U.S. patent application number 14/090178 was filed with the patent office on 2014-05-29 for vaccine to protect a ruminant against pneumonia caused by pasteurella multocida.
The applicant listed for this patent is Antonius Arnoldus Christiaan Jacobs. Invention is credited to Antonius Arnoldus Christiaan Jacobs.
Application Number | 20140147475 14/090178 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 47226059 |
Filed Date | 2014-05-29 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140147475 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Jacobs; Antonius Arnoldus
Christiaan |
May 29, 2014 |
VACCINE TO PROTECT A RUMINANT AGAINST PNEUMONIA CAUSED BY
PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA
Abstract
The present invention pertains to a vaccine comprising live
attenuated Pasteurella multocida bacteria for protection of a
ruminant against pneumonia caused by Pasteurella multocida by
administration of the vaccine to the upper respiratory tract of the
ruminant via atomisation of the vaccine. The invention also
pertains to a method to use the vaccine to protect a ruminant
against pneumonia caused by Pasteurella multocida bacteria.
Inventors: |
Jacobs; Antonius Arnoldus
Christiaan; (Boxmeer, NL) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Jacobs; Antonius Arnoldus Christiaan |
Boxmeer |
|
NL |
|
|
Family ID: |
47226059 |
Appl. No.: |
14/090178 |
Filed: |
November 26, 2013 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
424/400 ;
424/201.1; 424/255.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C12N 2760/18534
20130101; A61K 39/102 20130101; A61K 2039/544 20130101; A61K
2039/543 20130101; A61K 39/265 20130101; C12N 2710/16734 20130101;
A61K 2039/5254 20130101; A61K 2039/70 20130101; A61K 39/155
20130101; C12N 7/00 20130101; A61K 2039/522 20130101; C12N
2760/18634 20130101; A61K 2039/552 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/400 ;
424/255.1; 424/201.1 |
International
Class: |
A61K 39/102 20060101
A61K039/102; A61K 39/155 20060101 A61K039/155 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Nov 29, 2012 |
EP |
12194759.2 |
Claims
1. A vaccine comprising live attenuated Pasteurella multocida
bacteria for protection of a ruminant against pneumonia caused by
Pasteurella multocida by administration of the vaccine to the upper
respiratory tract of the ruminant via atomisation of the
vaccine.
2. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein the administration takes place
via intranasal atomisation.
3. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein the atomisation provides a mist
of vaccine particles having an average size below 50 .mu.m in
diameter.
4. The vaccine of claim 3, wherein the average particle size is
between 20 and 40 .mu.m in diameter.
5. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein the vaccine additionally
comprises live attenuated parainfluenza-3 virus and live attenuated
bovine respiratory syncytial virus for protection against
respiratory disease caused by parainfluenza virus and bovine
respiratory syncytial virus.
6. The vaccine of claim 5, wherein it comprises live attenuated
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus for protection against
respiratory disease caused by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
virus.
7. A method to protect a ruminant against pneumonia caused by
Pasteurella multocida bacteria, the method comprising
administration of a vaccine comprising live attenuated Pasteurella
multocida bacteria, to the upper respiratory tract of the ruminant
by atomisation of the vaccine.
Description
[0001] The present invention pertains to a vaccine to protect a
ruminant against pneumonia caused by Pasteurella multocida. The
invention also pertains to the manufacture of such a vaccine and a
method for protecting a ruminant against pneumonia caused by
Pasteurella multocida.
[0002] Pasteurella multocida bacteria in general may cause disease
in wild and domesticated animals as well as humans. The bacterium
can be found in fowl, felines, canines, rabbits, cattle and pigs.
In birds, Pasteurella multocida may cause avian cholera. The
Pasteurella multocida serotype A:1 is most associated with avian
cholera. Pasteurella multocida serotype D may cause atrophic
rhinitis in pigs. Certain serotypes, such as B:2 may cause
haemorrhagic septicaemia, a systemic infection in ruminants, for
example in bovine (i.e. animals that belong to the genus Bos, such
as cows, steers, oxen, any other cattle, buffaloes etc). The
bacteria that belong to serogroup A, in particular serotype A:3,
may cause pneumonia in ruminants, in particular in bovine.
Pneumonia is a local infection of the lower respiratory tract (in
bovine often associated with bovine respiratory disease). The
present invention pertains to those bacteria that cause such
pneumonia in ruminants, in particular bovine.
[0003] The Pasteurella multocida bacteria that cause pneumonia in
ruminants are a commensal of the upper respiratory tract of these
animals (Allen et al.; Can J Vet Res, 1992, 56: 177-183). In other
words, the upper respiratory tract (including the nasal cavity,
pharynx and larynx) of most animals harbors these bacteria without
causing any physiological reaction such as disease or an immune
response against these bacteria. Induction of disease is often
associated with stress, especially from transportation, or
infection with pathogenic viruses. Protection against the disease
(which includes aiding in preventing, or ameliorating the disease)
may take place by systemic vaccination of animals with a vaccine
comprising live or killed Pasteuralla multocida bacteria as
commonly known in the art (see e.g. S. M. Dabo et al. in Animal
Health Research Reviews, 8(2), 2008, 129-150). In general, a
vaccine comprising live bacteria may be preferred when vaccinating
very young animals (i.e. less then 3-4 weeks of age). A killed
vaccine namely is generally less effective in the presence of
maternally derived antibodies. However, a live vaccine on its turn
may be less safe in such young animals. In particular, shock may
occur after vaccinating young animals with live attenuated
Pasteurella multocida bacteria of the pneumonia causing
serotypes.
[0004] The object of the invention is to provide a vaccine that
protects, i.e. at least aids in preventing, ameliorates, actually
prevents or cures, against pneumonia caused by Pasteurella
multocida, which vaccine is safe in young animals.
[0005] To this end, a vaccine for administration to the upper
respiratory tract of a ruminant has been devised, which vaccine
comprises live attenuated Pasteurella multocida bacteria, the
administration taking place via atomisation of the vaccine. That
is, the vaccine is administered by spraying it as a mist of fine
particles (heaving a volume averaged mean diameter of less than 200
.mu.m) to reach at the upper respiratory tract of the animal. The
administration of the attenuated Pasteurella multocida bacteria to
the upper respiratory tract is expected to be inherently safe since
even wild-type bacteria generally do not induce disease when
present in the upper respiratory tract. However, it was not
expected beforehand that an immune response (let alone an adequate
response) would be raised against the live attenuated Pasteurella
multocida bacteria: even wild-type bacteria when present in this
part of the respiratory tract do not induce an immune response
under normal circumstances. Surprisingly, by administering live
attenuated Pasteurella multocida bacteria (of the type that cause
pneumonia in ruminants in non-attenuated form, in particular of
serogroup A, in particular of serotype A:3) to the upper
respiratory tract in the form of a fine mist of particles, an
adequate immune response against the live attenuated Pasteurella
multocida bacteria is induced. It is noted that atomisation can be
performed not only when the vaccine is in a liquid form (the
particles then being droplets), but also when the vaccine is in a
solid form (e.g. a lyophilized powder or cake of the strains in a
stabiliser), in which case the vaccine may be spread as a fine
powder, typically a powdered freeze-dried cake of the bacterium in
a stabiliser matrix. It is estimated that a lower limit of the
atomized particles (at least the volume averaged mean diameter) of
1 .mu.m is practical, since to obtain smaller particles a high
energy input may be needed which might be impractical.
[0006] The resulting vaccine is safe in young calves (less than 3-4
weeks of age), and evokes an adequate immune response against
pneumonia causing Pasteurella multocida bacteria (i.e. evokes an
immune response that at least aids in preventing, ameliorates,
actually prevents or cures pneumonia caused by Pasteurella
multocida bacteria). Many attenuated strains of Pasteurella
multocida are known (e.g. the streptomycin dependent strain as
known from the Dabo reference mentioned here above, or strains
having mutations in the genes phyB, phyA, hyaE, hyaD, hyaC, hyaB,
hexD, hexC, hexB, and/or hexA as described in US 2008/0241192
(Kumar et al.). The type of attenuation is not important for the
invention as such however. The invention pertains to the surprising
finding that an immune response against live attenuated Pasteurella
multocida bacteria can be elicited even if these bacteria are
administered to the upper respiratory tract (where wild-type PM is
present as a commensal and does not induce an immune response), if
the administration takes place via atomisation. Indeed, the type of
attenuation may affect the remaining virulence of the bacterium and
therefore the safety and efficacy of the vaccine. However,
balancing safety and efficacy to find the desired attenuation does
not relate to the above mentioned finding of the present
invention.
[0007] The invention also pertains to the use of live attenuated
Pasteurella multocida bacteria for the manufacture of a vaccine
which upon administration to the upper respiratory tract of a
ruminant by atomisation of the vaccine provides protection against
pneumonia caused by Pasteurella multocida bacteria, and to a method
to protect a ruminant against pneumonia caused by Pasteurella
multocida bacteria, the method comprising administration of a
vaccine comprising live attenuated Pasteurella multocida bacteria,
to the upper respiratory tract of the ruminant by atomisation of
the vaccine.
[0008] Although administration to the upper respiratory tract could
take place via for example the mouth of the animal (oral
administration of a fine mist of particles to reach the pharynx and
optionally the larynx), the vaccine preferably is for intranasal
administration. Intranasal administration has proven to lead to a
good mucosal immune response against the bacterium.
[0009] In an embodiment the atomisation provides a mist of vaccine
particles having an (volume) average particle size below 50 .mu.m
in diameter. It is recognised that by having smaller particles, a
larger the surface of the mucosa that can be directly reached by
the vaccine. This is believed to lead to an improved immune
response. A particle size below 50 .mu.m has proven to be practical
and adequate for eliciting an immune response. In a further
embodiment the average particle size is between 20 and 40 .mu.m in
diameter.
[0010] In yet another embodiment the vaccine additionally comprises
live attenuated parainfluenza-3 virus and live attenuated bovine
respiratory syncytial virus for protection against respiratory
disease caused by parainfluenza virus and bovine respiratory
syncytial virus. It is believed that by adding immunogenic viruses
to the vaccine, which viruses stimulate the mucosal immune response
in the upper respiratory tract, an improved immune response against
the Pasteurella bacterium will also be obtained. Although the
viruses in the vaccine are immunogenic, they are attenuated and
thus do not induce disease. This means that they do not cause
actual pathological effects in the mucosa of the respiratory tract
in contrast with their wild-type counterparts. The particular
strain or type of attenuation of the virus strains is believed to
be not essential for this embodiment: given the fact that the
viruses are (inherently) totally unrelated to the bacterium, the
specific immune response against the viruses simply cannot be
essential for obtaining improved protection against the bacterium.
Many attenuated live parainfluenza-3 viruses and live bovine
respiratory syncytial viruses that evoke an immune response after
administration to the upper respiratory tract are known in the art,
such as for example from the commercially obtainable vaccines
Inforce 3 (Pfizer Animal health), Nasalgen IP (Merck Animal
Health), TSV-2 (Pfizer Animal Health) and ONSET 5 (Merck Animal
Health).
[0011] In another embodiment the vaccine comprises live attenuated
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. This virus is also known
to be involved in respiratory diseases, in particular of bovine,
and thus, protection against this pathogen is believed to further
enhance the protective effect of the current vaccine against
respiratory disease.
[0012] It is noted that a vaccine in the sense of this invention is
a constitution suitable for application to an animal, comprising
one or more antigens in an immunologically effective amount (i.e.
capable of stimulating the immune system of the target animal
sufficiently to at least reduce the negative effects of a challenge
of the wild-type micro-organisms), typically combined with a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as a liquid containing
water, optionally comprising immunostimulating agents (adjuvants),
which upon administration to the animal induces an immune response
for treating a disease or disorder, i.e. aiding in preventing,
ameliorating or curing the disease or disorder. In general, a
vaccine can be manufactured by using art-known methods that
basically comprise admixing the antigens (or a composition
containing the antigens) with a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier, e.g. a liquid carrier such as (optionally buffered) water
or a solid carrier such as commonly used to obtain freeze-dried
vaccines. For a live vaccine an immunologically effective amount is
typically between 10.sup.4-10.sup.9 CFU/dose for bacteria and
between 10.sup.3-10.sup.10 TCID.sub.50/dose for viruses, although
depending on the attenuation the number may be lower (for less
attenuated micro-organisms) or higher (for more attenuated
micro-organisms). Optionally other substances such as adjuvants,
stabilisers, viscosity modifiers or other components are added
depending on the intended use or desired properties of the vaccine.
For vaccination many forms are suitable, in particular liquid
formulations (with dissolved, emulsified or suspended antigens;
typical administration volumes are between 0.1 and 10 ml,
preferably between 0.2 and 5 ml, preferably 2 ml or less) but also
solid formulations such as powders for atomisation devices may be
suitable.
[0013] The term attenuated as used herein refers to the
incapability of a microorganism, in particular a bacterium or
virus, of inducing a full suite of symptoms of the disease that is
normally associated with its virulent (often wild-type) pathogenic
counterpart. It may be attenuated such that it does not replicate
within a host cell or animal, or replicate at a rate which is not
significantly detrimental to the cell or animal, and/or does not
induce a detrimental host response. An attenuated strain may
exhibit a reduced ability to survive in a host, and may contain one
or more mutations in one or more virulence genes as is commonly
known in the art.
[0014] The invention will further be explained based on the
following examples.
EXAMPLE 1
[0015] Several atomization devices were assessed with respect to
the obtained particle size. In this example, three cannulas were
tested, which cannulas can be secured to standard syringes. The
first cannula is the LMA MAD Nasa.TM. ("MAD"), available from LMA
North America Inc, San Diego, Calif., USA. The second cannula is
the Rispoval applicator ("Pfizer"), available from Pfizer Animal
Health, Brussels, Belgium. The third cannula is a the 1'' blue flex
applicator nozzle available from Genesis Industries, Inc. Elmwood,
Wis., USA ("Genesis").
[0016] These cannulas were tested with regular WFI
(water-for-injection) and the obtained volume averaged droplet size
was established using a Sympatec.TM. particle size analyser. The
results are indicated below in Table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Mean droplet size with various cannulas
Cannula Volume average size Standard deviation type (diameter in
.mu.m) (.mu.m) MAD 32.8 8.8 Pfizer 39.5 4.6 Genesis 197 Not
determined
[0017] It appears that with all three cannulas atomization of the
WFI can be achieved. For the further experiments the MAD cannula
was used.
EXAMPLE 2
[0018] Two groups (called Group 1 and Group 2), consisting each of
twenty 2-week-old calves (clean catch and colostrum deprived) were
used for the experiments. Of each group, ten calves were vaccinated
once intranasally with a live Pasteurella multocida vaccine (see
below) and ten calves were left as unvaccinated control. At five
weeks of age all calves were challenged intratracheally with
wild-type Pasteurella multocida. During 7 days after challenge, the
calves were observed for the development of clinical signs of
respiratory disease, in particular pneumonia. At 7 days
post-challenge (or earlier in case of severe clinical signs), the
calves were killed and necropsied i.e. examined for lung lesions.
The experiments with the second group took place several months
after the experiments with the first group.
Vaccine
[0019] In both groups, a vaccine was used containing a Pasteurella
multocida .DELTA.hyaE strain, derived from the wild type P1062
serotype A:3 strain which lacks the capsule (see Genbank EMBL
AAK02858.1 for the gene). Just before administration, the bacteria
were dissolved in WFI (water for injection) to reach about
5*10.sup.7CFU/ml. The actual CFU/ml was 4*10.sup.7 for Group 1 and
8*10.sup.7 for Group 2.
[0020] Another experiment is foreseen wherein the vaccine in
addition to the above mentioned Pasteurella multocida strain,
contains live attenuated BRSV (for example the same strains as in
the product "Jencine 4", available from Merck Animal Health,
Summit, N.J., USA) and live attenuated Pi3 virus (for example the
same strain as in the product Bovilis IBR-PI3 live, available from
MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, The Netherlands).
Challenge Culture
[0021] For the challenge with wild type Pasteurella two challenge
cultures were made, one homologous with the vaccine strain, the
other heterologous. For the homologous challenge culture
Pasteurella multocida P1062 was inoculated on blood agar and
incubated 16-24 hours at 37.degree. C. Subsequently, one
inoculation loop was inoculated in 100 ml TPB and incubated for
7-10 hours at 37.degree. C. For the heterologous challenge culture
Pasteurella multocida 971/90 was inoculated on blood agar and
incubated 16 hours at 37.degree. C. Subsequently, one inoculation
loop was inoculated in 100 ml TPB and incubated for 4-5 hours at
37.degree. C.
[0022] Both cultures were diluted with PBS aiming at about
3.3.times.10.sup.8CFU/ml. It is noted that since Pasteurella
multocida is a secondary pathogen (i.e. in general it does not
cause disease), a very high challenge dose, in combination with
administration to the lower part of the respiratory tract (see
below), was required to induce pneumonia.
Vaccination
[0023] For each group, the calves were divided into two groups
(groups A and B) of 10 animals. Group A was vaccinated once
intranasally by administering 2 ml of the reconstituted live
vaccine in one nostril, Group B was left as unvaccinated controls.
In Group 1, the vaccine was administered using a normal plastic
syringe, which led to the vaccine being administered as a fluid
stream, breaking up in large droplets. In Group 2 the vaccine was
administered using the MAD device, which lead to atomization of the
vaccine.
Challenge
[0024] At 5 weeks of age (3 weeks after vaccination) all calves
were challenged intratracheally with 30 ml challenge culture, thus
aiming at a challenge dose of approximately 1.times.10.sup.10 CFU
per animal. Group 1 was challenged with the homologous culture,
Group 2 was challenged with the heterologous culture.
Safety Examination
[0025] In order to assess safety of the vaccine, the animals were
daily observed for general health and behaviour.
Post-Mortem Examination
[0026] Seven days after challenge the animals were subjected to a
post-mortem examination with special attention to the lungs. For
each lung lobe the % consolidation was recorded, which corresponds
to actual pneumonia. Also, Pasteurella multocida was reisolated
from post-mortem samples in order to determine the bacterial load
of the lungs with the bacterium. For this, tissue samples were
excised from eight standard sites representative of the lobes of
each half of the lung (4 sites per half); diseased tissue was
preferentially selected for each site, if it was present. The
mirror image samples (the two samples of the equivalent lobe on
each half) were pooled to give 4 samples per calf. Each pooled
sample was submerged in boiling water for 3 seconds, homogenized,
serially 10-fold diluted and inoculated (100 .mu.l) on blood agar
plates and then incubated for 16-24 hours at 37.degree. C.
Statistical Analysis
[0027] Lung consoldiation and re-isolation scores were evaluated by
the Mann-Whitney U test using the statistical programme Statistix
for Windows.
Results
Safety
[0028] Vaccination with both vaccines appeared to be safe, and no
clinical signs related to pneumonia or shock were observed.
Pneumonia and Re-Isolation
[0029] In tables 2 and 3, the results for the post-mortem scores
for pneumonia (percentage lung consolidation) and re-isolation of
Pasteurella multocida (log.sub.10 CFU) are shown for Group 1. As
can be seen, the results indicate that no substantial protective
effects could be obtained with the live Pasteuralla multocida
vaccine by administration of the vaccine in the form of a liquid
stream breaking up into large droplets. The actual uncertainty of
any effect was 0.43 for the lung consolidation and 0.60 for the
re-isolation scores.
[0030] In tables 4 and 5, corresponding results are indicated for
Group 2, vaccinated with the live vaccine administered to the upper
respiratory tract by atomization of the vaccine and challenged with
a heterologous PM strain (which when compared to a homologous
challenge typically makes it more difficult to obtain protection).
As can be seen, the lung lesion scores were substantially reduced
by about 50%. Although the statistical analysis revealed that there
is still an uncertainty of 0.12 (which is actually quite low given
the small group of animals), it is clear that there is at least
partial protection, despite the fact that the challenge was with a
heterologous wild-type Pasteurella multocida. With respect to
re-isolation, there appears to be a decrease in bacterial load by
1.5 logs, which equals a decrease in bacterial load of about a
factor 30 (that is a factor ten times as large as in Group 1). The
statistical uncertainty is only 0.10 despite the fact that the
experiment was carried out in such a small group.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 % consolidation of lungs, Group 1 Group
Vaccine total average score 1A live PM, liquid 82.4 1B -- 105.6
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Re-isolation (bacterial load in the lungs),
Group 1 Group Vaccine total average score 1A live PM, liquid 4.7 1B
-- 5.2
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 % consolidation of lungs, Group 2 Group
Vaccine total average score 2A live PM, atomisation 93 2B --
180
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Re-isolation (bacterial load in the lungs),
Group 2 Group Vaccine total average score 2A live PM, atomisation
2.8 2B -- 4.3
* * * * *