst, filed Jul. 27, 2010 and now issued as U.S. Pat. No.
7,984,594, which is a non-provisional of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 61/296,616, to John Eugene Propst, filed Jan. 20, 2010 and
entitled "Layered Building Panel System". U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 13/431,053 also claims priority to U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 61/511,891 to John Eugene Propst entitled "Composite
Building and Panel Systems", filed Jul. 26, 2011, and to U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 61/560,897 to John Eugene Propst
entitled "Composite Panel Coating Systems", filed Nov. 17, 2011,
which are included entirely herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Technical Field
[0003] This invention relates generally to materials for
constructing buildings and structures and more specifically to
building panels and roof panels used to form walls, roofs, or other
parts of a building or structure.
[0004] 2. State of the Art
[0005] Buildings have historically been constructed of brick,
cement block, wood frame and stucco or, more recently, steel frame
and stucco. The material and techniques used in constructing
buildings is evolving in an effort to reduce cost, increase energy
efficiency, reduce the amount of wood usage in buildings, and to
reduce material waste. Cement block and brick construction requires
a large amount of manpower to create a building, which raises the
cost of the building. Wood has long been a staple material in
building construction, but recently there is a desire to preserve
forest resources. Wood is inherently more susceptible to damage
from inclement weather, moisture, mold, fire, and insect
infestation. Also, when wood is used to create a building there can
be a large amount of waste. This is because standard sized boards
are sent to the construction site, which must be cut and assembled
at the building site into a building. The labor involved in cutting
lumber to size results in high labor costs and a large amount of
lumber wasted from boards cut to size.
[0006] It is also desirable to increase the energy efficiency of
buildings in order to reduce the energy costs during the lifetime
of the building. Cement block, brick, and wood frame and stucco
construction do not provide the high level of energy efficiency
that can be obtained from newer materials.
[0007] Foam blocks have become a popular alternative and are
environmentally sustainable as compared to traditional wood, cement
block, and brick construction materials. Foam block systems are
lightweight, can be molded or formed into any needed shape, result
in a thermally efficient building construction, and require less
skilled manpower to form into a building structure. Other benefits
include, but are not limited to, a resistance to moisture, mold,
fire and insect damage. The foam blocks are constructed using
materials which are recyclable and renewable, provide good
insulating qualities, and are often themselves made from recycled
materials. Alternatively, construction blocks can also be made from
other environmentally friendly materials such as straw, wood
fibers, paper, and glass, for example.
[0008] One problem with some of the new building materials such as
foam block is that the structural strength of a building element
that is made with foam blocks may not be as high as when wood,
brick or cement block are used to form the building element. This
can be particularly important in areas where buildings are required
to withstand high winds or earthquakes. There is a need for a
building panel system which minimizes construction time, uses
environmentally friendly materials, and results in a building with
high structural strength and structural integrity.
[0009] The roof of a building or structure is of particular
importance to the energy consumption of the complete building. When
the heat transfer through the roof of a building is minimized, the
energy efficiency of the whole building can be maximized. Thus
there is a need for composite building panels specifically designed
for use in the roof of a building.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of structure
110 according to the invention.
[0011] FIG. 2 shows structure 110 of FIG. 1 with the outer finish
layers removed, showing that structure 110 is formed of building
panels 112, 212, and 312 according to the invention.
[0012] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of one embodiment of composite
building panel 112 according to the invention.
[0013] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of core 158 of building panel
112 of FIG. 3.
[0014] FIG. 5 is a perspective view of one embodiment of insulating
structural block 140 that can be a part of core 158 according to
the invention, which is part of building panel 112 according to the
invention of FIG. 3.
[0015] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of another embodiment of
insulating structural block 140 having interlocking features 150.
This embodiment of insulating structural block 140 is a part of
core 158 of FIG. 4, which is part of building panel 112 according
to the invention of FIG. 3.
[0016] FIG. 7 is a top view of two interlocked insulating
structural blocks 140 of building panel 112 of FIG. 3, with
insulating structural blocks 140 having interlocking features
150.
[0017] FIG. 8 shows a perspective view of core 158 with coating 160
according to the invention applied, creating building panel 112 of
building panel structure 110 according to the invention.
[0018] FIG. 9 shows horizontal cross-section 7-7 of building panel
112 of FIG. 8.
[0019] FIG. 10 shows vertical cross-section 8-8 of building panel
112 of FIG. 8.
[0020] FIG. 11 shows a close-up cross-section of one embodiment of
coating 160 according to the invention taken at section 9 of FIG.
10.
[0021] FIG. 12 shows a close-up cross-section of another embodiment
of coating 160 according to the invention taken at section 9 of
FIG. 10.
[0022] FIG. 13 shows a close-up cross-section of another embodiment
of coating 160 according to the invention taken at section 9 of
FIG. 10.
[0023] FIG. 14 shows a close-up cross-section of another embodiment
of coating 160 according to the invention taken at section 9 of
FIG. 10.
[0024] FIG. 15 shows a close-up cross-section of another embodiment
of coating 160 according to the invention taken at section 9 of
FIG. 10.
[0025] FIG. 16 shows a close-up cross-section of another embodiment
of coating 160 according to the invention taken at section 9 of
FIG. 10.
[0026] FIG. 17 shows a close-up cross-section of an embodiment of
coating 560 according to the invention that can be used on building
panel 112 of FIG. 10 instead of coating 160.
[0027] FIG. 18 shows a cross section of an embodiment of inner
scratch layer 562 according to the invention, where second scratch
layer B 563 has crests 572 and valleys 574.
[0028] FIG. 19 shows scratch layer 562 of FIG. 18 after the wet
scratch layer 562 coating mixture material has slumped and settled,
which results in the rounding off of crests 572 and valleys 574
into more curvilinear shapes as shown in FIG. 19, and showing the
height H, half-width W.sub.H, and period P of crests 572.
[0029] FIG. 20 shows a cross-section of an embodiment of coating
560 according to the invention, where main brown layer 566 has been
applied over inner scratch layer 562 of FIG. 19.
[0030] FIG. 21 shows a cross section of an embodiment of coating
560 according to the invention, where main brown layer 566 has been
applied over scratch layer 562 of FIG. 19, and fiberglass mesh 770
has been embedded in main brown layer 566 while main brown layer
566 is still wet.
[0031] FIG. 22 shows how coatings 160 or 560 can be made separate
from core 158 such that coatings 160 or 560 form construction board
710 according to the invention.
[0032] FIG. 23 shows a side view cross-section of construction
board 710 of FIG. 22.
[0033] FIG. 24 shows a perspective view of an embodiment of
building panel structure 810, with roof 825 formed using a
plurality of roof panels 812 according to the invention.
[0034] FIG. 25 shows a perspective view of an embodiment of roof
panel 812 according to the invention, where roof panel 812 includes
core 858 and coating 860 covering a portion of core 858. Core 858
in this embodiment includes insulating structural block 140.
[0035] FIG. 26 shows a perspective view of another embodiment of
roof panel 812 according to the invention, where roof panel 812
includes core 858 and coating 860 covering a portion of core 858.
Core 858 in this embodiment includes insulating structural block
140 and frame 830.
[0036] FIG. 27 shows a perspective view of another embodiment of
roof panel 812 according to the invention, where roof panel 812
includes core 858 and coating 860 covering a portion of core 858.
In this embodiment surface 814 of coating 860 is shaped to look
like roof shake tiles.
[0037] FIG. 28 shows a perspective view of a further embodiment of
roof panel 812 according to the invention, where roof panel 812
includes core 858 and coating 860 covering a portion of core 858.
In this embodiment surface 814 of coating 860 is shaped to look
like roof shake tiles.
[0038] FIG. 29 shows a perspective view of an embodiment of roof
panel 812 according to the invention, with an embodiment of roof
tile 820 according to the invention applied to surface 814 of roof
panel 812.
[0039] FIG. 30 shows a perspective view of an embodiment of roof
panel 812 according to the invention, where cored 858 and coating
860 are shaped to look like roof Spanish tiles.
[0040] FIG. 31 shows a side view cross-section of roof panel 812 of
FIG. 28.
[0041] FIG. 32 shows a side view cross-section of roof panel 812 of
FIG. 30
[0042] FIG. 33 through FIG. 38 show close-up cross-sections of
embodiments of coating 860 according to the invention taken at
section 809 of FIG. 31.
[0043] FIG. 39 shows an exploded perspective view of an embodiment
of roof panel 812 according to the invention and an embodiment of
roof tile 820 according to the invention, where roof tile 820 is
coupled to surface 814 of roof panel 812.
[0044] FIG. 40 shows an exploded perspective view of another
embodiment of roof panel 812 according to the invention and an
embodiment of roof tile 820 according to the invention, where roof
tile 820 is coupled to surface 814 of roof panel 812
[0045] FIG. 41 shows a top view of roof tile 820 according to the
invention of FIG. 39 and FIG. 40.
[0046] FIG. 42 shows a side view cross-section of roof tile 820 of
FIG. 39 and FIG. 40.
[0047] FIG. 43 through FIG. 48 show close-up cross-sections of roof
tile 820 according to the invention taken at section 819 of FIG.
42.
[0048] FIG. 49 shows a perspective view of a further embodiment of
roof panel 812, where roof panel 812 includes fluid channels
822.
[0049] FIG. 50 shows a side view cross section of an embodiment of
building panel 812 of FIG. 49.
[0050] FIG. 51 shows an embodiment of building panel 812 and roof
tile 820 where roof tile 820 includes fluid channels 822.
[0051] FIG. 52 shows another embodiment of building panel 812 and
roof tile 820 where roof tile 820 includes fluid channels 822.
[0052] FIG. 53 shows a further embodiment of building panel 812 and
roof tile 820 where roof tile 820 includes fluid channels 822.
[0053] FIG. 54 shows a side view cross section of another
embodiment of building panel 812 of FIG. 49.
[0054] FIG. 55 shows a side view cross section of another
embodiment of building panel 812 of FIG. 49.
[0055] FIG. 56 shows a side view cross section of another
embodiment of building panel 812 of FIG. 49.
[0056] FIG. 57 shows a perspective view of roof panel 812 of FIG.
26 being coupled to roof structural member 817 with bolts 875.
[0057] FIG. 58 shows a side view of screed frame 933 being applied
to roof panel 812 of FIG. 57.
[0058] FIG. 59 shows a side view of wet coating 860 mixture 865
being applied to roof panel 812 in screed frame 933 of FIG. 58.
[0059] FIG. 60 shows wet coating mixture 865 of FIG. 59 being
smoothed with trowel 935 using screed frame 933 as a height
reference.
[0060] FIG. 61 shows wet coating mixture 865 of FIG. 59 continuing
to be smoothed with trowel 935 using screed frame 933 as a height
reference.
[0061] FIG. 62 shows screed frame 933 being removed from building
panel 812 of FIG. 61 after wet coating 860 mixture 865 (866?) is
trowelled smooth.
[0062] FIG. 63 shows method 2000 of forming a roof according to the
invention.
[0063] FIG. 64 shows an embodiment of building panel core 258.
[0064] FIG. 65 shows an embodiment of building panel 212, which
includes core 258
[0065] FIG. 66 shows an embodiment of building panel 312.
[0066] FIG. 67 shows building panel 312 and vertical columns
132.
[0067] FIG. 68 shows an embodiment of building panel 1112
[0068] FIG. 69 shows an embodiment of building panel 1212.
[0069] FIG. 70 shows an embodiment of building panel 1312.
[0070] FIG. 71 shows an embodiment of building panel 1412.
[0071] FIG. 72 shows an embodiment of building panel 1512.
[0072] FIG. 73 shows an embodiment of building panel 1612.
[0073] FIG. 74 shows an embodiment of building panel 1712.
[0074] FIG. 75 shows an embodiment of building panel 1812.
[0075] FIG. 76 shows an embodiment of building panel 1912.
[0076] FIG. 77 illustrates method 2100 of retrofitting an outer
surface of an existing wall structure of a building.
[0077] FIG. 78 illustrates method 2200 of forming a building
panel.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
[0078] As discussed above, embodiments of the present invention
relate to materials for constructing buildings and structures and
more specifically to building panels and roof panels used to form
walls, roofs, or other parts of a building or structure.
[0079] The use of environmentally friendly, insulating, lightweight
block materials for use as the walls, roofs, floors and other
structures in buildings is increasing in popularity. The blocks of
material are being used to replace concrete blocks and insulated
wood and stucco walls. These blocks are structural elements which
provide insulation properties and a shaped mass which defines the
shape of the structure to be built. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam
blocks are a popular material, but other materials such as straw,
plastic, and recycled elements are also being used to create these
insulating structural blocks. These new building materials use less
wood, decrease construction waste, often use recycled materials,
and create a building which is more energy efficient than standard
wood frame and plaster construction buildings. Insulating
structural blocks such as EPS foam blocks are often lightweight and
can be molded or shaped easily to create any desired shape.
Additionally, it is relatively easy to embed protective layers,
sheets, or materials in the foam blocks to add to the efficiency,
safety, and quality of the building that is being formed from the
foam blocks. These new block materials, including EPS foam blocks,
sometimes do not possess the necessary structural strength for
specific building structures. In these cases it is necessary to add
structural elements to the building panels made from insulating
structural block materials. Disclosed herein are building panels
and methods of creating building panels using insulating structural
blocks, frames, and coatings over the blocks and frames to create
structurally strong structures and building panels, while still
retaining the lightweight, environmentally friendly, and energy
efficient characteristics of the insulating structural blocks.
[0080] Disclosed herein are building panels for use in forming
walls, structures, bridges, or any other constructed structure.
Disclosed herein are building panels specifically designed for use
in constructing the roof of buildings or other structures. Building
roofs are particularly important to the safety, fire protection,
and energy efficiency of a building.
[0081] FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a structure 110 according
to the invention. Structure 110 in this embodiment is house 110.
Structure 110 is formed of a plurality of building panels 112, 212,
and 312 (not all building panels are labeled), as can be seen in
FIG. 2. FIG. 2 shows structure 110 of FIG. 1, with its outer finish
coatings removed so that building panels 112, 212, and 312 can be
seen. Building panels 112, 212 and 312 form the walls of structure
110 in this embodiment. Building panels 112, 212, and 312 have
cutouts in them to form windows 45 and door 35. Roof 25 can also be
formed of embodiments of building panels 112, 212, or 312, or roof
panel 812, as discussed later in this document. Building panels
112, 212, or 312 are coupled to foundation 190 to form a stable
structure 110. Building panels 112, 212, or 312 are different
embodiments of building panels according to the invention and can
be interchanged or used in different situations as needed. Building
panels 112 are described below, and building panels 212, 312, and
812 are described later in this document. It is to be understood
that building panels 112, 212, 312, and 812 can be used
interchangeably according to the desire of the builder and the
needs of the structure.
[0082] FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of one embodiment of
building panel 112 according to the invention. A building panel
means a panel or element which is used in constructing a form,
structure, building, or edifice. A building panel according to the
invention can take many different forms. FIG. 3 shows one
embodiment of a building panel according to the invention as
building panel 112. Building panel 112 is shown including core 158
and coating 160 covering a portion of core 158. Building panel 112
is used to form walls, floors, ceilings, beams, or other elements
used in creating a structure, edifice, or building.
[0083] Building panel 112 (also referred to as composite building
panel 112 or just panel 112) is shown in FIG. 3 as having a
rectangular shape for use as a wall of structure 110 of FIG. 1 and
FIG. 2, or a block fence structure, for example. Building panel 112
can be formed in any size and shape according to the needs of the
structure 110 to be built. In some embodiments building panel 112
is square, or rectangular or round, or oval, oblong or elongated.
Building panel 112 can be curved, or part curved and part
rectangular. Building panel 112 can take any shape. Building panel
112 takes a shape according to the shape of the structure 110 to be
built. Core 158 forms the basic shape, and coating 160 covers a
portion of core 158 to add strength to building panel 112, to form
an impermeable layer on a portion of core 158, and/or to provide an
aesthetically pleasing surface for exterior finishing. Building
panel 112 has first surface 114 which includes coating 160 in this
embodiment, and second surface 116 which in this embodiment also
includes coating 160. Coating 160, as well as other coating
embodiments that can be used as a part of building panel 112, will
be discussed in detail shortly.
[0084] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of core 158 of building panel
112 of FIG. 3. Building panel 112 in this embodiment is formed of
core 158 and coating 160, where coating 160 covers a portion of
core 158. Core 158 and coating 160 can take many different forms.
Core 158 in this embodiment has front surface 124, rear surface
126, and multiple sides 180 (two of four sides 180 shown) as shown
in FIG. 4. Coating 160 according to the invention covers a portion
of core 158. In this embodiment coating 160 covers both front
surface 124 and rear surface 126 of core 158. Coating 160 can cover
any portion of core 158. Core 158 is formed in this embodiment of
frame 130 and at least one insulating structural block 140, as
shown in FIG. 4 through FIG. 7. In this embodiment core 158
includes more than one insulating structural block 140. In some
embodiments core 158 includes one insulating structural block 140.
In some embodiments core 158 includes one or more than one
insulating structural block 140. In some embodiments core 158
includes only one or more than one insulating structural block 140,
with no frame 130. In some embodiments core 158 includes other
elements in addition to or instead of frame 130 or insulating
structural blocks 140, such as electrical wires, water pipes, other
utilities or elements needing to be sent through or within
structure 110.
[0085] FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an insulating structural
block 140 that can be used in composite building panel 112
according to the invention. FIG. 6 is a perspective view of another
insulating structural block 140 that can be used in composite
building panel 112 according to the invention. In FIG. 6 insulating
structural block 140 includes interlock elements 150. Interlock
elements 150 are used to interlock multiple insulating structural
blocks 140 to each other and to interlock insulating structural
blocks 140 to frame 130. FIG. 7 is a top view of two interlocked
insulating structural blocks 140 of building panel 112 of FIG. 3,
with interlocking features 150 which interlock insulating
structural blocks 140 and frame 130 as detailed in FIG. 8 through
FIG. 10.
[0086] In some embodiments of building panel 112, core 158 is made
solely of insulating structural blocks 140. In some embodiments
core 158 is made of insulating structural blocks 140 and frame 130,
as shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 8 through FIG. 10. In some embodiments
core 158 is made of other elements besides insulating structural
blocks 140 and frame 130. Core 158 can be formed of any material or
materials that provide the necessary building-shaped elements and
that accepts coating 160 to create building panel 112 according to
the invention. Core 158 can be formed of wood, metal, recycled
materials, straw, concrete blocks, plastic, or any other material
or combination of materials. Insulating structural blocks 140 are
also referred to in this document as simply "blocks" 140.
[0087] Frame 130 in this embodiment creates the skeletal structure
for the walls, floors, ceiling, beams, or other building elements
that are needed to form a structure using building panel 112. Frame
130 in the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 includes vertical members 132
and horizontal members 134. In this embodiment frame 130 is formed
of galvanized steel. Frame 130 according to the invention can be
made of other structural material such as wood, aluminum, other
metals, plastic, recycled material, etc. In this embodiment frame
130 is formed from 4''.times.4''.times. 3/16'' galvanized steel box
tubing. Horizontal members 134 and vertical members 132 are coupled
in a manner which holds the members together solidly. In some
embodiments mechanical attachments such as bolts are used. In some
embodiments the members of frame 130 are welded together. In some
embodiments the individual members of frame 130 connect together at
angles other than horizontal and vertical. Diagonal frame members
are used in some embodiments of frame 130. In some embodiments
frame 130 includes metal straps running diagonally. It is to be
understood that frame 130 according to the invention can take many
different shapes and sizes according to the specifics of the
structure to be built. Frame 130 can be formed of many different
materials according to the structural strength needed by the
structure to be built.
[0088] Frame 130 in this embodiment is embedded in insulating
structural blocks 140. Frame 130 being embedded in blocks 140 means
that the majority of frame 130 is encased in blocks 140, with a
minimum of surface area of frame 130 not covered by blocks 140.
Embedded is meant to mean "encase" or "cover a majority of the
surface of". Frame 130 is embedded in insulating structural blocks
140 by cutting blocks 140 into shapes that will encircle and couple
to frame 130. Having frame 130 embedded in insulating structural
blocks 140 provides several advantages for building panel 112.
Frame 130 being embedded in blocks 140 provides structural strength
to core 158 and yet leaves most of the outer surface of core 158 as
a surface of blocks 140, so that the outer surface of core 158 can
be easily shaped and covered with coating 160. Thus coating 160
covers surfaces of insulating structural blocks 140 instead of
frame 130. This allows core 158 and building panel 112 to be shaped
for aesthetically pleasing shapes, and provides the outer surface
as a surface of insulating structural blocks 140, which accepts and
retains coating 160 for strength and exterior finishing. In this
embodiment, where frame 130 is embedded in blocks 140, there are
portions of frame 130 which are not covered by block 140 so that
frame 130 can be connected to other frames and structures, but the
majority of frame 130 is embedded in blocks 140. In other
embodiments of building panel 112 frame 130 is not embedded in
blocks 140, meaning that significant portions of frame 130 are on
the exterior surface of core 158.
[0089] Insulating structural blocks 140 have several purposes,
including defining the shape of the building panel 112 being
created, providing insulating properties, and providing a surface
for applying coating 160 or other coatings or layers. Coating 160
or other coatings are applied to the outer surface of core 158. The
outer surface of core 158 is formed mostly of surfaces or
insulating structural blocks 140, since frame 130 is embedded in
insulating structural blocks 140. Insulating structural blocks 140
in core 158 of FIG. 4 are used to enclose frame 130 elements and to
form the desired shape of the structure to be built with building
panel 112. Some embodiments of insulating structural blocks 140
according to the invention are shown in FIG. 5, FIG. 6 and FIG. 7.
Blocks 140 are often formed to interlock with each other and with
frame 130 as shown in FIG. 4, and FIG. 6 through FIG. 10. In this
embodiment insulating structural blocks 140 according to the
invention are made of expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam, creating an
EPS foam insulating structural block 140. EPS foam blocks provide
high energy efficiency and are lightweight. EPS foam can be created
from recycled materials and can itself be recycled. Another
desirable feature of EPS foam block 140 is that it can be easily
molded or cut into any desired shape. FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 shows EPS
foam insulating structural blocks 140 that have been cut to include
interlock elements 150, where interlock elements 150 in this
embodiment include tongue 152 and groove 154. Blocks 140 can be
made into any shape, size, and structure according to the structure
being built using building panel 112. In this embodiment insulating
structural blocks 140 are 4'.times.8'.times.6'' EPS foam insulating
structural blocks, which have interlocking elements 150 cut into
them so that they interlock with themselves and with frame 130 to
create core 158 as shown in FIG. 4. In this embodiment one pound
density EPS foam is used for blocks 140 but any suitable material
and density can be used which provides suitable structural
characteristics. Blocks 140 are connected to each other and to
concrete in this embodiment using a polymer-based acrylic adhesive
156 such as Primus.RTM. sold by Dryvit Systems Inc. (Dryvit).
Blocks 140 are coupled to metal or wood in this embodiment using a
water-based acrylic copolymer adhesive such as Adhesive for EPS
(ADEPS) from Dryvit. In some embodiments insulating structural
blocks 140 and frame 130 are coupled to other members and to each
other using different adhesives, glues, mechanical attachments, or
other suitable coupling means.
[0090] In this embodiment insulating structural block 140 is made
of EPS foam. Insulating structural block 140 according to the
invention can be made of other materials, including but not limited
to straw, wood, plastic, paper, concrete, or recycled
materials.
[0091] In the embodiment of core 158 of FIG. 4, insulating
structural block 140 is cut to shape from the rectangular EPS foam
blocks 140 as shown in FIG. 5 to create the shaped insulating
structural blocks 140 as shown in FIG. 6. Cutouts and interlocking
elements are cut from blocks 140 to create a block 140 shape that
will enclose frame 130, interlock with other blocks 140 and frame
130, receive coating 160, and provide a surface of the desired
shape for the structure to be built. Blocks 140 according to the
invention can be molded to shape or formed to the correct size and
shape using methods such as slicing, melting, or other
block-shaping methods. Block 140 can be formed to any size and
shape needed to create the structure being formed, such as walls,
floors, roofs, ceilings, beams, fences, bridges, edifices, offices,
etc. Blocks 140 and frame 130 can be formed into any size and shape
to create core 158 and building panel 112 in any size and shape to
form the desired structure.
[0092] Openings and passageways for utilities, air flow, or other
types of access openings through building panel 112 can be easily
cut into core 158 as desired. Openings for windows 45 and doors 35
are also formed in core 158.
[0093] In some embodiments core 158 includes structures, elements,
layers, or materials that create a building panel 112 according to
the invention with the ability to provide specific types of
protection. In some embodiments core 158 includes structures,
elements, layers or material that provide protection from
penetration such as from flying objects, projectiles such as
bullets, or other items that could cause harm. In some embodiments
core 158 encapsulates structures, layers, materials, or elements
that block or slow down projectiles or other flying objects. For
example, core 158 according to the invention can include layers or
materials embedded in core 158, embedded in blocks 140, or
sandwiched between blocks 140 that block or slow down projectiles.
These projectile-resistant elements can provide protection to
inhabitants in dangerous areas from projectiles or from flying
objects caused by extreme weather or accidents, for example. The
protective layers or materials can be man-made or natural, and can
take the form of layers of mesh, layers of metal, polymer, plastic,
acrylic, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, or other materials, or
other forms.
[0094] In some embodiments core 158 includes structures, elements,
layers or materials that provide sound attenuation or blockage. For
example, core 158 according to the invention can include layers or
materials embedded in or encapsulated by core 158, embedded in
blocks 140, or sandwiched between blocks 140, that block or
attenuate sound. These sound-deadening elements can provide
protection to inhabitants from explosions, machinery, vehicles, or
other loud noise-generators. These sound-deadening layers or
materials can be man-made or natural, and can take the form of
layers of mesh, layers of metal, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes,
polymer, plastic, acrylic, or other materials, or other forms. In
some embodiments the sound-deadening materials form anechoic
devices or layers.
[0095] In some embodiments core 158 includes structures, elements,
layers or material that provide radiation attenuation or blockage.
For example, core 158 according to the invention can include layers
or materials embedded in or encapsulated by core 158, embedded in
blocks 140, or sandwiched between blocks 140 that block or
attenuate radiation. The radiation blocked or attenuated can take
many forms, including electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic
pulses, radio frequency radiation, optical radiation, x-rays,
nuclear radiation, radioactive radiation, or other types of
radiation. These radiation-deadening elements can provide
protection to inhabitants from explosions, accidents at power
generating stations, acts of war, electromagnetic pulses, or acts
of God. These radiation-shielding layers or materials can be
man-made or natural, and can take the form of layers of mesh,
layers of metal, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon
nanostructures, one or more layers of lead, polymer, plastic,
acrylic, gel, or other materials, or other forms. In some
embodiments the radiation-deadening materials form an element that
reflects certain types of radiation. In some embodiments the
radiation-deadening materials form an element that absorbs certain
types of radiation. In some embodiments the radiation-deadening
materials form an element that provides electromagnetic shielding.
In some embodiments core 158 includes elements, structures, or
materials that provide radio frequency shielding. In some
embodiments core 158 includes elements, structures, or materials
that provide electromagnetic interference shielding.
[0096] In some embodiments core 158 includes structures, elements,
layers or material that provide chemical attenuation or blockage.
For example, core 158 according to the invention can include layers
or materials embedded in or encapsulated by core 158, embedded in
blocks 140, or sandwiched between blocks 140 that block or
attenuate one or more specific chemicals. The chemicals blocked or
attenuated can take many forms, natural or man-made. The chemical
attenuating or blocking elements can provide protection to
inhabitants from explosions, accidents at power generating
stations, acts of war, or acts of God. These layers can be man-made
or natural, and can take the form of layers of mesh, layers of
metal, carbon fibers, polymer, plastic, acrylic, gel, or other
materials, or other forms. In some embodiments the
chemical-blocking materials form an element that absorbs certain
types of chemicals.
[0097] Coating 160 covers a portion of core 158 to create building
panel 112 of composite building panel structure 110 according to
the invention as shown in FIG. 1 through FIG. 3 and FIG. 8 through
FIG. 10. Coating 160 creates an outer surface on building panel 112
that is ready to accept exterior or interior finishing as desired
and also contributes to the strength of building panel 112. FIG. 8
shows a perspective view of core 158 with coating 160 applied,
creating a portion of building panel structure 110 of FIG. 1 that
includes building panel 112 according to the invention. FIG. 9
shows horizontal cross section 7-7 of building panel 112 of FIG. 8.
FIG. 10 shows vertical cross section 8-8 of building panel 112 of
FIG. 8. Coating 160 can take many different forms. In some
embodiments other coatings according to the invention are used
instead of coating 160. FIG. 11 through FIG. 16 show close-up
cross-sections of embodiments of coating 160 according to the
invention, taken at section 9 of FIG. 10. FIG. 17 through FIG. 21
show a cross-sections of coating 560 according to the invention
that can be used on building panel 112 according to the invention
in place of coating 160, or in addition to coating 160.
[0098] Core 158 according to the invention has a portion covered by
a coating. This document provides examples of the different
coatings according to the invention that can be used to coat core
158. Embodiments of coating 160 and coating 560 according to the
invention are described in this document. It is to be understood
that these coatings may be used interchangeably. It is to be
understood that these coatings as described are examples only and
many other embodiments of coating 160 and coating 560 can be formed
according to the invention.
[0099] Coating 160 of FIG. 3 and FIG. 8 through FIG. 16 covers a
portion of core 158. Coating 160 in the embodiments shown covers a
portion of insulating structural blocks 140 of core 158. Coating
160 can cover a portion of insulating structural blocks 140 of core
158 for many different reasons. Coating 160 can cover a portion of
core 158 to add strength to core 158. Coating 160 can cover a
portion of core 158 to provide an aesthetically pleasing surface
finish. Coating 160 can cover a portion of core 158 to provide a
surface for accepting finish treatments such as paint, stucco, or
other exterior finish treatments. Coating 160 can cover a portion
of core 158 to create a layer of material which protects core 158
from weather, moisture, and other deteriorating elements. Coating
160 can cover a portion of core 158 to provide projectile or impact
protection to building panel 112. Coating 160 can cover a portion
of core 158 to provide protection from penetration of building
panel 112. Penetration protection can include resistance to
penetration by flying or moving objects created by wind, weather,
war, natural, or man-caused events. For example, strong winds can
cause items as simple as straw or wood pieces to penetrate building
walls. Coating 160 can provide protection from this type of
penetration. In addition, it is often desirable to protect a
building from penetration by projectiles such as bullets. Coating
160 can include projectile protection layers that resist
penetration and/or impact.
[0100] Coating 160 can cover a portion of core 158 to provide
protection and/or shielding from various forms of radiation,
including electromagnetic radiation, radioactive radiation, or
other types of signals or radiation that travel through the
atmosphere and that can be damaging to inhabitants of a building or
structure. Coating 160 can include radiation blocking layers that
minimize or eliminate the transfer of radiation through building
panel 112. Coating 160 can also provide sound attenuating
characteristics to building panel 112. In some embodiments coating
160 includes elements, structures, or materials that provide radio
frequency shielding. In some embodiments coating 160 includes
carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, or carbon nanostructures. In some
embodiments coating 160 includes elements, structures, or materials
that provide electromagnetic interference shielding. In some
embodiments coating 160 includes elements, structures, or materials
that provide electromagnetic radiation shielding or attenuation. In
some embodiments coating 160 includes elements, structures, or
materials that provide electromagnetic pulse shielding.
[0101] In some embodiments coating 160 covers exterior surfaces of
structure 110. In some embodiments coating 160 covers interior
surfaces of structure 110. In some embodiments coating 160 covers
front or back surfaces of core 158. In some embodiments coating 160
covers edge surfaces of core 158. Coating 160 can cover any surface
of core 158 or a portion of any surface of core 158. In the
embodiment shown in FIG. 1 through FIG. 16, coating 160 covers
front surface 124 of core 158 to create first surface 114 of
building panel 112. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 through FIG.
16, coating 160 covers rear surface 126 of core 158 to create
second surface 116 of building panel 112. In this way building
panel 112 includes core 158 and coating 160 covering at least a
portion of core 158. In this way building panel 112 includes core
158 and coating 160 covering at least a portion of front surface
124 or rear surface 126 of core 158.
[0102] FIG. 11 through FIG. 16 show cross-sections of embodiments
of coating 160 according to the invention. In these embodiments
coating 160 forms a cementitious membrane which provides structural
strength to building panel 112 as well as providing a layer
impervious to water and weather, and a layer that is ready to
accept final exterior or interior finishes such as paint, stucco,
or other finishes.
[0103] In the embodiment of coating 160 shown in FIG. 11, coating
160 is a single layer of a cementitious mixture. Cement as is used
in this document typically refers to Portland cement or other
cementitious binder material such as what is used to form concrete.
In some embodiments coating 160 includes cement and acrylic bonder.
Acrylic bonder as used in this document refers to a synthetic
thermoplastic resin, binder, or bonder that is often formed of an
acrylic polymer. Acrylic bonder helps the cementitious mixture
adhere well to the EPS foam insulating structural block, as well as
binding together the materials in coating 160.
[0104] In some embodiments coating 160 includes aggregate.
Aggregate adds strength to coating 160 and helps coating 160
provide concrete-type characteristics including strength and
resistance to penetration. The aggregate can be many different
materials. Varying the aggregate material allows the tuning of the
characteristics of coating 160. An aggregate of vermiculite,
perlite, or other thermal filter material allows coating 160 to
have high thermal resistance. In some embodiments other materials
which give coating 160 high thermal resistance are used in coating
160. An aggregate of ceramic makes coating 160 reflect heat and
sunlight, helping building panel 112 to resist heat absorption. In
some embodiments other materials which give coating 160 high
thermal reflectance are used in coating 160. Other types of
aggregate can be used to add strength and other characteristics to
coating 160. In some embodiments other materials which give coating
160 high thermal emittance are used in coating 160. High thermal
emittance means coating 160 will tend to emit any heat that it
absorbs, which contributes to keeping coating 160 and building
panel 112 cool. In some embodiments coating 160 is formed of a
plaster mixture. In some embodiments coating 160 is formed of a
gypsum plaster mixture.
[0105] In some embodiments coating 160 includes cement and ceramic.
In some embodiments coating 160 includes cement and aggregate. In
some embodiments the aggregate is or includes the ceramic material.
In some embodiments coating 160 includes Portland cement and
ceramic. In some embodiments coating 160 is a non-cementitious
mixture that includes ceramic. In some embodiments coating 160
includes Portland cement, acrylic bonder, and a ceramic aggregate.
In some embodiments coating 160 includes cement, acrylic bonder,
fiberglass strands, and a ceramic aggregate. In some embodiments
coating 160 includes cement, acrylic bonder, fiberglass strands, a
fiberglass mesh, and a ceramic aggregate. Ceramic included in
coating 160 provides a layer that reflects heat and sunlight from
coating 160, which allows coating 160 and building panel 112 to
remain cool.
[0106] In some embodiments coating 160 includes strands of
reinforcing material. Strands of reinforcing material increase the
strength and resistance to breaking and cracking of coating 160. In
some embodiments the strands of reinforcing material are fiberglass
strands. In some embodiments the strands of reinforcing material
are cotton strands. In some embodiments the strands of reinforcing
material are metal or plastic strands. In some embodiments the
strands of reinforcing material are wood or other fibrous material
strands. The strands of reinforcing material can be any material
that either makes coating 160 have a stronger flex or shear
strength, and/or keep coating 160 from cracking.
[0107] In some embodiments coating 160 includes a mesh of a
material. The mesh can be for many different purposes. In some
embodiments coating 160 includes a reinforcing mesh structure. The
reinforcing mesh structure adds strength and resistance to cracking
to coating 160. In some embodiments coating 160 includes a
fiberglass mesh. In some embodiments coating 160 includes a cotton
mesh. Fiberglass and cotton, as well as other plastic or Kevlar
meshes, for example, provide structural reinforcement to coating
160. In some embodiments coating 160 includes a metal mesh. A metal
mesh can provide radiation shielding characteristics to coating
160. A metal mesh can provide electromagnetic attenuation
properties to coating 160. A metal mesh can also be connected to
electronic processors, electrical conductors, and powered
electronics to provide active electronic processing properties to
coating 160. In other words, coating 160 can be made to carry
electricity and be a part of an electronic processing structure.
This can be useful for many different reasons, such as
electronically sensing the characteristics of a building panel 112,
for heating or cooling building panel 112, for improving the
electrical attenuation or amplification properties of building
panel 112, for distribution of energy throughout building panel
112, or any other electronic processing capabilities. Coating 160
can include many types of mesh materials for different
purposes.
[0108] In some embodiments coating 160 includes thermal filters for
increasing the thermal efficiency of coating 160, which helps
building panel 112 to resist heat transfer. In some embodiments
coating 160 includes penetration-resistant materials, layers, or
structures such as one or more than one projectile or
ammunition-resistant material or structure. In some embodiments
coating 160 includes radiation blocking or inhibiting layers,
materials, components, or structures. In some embodiments coating
160 includes a layer, component or structure formed of lead. In
some embodiments coating 160 includes sound attenuating or
inhibiting layers, materials, components, or structures. In some
embodiments coating 160 includes carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes,
or carbon nanostructures. In some embodiments coating 160 includes
elements, structures, or materials that provide radio frequency
shielding. In some embodiments coating 160 includes elements,
structures, or materials that provide electromagnetic interference
shielding. In some embodiments coating 160 includes an
electromagnetic shield material.
[0109] In some embodiments coating 160 includes structures,
elements, layers or materials that provide protection from
penetration such as from flying objects or projectiles. In some
embodiments coating 160 includes elements, structures, or materials
that prevent projectiles from piercing coating 160. These elements,
structures, or materials are called projectile-resistant materials
and they prevent bullets or other projectiles from penetrating
coating 160. In some embodiments projectile-resistant materials are
a mesh such as a fiberglass or Kevlar mesh. In some embodiments
projectile-resistant materials are carbon nanostructures. In some
embodiments projectile-resistant materials are a lead or steel or
other metal material. In some embodiments projectile-resistant
materials are the aggregate, such as when lead or steel nodules are
used as the aggregate in the mixture, for example but not by way of
limitation. In some embodiments projectile-resistant materials are
other structures or materials that prevent penetration from a
projectile. These impact-protective elements can provide protection
to inhabitants in dangerous areas from projectiles or from flying
objects caused by extreme weather or accidents, for example. The
protective projectile-resistant materials can be man-made or
natural, and can take the form of layers of mesh, layers of metal,
polymer, plastic, acrylic, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, or
other materials, or other forms.
[0110] In some embodiments coating 160 includes structures,
elements, layers or materials that provide sound attenuation or
blockage. Sound attenuation materials work as sound-deadening
elements that can provide protection to inhabitants from
explosions, machinery, vehicles, or other loud noise-generators.
These sound-deadening or sound attenuation materials can be
man-made or natural, and can take the form of layers of mesh,
layers of metal, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, polymer, plastic,
acrylic, or other materials, or other forms. In some embodiments
the sound-deadening materials form anechoic devices or layers.
[0111] In some embodiments coating 160 includes structures,
elements, layers or materials that provide radiation attenuation or
blockage. The radiation blocked or attenuated can take many forms,
including electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic pulses, radio
frequency radiation, optical radiation, x-rays, nuclear radiation,
radioactive radiation, or other types of radiation. These radiation
attenuation materials can provide protection to inhabitants from
explosions, accidents at power generating stations, acts of war,
electromagnetic pulses, or acts of God. These radiation-shielding
layers or materials can be man-made or natural, and can take the
form of layers of mesh, layers of metal, carbon fibers, carbon
nanotubes, carbon nanostructures, one or more layers of lead,
polymer, plastic, acrylic, gel, or other materials, or other forms.
In some embodiments the radiation attenuation materials form an
element that reflects certain types of radiation. In some
embodiments the radiation attenuation materials form an element
that absorbs certain types of radiation. In some embodiments the
radiation attenuation materials form an element that provides
electromagnetic shielding. In some embodiments coating 160 includes
elements, structures, or materials that provide radio frequency
shielding. In some embodiments coating 160 includes elements,
structures, or materials that provide electromagnetic interference
shielding.
[0112] In some embodiments coating 160 includes structures,
elements, layers or materials that provide chemical attenuation or
blockage. The chemicals blocked or attenuated can take many forms,
natural or man-made. These chemical attenuating or blocking
materials can provide protection to inhabitants from explosions,
accidents at power generating stations, acts of war, or acts of
God. These layers can be man-made or natural, and can take the form
of layers of mesh, layers of metal, carbon fibers, polymer,
plastic, acrylic, gel, or other materials, or other forms. In some
embodiments the chemical-blocking materials form an element that
absorbs certain types of chemicals.
[0113] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 12, coating 160 is formed of
inner scratch layer 162 (also called scratch layer 162) and outer
main brown layer 166 (also called main brown layer 166). Dividing
coating 160 into two or more layers allows different layers to be
optimized for different purposes. One layer can reflect hear, for
instance, while another slows down heat transfer, or blocks
radiation, for example but not by way of limitation Inner scratch
layer 162 contributes to the structural strength of coating 160,
forming an interface between building panel core 158 and outer main
brown layer 166. A scratch layer is also a layer that adheres well
to core 158 and provides a base for further layers, such as outer
main brown layer 166, to adhere to. Scratch layer 162 can be formed
of many different components or mixtures or layers. In some
embodiments scratch layer 162 is formed of a plaster mixture. In
some embodiments scratch layer 162 is formed of a gypsum plaster
mixture. In some embodiments scratch layer 162 is formed of a
non-cementitious mixture. In some embodiments scratch layer 162 is
formed of a cementitious mixture. In some embodiments scratch layer
162 includes Portland cement and ceramic. In some embodiments
scratch layer 162 includes Portland cement, acrylic bonder, and a
ceramic aggregate. In some embodiments scratch layer 162 includes
Portland cement, acrylic bonder, fiberglass strands, and a ceramic
aggregate. In some embodiments scratch layer 162 includes Portland
cement, acrylic bonder, fiberglass strands, a fiberglass mesh, and
a ceramic aggregate. Ceramic included in inner scratch layer 162
provides a thermal barrier, preventing heat transfer into and out
of building panel core 158.
[0114] Scratch layer 162 can include any of the elements
structures, or materials discussed earlier with respect to the
elements and materials that can be included in coating 160. In some
embodiments scratch layer 162 includes a fiberglass mesh. In some
embodiments scratch layer 162 includes thermal filters for fire
resistance. In some embodiments scratch layer 162 includes
penetration-resistant materials, layers, or structures such as one
or more than one projectile or ammunition-resistant material or
structure. In some embodiments scratch layer 162 includes radiation
blocking or inhibiting layers, materials, components, or
structures. In some embodiments inner scratch layer 162 includes a
layer, component or structure formed of lead. In some embodiments
scratch layer 162 includes sound attenuating or inhibiting layers,
materials, components, or structures. In some embodiments scratch
layer 162 includes carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, or carbon
nanostructures. In some embodiments scratch layer 162 includes
elements, structures, or materials that provide radio frequency
shielding. In some embodiments scratch layer 162 includes elements,
structures, or materials that provide electromagnetic interference
shielding. In the embodiment of coating 160 shown in FIG. 12
through FIG. 16, scratch layer 162 is a cementitious mixture.
Scratch layer 162 can be any type or form of cementitious mixture.
In some embodiments scratch layer 162 includes one or more than one
piece of fiberglass mesh. In some embodiments scratch layer 162 is
formed of multiple layers (see FIG. 16 for an example of a
multiple-layer scratch layer 162).
[0115] Main brown layer 166 can include any of the elements
structures, or materials discussed earlier with respect to the
elements and materials that can be included in coating 160. Outer
main brown layer 166 is a cementitious mixture in this embodiment.
Outer main brown layer 166 can be any type of form of cementitious
mixture. In some embodiments main brown layer 166 includes one or
more than one piece of fiberglass mesh. In some embodiments main
brown layer 166 includes cement and ceramic. In some embodiments
main brown layer 166 includes a cementitious mixture and ceramic.
In some embodiments main brown layer 166 includes cement, acrylic
bonder, and ceramic. In some embodiments main brown layer 166
includes cement, acrylic bonder, aggregate, and ceramic. In some
embodiments main brown layer 166 includes cement, acrylic bonder,
and a ceramic aggregate. In some embodiments main brown layer 166
includes cement, acrylic bonder, fiberglass strands, and ceramic.
In some embodiments main brown layer 166 includes cement, acrylic
bonder, fiberglass strands, ceramic, and aggregate. In some
embodiments main brown layer 166 includes cement, acrylic bonder,
fiberglass strands, and a ceramic aggregate. In some embodiments
main brown layer 166 includes Portland cement, acrylic bonder,
fiberglass strands, a fiberglass mesh, and a ceramic aggregate. A
ceramic material included in main brown layer 166 provides a
thermal barrier, preventing heat from being absorbed or transferred
into building panel core 158.
[0116] In some embodiments main brown layer 166 is formed of
multiple layers. In some embodiments main brown layer 166 includes
cement, aggregate, and fiberglass mesh. In some embodiments main
brown layer 166 includes cement, aggregate, and acrylic bonder. In
some embodiments main brown layer 166 includes thermal filters for
fire resistance. In some embodiments main brown layer 166 includes
cement, aggregate, and fiberglass strands. In some embodiments main
brown layer 166 includes cement, aggregate, acrylic bonder, and a
fiberglass mesh. In some embodiments main brown layer 166 includes
penetration-resistant materials, layers, or structures such as one
or more than one projectile or ammunition-resistant material or
structure. In some embodiments main brown layer 166 includes
radiation blocking or inhibiting layers, materials, components, or
structures. In some embodiments main brown layer 166 includes a
layer, component or structure formed of lead. In some embodiments
main brown layer 166 includes carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, or
carbon nanostructures. In some embodiments main brown layer 166
includes sound attenuating or inhibiting layers, materials,
components, or structures.
[0117] In some embodiments main brown layer 166 includes elements,
structures, or materials that provide radio frequency shielding,
coupling, or amplifying. In some embodiments main brown layer 166
includes elements, structures, or materials that provide
electromagnetic interference shielding. For example, coating 160 as
shown in FIG. 13 shows main brown layer 166 that includes
electronic mesh structure 172. In some embodiments electronic mesh
structure 172 is designed to protect from electromagnetic pulses,
for example, or certain electromagnetic frequencies. Electronic
mesh structure 172 can be used to prevent electromagnetic radiation
from passing through coating 160. In some embodiments electronic
mesh structure 172 in adjacent building panels 112 are
electronically coupled to form a Faraday cage around the interior
of structure 110, protecting the contents of structure 110 from
electromagnetic radiation or pulses or static. In some embodiments
electronic mesh structure 172 is designed to act as an antenna or
amplifier for certain electromagnetic frequencies. Electronic mesh
structure 172 can be designed to block certain electromagnetic
frequencies, attenuate certain electromagnetic frequencies, amplify
certain electronic frequencies, or perform modification or
conditioning of electromagnetic energy that is incident on building
panel 112. In some embodiments electronic mesh structure 172
conducts electricity throughout building panel 112 or from one
building panel 112 to another. In some embodiments electronic mesh
structure 172 is electrically coupled to electronic processors or
semiconductor chips. Electronic mesh structure 172 is shown in main
brown layer 166, but electronic mesh structure 172 can be included
in any coating layer, such as single-layer coating 160 as shown in
FIG. 11, or in scratch layer 162, or any of the other coatings or
layers used to cover a portion of core 158.
[0118] FIG. 14 and FIG. 15 show additional embodiments of coating
160 according to the invention. Coating 160 as shown in FIG. 14 and
FIG. 15 are the same or similar to coating 160 shown in FIG. 12,
except that coating 160 as shown in FIG. 14 and FIG. 15 include
non-cementitious layer 167 embedded in coating 160. In these
embodiments, non-cementitious layer 167 is between scratch layer
162 and main brown layer 166, but this is not meant to be limiting.
Non-cementitious layer 167 can be adjacent any of the layers of
coating 160 according to the invention. Non-cementitious layer 167
does not include cement. In the embodiments shown in FIG. 14 and
FIG. 15, non-cementitious layer 167 is ceramic layer 167. In FIG.
15, ceramic layer 167 is composed of a ceramic material and
fiberglass mesh 170. In some embodiments non-cementitious layer 167
is a fire barrier material. Using non-cementitious layer 167 that
is a fire barrier material enhances the ability of building panel
112 to inhibit or stop heat from turning into flames or flames from
spreading. In some embodiments non-cementitious layer 167 is lead.
In some embodiments non-cementitious layer 167 is plastic.
Non-cementitious layer 167 can be any material or mixture that does
not include cement. Non-cementitious layer 167 can be a carbon
mixture or structure. Non-cementitious layer 167 can be formed of
wood, plastic, metal, or other natural or man-made material,
radiation shielding, EMI shielding, RFI shielding, ballistic armor
layer or layers, or any combination of these or other elements that
does not include cement.
[0119] Ceramic layer 167 is advantageous for use in coating 160
because ceramic layer 167 reflects and radiates heat, not allowing
heat to transmit through building panel 112. Thus ceramic layer 167
provides thermal shielding and structural support to building panel
112.
[0120] FIG. 16 shows a further embodiment of coating 160 according
to the invention, where coating 160 includes two layers. In the
embodiment shown in FIG. 16, coating 160 is formed of inner scratch
layer 162 and outer main brown layer 166. Scratch layer 162 can
include any of the materials, elements, or structures discussed in
this document as possible constituents of a coating layer. Main
brown layer 166 can include any of the materials, elements, or
structures discussed in this document as possible constituents of a
coating layer.
[0121] In some embodiments scratch layer 162 is formed of a plaster
mixture. In some embodiments scratch layer 162 is formed of a
gypsum plaster mixture. In some embodiments scratch layer 162 is
formed of a cementitious mixture. In some embodiments scratch layer
162 includes a fiberglass mesh.
[0122] In some embodiments scratch layer 162 is a non-cementitious
mixture. In some embodiments scratch layer 162 includes Portland
cement and ceramic. In some embodiments scratch layer 162 includes
Portland cement, acrylic bonder, and a ceramic aggregate. In some
embodiments inner scratch layer 162 includes Portland cement,
acrylic bonder, fiberglass strands, and a ceramic aggregate. In
some embodiments scratch layer 162 includes Portland cement,
acrylic bonder, fiberglass strands, a fiberglass mesh, and a
ceramic aggregate. A ceramic material included in scratch layer 162
provides a thermal barrier, preventing heat from being absorbed by
inner scratch layer 162, or transferred into building panel core
158 through inner scratch layer 162.
[0123] In the embodiment of coating 160 shown in FIG. 16, scratch
layer 162 is a cementitious mixture that can be formed from many
different components, as discussed above. In some embodiments
scratch layer 162 is formed of cement, aggregate, and an acrylic
bonder. In some embodiments scratch layer 162 includes a wire mesh
embedded in the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments scratch
layer 162 includes penetration-resistant materials, layers, or
structures such as one or more than one projectile or
ammunition-resistant material or structure. In some embodiments
scratch layer 162 includes radiation blocking or inhibiting layers,
materials, components, or structures. In some embodiments inner
scratch layer 162 includes a layer, component or structure formed
of lead. In some embodiments scratch layer 162 includes sound
attenuating or inhibiting layers, materials, components, or
structures. In some embodiments scratch layer 162 includes carbon
fibers, carbon nanotubes, or carbon nanostructures. In some
embodiments scratch layer 162 includes elements, structures, or
materials that provide radio frequency shielding. In some
embodiments scratch layer 162 includes elements, structures, or
materials that provide electromagnetic interference shielding. In
some embodiments scratch layer 162 is formed of other components.
Further embodiments of inner scratch layer 162 will be discussed
shortly.
[0124] Main brown layer 166 (also called outer main brown layer
166) can be formed of many different components or mixtures or
layers, as discussed above. Main brown layer 166 can include any of
the materials, elements, or structures discussed in this document
as possible constituents of a coating layer. In some embodiments
main brown layer 166 is formed of a plaster mixture. In some
embodiments main brown layer 166 is formed of a gypsum plaster
mixture. In some embodiments main brown layer 166 is formed of a
cementitious mixture. In some embodiments main brown layer 166 is a
non-cementitious mixture. In some embodiments main brown layer 166
includes Portland cement and ceramic. In some embodiments outer
main brown layer 166 includes Portland cement, acrylic bonder, and
a ceramic aggregate. In some embodiments main brown layer 166
includes Portland cement, acrylic bonder, fiberglass strands, and a
ceramic aggregate. In some embodiments main brown layer 166
includes Portland cement, acrylic bonder, fiberglass strands, a
fiberglass mesh, and a ceramic aggregate. A ceramic material
included in outer main brown layer 166 provides a thermal barrier,
preventing heat from being absorbed by main brown layer 166, or
transferred into building panel core 158 through main brown layer
166. Ceramic included in main brown layer 166 provides a
heat-reflecting layer, causing heat to be reflected off of main
brown layer 166 instead of being absorbed by main brown layer
166.
[0125] In the embodiment of coating 160 shown in FIG. 16, main
brown layer 166 is formed of brown mixture 168 and fiberglass mesh
170 embedded in brown mixture 168 while brown mixture 168 is still
wet. Brown mixture 168 can take many different forms. In some
embodiments brown mixture 168 is formed of a plaster mixture. In
some embodiments brown mixture 168 is formed of a gypsum plaster
mixture. In some embodiments brown mixture 168 is formed of a
cementitious mixture. In the embodiment of coating 160 shown in
FIG. 16, brown mixture 168 is a cementitious mixture made of
cement, aggregate, acrylic bonder, and fiberglass strands. Brown
mixture 168 components in this embodiment are mixed together with
water to form a wet cementitious mixture, and applied over inner
scratch layer 162 as a wet mixture. Often brown mixture 168 is
trowelled onto scratch layer 162. Fiberglass mesh 170 is embedded
in brown mixture 168 while it is still wet. In this way building
panel 112 includes core 158, and coating 160 covering a portion of
core 158, where coating 160 includes scratch layer 162 and main
brown layer 166. Main brown layer 166 in the embodiment shown in
FIG. 16 includes brown mixture 168 comprising cement, aggregate,
acrylic bonder, and fiberglass strands; and fiberglass mesh 170. In
some embodiments the aggregate in brown mixture 168 includes sand.
In some embodiments the aggregate in brown mixture 168 includes
ceramic. In some embodiments the aggregate in brown mixture 168
includes perlite. In some embodiments the aggregate in brown
mixture 168 includes vermiculite. Perlite and vermiculite improve
the fire-resistant qualities of building panel 112. Therefore
perlite and/or vermiculite are used as aggregate in situations
where a building panel structure 110 or a building panel 112 is
required to possess stringent fire-resistant capabilities. Perlite
and vermiculite also act as thermal filters, which increase the
thermal efficiency of coating 160
[0126] In a particular embodiment brown mixture 168 is made by
mixing together:
[0127] 90 pounds of Portland cement (type 1 and 2)
[0128] 90 pounds of 20 grit silica sand
[0129] 90 pounds of 30 grit silica sand
[0130] 11/2 gallons of acrylic bonder, such as AC-100 from
Dryvit
[0131] 3 pounds of 3/4'' fiberglass strands
[0132] 21/2 gallons of potable water.
In this embodiment the brown mixture 168 aggregate is made of two
sizes of sand, 20 grit sand and 30 grit sand. It is to be
understood that larger or smaller batches can be made by increasing
or decreasing the ingredient measurements proportionately.
Fiberglass mesh 170 is embedded into brown mixture 168 as brown
mixture 168 is applied to inner scratch layer 162 and while brown
mixture 168 is still wet. This mixture has been found to provide
superior structural integrity, water and weather protection, and a
surface optimum for applying further finish coatings if desired. It
is to be understood that brown mixture 168 can be made from other
ingredients for specific structural uses.
[0133] The term acrylic bonder as used in this document refers to
and includes all types of man-made binders, fillers and bonders
such as urethane bonders, fillers and binders; polymer binders,
fillers and bonders; copolymer binders, fillers and bonders; and
other man-made or natural substances that perform the task of an
acrylic bonder.
[0134] In some embodiments the fiberglass strands used in coatings
according to the invention are replaced with other types of
reinforcing fibers. In some embodiments synthetic fibers are used
in place of or in addition to fiberglass strands. In some
embodiments cellulosic fibers are used in place of or in addition
to fiberglass strands. In some embodiments cotton fibers are used
in place of or in addition to fiberglass strands. Cotton fibers
provide the benefit of holding water in the coating mixture, which
aids in the curing process, resulting in stronger, higher-quality
coatings. In some embodiments other types of organic fibers are
used in place of or in addition to fiberglass strands. In some
embodiments glass fibers, wood fibers, plastic fibers, metal
fibers, ceramic fibers, or other types of reinforcing fibers are
used in place of or in addition to fiberglass strands. The
fiberglass strands and/or other types of reinforcing strands
described herein are used to provide strength and resistance to
breaking and cracking to the coating. In addition, the fiberglass
and/or other types of reinforcing strands aid in reducing slump and
microcracking of the coating mixture in the first few days after
application. The fiberglass strands in coatings according to the
invention can be replaced with any type of strand or element that
provides reinforcement and strength to withstand fracturing and
breaking, or that controls mixture slump and microcracking.
[0135] In some embodiments the fiberglass mesh used in coatings
according to the invention are replaced with other types of a
reinforcing mesh structure. In some embodiments a fabric mesh is
used in place of the fiberglass mesh in coatings according to the
invention. In some embodiments a cellulosic fiber mesh is used in
place of the fiberglass mesh in coatings according to the
invention. In some embodiments a cotton or other type of organic
matrix mesh is used in place of the fiberglass mesh in coatings
according to the invention. Cotton fiber mesh provides the benefit
of holding water in the coating mixture, which aids in the curing
process, resulting in stronger, higher-quality coatings. In some
embodiments a synthetic mesh is used in place of the fiberglass
mesh in coatings according to the invention. In some embodiments a
polymer or copolymer mesh is used in place of the fiberglass mesh
in coatings according to the invention. In some embodiments a
urethane mesh is used in place of the fiberglass mesh in coatings
according to the invention. In some embodiments a matrix or mesh
made of glass, wood, plastic, metal, ceramic, or other types of
reinforcing material is used in place of or in addition to
fiberglass mesh. The fiberglass mesh and/or other types of
reinforcing matrix or mesh described herein are used to provide the
coating with strength and resistance to breaking, cracking, and
penetration. In addition, the fiberglass and/or other types of
reinforcing matrix or mesh aid in reducing slump and microcracking
of the coating mixture in the first few days after application. The
fiberglass mesh in coatings according to the invention can be
replaced with any type of mesh that provides reinforcement and
strength to withstand fracturing, breaking, and/or penetration,
and/or to control coating mixture slump and microcracking.
[0136] Scratch layer 162 can be formed of many different
components, as discussed earlier. In some embodiments scratch layer
162 is a cementitious mixture applied over a wire mesh. In some
embodiments scratch layer 162 is made up of multiple layers. In the
embodiment of coating 160 shown in FIG. 16, scratch layer 162 is
formed of two layers, first scratch layer A 164 and second scratch
layer B 163. First scratch layer A 164 is a "dash" scratch coat
which in this embodiment is machine sprayed onto core 158 as a wet
mixture. In some embodiments first scratch layer A 164 is applied
using other means.
[0137] First scratch layer A 164 can be formed of many different
components or mixtures or layers. First scratch layer A 164 can
include any of the materials, elements, or structures discussed in
this document as possible constituents of a coating layer. In some
embodiments first scratch layer A 164 is formed of a plaster
mixture. In some embodiments first scratch layer A 164 is formed of
a gypsum plaster mixture. In some embodiments first scratch layer A
164 is formed of a cementitious mixture. In some embodiments first
scratch layer A 164 includes a fiberglass mesh. In some embodiments
first scratch layer A 164 includes Portland cement and ceramic. In
some embodiments first scratch layer A 164 includes Portland
cement, acrylic bonder, and a ceramic aggregate. In some
embodiments first scratch layer A 164 includes Portland cement,
acrylic bonder, fiberglass strands, and a ceramic aggregate. In
some embodiments first scratch layer A 164 includes Portland
cement, acrylic bonder, fiberglass strands, a fiberglass mesh, and
a ceramic aggregate. A ceramic material included in first scratch
layer A 164 provides a thermal barrier, preventing heat transfer
into and out of building panel core 158.
[0138] In some embodiments first scratch layer A 164 includes
penetration-resistant materials, layers, or structures such as one
or more than one projectile or ammunition-resistant material or
structure. In some embodiments first scratch layer A 164 includes
radiation blocking or inhibiting layers, materials, components, or
structures. In some embodiments first scratch layer A 164 includes
a layer, component or structure formed of lead. In some embodiments
first scratch layer A 164 includes sound attenuating or inhibiting
layers, materials, components, or structures. In some embodiments
first scratch layer A 164 includes carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes,
or carbon nanostructures. In some embodiments first scratch layer A
164 includes elements, structures, or materials that provide radio
frequency shielding. In some embodiments first scratch layer A 164
includes elements, structures, or materials that provide
electromagnetic interference shielding. In the embodiment of
coating 160 shown in FIG. 16, first scratch layer A 164 is a
cementitious mixture made of cement, aggregate, and acrylic bonder.
In some embodiments the aggregate includes sand. In some
embodiments the aggregate includes perlite. In some embodiments the
aggregate includes ceramic. In some embodiments the aggregate
includes vermiculite. In a specific embodiment first scratch layer
A 164 is formed by mixing together:
[0139] 90 pounds of Portland cement (type 1 and 2)
[0140] 90 pounds of 20 grit silica sand
[0141] 90 pounds of 30 grit silica sand
[0142] 21/2 gallons of acrylic bonder, such as AC-100 from
Dryvit.
[0143] 21/2 gallons of potable water.
In this embodiment the first scratch layer A 164 aggregate is made
of two sizes of sand, 20 grit sand and 30 grit sand. This first
scratch layer A 164 mixture has been found to adhere well to EPS
foam block and provide a superior surface for accepting further
layers of coating 160. It is to be understood that larger or
smaller amounts of first scratch layer A 164 can be made by
proportionately increasing or decreasing the ingredients. In some
embodiments first scratch layer A 164 has other ingredients and
proportions. Usually first scratch layer A 164 is allowed to cure
(dry) before adding other layers.
[0144] Second scratch layer B 163 can be formed of many different
components or mixtures or layers. Second scratch layer B 163 can
include any of the materials, elements, or structures discussed in
this document as possible constituents of a coating layer. In some
embodiments second scratch layer B 163 is formed of a plaster
mixture. In some embodiments second scratch layer B 163 is formed
of a gypsum plaster mixture. In some embodiments second scratch
layer B 163 is formed of a cementitious mixture. In some
embodiments second scratch layer B 163 includes a fiberglass mesh.
In some embodiments second scratch layer B 163 includes Portland
cement and ceramic. In some embodiments second scratch layer B 163
includes Portland cement, acrylic bonder, and a ceramic aggregate.
In some embodiments second scratch layer B 163 includes Portland
cement, acrylic bonder, fiberglass strands, and a ceramic
aggregate. In some embodiments second scratch layer B 163 includes
Portland cement, acrylic bonder, fiberglass strands, a fiberglass
mesh, and a ceramic aggregate. A ceramic material included in
second scratch layer B 163 provides a thermal barrier, preventing
heat transfer into and out of building panel core 158.
[0145] In some embodiments second scratch layer B 163 includes
penetration-resistant materials, layers, or structures such as one
or more than one projectile or ammunition-resistant material or
structure. In some embodiments second scratch layer B 163 includes
radiation blocking or inhibiting layers, materials, components, or
structures. In some embodiments second scratch layer B 163 includes
a layer, component or structure formed of lead. In some embodiments
second scratch layer B 163 includes carbon fibers, carbon
nanotubes, or carbon nanostructures. In some embodiments second
scratch layer B 163 includes sound attenuating or inhibiting
layers, materials, components, or structures. In some embodiments
second scratch layer B 163 includes elements, structures, or
materials that provide radio frequency shielding. In some
embodiments second scratch layer B 163 includes elements,
structures, or materials that provide electromagnetic interference
shielding. In the embodiment of coating 160 shown in FIG. 16,
second scratch layer B 163 is formed of brown mixture 165 and
fiberglass mesh 170. Fiberglass mesh 170 is embedded in brown
mixture 165 while brown mixture 165 is being trowelled or otherwise
applied to first scratch layer A 164 and while brown mixture 165 is
still wet. Brown mixture 165 can be trowelled onto the surface of
first scratch layer A 164 or applied by any other means which will
allow brown mixture 165 to cover first scratch layer A and mesh 170
to be embedded into brown mixture 165.
[0146] Brown mixture 165 can be formed of many different components
or mixtures or layers. In some embodiment brown mixture 165 is
formed of a plaster mixture. In some embodiments brown mixture 165
is the same mixture as brown mixture 168. In some embodiments brown
mixture 165 is formed of a gypsum plaster mixture. In some
embodiments brown mixture 165 is formed of a cementitious mixture.
In some embodiments brown mixture 165 includes Portland cement and
ceramic. In some embodiments brown mixture 165 includes Portland
cement, acrylic bonder, and a ceramic aggregate. In some
embodiments brown mixture 165 includes Portland cement, acrylic
bonder, fiberglass strands, and a ceramic aggregate. In some
embodiments brown mixture 165 includes Portland cement, acrylic
bonder, fiberglass strands, a fiberglass mesh, and a ceramic
aggregate. A ceramic material included in brown mixture 165
provides a thermal barrier, preventing heat transfer into and out
of building panel core 158.
[0147] In the embodiment of coating 160 shown in FIG. 16, brown
mixture 165 is a cementitious mixture made of cement, aggregate,
acrylic bonder, and fiberglass strands. Brown mixture 165
components are mixed together with water to form a cementitious
mixture, and applied to first scratch layer A 164 after first
scratch layer A has cured. In some embodiments the aggregate in
brown mixture 165 includes sand. In some embodiments the aggregate
in brown mixture 165 includes perlite. In some embodiments the
aggregate in brown mixture 165 includes vermiculite. In a
particular embodiment brown mixture 165 is made by mixing
together:
[0148] 90 pounds of Portland cement (type 1 and 2)
[0149] 90 pounds of 20 grit silica sand
[0150] 90 pounds of 30 grit silica sand
[0151] 11/2 gallons of acrylic bonder, such as AC-100 from
Dryvit
[0152] 3 pounds of 3/4'' fiberglass strands
[0153] 21/2 gallons of potable water.
In this embodiment the brown mixture 165 aggregate is made of two
sizes of sand, 20 grit sand and 30 grit sand. It is to be
understood that larger or smaller batches can be made by increasing
or decreasing the ingredient measurements proportionately.
Fiberglass mesh 170 is embedded into brown mixture 165 while brown
mixture 165 is still wet. This mixture has been found to provide
superior structural integrity, water and weather protection, and a
surface optimum for applying outer main brown layer 166. It is to
be understood that brown mixture 165 can be made from other
ingredients for specific structural uses. Usually second scratch
layer B 163 is allowed to cure before adding other layers on
top.
[0154] Coating 160, scratch layer 162, and main brown layer 166 can
be made with many different thicknesses, depending on the specific
use of building panel 112 and the structural strength needed. In
some embodiments additional layers of scratch layer 162 and/or main
brown layer 166 are added for additional strength. In some
embodiments other layers are added. It is to be understood that
finishing coatings are often applied to coating 160. These
finishing coatings are applied for differing interior and exterior
surface aesthetics and include paint, stucco, and other finishing
layers and coatings.
[0155] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 16, scratch layer 162 is
formed to be about 1/8'' thick. Main brown layer 166 is formed to
be about 1/4'' thick. When these layers cure, coating 160 provides
a smooth surface for applying finish coatings, and is structurally
very strong, energy efficient, and lightweight. Composite building
panel 112 with core 158 and coating 160 has greater flex strength
and shear strength than other block panels due to the structured
composite layers of core 158 and coating 160. This specific
embodiment is used for walls, roofs, and beams of buildings and
structure. Additional layers and other thicknesses can be used
according to the invention for building panel 112 to achieve
different panel strengths and uses.
[0156] In some embodiments control joints are cut into core 158
before coating 160 is applied. Holes and openings for windows and
doors, access channels, and passageways for facilities and air
handling can be cut into core 158 to create building panel 112 of a
size and shape for the structure to be built. Core 158 and coating
160 can be easily formed into any size and shape structure,
resulting in a lightweight, energy efficient, strong building panel
112.
[0157] FIG. 17 through FIG. 21 show embodiments of coating 560
according to the invention that can be used on building panel 112
in place of coating 160, or in addition to coating 160. In some
embodiments coating 560 covers a portion of core 158 of building
panel 112 according to the invention instead of coating 160. In
some embodiments coating 560 covers a portion of insulating
structural block 140 of building panel 112. Coating 560 is similar
to coating 160 except that in coating 560, inner scratch layer 562
and outer main brown layer 566 are interdigitated, as shown in FIG.
17 through 21. Coating 560 can include any of the materials,
elements, structures and/or layers discussed in this document as
possible constituents of a coating. Similar numbers in FIG. 17
through FIG. 21 are used to designate similar elements as used
earlier to describe coating 160. Interdigitated means that inner
scratch layer 562 (also called scratch layer 562) and outer main
brown layer 566 (also called main brown layer 566) each have crests
and valleys which interlock with each other. Inner scratch layer
562 and outer main brown layer 566 are interdigitated for a number
of reasons. Forming inner scratch layer 562 with crests 572 and
valleys 574 allows inner scratch layer 562 to be used as a screed
for outer main brown layer 566. This helps to keep the thickness of
coating 560 uniform across building panel 112. Scratch layer 562
can be formed with crests 572 of a certain height above core 158.
The crests 572 are then used as a screed for main brown layer 566,
ensuring that the overall thickness of coating 560 is uniform. In
addition, interdigitating inner scratch layer 562 and outer main
brown layer 566 adds to the strength and structural integrity of
building panel 112.
[0158] Coating 560 can include any of the materials, elements, or
structures discussed in this document as possible constituents of a
coating layer. Coating 560 can include any of the materials,
elements, structures, or layers discussed with regard to coating
160 and/or the individual layers of coating 160. In some
embodiments coating 560 includes cement and ceramic. In some
embodiments coating 560 includes cement, acrylic bonder, and a
ceramic aggregate. In some embodiments coating 560 includes cement,
acrylic bonder, fiberglass strands, and a ceramic aggregate. In
some embodiments coating 560 includes cement, acrylic bonder,
fiberglass strands, a fiberglass mesh, and a ceramic aggregate. A
ceramic material included in coating 560 creates a thermal barrier
layer, which helps coating 560 to prevent heat transfer into and
out of building panel core 158.
[0159] In some embodiments coating 560 includes
penetration-resistant materials, layers, or structures such as one
or more than one projectile or ammunition-resistant material or
structure. In some embodiments coating 560 includes radiation
blocking or inhibiting layers, materials, components, or
structures. In some embodiments coating 560 includes a layer,
component or structure formed of lead. In some embodiments coating
560 includes carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, or carbon
nanostructures. In some embodiments coating 560 includes sound
attenuating or inhibiting layers, materials, components, or
structures. In some embodiments coating 560 includes elements,
structures, or materials that provide radio frequency shielding. In
some embodiments coating 560 includes elements, structures, or
materials that provide electromagnetic interference shielding.
[0160] In the embodiment of coating 560 shown in FIG. 17 through
FIG. 21, coating 560 includes inner scratch layer 562, where inner
scratch layer 562 includes two layers, first scratch layer A 564
and second scratch layer B 563. First scratch layer A 564 is a
cementitious mixture that includes fiberglass mesh 570 in this
embodiment, as shown in FIG. 17 through FIG. 21. Scratch layer 562
in some embodiments is a single layer. Scratch layer 562 can
include any of the materials, elements, or structures discussed in
this document as possible constituents of a coating layer. Scratch
layer 562 can include any of the materials, elements, structures,
or layers discussed with regard to scratch layer 162 and/or the
individual layers of scratch layer 162.
[0161] First scratch layer A 564 can include any of the materials,
elements, or structures discussed in this document as possible
constituents of a coating layer. First scratch layer A 564 can
include any of the materials, elements, structures, or layers
discussed with regard to first scratch layer A 164. In some
embodiments first scratch layer A 564 includes fiberglass mesh 570.
In some embodiments first scratch layer A 564 does not include
fiberglass mesh 570. First scratch layer A 564 in some embodiments
includes the same components as first scratch layer A 164 discussed
earlier. In some embodiments first scratch layer A 564 has a
different composition than first scratch layer A 164.
[0162] In some embodiments first scratch layer A 564 includes
cement and a ceramic material. In some embodiments first scratch
layer A 564 includes cement, acrylic bonder, and aggregate. In some
embodiments first scratch layer A 564 includes cement, acrylic
bonder, fiberglass strands, and aggregate. In some embodiments
first scratch layer A 564 includes cement, acrylic bonder,
fiberglass strands, a fiberglass mesh, and aggregate. In some
embodiments the aggregate includes ceramic. A ceramic material
included in first scratch layer A 564 provides a thermal barrier,
preventing heat transfer into and out of building panel core
158.
[0163] In some embodiments first scratch layer A 564 includes
penetration-resistant materials, layers, or structures such as one
or more than one projectile or ammunition-resistant material or
structure. In some embodiments first scratch layer A 564 includes
radiation blocking or inhibiting layers, materials, components, or
structures. In some embodiments first scratch layer A 564 includes
a layer, component or structure formed of lead. In some embodiments
first scratch layer A 564 includes carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes,
or carbon nanostructures. In some embodiments first scratch layer A
564 includes sound attenuating or inhibiting layers, materials,
components, or structures. In some embodiments first scratch layer
A 564 includes elements, structures, or materials that provide
radio frequency shielding. In some embodiments first scratch layer
A 564 includes elements, structures, or materials that provide
electromagnetic interference shielding.
[0164] Second scratch layer B 563 can include any of the materials,
elements, or structures discussed in this document as possible
constituents of a coating layer. Second scratch layer B 563 can
include any of the materials, elements, structures, or layers
discussed with regard to second scratch layer B 163. Second scratch
layer B 563 is a cementitious mixture that is formed such that it
includes crests 572 and valleys 574 in the embodiment shown in FIG.
17 through FIG. 21. Crests 572 and valleys 574 are formed in second
scratch layer B 563 by any number of methods, including trowelling
second scratch layer B 563 with a shaped trowel while second
scratch layer B 563 is still wet. It is to be understood, however,
that crests 572 and valleys 574 can be formed in second scratch
layer B 563 in many different ways. Second scratch layer B 563 is
then allowed to cure (dry) before outer main brown layer 566 is
applied. Second scratch layer B 563 is shaped with crests 572 and
valleys 574 with special tools for compacting and shaping the
second scratch layer B 563 mixture while it is still wet. These
tools are described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 14/063,842 entitled "Tools for Applying Coatings and Method of
Use", filed Oct. 25, 2013 to John E. Propst. It is to be noted that
these tools are not used to remove some of the wet mixture material
as much as they are used to compress and shape the wet mixture
material into crests 572 and valleys 574. Material is not removed
from valleys 574, but instead the wet mixture material is
compressed and shaped into crests 572 and valleys 574. Compressing
the wet mixture material releases water from the material and
allows it to cure faster and stronger. The resulting cured coating
is stronger, with smooth curvilinear crests 572 and valleys 574. A
smooth curvilinear surface resists cracking better than a surface
that has been roughened or had material removed from it. Crests 572
are shaped with tools to have a smooth rectilinear shape as shown
in FIG. 18, but as the material cures it slumps into crests 572
with a smooth curvilinear surface as shown in FIG. 19 through FIG.
21. Valleys 574 are shaped with tools to have a smooth rectilinear
shape as shown in FIG. 18, but as the material cures it slumps into
valleys 574 with a smooth curvilinear surface as shown in FIG. 19
through FIG. 21. In this embodiment crests 572 and valleys 574 cure
into a smooth curvilinear shape that is an approximation of a sine
wave, as shown in FIG. 19 through FIG. 21, but this particular
smooth curvilinear shape is not the only shape that can be
used.
[0165] FIG. 18 shows an example cross-section of scratch layer 562,
where scratch layer 562 includes first scratch layer A 564 and
second scratch layer B 563. In this embodiment second scratch layer
B 563 includes crests 572 and valleys 574. In the embodiment shown
in FIG. 18, the wet second scratch layer B 563 mixture is smoothed
and shaped to have crests 572 in a rectilinear cross-section. In
this embodiment crests 572 have a width W and height H, and valleys
574 form a spacing S between each crest 572. In some embodiments
crests 572 are formed to have a width W of between about 1/8 inch
and about 3/4 inch. In some embodiments crests 572 are formed to
have a width W of about 3/8 inch. Forming crests 572 with these
sizes has been found to provide a coating layer with superior
strength. In addition, crests 572 are then able to be a screed
layer for outer main brown layer 566. In some embodiments crests
572 are formed to have a height H of between about 1/8 inch and
about 3/4 inch. In some embodiments crests 572 are formed to have a
height H of about 3/8 inch. In some embodiments crests 572 are
formed to have a spacing S of between about 1/8 inch and about 3/4
inch. In some embodiments crests 572 are formed to have a spacing S
of about 3/8 inch. Forming crests 572 and valleys 574 with these
sizes has been found to provide a coating layer with superior
strength and ability to withstand cracking, and to provide a strong
base for main brown layer 566. Main brown layer 566 can be applied
over second scratch layer B 563 with a uniform thickness over a
wide area because crests 572 are used as a screed reference layer
for main brown layer 566.
[0166] Crests 572 and valleys 574 when dry have a rounded or smooth
curvilinear cross section as is shown in FIG. 18, due to slumping,
settling, and smoothing of wet second scratch layer B 563 material
as it dries, or cures. FIG. 19 through FIG. 21 show cross sections
of embodiments of scratch layer 562 and coating 560 in which crests
572 and valleys 574 have a smooth curvilinear surface. A
curvilinear surface is advantageous because it does not have points
and sharp corners to crack, resulting in a stronger cured layer.
FIG. 19 shows how the structure of crests 572 are measured in these
embodiments, showing that crests 572 have height H and half width
W.sub.H. Half-width W.sub.H is the width W.sub.H of crests 572
measured between the two points where crest 572 is at half of its
height, or H/2. Crests 572 also have period P, which is the
repeating distance, or distance from any point to the point where
the periodic structure repeats itself Second scratch layer B 563 is
shaped such that valleys 574 are height H.sub.T above first scratch
layer A 564, as shown in FIG. 19. In other words valley 574 does
not extend through second scratch layer B 563, but has a thickness
H.sub.T of second scratch layer B 563 material between the bottom
of each valley 574 and first scratch layer A 564. This is
advantageous because it makes second scratch layer B 563 stronger
due to second scratch layer B 563 being a continuous layer, as
opposed to having lines of material that form the peaks 572, and
valleys 574 extending through to first scratch layer A 564.
Separate lines of material tend to break and crack at the junctions
of the material. But these junctions do not exist in second scratch
layer B 563 according to the invention. Second scratch layer B 563
material is applied in a thickness great enough to allow the
shaping of peaks 572 and valleys 574 in second scratch layer B 563,
while leaving valleys 574 a height H.sub.T above first scratch
layer A 564. This method and geometry of forming first scratch
layer A 564 and second scratch layer B 563 results in a
structurally strong scratch layer 562 that resists cracking and
breaking apart. In some embodiments height H.sub.T is greater than
1/16''. In some embodiments height H.sub.T is greater than 1/8''.
In some embodiments height H.sub.T is greater than 3/16''. In some
embodiments height H.sub.T is greater than 1/4''.
[0167] In some embodiments crests 572 have an average half width
W.sub.H of between 1/16 inch and 3/4 inch once scratch layer 562
dries (cures). The average half-width W.sub.H is the average of the
individual half-widths W.sub.H of a plurality of crests 572 formed
in scratch layer 562. Any individual crest 572 may have other
measurements due to defects or issues in forming or drying of inner
scratch layer 562, but the measurements of each crest 572 is often
fairly close and the average of their measurements provides a good
measure of the size of the plurality of crests 572. In some
embodiments crests 572 have an average half width W.sub.H of
between 1/8 inch and 5/8 inch once scratch layer 562 dries. Forming
crests 572 and valleys 574 with these sizes has been found to
provide a coating layer with superior strength and ability to
withstand cracking, and to provide a strong base for main brown
layer 566.
[0168] In some embodiments crests 572 have an average period P of
between 1/4 inch and 1 and 1/2 inch once inner scratch layer 562
dries. The average period P is the average of the individual
periods P of a plurality of crests 572 formed in inner scratch
layer 562. Any individual crest 572 may have other measurements due
to defects or issues in forming or drying of inner scratch layer
562, but the measurements of each crest 572 is often fairly close
and the average of their measurements provides a good measure of
the size of the plurality of crests 572. In some embodiments crests
572 have an average period P of between 1/2 inch and 1 and 1/4 inch
once scratch layer 562 dries. Forming crests 572 and valleys 574
with these sizes has been found to provide a coating layer with
superior strength and ability to withstand cracking, and to provide
a strong base for main brown layer 566.
[0169] In some embodiments second scratch layer B 563 includes
cement and acrylic bonder. In some embodiments second scratch layer
B 563 includes cement, acrylic bonder, and aggregate. In some
embodiments the aggregate is ceramic. In some embodiments second
scratch layer B 563 includes cement, acrylic bonder, fiberglass
strands, and aggregate. In some embodiments second scratch layer B
563 includes cement, acrylic bonder, fiberglass strands, a
fiberglass mesh, and aggregate. In some embodiments second scratch
layer B 563 includes cement, acrylic bonder, fiberglass strands, a
fiberglass mesh, ceramic, and aggregate. In some embodiments the
cement included in second scratch layer B 563 is Portland cement. A
ceramic material included in second scratch layer B 563 creates a
second scratch layer B 563 that is a thermal barrier, such that
heat is reflected off of second scratch layer B 563 and heat is
prevented from transferring into and out of building panel core
158.
[0170] In some embodiments second scratch layer B 563 includes
penetration-resistant materials, layers, or structures such as one
or more than one projectile or ammunition-resistant material or
structure. In some embodiments second scratch layer B 563 includes
radiation blocking or inhibiting layers, materials, components, or
structures. In some embodiments second scratch layer B 563 includes
a layer, component or structure formed of lead. In some embodiments
second scratch layer B 563 includes carbon fibers, carbon
nanotubes, or carbon nanostructures. In some embodiments second
scratch layer B 563 includes sound attenuating or inhibiting
layers, materials, components, or structures. In some embodiments
second scratch layer B 563 includes elements, structures, or
materials that provide radio frequency shielding. In some
embodiments second scratch layer B 563 includes elements,
structures, or materials that provide electromagnetic interference
shielding.
[0171] Main brown layer 566 can be applied over second scratch
layer B 563 with a uniform thickness over a wide area because
crests 572 are used as a screed reference layer for main brown
layer 566, as shown in FIG. 20 and FIG. 21. A screed reference is a
fixed height reference which the applicator can use to set the
height of an applied coating mixture. Second scratch layer B 563
has been allowed to cure (dry), and so crests 572 are solid crests
with a uniform height. The crests 572 are used as a screed to keep
the thickness of main brown layer 566 uniform over a large area. In
some embodiments fiberglass mesh 770 is embedded in main brown
layer 566 while main brown layer 566 is still wet, as shown in FIG.
21.
[0172] Main brown layer 566 can include any of the materials,
elements, or structures discussed in this document as possible
constituents of a coating layer. Main brown layer 566 can include
any of the materials, elements, structures, or layers discussed
with regard to main brown layer 166. Main brown layer 566 is a
cementitious mixture in the embodiment shown in the figures.
[0173] In some embodiments main brown layer 566 includes cement and
aggregate. In some embodiments main brown layer 566 includes cement
and acrylic bonder. In some embodiments main brown layer 566
includes cement and ceramic. In some embodiments main brown layer
566 includes cement, acrylic bonder, and a ceramic aggregate. In
some embodiments outer main brown layer 566 includes cement,
acrylic bonder, fiberglass strands, and aggregate. In some
embodiments main brown layer 566 includes cement, acrylic bonder,
fiberglass strands, a fiberglass mesh, and aggregate. In some
embodiments the aggregate includes ceramic. A ceramic material
included in main brown layer 566 provides a thermal barrier,
reflecting heat away from main brown layer 566 and preventing heat
transfer into building panel core 158.
[0174] In some embodiments main brown layer 566 includes
penetration-resistant materials, layers, or structures such as one
or more than one projectile or ammunition-resistant material or
structure. In some embodiments main brown layer 566 includes
radiation blocking or inhibiting layers, materials, components, or
structures. In some embodiments main brown layer 566 includes a
layer, component or structure formed of lead. In some embodiments
outer main brown layer 566 includes carbon fibers, carbon
nanotubes, or carbon nanostructures. In some embodiments main brown
layer 566 includes sound attenuating or inhibiting layers,
materials, components, or structures. In some embodiments main
brown layer 566 includes elements, structures, or materials that
provide radio frequency shielding. In some embodiments main brown
layer 566 includes elements, structures, or materials that provide
electromagnetic interference shielding
[0175] Main brown layer 566 is applied to scratch layer 562 after
scratch layer 562 has cured. Main brown layer 566 in this
embodiment includes brown mixture 168 and fiberglass mesh 770.
Brown mixture 168 of outer main brown layer 566 can be applied in
many different ways, including but not by way of limitation
trowelling or spraying. Brown mixture 168 in this embodiment is
trowelled over scratch layer 562 such that outer main brown layer
566 fills in valleys 574 with brown mixture 168, creating main
brown layer crests 582 and main brown layer valleys 584 as shown in
FIG. 17 and FIG. 20. In this way scratch layer 562 and main brown
layer 566 are interdigitated. Each of a plurality of crests 572
reside in a corresponding one of a plurality of valleys 584. And
each of a plurality of crests 582 reside in a corresponding one of
a plurality of valleys 574. It is to be understood that crests 572
and 582 can be compressed and shaped, or formed, to be any shape,
including but not limited to half-spheres, rectangular, half-oval,
triangular, or any other shape or cross-section. And it is to be
understood that valleys 574 and 584 can be any shape, including but
not limited to half-spheres, rectangular, half-oval, triangular, or
any other shape or cross-section.
[0176] Interdigitation of scratch layer 562 and main brown layer
566 provides several advantages. One advantage is that
interdigitation can increase the structural strength of building
panel 112. Another advantage is that crests 572 in scratch layer
562 provide a thickness reference screed for main brown layer 566.
It is often difficult to maintain a uniform coating thickness
across a large building panel surface. Crests 572 provide a
built-in screed for main brown layer 566, allowing the thickness of
outer main brown layer 566 and coating 560 to be uniform across a
wide surface area. Fiberglass mesh 770 is embedded in outer main
brown layer 566 while outer main brown layer 566 is still wet in
some embodiments.
[0177] In a particular embodiment of coating 560 according to the
invention, one or more of the layers included in coating 560
includes ceramic material in the coating mixture, as mentioned
above. Including ceramic material in coating 560 creates a coating
560 that acts as a thermal barrier, reflecting heat away from
coating 560 instead of absorbing heat through coating 560. When
main brown layer 566 includes ceramic material, heat is reflected
off of coating 560. Coating 560 will remain cool for a long time
even when subjected to high temperatures, intense sunlight, and
even fire or other direct heat sources. This results in a coating
560 and a building panel 112 which has increased thermal
resistance, better insulating qualities, and high fire resistance.
In some embodiments non-cementitious layer 167 is included in
coating 160 or coating 560.
[0178] FIG. 17 through FIG. 21 show particular embodiments of
coating 560 where second scratch layer B 563 and main brown layer
566 are interdigitated, but it is to be understood that this is an
example embodiment only and not meant to be limiting. Any two
layers included in coating 160 or coating 560 according to the
invention can be interdigitated as described above. In some
embodiments scratch layer 162 and main brown layer 166 of coating
160 are interdigitated. Any two layers of coating 160 or coating
560 can be interdigitated according to the strength and thickness
uniformity requirements of the coating layer.
[0179] FIG. 1, FIG. 2, and FIG. 8 through FIG. 10 show building
panel structure 110 according to the invention, including building
panel 112. Building panel 112 includes core 158 and coating 160
covering a portion of core 158. Coating 160 can take many forms,
including those shown in FIG. 11 through FIG. 16. Building panel
112 of FIG. 1, FIG. 2, and FIG. 8 through FIG. 10 can include
coating 560 of FIG. 17 through FIG. 21 instead of coating 160.
Building panel 112 as shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 2, and FIG. 8 through
FIG. 10 can include any coating according to the invention to cover
a portion of core 158. A building panel structure (110?) is any
structure built using one or more than one building panel as an
element in the structure. Building panel structure 110 in the
embodiment shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 2, and FIG. 8 through FIG. 10
includes building panel 112 and footer 190. Building panel 112 in
this embodiment has building panel interlock element 154, which in
this embodiment is building panel groove 154, as shown FIG. 10.
Footer 190 has integral footer interlock element 194, which in this
embodiment is footer tongue 194. Footer tongue 194 couples with
building panel groove 154 to couple building panel 112 to footer
190. Footer interlock element 194 is integral to footer 190 because
footer tongue 194 and footer 190 are one integral piece. In this
embodiment footer 190 and footer tongue 194 are both made of
concrete. Footer tongue 194 is poured together with footer 190 so
that footer 190 and footer tongue 194 are one integral piece.
Footer tongue 194 not only provides a coupling for building panel
112, footer tongue 194 also stops moisture, water, weather, and
other elements from penetrating the interface between building
panel 112 and footer tongue 194. In some embodiments footer 190 and
footer tongue 194 are poured along the exterior edge of a
structure. After building panels 112 are coupled to footer 190 to
create building structure 110, even if water, moisture, or other
elements penetrate the outer interface between building panel 112
and footer 190, they cannot "climb" footer tongue 194 to get to the
other side of building panel 112. In this way integral footer
tongue 194 provides moisture and weather protection for building
panel structure 110.
[0180] Building panel interlock element 154 can take many different
forms. In some embodiments building panel interlock element 154 is
a building panel tongue. In some embodiments building panel
interlock element 154 has a form other than a tongue or a groove.
In some embodiments building panel groove 154 or footer tongue 194
have barbs, spikes, hooks or other surface effects which help to
hold footer tongue 194 in building panel groove 154.
[0181] Footer interlock element 194 can take many different forms.
In some embodiments footer interlock element 194 is a footer
groove. In some embodiments footer interlock element 194 takes a
form other than a tongue or a groove.
[0182] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 2, and FIG. 8
through FIG. 10, building panel structure 110 is constructed by
first pouring concrete footer 190, including integral footer tongue
194, as a single pour. In some embodiments footer 190 is poured in
multiple pours. Footer 190 and footer tongue 194 are formed using
any method which results in footer 190 and footer tongue 194 being
one integral concrete piece. Concrete foundation 192 is often
poured next. In some embodiments concrete foundation 192 and
concrete footer 190 are formed at the same time in one concrete
pour. Building panel 112 is coupled to footer 190 using footer
tongue 194 and building panel groove 154. Building panel 112 can be
constructed and coupled to footer 190 in many different ways. In
this embodiment building panel 112 is constructed on-site and on
footer 190. Core 158 is built on footer 190 and connected to footer
190. In this embodiment frame 130 is built and connected to footer
190 using bolts 188 as shown in FIG. 8. Shaped blocks 140 of core
158 are coupled to frame 130, to each other, and to footer tongue
194 to create core 158 coupled to footer 190 using footer tongue
194 and building panel groove 154. Coating 160, coating 560, or any
coating according to the invention, is applied to a portion of core
158. In this embodiment coating 160 is applied to front surface 124
of core 158 to create first surface 114 of building panel 112, and
coating 160 is applied to rear surface 126 of core 158 to create
second surface 116 of building panel 112 as shown. In some
embodiments coating 160 is applied to core 158 and footer 190.
[0183] Building panel 112 in this embodiment has coating 160
applied to two surfaces, front surface 124 and rear surface 126, of
core 158. In some embodiments coating 160 is applied to only one
surface of core 158. In some embodiments coating 160 is applied to
all surfaces of core 158. Coating 160 can be applied to any surface
or portion of core 158 to create building panel 112 according to
the invention. In some embodiments of building panel 112 and/or
building panel structure 110, coating 560 as shown in FIG. 17
through FIG. 21 is used instead of coating 160. In some embodiments
of building panel 112 and/or building panel structure 110, a
different coating according to the invention is used instead of
coating 160.
[0184] In some embodiments of building panel structure 110, core
158 is built and covered with coating 160 to create building panel
112 before being coupled to footer 190. In some embodiments
building panel 112 is made off-site and shipped to the building
site to be coupled to footer 190.
[0185] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 2, and FIG. 8
through FIG. 10, building panel 112 is made in-place on footer 190
as described above. Multiple building panels 112 can be added to
composite building panel structure 110 to create walls, ceilings,
floors, beams, bridges, or any other desired structure. In this
embodiment composite building panel 112 forms part of building
panel structure 110 which is a house. In other embodiments building
panel 112 forms parts of other structures and buildings in
accordance with building panel structure 110. In some embodiments
building panel structure 110 is a building. In other embodiments
building panel structure 110 is a bridge. In some embodiments
building panel structure 110 is a structure. Building panel
structure 110 is any building, structure, or edifice of any shape,
size or use which is formed of at least one building panel
according to the invention.
[0186] Building panel structure 110 as shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 2, and
FIG. 8 through FIG. 10 is structurally sound as soon as coating 160
dries, and there is no need for external structural elements to
hold building panel 112 in place while the rest of building panel
structure 110 is created. In other types of foam block panel
construction, for example, the foam block walls cannot support
themselves until the entire structure is created and fitted
together. The walls need to be supported by external structural
elements during construction. These external structural elements
used to hold the structure together during construction are not
necessary when using building panel 112 according to the invention.
Building panels 112 formed each day as part of building panel
system 110 are structurally sound and secure as soon as coating 160
dries, and each day whatever part of the complete structure has
been completed is strong and secure and not in danger of
collapsing.
[0187] Building panel 112 in this embodiment is stronger than other
types of foam block walls. Core 158 and coating 160 and/or coating
560 give building panel structure 110 the strength to both hold
building panel 112 secure during construction and withstand strong
environmental elements and forces during the lifetime of the
building 110, such as wind and earth movement. Building panel 112
is environmentally friendly, creating an energy efficient structure
using recyclable material with less waste.
[0188] In some embodiments of building panel 112 according to the
invention, coatings 160 or coatings 560 are formed into
construction board 710 according to the invention before being
coupled to core 158, as shown in FIG. 22. Construction board 710 is
formed of the same materials and layers as any of the embodiments
of coating 160 or coating 560, but these materials are shaped and
cured into a dry mixture board 710 before being coupled to core
158. This allows construction board 710 to be formed off-site and
prior to forming core 158, for example. Construction board 710 can
be coupled to core 158 using many different attachment means and
methods. In some embodiments construction board 710 is coupled to
core 158 using a suction bond, not by mechanical attachments.
Construction board 710 can be coupled to core 158 using an acrylic
bonder or other elastomeric polymer or cementitious mixture of
liquid bonding material. In some embodiments some of the layers of
coating 160 or 560 are applied to core 158 as a liquid mixture and
allowed to cure, and some of the layers are formed into a solid dry
mixture as construction board 710 and then adhered to the layers of
coating 160 or 560 previously applied to core 158. In some
embodiments the wet mixture layers of coating 160 or 560 are used
to adhere the dry mixture layers to core 158. Coating 160 and
coating 560 as described in this document can be applied to core
158 in any combination of wet and dry layers, where the dry
layer(s) form construction board 710 prior to being applied to core
158.
[0189] FIG. 22 shows a perspective view of an embodiment of
construction board 710 separated from core 158. FIG. 23 shows a
side view of construction board 710 of FIG. 22. In this embodiment
construction board 710 covers a portion of core 158, and comprises
the elements of coating 160 that covers surface 124 of core 158, as
shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 8 through FIG. 10, but in dry mixture
form. In this embodiment construction board 710 is applied to core
158 using a suction bond adhesion material, but it is to be
understood that construction board 710 can be applied to core 158
using any coupling means. In this embodiment construction board 710
is applied to core 158 using a suction bond adhesion material that
is an elastomeric acrylic polymer bonder mixture.
[0190] Construction board 710 can be formed to include any or all
of the layers previously described for coating 160 or coating 560.
Thus cross-section 709 of construction board 710 as seen in FIG. 22
and FIG. 23 can be the same or similar to any of the
cross-sectional embodiments of coatings 160 or coatings 560 show or
described in this document. Once construction board 710 is applied
to core 158 to form building panel 112, building panel 112 formed
using dry mixture construction board 710 has the same structural
and protection characteristics as building panel 112 that uses
coating 160 or 560 that are applied while they are wet mixtures.
Construction board 710 has the same or similar thickness as the
thickness of coating 160 or coating 560 has. In some embodiments
the thickness of construction board 710 is less than or equal to 1
inch. In some embodiments the thickness of construction board 710
is less than or equal to 3/4 inch. In some embodiments the
thickness of construction board 710 is less than or equal to 1/2
inch.
[0191] FIG. 24 through FIG. 63 provide details of roof panels 812
according to the invention that are used to form a roof of a
building or structure. Roof panel 812 is formed similar to building
panel 112, with a core and coatings covering a portion of the core.
Similar numbers are used to describe similar elements of building
panel 112 and roof panel 812. Roof panel 812 is coupled to roof
structural members 817 to form roof 825 of building panel structure
810 in FIG. 24. Roof panels 812 can be used in many different ways
to form the roof of a building or structure. In some embodiments
roof structural member 817 are part of roof panel 812. Roof panel
812 in some embodiments is either covered with a roofing surface,
or roof panel 812 includes a roofing surface, as will be described
below.
[0192] FIG. 25 and FIG. 26 show embodiments of roof panel 812
according to the invention. Roof panel 812 according to the
invention includes roof panel core 858 and coating 860. Roof panel
core 858 includes one or more than one insulating structural block
140, as described earlier for building panel 112. Roof panel core
858 is the same or similar to building panel core 158 described
earlier for building panel 112. Roof panel core 858 can include any
of the elements, structures, material, or layers that are described
earlier as possible constituents of building panel core 158. In
some embodiments, core 858 includes frame 830 and one or more than
one insulating structural block, as shown in FIG. 26. Frame 830 is
the same or similar to frame 130 as described for building panel
112. Frame 830 can have any of the properties and include any of
the elements described earlier for building panel core 158 frame
130. In some embodiments frame 830 is embedded in core 858 such
that a majority of the outer surface of roof panel 812 is a surface
of insulating structural block 140. In some embodiments frame 830
includes roof structural elements 817.
[0193] Coating 860 covers a portion of core 858. In the embodiments
shown, coating 860 covers surfaces of insulating structural blocks
140 of core 858. Coating 860 can include any of the elements,
materials, structures, or layers of coating 160 and coating 560
described earlier. Roof panel 812 creates a roof that is
structurally sound, with superior strength, lifetime, energy
efficiency, and visual appeal as compared to traditional roofing
materials.
[0194] Roof panel 812 is often formed to include the roof tile
shapes and structures that provide the roof protection and visual
aesthetics usually provided by roof shingles or roof tiles. Roof
panel 812 and/or coating 860 can be shaped, colored, and formed to
provide strength and protection to a roof, and to provide the
aesthetics of roof tiles or other roof surfaces. FIG. 27 and FIG.
28 show embodiments of roof panel 812 where coating 860 is shaped
to create a structure that looks like roof shake tiles. Surface 814
of coating 860 is shaped to have the shape and look of shake tiles.
Surface 814 can be colored to have the color of roof shake tiles.
Coating 860 and roof panel 812, provide greater structural strength
and lifetime of conventional shake tiles, however. Roof panel 812
can provide a roof 825 with a lifetime much longer than shake roof
tiles, Spanish tiles, asphalt tiles, or other conventional roofing
materials. In FIG. 27, coating 860 is a two-layer coating, with
surface 814 of second layer 866 shaped and colored to look like
shake roof tiles. In FIG. 28, coating 860 is a single-layer
coating, with surface 814 of coating 860 shaped and colored to look
like shake roof tiles.
[0195] FIG. 29 and FIG. 30 show embodiments of roof panel 812 where
roof panel 812 is shaped and formed to look like Spanish roof
tiles. FIG. 29 shows an embodiment where roof tile 820 (to be
discussed in greater detail shortly) has been shaped to look like
Spanish roof tiles and is coupled to surface 814 of roof panel 812.
FIG. 30 shows an embodiment where insulating structural blocks 140
of core 858 and coating 860 are shaped so that surface 814 of roof
panel 812 look like Spanish roof tiles. In the embodiments shown in
FIG. 27 through FIG. 30, roof panels 812 provide the look of a
traditional roof surface, but provide superior protection from
wind, weather, elements, etc., and longer lifetime than traditional
roof surfaces.
[0196] FIG. 31 and FIG. 32 shows side view cross-sections of
example embodiments of roof panels 812, showing the construction
similar to building panels 112 described earlier. FIG. 31 shows a
side view cross section of roof panel 812 of FIG. 28, and FIG. 32
shows a side view cross-section of roof panel 812 of FIG. 30. In
each embodiment roof panel 812 includes core 858 and coating 860
covering a portion of core 858. In these embodiments core 858
includes insulating structural blocks 140, and coating 860 covers a
portion of insulating structural blocks 140 of core 858. In these
embodiments coating 860 covers bottom surface 826 of core 858 and
top surface 824 of core 858. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 31,
coating 860 covering top surface 824 of core 858 is shaped to have
the shape and look of shake roof tiles. In the embodiment shown in
FIG. 32, top surface 824 of insulating structural blocks 140 of
core 858 and coating 860 covering top surface 824 of core 858 are
both shaped to have the form and look of Spanish roof tiles. It is
to be understood that roof panel 812, core 858, insulating
structural blocks 140, and coating 860 can be formed in any shape,
form, color, and surface texture to provide the desired roof
surface look and feel.
[0197] FIG. 33 through FIG. 38 show example close-up cross-section
embodiments of coating 860 according to the invention. Coating 860
can take many different forms, including but not limited to those
coating embodiments shown and discussed earlier relating to coating
160 and coating 560. Coating 860 can be more than one layer, and
any two layers can be interdigitated as described earlier for
coating 560.
[0198] FIG. 33 shows a close-up cross-section embodiment of coating
860 on top surface 824 of core 858, taken at section 809 of FIG.
31. The cross-section embodiments shown in FIG. 33 through FIG. 38
are from section 809 of FIG. 31, but it is to be understood that
these cross sections are possible for any coating of roof panel
812, include coating 860 on top surface 824 of core 858 of FIG. 32,
or coating 860 on bottom surface 826 in any of the illustrated
embodiments of roof panel 812.
[0199] Coating 860 is a single layer in the embodiment shown in
FIG. 33. Coating 860 can include any of the elements, materials,
structures, or layers described in this document as a possible
constituent of a coating layer. Coating 860 in this embodiment can
include any of the elements, materials, structures, or layers
described earlier for coating 160 of building panel 112 as shown
and described relating to FIG. 11, for example but not by way of
limitation. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 33 coating 860 covers a
portion of roof panel core 858. In this embodiment coating 860
covers a portion of insulating structural block 140 of roof panel
core 858. Coating 860 in this embodiment is a cementitious coating.
In some embodiments coating 860 is non-cementitious. In the
embodiment shown in FIG. 33, coating 860 includes cement,
aggregate, and acrylic bonder. Cement and aggregate provide
structural strength and resistance to cracking Acrylic bonder
provides structural strength and adhesion to insulating structural
block 140. In some embodiments coating 860 includes a reinforcing
mesh structure, which can be a fiberglass mesh, cotton mesh, metal
mesh, or any other mesh structure as described earlier for mesh 170
in coating 160. In some embodiments coating 160 includes
reinforcing strands, which can be fiberglass, cotton, or any other
reinforcing strand element. In some embodiments the aggregate
includes ceramic. In some embodiments coating 860 includes
ceramic.
[0200] Coating 860 in the embodiment shown in FIG. 34 is a
double-layer coating. Coating 860 in this embodiment includes first
layer 862 and second layer 866. Coating 860 and first layer 862 and
second layer 866 can each, separately or collectively, include any
of the elements, materials, structures, or layers described in this
document as a possible constituent of a coating layer. Coating 860
and first layer 862 and second layer 866 can each include any of
the elements, structures, material, or layers described for coating
160 of FIG. 12, for example. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 34,
first layer 862 and second layer 866 are both cementitious
coatings. First layer 862 includes cement, aggregate, and acrylic
bonder, and second layer 866 includes cement and aggregate. This
combination provides good structural strength and adhesion to
insulating structural block 140. In some embodiments second layer
866 also includes acrylic bonder. In some embodiments second
coating 860 also include ceramic. Ceramic has a high thermal
reflectance and thus reflects sunlight and heat well, keeping
coating 860 cool. In some embodiments second layer 866 includes a
reinforcing mesh structure.
[0201] In some embodiments of coating 860, both first layer 862 and
second layer 866 include a reinforcing mesh structure. In some
embodiments of coating 860, both first layer 862 and second layer
866 include fiberglass mesh 170, as shown in FIG. 35. In some
embodiments first layer 862 includes electronic mesh structure 872,
as shown in FIG. 36. Electronic mesh structure 872 can be the same
or similar, and have the same or similar characteristics, as
electronic mesh structure 172 described earlier. In some
embodiments electronic mesh structure 872 is in second layer 866.
In some embodiments electronic mesh structure 872 is in both first
layer 862 and second layer 866. In some embodiments coating 860
include non-cementitious layer 867, as shown in FIG. 37.
Non-cementitious layer 867 can be the same or similar to
non-cementitious layer 167 as shown and described in FIG. 14.
Non-cementitious layer 867 can be in coating 860, first layer 862,
or second layer 866, or both first layer 862 and second layer 866.
It is to be understood that finish coatings are often applied over
top surface 814 of roof panel 812. It is to be understood that
additional layers or coatings can be applied to any of the surfaces
of roof panel 812 as shown and described. These finish or
additional coatings can be paint, stucco, sealer, an elastomeric
stone textured surface, a cementitious finish layer, or any other
layer applied to finish building panel 812.
[0202] In some embodiments coating 860 includes fluid channels 822,
as shown in one embodiment in FIG. 38, and in additional
embodiments in FIG. 49 through FIG. 56. Fluid channel 822 can
extend through any portion of coating 860. Fluid channel 822
conducts fluids through fluid channel 822 and coating 860. Fluid
channel 822 conducts fluids through fluid channel 822 and coating
860 for many different reasons, including, but not limited to water
distribution, transferring heat between fluid channel 822 and
coating 860, or for conducting fluids through coating 860 and roof
panel 812 for other reasons. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 38,
fluid channels 822 are included in second layer 866, but it is to
be understood that fluid channel 822 can be included in coating 860
of FIG. 33, or first layer 862, or non-cementitious layer 867.
Fluid channels 822 in some embodiments extend through insulating
structural block 140. Fluid channels 822 will be discussed in more
detail shortly.
[0203] In some embodiments roof panel 812 is applied as a retrofit
to an existing building. Roof panel 812 can be applied over
existing roof finish treatments such as asphalt tile, Spanish tile,
or any other roof surface. Roof panel 812 can be shaped to securely
fit over any roof surface and to increase the energy efficiency and
strength of an existing roof. In some embodiments roof panel 812
replaces the original roofing material. In some embodiments roof
panel 812 is applied over or in conjunction with the original roof
materials.
[0204] Coating 860 of the embodiments shown in FIG. 33 through FIG.
38 are applied as a wet coating mixture to core 858, and then
allowed to cure. Coating 860 and/or each layer of coating 860 can
be sprayed on, trowelled on, or otherwise applied as a wet mixture.
In some embodiments of roof panel 812, coating 860 is applied as a
dry mixture. Coating 860 mixtures can be formed onto roof tiles
820, for example, before being applied to roof panel core 858, to
layers of coating 860 earlier applied, or to finished roof panels
812. Roof tile 820 includes layers of coating mixtures that have
been cured into a dry state before being applied to roof panel 812.
Some of these embodiments are illustrated in FIG. 29, FIG. 39
through FIG. 48, and FIG. 51 through FIG. 53.
[0205] FIG. 39 through FIG. 48 show embodiments of roof tile 820
where roof tile 820 is formed of one or more than one layer of
material that is formed and shaped to look like traditional roof
tiles. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 39 through FIG. 48, roof
tile 820 is formed, shaped, and colored to look like shake roof
tiles, but this is not meant to be limiting. Roof tile 820 can be
formed, shaped and colored to look like Spanish roof tiles, as
shown in FIG. 29. Or roof tile 820 can be formed, shaped, and/or
colored to look like other roof elements such as asphalt tile or
other roof coatings or structures. Roof tile 820 can take any form,
shape, or color as desired for the specific building or structure
to be created. Roof tile 820 can include the materials, elements,
structures, or layers of coating 160, coating 560, coating 860, or
other coatings according to the invention. Roof tile 820 is applied
as a solid dry mixture to roof panel 812. Roof tile 820 can replace
coatings 860 or be in addition to coating 860. FIG. 39 shows an
embodiment of roof panel 812 where roof tile 820 is coupled to
coating 860 and is in addition to coating 860. FIG. 40 shows an
embodiment of roof panel 812 where roof tile 820 is applied to
surface 814 of roof panel 812, with roof tile 820 replacing coating
860. Top surface 834 of roof tile 820 is shaped to look like shake
roof tiles in this embodiment.
[0206] FIG. 41 shows a top view of roof tile 820 of FIG. 39 and
FIG. 40, and FIG. 42 shows a side view of roof tile 820 of FIG. 39
and FIG. 40. FIG. 43 through FIG. 48 show example embodiments of
close-up cross sections of roof tile 820 taken at section 819 of
FIG. 42. The cross-section embodiments shown in FIG. 43 through
FIG. 48 are from section 819 of FIG. 42, but it is to be understood
that the layers elements, structures, and materials shown and
described for these cross sections are possible for any form,
shape, or type of roof tile 820 according to the embodiment.
[0207] Roof tile 820 includes a single layer of material 842 in the
embodiment shown in FIG. 43. Single layer of material 842 can
include any of the elements, materials, structures, or layers
described in this document as a possible constituent of a coating
layer. Single layer of material 842 in this embodiment can include
any of the elements, materials, structures, or layers described
earlier for coating 160 of building panel 112 as shown and
described relating to FIG. 11, for example but not by way of
limitation, or for single layer 860 as shown and described relating
FIG. 33. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 43, single layer of
material 842 extends from roof tile 820 top surface 834 to roof
tile 820 bottom surface 836. In this embodiment single layer of
material 842 is a cementitious layer of material. In some
embodiments single layer of material 842 is non-cementitious. In
the embodiment shown in FIG. 43, single layer of material 842
includes cement and acrylic bonder. Cement provides strength to
roof tile 820 and acrylic bonder makes it easy to couple roof tile
820 to roof panel 812 with a suction bond material such as acrylic
bonder. In some embodiments layer of material 842 includes
aggregate. Cement and aggregate provide structural strength and
resistance to cracking. In some embodiments single layer of
material 842 includes a reinforcing mesh structure, which can be a
fiberglass mesh, cotton mesh, metal mesh, or any other mesh
structure as described earlier for mesh 170 in coating 160 or mesh
870 in coating 860. In some embodiments single layer of material
842 includes reinforcing strands, which can be fiberglass, cotton,
or any other reinforcing strand element. In some embodiments the
aggregate in single layer of material 842 includes ceramic. In some
embodiments single layer of material 842 includes ceramic. Ceramic
reflects heat and helps keep roof tile 820 cool.
[0208] Roof tile 820 in the cross-sectional embodiment shown in
FIG. 44 has first layer 842 and second layer 843. First layer 842
and second layer 843 can each, separately or collectively, include
any of the elements, materials, structures, or layers described in
this document as a possible constituent of a coating layer. First
layer 842 and second layer 843 can each include any of the
elements, structures, material, or layers described for coating 160
of FIG. 12, or for coating 860, first layer 862 or second layer 866
of FIG. 34, for example. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 44, first
layer 862 and second layer 843 are both cementitious coatings.
First layer 842 includes cement, acrylic bonder, and a fiberglass
mesh, and second layer 843 includes cement and aggregate. This
combination provides good structural strength and adhesion to
insulating structural block 140 and/or roof panel 812. In some
embodiments first layer 862 includes aggregate. In some embodiments
first layer 842 does not include a fiberglass mesh. In some
embodiments first layer 862 includes perlite. Perlite is a thermal
insulator and helps to keep roof tile 820 from transmitting heat
through it. In some embodiments second layer 843 also includes
acrylic bonder. In some embodiments second coating 843 also
includes ceramic. Ceramic has a high thermal reflectance and thus
reflects sunlight and heat well, keeping roof tile 820 cool. In
some embodiments second layer 843 includes a reinforcing mesh
structure.
[0209] Roof tile 820 in some embodiments has a sheet of roofing
membrane coupled to bottom surface 836. The sheet of roofing
membrane can be useful as a moisture barrier, or for enhancing the
bonding of roof tile 820 to roof panel 812. In some embodiments
roof tile 820 has further coatings or layers on top surface 834. In
some embodiments a portion of top surface 834 is covered with an
elastomeric stone textured surface, which will give top surface 834
the look, feel and properties of asphalt roof tiles. It is to be
understood that additional finish coatings or layers can be applied
to any of the surfaces of roof tile 820 to seal roof tile 820 or to
add to the aesthetics appeal of roof tile 829.
[0210] In some embodiments of roof tile 820, both first layer 842
and second layer 843 include a reinforcing mesh structure. In some
embodiments of roof tile 820, both first layer 842 and second layer
843 include fiberglass mesh 170, as shown in FIG. 45. In some
embodiments first layer 843 includes electronic mesh structure 872,
as shown in FIG. 46. Electronic mesh structure 872 can be the same
or similar, and have the same or similar characteristics, as
electronic mesh structure 172 described earlier. In some
embodiments electronic mesh structure 872 is in second layer 843.
In some embodiments electronic mesh structure 872 is in both first
layer 842 and second layer 843. In some embodiments roof tile 820
includes non-cementitious layer 867, as shown in FIG. 47.
Non-cementitious layer 867 can be the same or similar to
non-cementitious layer 167 as shown and described in regard to FIG.
14. Non-cementitious layer 867 can be in roof tile 820, first layer
842, or second layer 843, or both first layer 842 and second layer
843.
[0211] In some embodiments coating 860 includes fluid channels 822,
as shown in one embodiment in FIG. 48, and in additional
embodiments in FIG. 49 through FIG. 56. Fluid channel 822 can
extend through any portion of roof tile 820. Fluid channel 822
conducts fluids through fluid channel 822 and roof tile 820. Fluid
channel 822 conducts fluids through fluid channel 822 and roof tile
820 for many different reasons, including, but not limited to water
distribution, transferring heat between fluid channel 822 and roof
tile 820, or for conducting fluids through roof tile 820 and roof
panel 812 for other reasons. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 48,
fluid channels 822 are included in second layer 843, but it is to
be understood that fluid channel 822 can be included in roof tile
820 of FIG. 43, or first layer 842, or non-cementitious layer 867.
Fluid channels 822 will be discussed in more detail below.
[0212] Roof tile 820 is often coupled to roof panel 812 with an
adhesive suction bond. This eliminates mechanical attachments from
the roof structure, improving the lifetime and weather resistance
of a roof formed from roof panel 812 and roof tile 820. In some
embodiments roof panel 812 and/or roof tile 820 will last the life
of the structure they are a part of, never requiring maintenance or
replacement. Roof panels 812 and roof tiles 820 in some embodiments
provide good thermal resistance characteristics, not allowing heat
to transfer through roof panel 812 or roof tile 820, improving the
energy efficiency of the structure they are a part of Roof panels
812 and roof tiles 820 in some embodiments provide good thermal
reflectance characteristics, such as by using ceramic in the
layers. Thermal reflectance also helps improve the energy
efficiency of the structure that roof panels 812 and/or roof tiles
820 are a part of. Roof panels 812 and roof tiles 820 can be formed
in any size and shape. They are often coupled to the roof framing
members in 4'.times.8' sheets, for example, which minimizes the
number of roof panels required and simplifies construction of a
roof. Roof panels 812 and roof tiles 820 are light enough to be
constructed and transported in large sizes. Roof panels 812 and
roof tiles 820 provide superior weather and element protection for
a building as compared to traditional roofing materials, and are
structurally strong. In some embodiments roof panels 812 and/or
roof tiles 820 are applied over existing roof elements. This can be
done to fix a roof which is leaking or in need of repair, or to
increase the insulating ability of an existing roof, for example
but not by way of limitation. Roof panel 812 and/or roof tiles 820
can improve the lifetime of a new roof or a retrofit roof, make the
structure energy efficient, and provide appealing look and feel to
any new or existing roof.
[0213] Roof panel 812 and roof tile 820 can include many different
types of elements that allow utilities, light, air or other gasses
to pass within or through roof panel 812 or roof tile 820. Roof
panel 812 and roof tile 820 can include fluid channels, for example
but not by way of limitation. Fluid channels that run through or
within roof panel 812 or roof tile 820 can be used for distributing
water, fuel, cooling or heating fluids, for example. Roof panel 812
and roof tile 820 can include gas channels in some embodiments for
the distribution of different gasses such as propane, oxygen, air,
etc. Passing fluids or gases through roof panels 812 provides a
safe and efficient way to distribute fluids and gasses. Roof panel
812 and roof tile 820 can include light pipes in some embodiments
for the distribution of light through roof panels 812 and/or roof
tiles 820. FIG. 38, FIG. 48, and FIG. 49 through FIG. 56 shows and
discuss the use of fluid channels 822, but it is to be understood
that fluid channels 822 can also be used as gas channels 822 or for
distribution of utilities, electrical lines, light, etc.
[0214] FIG. 49 shows an embodiment of roof panel 812 where roof
panel 812 includes fluid channels 822 extending lengthwise through
roof panel 812. Fluid channels 822 extend lengthwise through roof
panel 812 because they run within roof panel 812 across the length
L of roof panel 812. In some embodiments fluid channels 822 extend
widthwise through roof panel 812. In some embodiments fluid
channels extend through roof panel 812 from top to bottom. Fluid
channels 822 can extend through roof panel 812 in any different
direction or pattern according to the needs of the specific
building. Fluid channels 822 extend through roof panel 812 in the
embodiments shown in FIG. 49 through FIG. 56 so that heat is
transferred from roof panel 812 into fluid channel 822 and into the
fluid that is conducted through fluid channel 822. The heated fluid
that is conducted through fluid channel 822 can then be sent to a
water heater and used as hot water for the structure, or the heated
fluid can be used to heat all or part of the structure that roof
panel 812 is a part of, for example but not by way of limitation.
It is to be understood that the there are many different uses and
purposes to conduct fluid through fluid channels 822 of roof panel
812. In this embodiment, fluid channels 822 absorb heat from roof
panel 812. The fluid being conducted through fluid channels 822 is
heated. Pipes 920 conduct fluid to or from fluid channels 822.
Using fluid channels 822 to heat water can be an energy efficient
way to provide heated water for a structure. In some embodiments
the heated water is further heated at a central water heater or a
point-of-use water heater. Any increase in temperature provided by
roof panels 812 heating the water provides a decrease in the energy
costs of the building that roof panels 812 are a part of. Roof
panels 812 are exposed to sunlight and heat and provide a
convenient medium to transfer heat to water. In the embodiment
shown in FIG. 49, fluid channels 822 extend through coating 860.
Fascia 922 can be formed of insulating structural block 140 and
provides an aesthetically pleasing way to cover pipes 920. Pipes
920 can be formed of PVC, metal, or any other material suitable for
conducting fluids such as water.
[0215] In some embodiments of roof panel 812, fluid channels 822
are used to deliver heated water to roof panel 812. This is useful,
for example, when the roof of a building is covered with snow.
Delivering heated fluid to roof panel 812 can then melt the snow on
the roof.
[0216] FIG. 50 through FIG. 56 show example cross-sectional
embodiments of roof panels 812 and roof tiles 820 that include
fluid channels 822. FIG. 50 shows a cross-section of roof panel 812
of FIG. 49, with fluid channels 822 extending through coating 860.
Coating 860 in this embodiment includes first layer 862, second
layer 866, and third layer 874. In this embodiment third layer 874
includes a heat-absorbing material. Third layer 874, which includes
a heat-absorbing material, is in thermal communication with fluid
channel 822 so that heat is transferred from third layer 874 to
fluid channel 822. Fluid channels 822 in this embodiment are
embedded in third layer 874. In some embodiments third layer 874
covers a portion of fluid channels 822. In some embodiments third
layer 874, which includes a heat-absorbing material, is in thermal
communication with fluid channel 822. Thermal communication means
that heat is passed between third layer 874 and fluid channel 822.
In some embodiments third layer 822 is a cementitious mixture. In
some embodiments third layer 874 includes cement and a
heat-absorbing material. Third layer 874 extends to top surface 834
of roof panel 812, so that third layer 874 receives sunlight and
can absorb heat from the sun, transferring this absorbed heat to
fluid channel 822. Fluid channel 822 often includes a fluid channel
wall surrounding a fluid passageway, such as with a typical water
pipe, but this is not meant to be limiting. In some embodiments
fluid channels 822 are passageways formed directly in coating 860,
roof tile 820, or core 858, with no surrounding fluid channel wall.
In some embodiments additional layers or coatings are applied to
surfaces of roof panel 812, such as top surface 834 for example.
For example, in some embodiments a finish layer is applied to top
surface 834 that can add a desired color or provide a specific
surface texture.
[0217] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 50, first layer 862 includes
cement, acrylic bonder, aggregate, and reinforcing mesh structure
870, but this is not meant to be limiting. Second layer 866
includes cement, acrylic bonder, and a ceramic material. Third
layer 874 includes cement and a heat-absorbing material. It is to
be understood that first layer 862, second layer 866, and third
layer 874 can include any of the elements, materials, structure, or
layers described or shown in this document as constituents of
layers or coatings.
[0218] In some embodiments fluid channels 822 extend through roof
tile 820, as shown in FIG. 51. Roof tile 820 is formed separate
from roof panel 812, as discussed earlier. Roof tile 820 is then
coupled to roof panel 812 with a suction bond, for example. In some
embodiments first layer 842 of roof tile 812 is formed to be a roof
tile core, surrounded by second layer 843, as shown in FIG. 52. In
this embodiment second layer 843 includes reinforcing mesh
structure 870.
[0219] In some embodiments roof tile 820 includes a core of
insulating structural block 140, as shown in FIG. 53. FIG. 53 also
shows that fluid channels 822 can be included in coating 860 on top
surface 824 of roof panel core 858, and coating 860 on bottom
surface 826 of roof panel core 858. Fluid channels 822 can extend
through core 858 in some embodiments. Fluid channels 822 can extend
through insulating structural block 140, through frame 830, or
coating 860, for example. It is to be understood that there are
many different variations and embodiments that can be used to form
roof panel 812, roof tile 820, and fluid channels 822. Example
embodiments are shown in the figures but these are not meant to be
limiting. Fluid channels 822 can be embedded in coating 860, first
coating layer 862, second coating layer 866, or any other coatings
or layers described in this document. In some embodiments fluid
channel 822 is embedded in coating 160 or 560 described earlier, or
in any of the layers of coating 160 or 560 described earlier, such
as first coating layers 162 or 562, or second coating layers 166 or
566.
[0220] FIG. 54 shows a cross-section of an embodiment of roof panel
812 where coating 860 includes insulating structural block 140 and
fluid channels 822. Insulating structural block 140 is used in
coating 860 in this embodiment to provide a shape to coating 860
and roof panel 812. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 54 and FIG. 55,
coating 860 first layer 862 includes reinforcing mesh structure
870. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 56, further layers are added
to coating 860. This embodiment includes fourth layer 868. It is to
be understood that further layers and coating can be applied for
structural strength, aesthetics, or any other reason. Fourth layer
86 can be the same or similar to any of the other coatings and
layers described in this document. In the embodiment shown in FIG.
56, first layer 862 and fourth layer 868 each include a reinforcing
mesh structure 870.
[0221] It is to be understood that many different embodiments of
roof panel 812 and roof tile 820 are possible according to the
invention in addition to those described in this document. In some
embodiments roof panel core 858 includes corrugated metal
structures. In some embodiments these corrugated metal structures
encase fluid channels 822. In some embodiments a pair of corrugated
metal structures are a part of core 858. The pair of corrugated
metal structures enclose fluid channels 822 such that one
corrugated metal structure is below a fluid channel 822 and one
corrugated metal structure is above the fluid channel 822. In some
embodiments additional layers are added to roof panel 812 and/or
roof tile 820 to provide desired qualities such as strength,
protection, or aesthetics.
[0222] Roof panel 812 and roof tile 820 provide a structurally
sound, energy efficient and durable way to form a roof of a
structure. Roof panel 812 and roof tile 820 are easy to construct,
easy to form into roof 825 of building panel structure 810, and can
be made to look like any specific roof shape or color desired. Roof
panel 812 and roof tile 820 can also be used as part of the heating
or cooling system of the structure, or to distribute fluids,
gasses, utilities, light, or other items that are distributed
within building panel structure 810.
[0223] Roof panel 812 and roof tiles 820 can be used to form roof
825 using many different construction methods. In some embodiments
of structure 810, roof panels 812 and/or roof tiles 820 are
constructed away from the building site and coupled together at the
site to create structure 810. In some embodiments of structure 810,
roof panels 812 and/or roof tiles 820 are partially constructed
away from the building site, and finished at the building site.
This finishing can take the form of adding further coatings,
layers, and/or finish coatings. In some embodiments of structure
810, roof panels 812 and/or roof tiles 820 are fully constructed at
the building site. In some embodiments of building panel structure
810, some or all of coatings 860 are applied as wet mixtures after
roof panel core 858 has been coupled to roof framing member 817.
Exemplary methods of forming a roof according to the invention are
illustrated in FIG. 57 through FIG. 63.
[0224] FIG. 57 through FIG. 62 illustrate a method of forming a
roof according to the invention, where some of the roof panel
coatings or layers are applied after roof panel core 858 is coupled
to roof framing members 817. FIG. 63 illustrates method 2000 of
forming a roof according to the invention, where roof panel 812 is
formed, and then roof panel 812 is coupled to roof framing members
817.
[0225] FIG. 57 shows roof panel core 858 of roof panel 812 being
coupled to roof framing members 817 (see FIG. 57 and FIG. 24). In
the embodiment shown, roof panel 812 already has coating 860
pre-applied to bottom surface 826 of roof panel core 858, and first
layer 862 pre-applied to top surface 824 of roof panel core 858,
but this is not meant to be limiting. Pre-applied means the
coatings and/or layers were applied and allowed to cure before roof
panel core 858 was coupled to roof framing members 858. In some
embodiments roof panel core 858 has no coatings or layers
pre-applied. In some embodiments roof panel core 858 has some
coatings or layers pre-applied.
[0226] FIG. 58 shows a side view of roof panel 812 of FIG. 57
coupled to roof framing member 817, with screed frame 933 being
lowered onto roof panel 812. In this embodiment more coating 860
layers are to be added to roof panel 812. Screed frame 933 is
temporarily placed on top of roof panel 812 to provide a screed
reference, or thickness reference, for finishing the surface of the
coating layers applied to roof panel 812. Screed frame 933 is also
used to form and shape the wet mixtures into the desired shape and
texture. Wet coating mixture 865, which will become second layer
866 when cured, is placed into screed frame 933 as shown in FIG.
59. Wet mixture 865 is leveled and smoothed using screed frame 933
as a height reference, as shown in FIG. 60 and FIG. 61. In this
embodiment screed frame 933 is designed to make second coating
layer 866 that is shaped like roof shake tiles, but it is to be
understood that screed frame 933 can be shaped to form coating
layers of any shape or thickness. Once screed frame 933 is removed
from roof panel 812, as shown in FIG. 62, second layer 866 of
coating 860 is allowed to cure and becomes part of roof panel 812.
It is to be understood that many different coatings and layers can
be applied in-place to roof panel 812 and/or roof panel core 858
according to this method. Core 858 can be formed first, with some
or all of its coatings 860 applied. Those coatings or layers not
pre-applied can be applied after core 858 is coupled to roof
framing members 817.
[0227] FIG. 63 illustrates method 2000 of forming a roof according
to the invention. Method 2000 includes step 2010 of forming a roof
panel, where the roof panel includes an insulating structural
block. Step 2010 of forming a roof panel, where the roof panel
includes an insulating structural block, can include many other
steps. In some embodiments step 2010 includes the step of forming a
roof panel core, where the roof panel core includes an insulating
structural block. In some embodiments step 2010 includes the step
of applying a first coating to a portion of the roof panel core,
where the first coating includes cement, aggregate and acrylic
bonder.
[0228] Method 2000 according to the invention also includes step
2020 of coupling the roof panel to a roof framing member of a
building. Method 2000 can include many other steps. In some
embodiments method 2000 includes the step of placing a screed frame
on the roof panel. In some embodiments method 2000 includes the
step of applying a wet first coating mixture to a portion of the
roof panel, where the wet first coating mixture comprises cement,
acrylic bonder, and aggregate. In some embodiments method 2000
includes the step of allowing the wet first coating mixture to
cure. In some embodiments method 2000 includes the step of applying
a wet second coating mixture over a portion of the cured first
coating mixture, where the wet second coating mixture comprises
cement, acrylic bonder, and ceramic.
[0229] In some embodiments method 2000 includes the step of
embedding a fluid channel in the wet second coating mixture before
the wet second coating mixture is allowed to cure. In some
embodiments method 2000 includes the step of embedding a
reinforcing mesh in the wet second coating mixture before the wet
second coating mixture is allowed to cure. In some embodiments
method 2000 includes the step of removing the screed frame from the
roof panel core.
[0230] FIG. 64 through FIG. 67 show embodiments of building panels
212 and 312 according to the invention. Building panels 212 and 312
are similar to building panels 112 with the addition of flanges
231, 233, and 239. FIG. 64 shows building panel core 258. Building
panel core 258 can be used to replace core 158 in building panel
112 or core 858 in roof panel 812. FIG. 65 shows building panel 212
that includes core 258. Building panel 212 includes core 258 and
one or more of coatings 160, 560, or 860 as described previously
covering a portion of core 258. Coatings 160, 560, or 860 can be a
single coating layer or multiple coating layers as described
previously in this document in the description of coatings 160,
560, or 860. Coatings 160, 560, or 860 cover a portion of core 258.
Core 258 in this embodiment has front surface 224, rear surface
226, top edge 253, bottom edge 254, first side edge 255 and second
side edge 256, as shown in FIG. 64. Coating 160, 560, or 860 covers
a portion of core 258. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 65, one of
coatings 160, 560, or 860 covers both front surface 224 and rear
surface 226 of core 258 (FIG. 65). Front surface 224 covered with
one of coatings 150, 560, or 860 become first surface 214 of
building panel 212. Rear surface 226 covered with one of coatings
160, 560, or 860 becomes second surface 216 of building panel 212
in the embodiment shown in FIG. 65. In some embodiments one of
coatings 160, 560, or 860 covers other portions of core 258 and/or
blocks 140 of core 258. Coating 160, 560, or 860 can cover any
portion of core 258.
[0231] Core 258 is formed in this embodiment of frame 230 and at
least one insulating structural block 140, as shown in FIG. 64. In
this embodiment core 258 includes more than one insulating
structural block 140. In some embodiments core 258 includes one
insulating structural block 140. In some embodiments insulating
structural block 140 is molded around frame 230. In some
embodiments core 258 includes other elements in addition to frame
230 and insulating structural blocks 140, such as electrical wires,
water pipes or gas pipes, other utilities or elements needing to be
sent through or within structure 110 or building panel 212. In this
embodiment frame 230 is embedded in insulating structural blocks
140. Frame 230 being embedded in blocks 140 provides structural
strength to core 258 and yet leaves most of the outer surface of
core 258 as a surface of blocks 140, so that the outer surface of
core 258 can be easily shaped and covered with coating 160, 560, or
860. Thus one or more of the coatings 160, 560, or 860 often covers
surfaces of insulating structural blocks 140 instead of frame 230.
This allows core 158 and building panel 112 to be shaped for
aesthetically pleasing shapes, and provides the outer surface of
core 258 as a surface of insulating structural blocks 140, which
accepts and retains coating 160, 560, or 860 for strength and
exterior finishing. In this embodiment, where frame 230 is embedded
in blocks 140, there are portions of frame 230, such as flanges
231, 233, and 239 to be discussed shortly, which are not covered by
block 140 so that frame 230 can be connected to other frames and
structures.
[0232] Building panel 212 includes core 258, which includes frame
230. Frame 230 includes horizontal frame members 234 and 235 in
this embodiment. Frame 230 and core 258 includes first frame member
234 and second frame member 235. First frame member 234 extends
horizontally from first side edge 255 to second side edge 256.
First frame member 234 extends approximately parallel to bottom
edge 254 in this embodiment. First frame member 234 extends
horizontally from first side edge 255 to second side edge 256 a
distance D.sub.1 from bottom edge 254. Distance D.sub.1 is measured
from bottom edge 254 to approximately the center point of first
frame member 234. In this embodiment distance D.sub.1 is about 14
inches. Distance D.sub.1 is about 14 inches because that is the
approximate placement of electrical outlets in houses--about 14
inches above the floor. Thus when building panel 212 is used as a
wall of a house and bottom edge 254 is adjacent the floor or footer
such as footer 190, first frame member 234 will be extending
horizontally approximately parallel to the floor and about 14
inches above the floor. Electrical wires are run within first frame
member 234, which in this embodiment is formed of hollow metal box
tubing. Electrical outlets can be placed on front surface 224 or
rear surface 226, and electrical wires can be easily extended
between first frame member 234 and the electrical outlets (see, for
example, electrical outlet 381 of building panel 312 in FIG. 66).
In some embodiments distance D.sub.1 is between about 12 inches and
about 16 inches. It is to be understood that distance D.sub.1 can
be changed to any appropriate distance according to the dimensions
and use of building panel 212. In some buildings distance D.sub.1
is a distance other than between 12 and 16 inches that provides
convenient access for utilities or other items that are run through
or housed within first frame member 234.
[0233] Frame 230 of core 258 also includes second frame member 235.
Second frame member 235 extends horizontally from first side edge
255 to second side edge 256. Second frame member 235 extends
approximately parallel to bottom edge 254. Second frame member 235
extends horizontally from first side edge 255 to second side edge
256 a distance D.sub.2 from bottom edge 254. In this embodiment
distance D.sub.2 is about 48 inches. Distance D.sub.2 is about 48
inches because that is the approximate placement of electrical
switches in houses--about 48 inches above the floor. Thus when
building panel 212 is used as a wall of a house and bottom edge 254
is adjacent the floor or footer such as footer 190, second frame
member 235 will be extending horizontally approximately parallel to
the floor and about 48 inches above the floor. Electrical wires are
run within second frame member 235, which in this embodiment is
hollow metal box tubing. Electrical switches can be placed on front
surface 224 or rear surface 226, and electrical wires can be easily
extended between second frame member 235 and the electrical
switches (see, for example, electrical switch 383 of building panel
312 in FIG. 66). In some embodiments distance D.sub.2 is between
about 42 inches and about 54 inches. It is to be understood that
distance D.sub.2 can be changed to any appropriate distance
according to the dimensions and use of building panel 212. In some
embodiments building panel 212 includes additional horizontal frame
members, such as shown in FIG. 66 for building panel 312.
[0234] Frame 230 of core 258 also includes flanges 231, 233, and
239 (flange 239 not shown in FIG. 64 and FIG. 65, but can be seen
in FIG. 66 and FIG. 67 with regard to building panel 312). Flanges
231, 233, and 239 protrude from blocks 140 and are used to couple
building panel 212 to structural elements such as vertical frame
members 132 of a structure (see FIG. 67). Frame 230 of building
panel 212 includes flange 233 which protrudes from first side edge
254. Flange 233 is coupled to first frame member 234 and second
frame member 235. When flange 233 is coupled to a structural
element of a building such as a vertical frame member 132, building
panel 212 becomes a sturdy part of the building such as structure
110 shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. In some embodiments flange 233 is
coupled only to first frame member 234. In some embodiments flange
233 is coupled only to second frame member 235. In some embodiments
flange 233 is coupled to other elements of frame 230.
[0235] Frame 230 of building panel 212 also includes flange 231
which protrudes from top edge 253. Flange 231 is coupled to second
frame member 235. When flange 231 is coupled to a structural
element of a building or structure such as structure 110, building
panel 212 is rigidly and strongly coupled to the building or
structure and becomes a part of the building or structure. In some
embodiments flange 231 is coupled only to second frame member 235.
In some embodiments flange 231 is coupled to other elements of
frame 230.
[0236] In some embodiments core 258 includes structures, elements,
layers, or materials that create a building panel 212 according to
the invention with the ability to provide specific types of
protection. In some embodiments core 258 includes structures,
elements, layers or material that provide protection from
penetration such as from flying objects, projectiles such as
bullets, or other items that could cause harm. In some embodiments
core 258 encapsulates structures, layers, materials, or elements
that block or slow down projectiles or other flying objects. For
example, core 258 according to the invention can include layers or
materials embedded in core 258, embedded in blocks 140, or
sandwiched between blocks 140 that block or slow down projectiles.
These projectile-resistant elements can provide protection to
inhabitants in dangerous areas from projectiles or from flying
objects caused by extreme weather or accidents, for example. The
protective layers or materials can be man-made or natural, and can
take the form of layers of mesh, layers of metal, polymer, plastic,
acrylic, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, or other materials, or
other forms.
[0237] In some embodiments core 258 includes structures, elements,
layers or materials that provide sound attenuation or blockage. For
example, core 258 according to the invention can include layers or
materials embedded in or encapsulated by core 258, embedded in
blocks 140, or sandwiched between blocks 140, that block or
attenuate sound. These sound-deadening elements can provide
protection to inhabitants from explosions, machinery, vehicles, or
other loud noise-generators. These sound-deadening layers or
materials can be man-made or natural, and can take the form of
layers of mesh, layers of metal, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes,
polymer, plastic, acrylic, or other materials, or other forms. In
some embodiments the sound-deadening materials form anechoic
devices or layers.
[0238] In some embodiments core 258 includes structures, elements,
layers or material that provide radiation attenuation or blockage.
For example, core 258 according to the invention can include layers
or materials embedded in or encapsulated by core 258, embedded in
blocks 140, or sandwiched between blocks 140 that block or
attenuate radiation. The radiation blocked or attenuated can take
many forms, including electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic
pulses, radio frequency radiation, optical radiation, x-rays,
nuclear radiation, radioactive radiation, or other types of
radiation. These radiation-deadening elements can provide
protection to inhabitants from explosions, accidents at power
generating stations, acts of war, electromagnetic pulses, or acts
of God. These radiation-shielding layers or materials can be
man-made or natural, and can take the form of layers of mesh,
layers of metal, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon
nanostructures, one or more layers of lead, polymer, plastic,
acrylic, gel, or other materials, or other forms. In some
embodiments the radiation-deadening materials form an element that
reflects certain types of radiation. In some embodiments the
radiation-deadening materials form an element that absorbs certain
types of radiation. In some embodiments the radiation-deadening
materials form an element that provides electromagnetic shielding.
In some embodiments core 258 includes elements, structures, or
materials that provide radio frequency shielding. In some
embodiments core 258 includes elements, structures, or materials
that provide electromagnetic interference shielding.
[0239] In some embodiments core 258 includes structures, elements,
layers or material that provide chemical attenuation or blockage.
For example, core 258 according to the invention can include layers
or materials embedded in or encapsulated by core 258, embedded in
blocks 140, or sandwiched between blocks 140 that block or
attenuate one or more specific chemicals. The chemicals blocked or
attenuated can take many forms, natural or man-made. The chemical
attenuating or blocking elements can provide protection to
inhabitants from explosions, accidents at power generating
stations, acts of war, or acts of God. These layers can be man-made
or natural, and can take the form of layers of mesh, layers of
metal, carbon fibers, polymer, plastic, acrylic, gel, or other
materials, or other forms. In some embodiments the
chemical-blocking materials form an element that absorbs certain
types of chemicals.
[0240] Building panel core 258 of building panel 212 has a coating
covering a portion of core 258. In this embodiment one or more of
coating 160, coating 560, or coating 860 covers a portion of core
258. One or more of coating 160, coating 560, or coating 860 covers
a portion of blocks 140 of building panel core 258 in this
embodiment. In some embodiments of building panel 212, coating 160
as described earlier covers a portion of core 258. In some
embodiments coating 160 is a single layer coating 160 as shown in
FIG. 11 and described earlier. In some embodiments coating 160 has
more than one coating layer as shown in FIG. 12 through FIG. 16 and
described earlier. In some embodiments coating 160 includes a first
coating layer 162 comprising cement, aggregate and acrylic bonder.
In some embodiments coating 160 includes first coating layer 162
comprising cement, aggregate and a synthetic bonder. In some
embodiments coating 160 includes a second coating layer 164
covering a portion of first coating layer 162, where second coating
layer 164 comprises cement, aggregate and acrylic bonder.
[0241] In some embodiments of building panel 212, coating 560 as
described earlier and shown in FIG. 17 through FIG. 21 covers a
portion of core 258. In some embodiments coating 560 include first
coating layer 562 as described earlier, where first coating layer
562 includes a plurality of crests and valleys. In some embodiments
coating 560 includes second layer 566 that covers the plurality of
crests and valleys. In some embodiments the plurality of crests has
an average half-width of between 1/16 inch and 1/2 inch. In some
embodiments the plurality of crests has an average half-width of
between 1/16 inch and 3/4 inch. In some embodiments the plurality
of crests have an average height of between 1/8 inch and 3/4 inch.
In some embodiments the plurality of crests have an average height
of between 1/16 inch and 1 inch.
[0242] In some embodiments of building panel 212, coating 860 as
described earlier and shown in FIG. 25 through FIG. 38 and FIG. 49
and FIG. 50 covers a portion of core 258. It is to be understood
that building panel 212 can includes any of the elements,
structures, coating, coating ingredients, layers, or items used or
described in this document.
[0243] FIG. 66 and FIG. 67 show an embodiment of building panel
312. Building panel 312 is similar to building panel 112 and
building panel 212 and similar numbering is used to designate
similar elements. Building panel 312 includes core 358 and one or
more of coatings 160, 560, or 860 as described previously covering
a portion of core 358. Coatings 160, 560, or 860 can be a single
coating layer or multiple coating layers as described previously in
this document in the description of coatings 160, 560, or 860. In
the embodiment shown in FIG. 66 and FIG. 67, one of coatings 160,
560, or 860 covers the rear surface of core 358, which becomes
second surface 316 of building panel 312. And one of coatings 160,
560, or 860 covers the front surface of core 358, which becomes
first surface 314 of building panel 312. In some embodiments one of
coatings 160, 560, or 860 covers other portions of core 358 and/or
blocks 140 of core 358. Coating 160, 560, or 860 can cover any
portion of core 358.
[0244] Core 358 is formed in this embodiment of frame 330 and at
least one insulating structural block 140. In some embodiments core
358 includes other elements in addition to frame 330 and insulating
structural blocks 140, such as electrical wires, water pipes or gas
pipes, other utilities or elements needing to be sent through or
within structure 110 or building panel 312.
[0245] Frame 330 includes horizontal frame members 234 and 235 in
this embodiment, where horizontal frame members 234 and 235 are the
same as explained earlier with regard to building panel 212. First
frame member 234 extends horizontally from first side edge 255 to
second side edge 256 a distance D.sub.1 from bottom edge 254. In
this embodiment distance D.sub.1 is about 14 inches. Distance
D.sub.1 is about 14 inches because that is the approximate
placement of electrical outlets in houses--about 14 inches above
the floor. Electrical outlet 381 is placed on first surface 314 as
shown in FIG. 66, and electrical wires are extended between first
frame member 234 and the electrical outlet 381. In some embodiments
distance D.sub.1 is between about 12 inches and about 16 inches. It
is to be understood that distance D.sub.1 can be changed to any
appropriate distance according to the dimensions and use of
building panel 312. In some buildings distance D.sub.1 is a
distance other than between 12 and 16 inches that provides
convenient access for utilities or other items that are run through
or housed within first frame member 234.
[0246] Frame 330 of core 358 also includes second frame member 235.
Second frame member 235 extends horizontally from first side edge
255 to second side edge 256. Second frame member 235 extends
horizontally from first side edge 255 to second side edge 256 a
distance D.sub.2 from bottom edge 254. In this embodiment distance
D.sub.2 is about 48 inches. Electrical wires are run within second
frame member 235, which in this embodiment is hollow metal box
tubing. Electrical switch 383 is placed on first surface 314 and
electrical wires are extended between second frame member 235 and
electrical switch 383. In some embodiments distance D.sub.2 is
between about 42 inches and about 54 inches. It is to be understood
that distance D.sub.2 can be changed to any appropriate distance
according to the dimensions and use of building panel 312.
[0247] Frame 330 of core 358 also includes third frame member 236.
Third frame member 236 extends horizontally from first side edge
255 to second side edge 256. Third frame member 236 extends
horizontally from first side edge 255 to second side edge 256 a
distance D.sub.3 from bottom edge 254. In this embodiment distance
D.sub.3 is about 84 inches. Electrical wires are run within third
frame member 236, which in this embodiment is hollow metal box
tubing. Distance D.sub.3 is about 84 inches because this distance
is a common distance above floors--near the ceiling, for placing
other electrical outlets, switches, appliances, outlets for lights
and ceiling fans, etc. In some embodiments distance D.sub.3 is
between about 78 inches and about 90 inches. It is to be understood
that distance D.sub.3 can be changed to any appropriate distance
according to the dimensions and use of building panel 312.
[0248] Frame 330 of core 358 also includes flanges 231, 233 (FIG.
67), and 239 (FIG. 66). Flanges 231, 233, and 239 protrude from
blocks 140 and are used to couple building panel 312 to structural
elements such as vertical frame members 132 of a structure as shown
in FIG. 67. Flange 233 is as described above with respect to
building panel 212. Frame 330 of building panel 212 includes flange
239 which protrudes from second side edge 256. Flange 239 is
coupled to first frame member 234, second frame member 235, and
third frame member 236. When flange 239 is coupled to a structural
element of a building such as a vertical frame member 132 as shown
in FIG. 67, building panel 312 becomes a sturdy part of the
building such as structure 110 shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. In some
embodiments flange 239 is coupled only to first frame member 234.
In some embodiments flange 239 is coupled only to second frame
member 235. In some embodiments flange 239 is coupled only to third
frame member 236. In some embodiments flange 239 is coupled to
first frame member 234 and to second frame member 235. In some
embodiments flange 239 is coupled to other elements of frame
330.
[0249] Frame 330 of building panel 212 also includes flange 231
which protrudes from top edge 253. Flange 231 is coupled to fourth
frame member 238. When flange 231 is coupled to a structural
element of a building or structure such as structure 110, such as
roof truss 133 or vertical frame member 132, building panel 312 is
rigidly and strongly coupled to the building or structure and
becomes a part of the building or structure.
[0250] In some embodiments core 358 includes structures, elements,
layers, or materials that create a building panel 312 according to
the invention with the ability to provide specific types of
protection, as explained earlier with regard to building panels 112
and building panels 212. Building panel 312 can include any of
these structures, elements, layers or materials.
[0251] Building panel core 358 of building panel 312 has a coating
covering a portion of core 358. In this embodiment one or more of
coating 160, coating 560, or coating 860 covers a portion of core
358. One or more of coating 160, coating 560, or coating 860 covers
a portion of blocks 140 of building panel core 358 in this
embodiment. In some embodiments of building panel 312, coating 160
as described earlier covers a portion of core 358. In some
embodiments coating 160 is a single layer coating 160 as shown in
FIG. 11 and described earlier. In some embodiments coating 160 has
more than one coating layer as shown in FIG. 12 through FIG. 16 and
described earlier. In some embodiments coating 160 includes a first
coating layer 162 comprising cement, aggregate and acrylic bonder.
In some embodiments coating 160 includes first coating layer 162
comprising cement, aggregate and a synthetic bonder. In some
embodiments coating 160 includes a second coating layer 164
covering a portion of first coating layer 162, where second coating
layer 164 comprises cement, aggregate and acrylic bonder.
[0252] In some embodiments of building panel 312, coating 560 as
described earlier and shown in FIG. 17 through FIG. 21 covers a
portion of core 358. In some embodiments coating 560 include first
coating layer 562 as described earlier, where first coating layer
562 includes a plurality of crests and valleys. In some embodiments
coating 560 includes second layer 566 that covers the plurality of
crests and valleys. In some embodiments the plurality of crests has
an average half-width of between 1/16 inch and 1/2 inch. In some
embodiments the plurality of crests has an average half-width of
between 1/16 inch and 3/4 inch. In some embodiments the plurality
of crests have an average height of between 1/8 inch and 3/4 inch.
In some embodiments the plurality of crests have an average height
of between 1/16 inch and 1 inch.
[0253] In some embodiments of building panel 312, coating 860 as
described earlier and shown in FIG. 25 through FIG. 38 and FIG. 49
and FIG. 50 covers a portion of core 358. It is to be understood
that building panel 212 can includes any of the elements,
structures, coating, coating ingredients, layers, or items used or
described in this document. Coating 160, 560, or 860 can include
fluid channels to pass fluid through building panel 312, as
described earlier regarding fluid channels 822. The fluid can be
used to heat or cool building panel 312, or to pass heating or
cooling fluids through building panel 312.
[0254] FIG. 67 shows that vertical frame members 132 and roof
trusses 133 are built on footer 190. Building panels 212 or 312 are
then coupled to vertical frame members 132 and/or roof trusses 133,
as shown in FIG. 67. FIG. 67 shows a pre-formed building panel 312
that is being placed against vertical frame members 132. Building
panel 312 is coupled to vertical frame members 132 and/or roof
trusses 133 to form a building or structure. Building panel 312 is
coupled to vertical frame members 132 and/or roof trusses 133 by
coupling flange 231, 233, and/or 239 to vertical frame members 132
and/or roof trusses 133.
[0255] Building panels 212 or 312 are pre-fabricated at a factory
or fabricated on-site. Preformed building panels 212 or 312 are
coupled to vertical frame members 132 and/or roof trusses 133 to
form a building or structure such as structure 110. Items such as
electrical wires, audio/visual cables, heating and cooling
conduits, radiant heating or cooling tubes, tubing for solar
heating or cooling, water pipes, or other facilities which need to
be distributed throughout the building or structure such as
building panel house 110 that is being built, are run through
horizontal members 234, 235, and/or 236. Building panels 212 and
312 are advantageous because they can be pre-fabricated and then
shipped to the building site, where they are coupled to vertical
members 132 or other building structural elements. When using
building panels 212 or 312, fewer vertical members 132 are needed,
and facilities are easily run through the building panel structure
being formed through horizontal members 234, 235, and 236. Building
panel structure 110 or other buildings or structures that are built
can be easily made to be an energy efficient, net-zero structure
using building panels 212 and 312.
[0256] FIG. 64 through FIG. 67 show how horizontal members 234,
235, and 236 of building panels 212 and 312 are strategically
placed to allow access to electrical wires that are run through
horizontal members 234, 235, and 236, and that the electrical
access is at the proper height. In this embodiment first horizontal
member 234 is positioned 12 to 16 inches above floor height, where
electrical outlets are placed. Second horizontal member 235 is
positioned 4 feet above floor level, where electrical switches are
positioned. Third horizontal member 236 is placed at 7 feet above
floor level where electrical wires can be run to ceilings for
lights and fans, for example. Horizontal members that are placed at
these heights allow easy access to electrical wires or other
support elements that are run through frame 330 members.
[0257] In some embodiments building panels 212 or 312 as shown in
FIG. 64 through FIG. 67 can be applied to the outside of existing
structures to make them more energy efficient, or to add other
support or protection features that building panels 212 or 312 can
provide, such as penetration resistance, ballistic resistance, EMI,
RFI, or radiation shielding, fire resistance, or other properties
provided by building panel 212 and 312.
[0258] FIG. 68 through FIG. 70 show embodiments of building panels
that include various further embodiments of building panel cores,
where the building panel cores are different than those already
described in this document. The building panels and building panel
cores shown in FIG. 68 through FIG. 70 and described herein can be
used interchangeably with any of the building panels or building
panel cores described elsewhere in this document.
[0259] FIG. 68 shows building panel 1112, which includes building
panel core 1158 and one or more than one of coatings 160, 560, or
860 covering a portion of building panel core 1158. Building panel
core 1158 includes cement block 142, wallboard 144 and EPS foam
block 140. Wallboard 144 can be any type of wallboard used in the
construction trades. In some embodiments wallboard 144 is replaced
with construction board 710 described earlier. In some embodiments
cement blocks 142 are replaced with other cementitious structures
such as brick. One of coatings 160, 560, or 860 covers a portion of
core 1158, in this embodiment covering surface 1124 of core 1158.
In this embodiment surface 1124 is a surface of foam block 140.
Building panel 1112 can include any of the elements, components,
structures, coatings, or coating layers that are described in this
document regarding other building panels and coatings. Building
panel core 1158 can be used in place of any of the other building
panel cores described in this document.
[0260] FIG. 69 shows building panel 1212, which includes building
panel core 1258 and one or more than one of coatings 160, 560, or
860 covering a portion of building panel core 1258. Building panel
core 1258 includes frame 130, which in this embodiment is steel
frame members 130, insulation 146, wallboard 144 or construction
board 710, and EPS foam block 140 as shown in FIG. 69. Wallboard
144 can be any type of wallboard used in the construction trades.
In some embodiments wallboard 144 is replaced with construction
board 710 described earlier. Insulation 146 can be any insulating
element. One of coatings 160, 560, or 860 covers a portion of core
1258, in this embodiment covering surface 1224 of core 1258. In
this embodiment surface 1224 is a surface of foam block 140.
Building panel 1212 can include any of the elements, components,
structures, coatings, or coating layers that are described in this
document regarding other building panels and coatings. Building
panel core 1258 can be used in place of any of the other building
panel cores described in this document.
[0261] FIG. 70 shows building panel 1312, which includes building
panel core 1358 and one or more than one of coatings 160, 560, or
860 covering a portion of building panel core 1358. Building panel
core 1358 includes frame 330, which in this embodiment is wood
frame members 330, insulation 146, wallboard 144 or construction
board 710, and EPS foam block 140 as shown in FIG. 70. Wallboard
144 can be any type of wallboard used in the construction trades.
In some embodiments wallboard 144 is replaced with construction
board 710 described earlier. Insulation 146 can be any insulating
element. One of coatings 160, 560, or 860 covers a portion of core
1358, in this embodiment covering surface 1324 of core 1358. In
this embodiment surface 1324 is a surface of foam block 140.
Building panel 1312 can include any of the elements, components,
structures, coatings, or coating layers that are described in this
document regarding other building panels and coatings. Building
panel core 1358 can be used in place of any of the other building
panel cores described in this document.
[0262] FIG. 71 through FIG. 76 show further embodiments of building
panels according to the invention, where these embodiments of
building panels according to the invention are formed by covering a
portion of an existing wall structure with one or more of coatings
160, 560, or 860 according to the invention. Coatings 160, 560
and/or 860 are used to cover, or retrofit, existing wall structures
or surfaces of existing buildings. In some embodiments an EPS foam
block is used to cover the existing wall structure or surface
before applying coating 160, 560, and/or 860. Applying coatings
160, 560, and/or 860 to exiting walls structures and/or other
surfaces of buildings has several advantages, including increasing
the energy efficiency of the building, increasing the thermal
resistance of the wall or surface, providing a continuous
insulation over the building surfaces, increasing the strength of
the wall or building surface, and providing any or all of the other
types of protection that building panels 112, 212, 312, or 812 can
provide as described earlier. Building panel 112, 212, 312, and 812
can provide penetration protections, EMI and RFI protection as well
as other types of radiation protection, fire protection, fire
barriers, and fire resistance, chemical barriers, for example.
[0263] FIG. 71 shows building panel 1412. Building panel 1412
includes building panel core 1458 and one or more of coatings 160,
560, or 860 covering a portion of building panel core 1458.
Building panel core 1458 includes existing wall structure 1400 and
first piece of EPS foam block 140a. Building panel 1412 is formed
to retrofit existing wall structure 1400 by covering outer surface
1464 of existing wall structure 1400 with first piece of EPS foam
140a and coatings 160, 560, or 860. Existing wall structure 1400 is
retrofitted by applying first piece of EPS foam 140a to outer
surface 1464 of existing wall structure 1400 and then covering a
portion of surface 1424 of first piece of EPS foam 140a with one or
more of coatings 160, 560, or 860 as described earlier. In this
embodiment existing wall structure 1400 is existing block wall
structure 1400. Existing block wall structure 1400 includes cement
block(s) 142 covered with an exterior insulation and finish system
(EIFS) layer 148. Cement block 142 is covered on one surface in
this embodiment with wall board 144 or construction board 710. The
interior surface of cement block 142 is often the surface covered
with wall board 144 or construction board 710. Another surface of
cement block 142 of existing wall structure 1400 is covered with
EIFS layer 148. EIFS layer 148 often covers an exterior surface of
cement block 142. EIFS layer 148 in this embodiment includes second
piece of EPS foam 140b, and cementitious adhesive coating 147
covering second piece of EPS foam 140b. In this embodiment
fiberglass mesh 170 is embedded in cementitious adhesive coating
147. The designation of "first" and "second" piece of EPS foam is
not meant to designate priority or sequence. In this instance
second piece of EPS foam 140b is used first--it is built as part of
existing wall structure 1400. Later when existing wall structure
1400 is being retrofitted--first piece of EPS foam 140a is added
over EIFS layer 148. Retrofitting existing cement block wall
structure 1400 in this way provides advantages of thermal
efficiency, strength, and protection from radiation, sound energy,
or penetration as can be provided by coatings 160, 560, or 860 as
described earlier. Coatings 160, 560, or 860 can provide a layer of
continuous insulation over existing wall structure 1400.
[0264] FIG. 72 shows an embodiment where first piece of EPS foam
140a is eliminated in the retrofit of existing wall structure 1400.
First piece of EPS foam 140a can be eliminated in situations where
the thermal resistance provided by first piece of EPS foam 140a is
not needed, for example. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 72,
building panel 1512 includes core 1558, which comprises existing
cement block wall structure 1400, and one or more of coatings 160,
560, and/or 860 covering a portion of core 1558. In this embodiment
existing block wall structure 1400 is retrofitted by applying
coating 160, 560, and/or 860 to outer surface 1464 of existing wall
structure 1400.
[0265] FIG. 73 shows building panel 1612. Building panel 1612
includes building panel core 1658 and one or more of coatings 160,
560, or 860 covering a portion of building panel core 1658.
Building panel core 1658 includes existing wall structure 1600 and
first piece of EPS foam block 140a. Building panel 1612 is formed
to retrofit existing wall structure 1600 by covering outer surface
1664 of existing wall structure 1600 with first piece of EPS foam
140a and coatings 160, 560, or 860. Existing wall structure 1600 is
retrofitted by applying first piece of EPS foam 140a to outer
surface 1664 of existing wall structure 1600 and then covering a
portion of surface 1624 of first piece of EPS foam 140a with one or
more of coatings 160, 560, or 860 as described earlier. In this
embodiment existing wall structure 1600 is existing steel frame
wall structure 1600. Existing steel frame wall structure 1600
includes steel frame members 130, wallboard 144 (or construction
board 710), second piece of EPS foam 140b, and EIFS layer 148
covering a portion of second piece of EPS foam 140b. Existing steel
frame wall structure 1600 can be any steel frame wall structure
used to form buildings, structures, walls, etc. In this embodiment
existing steel frame wall structure 1600 includes steel frame
members 130, which form the frame of existing steel frame wall
structure 1600 and building panel 1612. Wallboard 144 or
construction board 710 as described earlier is coupled to steel
frame 130 and contains insulation 146 in existing steel frame wall
structure 1600. Insulation 146, which can be any insulating
material, is contained between the wallboards 140 or construction
boards 710. In this embodiment a portion of a wallboard 144 or
construction board 710 of existing steel frame wall structure 1600
is covered with EIFS layer 148. EIFS layer 148 covers a portion of
wallboard 144 or construction board 710. EIFS layer 148 in this
embodiment includes second piece of EPS foam 140b, and cementitious
adhesive coating 147 covering second piece of EPS foam 140b. In
this embodiment fiberglass mesh 170 is embedded in cementitious
adhesive coating 147. The designation of "first" and "second" piece
of EPS foam is not meant to designate priority or sequence. In this
instance second piece of EPS foam 140b is used first--it is built
as part of existing wall structure 1600. Later when existing wall
structure 1600 is being retrofitted--first piece of EPS foam 140a
is added over EIFS layer 148. Retrofitting existing steel frame
wall structure 1600 in this way provides advantages of thermal
efficiency, strength, and protection from radiation, sound energy,
or penetration as provided by coatings 160, 560, or 860 as
described earlier. Coatings 160, 560, or 860 can provide a layer of
continuous insulation over existing wall structure 1600.
[0266] FIG. 74 shows an embodiment where first piece of EPS foam
140a is eliminated in the retrofit of existing wall structure 1600.
First piece of EPS foam 140a can be eliminated in situations where
the thermal resistance provided by first piece of EPS foam 140a is
not needed, for example. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 74,
building panel 1712 includes core 1758, which comprises existing
steel frame wall structure 1600, and one or more of coatings 160,
560, and/or 860 covering a portion of core 1758. In this embodiment
existing block wall structure 1600 is retrofitted by applying
coating 160, 560, and/or 860 to outer surface 1664 of existing wall
structure 1600.
[0267] FIG. 75 shows building panel 1812. Building panel 1812
includes building panel core 1858 and one or more of coatings 160,
560, or 860 covering a portion of building panel core 1858.
Building panel core 1858 includes existing wall structure 1800 and
first piece of EPS foam block 140a. Building panel 1812 is formed
to retrofit existing wall structure 1800 by covering outer surface
1864 of existing wall structure 1800 with first piece of EPS foam
140a and coatings 160, 560, or 860. Existing wall structure 1800 is
retrofitted by applying first piece of EPS foam 140a to outer
surface 1864 of existing wall structure 1800 and then covering a
portion of surface 1824 of first piece of EPS foam 140a with one or
more of coatings 160, 560, or 860 as described earlier. In this
embodiment existing wall structure 1800 is existing wood frame wall
structure 1800. Existing wood frame wall structure 1800 includes
wood frame members 330, wallboard 144 (or construction board 710)
coupled to wood frame members 330, metal lath 155 coupled to a
portion of wallboard 144 or construction board 710, and stucco
coating 157 coupled to metal lath 155. Existing wood frame wall
structure 1800 can be any wood frame wall structure used to form
buildings, structures, walls, etc. In this embodiment existing wood
frame wall structure 1800 includes wood frame members 330, which
form the frame of existing wood frame wall structure 1800 and
building panel 1812. Wallboard 144 or construction board 710 as
described earlier is coupled to wood frame 330 and contains
insulation 146 in existing wood frame wall structure 1800.
Insulation 146, which can be any insulating material, is contained
between the wallboards 140 or construction boards 710 of existing
wood frame wall structure 1800. In this embodiment a portion of a
wallboard 144 or construction board 710 of existing wood frame wall
structure 1600 is covered with metal lath 155 and stucco 157. Metal
lath 155 and stucco 157 form the exterior part of existing wood
frame wall structure 1800, as is known in the art of forming wood
frame and stucco wall structures. Retrofitting existing wood frame
wall structure 1800 in this way provides advantages of thermal
efficiency, strength, and protection from any radiation, sound
energy, or penetration that can be provided by coatings 160, 560,
or 860 as described earlier. Coatings 160, 560, or 860 can provide
a layer of continuous insulation over existing wall structure
1800.
[0268] FIG. 76 shows an embodiment where first piece of EPS foam
140a is eliminated in the retrofit of existing wall structure 1800.
First piece of EPS foam 140a can be eliminated in situations where
the thermal resistance provided by first piece of EPS foam 140a is
not needed, for example. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 76,
building panel 1912 includes core 1958, which comprises existing
wood frame wall structure 1800, and one or more of coatings 160,
560, and/or 860 covering a portion of core 1958. In this embodiment
existing block wall structure 1800 is retrofitted by applying
coating 160, 560, and/or 860 to outer surface 1864 of existing wall
structure 1600.
[0269] FIG. 77 illustrates method 2100 of retrofitting an outer
surface of an existing wall structure of a building. Method 2100
includes step 2110 of coupling a first piece of expanded
polystyrene (EPS) foam to the outer surface of the existing wall
structure of the building. Method 2100 also includes step 2120 of
applying a first coating layer to a portion of the first piece of
EPS foam, wherein the first coating layer comprises cement,
aggregate and acrylic bonder. The first coating layer can be
coating layer 162 of coating 160 as described earlier, for example
and as shown in FIG. 10 through FIG. 16. The first coating layer
can be coating layer 562 of coating 560 as described earlier, for
example and as shown in FIG. 17 through FIG. 21. The first coating
layer can be coating layer 862 of coating 860 as described earlier,
for example and as shown in FIG. 34 through FIG. 38. In some
embodiments step 2120 includes embedding a fluid channel in the
first coating layer. The first coating layer can include any of the
components, elements, or layers described earlier.
[0270] Method 2100 also includes step 2130 of applying a second
coating layer to a portion of the first coating layer, wherein the
second coating layer comprises cement, aggregate and acrylic
bonder. The second coating layer can be coating layer 166 of
coating 160 as described earlier, for example and as shown in FIG.
10 through FIG. 16. The second coating layer can be coating layer
566 of coating 560 as described earlier, for example and as shown
in FIG. 17 through FIG. 21. The second coating layer can be coating
layer 866 of coating 860 as described earlier, for example and as
shown in FIG. 34 through FIG. 38. In some embodiments step 2130
includes embedding a fluid channel in the second coating layer. The
second coating layer can include any of the components, elements,
or layers described earlier.
[0271] Method 2100 can include many other steps. In some
embodiments method 2100 includes the step of covering a portion of
the first coating layer with a fire barrier material before
applying the second coating layer.
[0272] In some embodiments of method 2100 the existing wall
structure of the building comprises a cement block. In some
embodiments of method 2100 the existing wall structure comprises a
cement block; a second piece of EPS foam covering a portion of the
cement block; and a cementitious adhesive coating covering a
portion of the second piece of EPS foam.
[0273] In some embodiments of method 2100 the existing wall
structure of the building comprises a wood frame; a wallboard
coupled to the wood frame; a metal lath coupled to the wallboard;
and a stucco coating coupled to the metal lath.
[0274] In some embodiments of method 2100 the existing wall
structure of the building comprises a steel frame; a wallboard
coupled to the steel frame; a second piece of EPS foam covering a
portion of the wall board; and a cementitious adhesive coating
covering a portion of the second piece of EPS foam.
[0275] The existing wall structure of method 2100 can be any
existing wall structure that forms a part of any building or
structure, including wood walls, log walls, concrete walls, brick
walls, foam walls, earth walls, etc.
[0276] FIG. 78 illustrates method 2200 of forming a building panel.
Method 2200 is a novel method of forming a building panel that
includes molding the building panel frame and the EPS foam together
in a mold such as an injection mold to form the building panel in
one molding step. In the past the EPS foam blocks were expanded and
formed first, then the EPS foam blocks are cut and shaped to fit
around the frame. This requires more labor than molding the
building panel EPS blocks around the frame, and it requires more
time for aging of the foam blocks. EPS foam blocks are usually
expanded into shapes and then aged for 14 days for stability and
strength of the EPS foam block. Then after aging the EPS foam
blocks, the foam blocks are cut into the desired final size and
shape. In Method 2200 as illustrated in FIG. 78, the EPS foam beads
are pre-expanded, often using steam heat, and then aged for no more
than about 24-30 hours. Then the pre-expanded foam beads are placed
into the mold in which the frame has already been positioned. The
pre-expanded foam beads receive heat and pressure to mold the EPS
beads around the frame into a shape that is predetermined by the
shape of the mold. The shape of the mold is determined by the needs
of the building. Once the EPS is molded around the frame, forming a
building panel core, the building panel core can be handled and
transported using the frame, which results in less damage to the
building panel core. In addition, no cutting and fitting of EPS
foam pieces around the frame is required, decreasing labor and time
to manufacture the building panel cores. The completed building
panel core needs no further aging and can be transported to the
construction site.
[0277] Method 2200 of forming a building panel includes step 2210
of expanding a portion of polystyrene foam beads. Method 2200 of
forming a building panel also includes step 2220 of placing a metal
frame into a building panel mold. Method 2200 of forming a building
panel also includes step 2230 of placing the portion of expanded
polystyrene foam beads into the building panel mold, and step 2240
of molding the portion of expanded polystyrene foam beads into a
predetermined shape around the metal frame.
[0278] Method 2200 can include many other steps. In some
embodiments method 2200 further comprises aging the portion of
expanded polystyrene foam beads after the portion of expanded
polystyrene foam beads is expanded, and before the portion of
expanded polystyrene foam beads is placed in the mold. In some
embodiments aging the portion of expanded polystyrene foam beads
extends for a time less than or equal to 30 hours. In some
embodiments step 2210 of expanding a portion of polystyrene foam
beads comprises applying steam to the portion of expanded
polystyrene foam beads. In some embodiments step 2240 of molding
the portion of expanded polystyrene foam beads into a predetermined
shape around the metal frame comprises applying steam and pressure
to the portion of expanded polystyrene foam beads.
[0279] It has been shown and described that building panel
structures can be formed from building panels and roof panels,
resulting in strong, energy efficient, and visually appealing
structures for houses, commercial buildings, bridges, offices,
hotels, or any other structure or edifice to be built.
[0280] The embodiments and examples set forth herein were presented
in order to best explain the present invention and its practical
application and to thereby enable those of ordinary skill in the
art to make and use the invention. However, those of ordinary skill
in the art will recognize that the foregoing description and
examples have been presented for the purposes of illustration and
example only. The description as set forth is not intended to be
exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed.
Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the
teachings above without departing from the spirit and scope of the
forthcoming claims.
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