U.S. patent application number 13/870366 was filed with the patent office on 2014-05-22 for methods for removing contaminants from exhaust gases.
The applicant listed for this patent is Naresh J. Suchak. Invention is credited to Naresh J. Suchak.
Application Number | 20140140913 13/870366 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 49514768 |
Filed Date | 2014-05-22 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140140913 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Suchak; Naresh J. |
May 22, 2014 |
METHODS FOR REMOVING CONTAMINANTS FROM EXHAUST GASES
Abstract
A method for removing contaminants from a gas stream by feeding
the gas stream into a scrubber that can use seawater as the
scrubbing medium. The gas stream is first scrubbed with the
seawater and then mixed with ozone to remove the contaminants.
Nitrogen oxides that are present in the gas stream are converted to
nitric acid/nitrates and these are recovered via condensate or
coalesced mist for neutralization. The treated gas stream is then
exhausted to the atmosphere.
Inventors: |
Suchak; Naresh J.; (Glen
Rock, NJ) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Suchak; Naresh J. |
Glen Rock |
NJ |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
49514768 |
Appl. No.: |
13/870366 |
Filed: |
April 25, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61640128 |
Apr 30, 2012 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
423/235 ;
423/210; 423/243.03 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B01D 2257/404 20130101;
B01D 2251/104 20130101; B01D 53/56 20130101; B01D 2257/60 20130101;
B01D 2252/1035 20130101; B01D 53/64 20130101; B01D 2257/302
20130101; B01D 53/75 20130101; B01D 2258/0283 20130101; B01D 53/507
20130101; B01D 53/40 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
423/235 ;
423/210; 423/243.03 |
International
Class: |
B01D 53/75 20060101
B01D053/75; B01D 53/40 20060101 B01D053/40; B01D 53/64 20060101
B01D053/64; B01D 53/50 20060101 B01D053/50; B01D 53/56 20060101
B01D053/56 |
Claims
1. A method for removing contaminants from a gas stream comprising
the steps of: a) Feeding the gas stream containing contaminants
into a scrubber; b) Contacting the gas stream containing
contaminants with a scrubbing medium comprising seawater; c)
Contacting the gas stream containing contaminants with ozone; and
d) Recovering a gas stream free of contaminants.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said gas stream is a
flue gas from combustion and chemical processes.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the contaminants are
selected from the group consisting of particulates, sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, acid gases and heavy metals.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the contaminants react
with the ozone.
5. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the scrubber is
selected from the group consisting of spray type, venturi type,
rod, packed bed and plate column.
6. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein ozone is mixed with the
flue gas stream for a sufficient time for the contaminants to be
oxidized.
7. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the ozone is fed in an
amount of greater stoichiometry than the amount of nitrogen oxides
present in the gas stream.
8. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the gas stream
containing oxidized nitrogen oxides contacts a droplet
separator.
9. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a device
selected from the group consisting of a cooling coil, mist
eliminator and electro static precipitator being present in the
scrubber.
10. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the seawater is fed
into the scrubber through one or more distributors.
11. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein there is sufficient
time for contact between the ozone and the gas stream.
12. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein nitrates and nitric
acid are produced by contacting the gas stream containing
contaminants and ozone.
13. The method as claimed in claim 12 wherein the nitrates and
nitric acid are recovered and reused or disposed of.
14. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the seawater is used
on a once through basis or is recycled.
15. A method for removing contaminants from a gas stream comprising
the steps of: a) Feeding the gas stream containing contaminants
into a scrubber; b) Contacting the gas stream containing
contaminants with a scrubbing medium comprising seawater; c)
Feeding the gas stream containing contaminants to a droplet
separator in fluid communication with the scrubber; d) Contacting
the gas stream containing contaminants with ozone; and e)
Recovering a gas stream free of contaminants.
16. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein said gas stream is a
flue gas from combustion and chemical processes.
17. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein the contaminants are
selected from the group consisting of particulates, sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, acid gases and heavy metals.
18. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein the contaminants
react with the ozone.
19. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein the scrubber is
selected from the group consisting of spray type, venturi type,
rod, packed bed and plate column.
20. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein ozone is mixed with
the flue gas stream for a sufficient time for the contaminants to
be oxidized.
21. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein the ozone is fed in
an amount of greater stoichiometry than the amount of nitrogen
oxides present in the gas stream.
22. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein the gas stream
containing oxidized nitrogen oxides contacts a droplet
separator.
23. The method as claimed in claim 15 further comprising a device
selected from the group consisting of a cooling coil, mist
eliminator and electro static precipitator being present in the
scrubber.
24. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein the seawater is fed
into the scrubber through one or more distributors.
25. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein there is sufficient
time for contact between the ozone and the gas stream.
26. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein the seawater is used
on a once through basis or is recycled.
27. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein the ozone is injected
into the droplet separator.
28. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein nitrates and nitric
acid are produced by contacting the gas stream containing
contaminants and ozone.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority from U.S. provisional
application Ser. No. 61/640,128, filed Apr. 20, 2012.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The invention provides for methods for removing contaminants
selected from the group consisting of nitrogen oxides, sulfur
oxides, particulates, heavy metals and acid gases from gas streams.
More particularly, the invention provides for the removal of
contaminants from gas streams arising from engines and other
combustion devices on board ships and on land where seawater is
used for scrubbing of the combustion gas streams.
[0003] The invention can also treat exhaust gas streams from
chemical, metallurgical, partial and full combustion processes by
the removal of contaminants such as nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxides,
hydrochloric acid and particulate materials when co-scrubbing of
nitrogen oxides would generate nitrates that are objectionable
by-products.
[0004] The nitrogen oxides captured are separated from the other
contaminants in the gas stream. This produces a smaller quantity of
nitrate-containing liquid stream that needs to be processed before
it can be discharged or re-used.
[0005] Combustion and chemical processes generally result in gas
streams containing contaminants that need to be cleaned up before
the gas stream is exhausted to the atmosphere.
[0006] Large ocean freighters, ferries, ocean liners and navy
vessels use low cost hydrocarbon fuels that contain sulphur,
chlorine, nitrogen and metal compounds in hydrocarbons which
results in exhaust gases with contaminants such as acid gases,
particulate matter and heavy metals. As per new legislative
mandates, these large emitters need to clean up the flue gas stream
before exhausting it to the atmosphere. Amongst many technologies
and devices, aqueous scrubbing using seawater is one of the more
widely used techniques to remove acid gases such as sulfur oxides,
chlorine, hydrochloric acid, etc., particulates and other
contaminants. Seawater is mildly alkaline and generally used in
once through mode to neutralize the acidic components present in
the seawater to form salts that are permitted to be discharged back
to the ocean in an environmentally safe manner.
[0007] Many industrial installations using wet scrubbers such as
fluid catalytic cracker regenerators and electrical generation
along the sea coast use seawater for scrubbing in a once through or
recycle mode.
[0008] In combustion processes, in addition to sulfur oxides,
hydrochloric acid, chlorine and other acid gases, nitrogen oxides
are also formed due to a number of reasons such as high flame
temperature (thermal NO.sub.X), nitrogenous compounds present in
the fuel (fuel NO.sub.X) or nitrogenous content of material
subjected to combustion temperatures such as incineration of
waste.
[0009] Nitrogen oxides formed at temperatures above 1300.degree. F.
(.about.704.degree. C.) are mainly in the form of nitric oxide, NO.
Nitric oxide is the major component of nitrogen oxides in
combustion processes. Nitric oxide is almost insoluble in water so
aqueous scrubbing removes negligible amounts of nitric oxide from
nitrogen oxide streams. Coal, solid fuels, heavy oils and other
carbon feed stocks when combusted form exhaust gas streams that
contain particulate matter and other objectionable contaminants
such as heavy metals like mercury which may or may not be
effectively scrubbed by aqueous scrubbing operations.
[0010] Amongst all absorption processes, ozone-based processes as
described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,162,409; 5,206,002; and 7,303,735
provide multi-pollutant removal approaches and have been
implemented on flue gas arising from gas and coal fired boilers for
removal of multiple pollutants including nitrogen oxides, sulfur
oxides, particulates, etc. Ozone-based processes are also
industrially practiced in lowering emissions in metal pickling
processes, fluidized catalytic cracker (FCC) regenerators, and
metal recovery furnaces.
[0011] The method as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,162,409;
5,206,002; 6,649,132 and 7,303,735 uses the chemistry of nitrogen
oxide reaction with ozone to form higher oxides of nitrogen,
especially the pentavalent form or higher. These oxides are very
soluble in water and are easily removed by wet scrubbing. The
stoichiometric amount of ozone required to convert one mole of
nitrogen oxides in the form of NO to the pentavalent form is about
1.5 moles of ozone. This number is reduced to 0.5 moles of ozone if
the nitrogen oxides are in the form of NO.sub.2.
[0012] Although the methods described in these patents are
effective at achieving low levels of nitrogen oxides emissions in
the treated gas stream, they generate nitrate/nitric acid in the
scrubber purge. The nitrate/nitric acid needs to be treated and
disposed of in an environmentally safe way or must be utilized in
making a useful by-product. This all adds to the expense of
treating for the nitrogen oxides.
[0013] When seawater is used as a scrubbing medium, it is used in a
once through mode due to its limited alkalinity. This generates a
large quantity of liquid discharge from the wet scrubber. When
ozone is added for nitrogen oxides removal, the purge stream will
contain nitrates which will require treatment before discharge back
to the sea.
[0014] The invention is able to overcome the problems that earlier
methods have experienced. Contamination of scrubber purge with
nitrate is mitigated so that a large quantity of seawater can be
used in a once through scrubbing medium that can be safely
discharged without additional treatments. A separate scrubber for
nitrogen oxides removal is also not necessary thereby minimizing
capital investment in retrofitting acid gas (sulfur oxides,
hydrochloric acid, etc.) or particulate scrubbing equipment with
nitrogen oxides control.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0015] In one embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed a
method for removing contaminants from a gas stream comprising the
steps of: [0016] a) Feeding the gas stream containing contaminants
into a scrubber; [0017] b) Contacting the gas stream containing
contaminants with a scrubbing medium comprising seawater; [0018] c)
Contacting the gas stream containing contaminants with ozone; and
[0019] d) Recovering a gas stream free of contaminants.
[0020] In another embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed a
method for removing contaminants from a gas stream comprising the
steps of: [0021] a) Feeding the gas stream containing contaminants
into a scrubber; [0022] b) Contacting the gas stream containing
contaminants with a scrubbing medium comprising seawater; [0023] c)
Feeding the gas stream containing contaminants to a droplet
separator in fluid communication with the scrubber; [0024] d)
Contacting the gas stream containing contaminants with ozone; and
[0025] e) Recovering a gas stream free of contaminants.
[0026] The gas stream that is treated is typically a flue gas
stream from a combustion or chemical process. Typically too these
flue gas streams are from onboard ship processes or from operations
that are near the ocean where seawater is plentiful. These flue gas
streams typically contain contaminants selected from the group
consisting of particulates, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, acid
gases and heavy metals such as mercury.
[0027] The contaminants, particularly the sulfur oxides and the
nitrogen oxides will react when contacted with the ozone. These
reactions will also produce byproducts such as nitrates and nitric
acid which may be recovered for additional operational uses or they
may be treated and disposed of in preferably an environmentally
responsible manner.
[0028] The scrubber is typically selected from the group consisting
of spray type, venturi type, rod, packed bed and plate column
scrubbers. The scrubber employed in the methods of the invention
should be of sufficient size to allow for the ozone to mix with the
gas stream and remain in contact with the contaminants for a
sufficient enough time to oxidize the contaminants.
[0029] The ozone will be added in an amount of greater
stoichiometry than the amount of nitrogen oxides present in the gas
stream.
[0030] The gas stream containing the oxidized nitrogen oxides can
contact a droplet separator where nitric acid that is present in
the treated gas stream will condense and can be captured in the
liquid state.
[0031] The scrubber may further include a device selected from the
group consisting of a cooling coil, a mist eliminator and an
electro static precipitator (ESP). These devices can be used to
help condense certain of the reaction products of the reaction
between the contaminants and the ozone that will be present in the
gas stream as it rises through the scrubber. These condensed
reaction products can be recovered and recycled or treated for
disposal.
[0032] The seawater is preferably fed to the scrubber through a
system of one or more distributors so that the seawater more freely
contacts that gas stream containing the contaminants to be treated.
The seawater may be fed continuously into the scrubber or it may be
used on a recycle basis depending upon the needs of the
operator.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0033] FIG. 1 is a schematic of a scrubber incorporating ozone
addition to the flue gas stream.
[0034] FIG. 2 is a schematic of another scrubber showing the
addition of seawater and ozone and nitrate/nitric acid purge
recovery.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0035] Flue gas is quenched and scrubbed by seawater in a wet
scrubbing device which could be a standard spray type, venturi
type, rod, packed bed, plate column or other scrubber commonly used
in industrial operations for acid gas and particulate clean up. Wet
scrubbers such as EDV scrubber by Belco Technologies or Dynawave by
MECS could be employed in the invention. These scrubbers remove
particulates, sulfur oxides, hydrochloric acid and other
contaminants that are removed by a wet scrubber.
[0036] Ozone is then added to the scrubbed gas stream. The
oxidation of the nitrogen oxides is accomplished by mixing ozone
with the scrubbed gas stream and providing adequate reaction time
as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,303,735 and 7,766,995. Proper
oxidation of the nitrogen oxides in the presence of moisture will
result in the formation of nitric acid which is miscible with
water.
[0037] The flue gas containing the oxidized nitrogen oxides is then
subjected to a droplet separator to lower the carry-over mist or to
a controlled cooling on the condensing surface. The droplets in the
separator and/or on the condensing surface provide adequate surface
area to dissolve, condense, absorb and remove nitrogen oxides.
[0038] The droplets are collected to form a small aqueous stream in
the droplet separator/condenser and removed and if required
neutralized and handled for safe discharge or by product use.
[0039] The flue gas stream to be treated contains nitrogen oxides.
When ozone is mixed with this stream, the nitrogen oxides are
oxidized. If all the nitrogen oxides are in the form of nitric
oxide, stoichiometric amounts of ozone required to convert the
nitric oxide to dinitrogen pentoxide is 1.5 moles of ozone per mole
of nitrogen oxide. For every mole of NO.sub.2, only 0.5 moles of
ozone are required. Accordingly, a range of about 0.5 to 1.5 moles
of ozone per mole of nitrogen oxides can be added to the flue gas
stream to be treated. The nitrogen oxide oxidation to dinitrogen
pentoxide involve many reactions but for sake of brevity these
reactions can be simplified as follows:
NO+O.sub.3.fwdarw.NO.sub.2+O.sub.2 (1)
NO.sub.2+O.sub.3.fwdarw.NO.sub.3+O.sub.2 (2)
NO.sub.2+NO.sub.3.fwdarw.N.sub.2O.sub.5 (3)
[0040] The reaction (1) is an order of magnitude faster compared to
reaction (2). Reactions (1), (2) and (3) are somewhat consecutive
reactions. NO.sub.2 has finite solubility so unless the reaction is
brought forward to form oxides higher than NO.sub.2 removal of
nitrogen oxides in a wet scrubber is limited. In order to form
higher oxides without adding excess ozone, it is essential to mix
ozone well and provide the necessary reaction time while minimizing
back mixing. In order to achieve good nitrogen oxides removal, a
number of principles can be applied. The ozone for example can be
introduced in the gas phase by a distributor which uniformly
distributes ozone in the entire cross section of the flue gas flow.
The flow path can be selected for mixing oxygen where the gas flow
is turbulent. The velocity of the ozone containing gas stream's
injection into the flue gas can be maintained at least two times
and preferably three times or more than the flow velocity of the
flue gas stream.
[0041] Modern tools such as Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD)
modeling can be employed to ensure through mixing of ozone in the
flue gas stream in minimum time.
[0042] Conical or diverging nozzles in the distributor can quickly
disperse ozone into the cross section of the flowing flue gas
stream. Ozone can be mixed with large quantities of a diluent gas
and introduced into the distributor for mixing with the gas stream
containing the nitrogen oxides. The ozone too may be introduced in
a co-current or counter-current direction.
[0043] When oxidized, the nitrogen oxides are transformed into
their pentavalent form. The gas stream exiting the nitrogen oxides
treatment zone is saturated with vapor. The dinitrogen pentoxide
will react with the moisture in the gas phase forming nitric acid
in the gas phase:
N.sub.2O.sub.5+H.sub.2O.fwdarw.2HNO.sub.3(g) (4)
HNO.sub.3 (g) being soluble in all proportions with liquid water
will instantaneously dissolve in the condensing or coalescing water
droplets.
HNO.sub.3(g).fwdarw.HNO.sub.3(l) (5)
Some N.sub.2O.sub.5 since it is extremely soluble will directly
dissolve in the condensing or coalescing water droplets
N.sub.2O.sub.5+H.sub.2O(l).fwdarw.2HNO.sub.3(l) (6)
[0044] If there is alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxide,
carbonates or bicarbonates present in the coalescing droplets, they
will neutralize the nitric acid and form nitrates. If it is
condensing water vapor, then it will remain as nitric acid. In the
instant invention, nitrogen oxides can be removed using ozone in a
gas stream without intermingling nitrates/nitric acid with the rest
of contaminants without using dual scrubbers.
[0045] Turning to FIG. 1, a scrubber assembly is shown. Flue gas
which contains contaminants selected from the group consisting of
particulates, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and acid gases is fed
through line 1 into scrubber assembly 10. The flue gas containing
the contaminants will rise through the scrubber assembly 10 first
contacting seawater which is first fed through line 3 into a
cooling coil or mist eliminator A. The seawater will exit the
cooling coil or mist eliminator A through line 5 and be fed down to
join with the flue gas as it enters the scrubber assembly 10
through line 1. Line 6 will redirect the seawater through a number
of distributors C so that the flue gas will contact the seawater
and be quenched by this contact.
[0046] The flue gas which has been moistened by the seawater will
continue to rise through the scrubber assembly 10 and will contact
ozone that is fed through line 2 into the scrubber assembly 10. The
ozone will have sufficient space based on the size of the scrubber
assembly 10 to react with the nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides
present in the flue gas stream. This will allow for the requisite
contact time during which the ozone and nitrogen oxides and sulfur
oxides will react. Part of the reaction product will be nitric acid
which will condense or coalesce on a tray device D and will be
removed from the scrubber assembly 10 through line 9 for
neutralization and either reused as may be allowed or disposed of
in an environmentally friendly manner.
[0047] The treated gas stream will continue to rise through the
scrubber assembly 10 and will exit as exhaust through line 4. The
seawater which is used as the scrubbing medium in the scrubber
assembly 10 can be used as a once through or recycled depending
upon the operator's preferences. The used scrubbing agent is
captured at the bottom of the scrubbing assembly 10 and can be
withdrawn through line 7 with the aid of a pump B and purged from
the scrubber assembly 10 through line 8.
[0048] In a different embodiment of the invention, the ozone adding
device is a separate device from the scrubbing assembly. In FIG. 2,
scrubbing assembly 20 is attached to a droplet separator F. In the
top of the droplet separator F ozone is injected through line 13.
Flue gas is fed through line 11 and will rise through the scrubber
assembly 20 where it will contact the seawater fed through line 12
to a distribution assembly E. The moist scrubbed flue gas will exit
scrubber assembly 20 and enter droplet separator F.
[0049] At the top of the droplet separator F the flue gas will
contact the ozone where the nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides
present in the flue gas stream will oxidize and their reaction
products of nitrates and nitric acid will be collected and purged
through line 15. This stream can be treated and neutralized and
either used or disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner.
The treated flue gas stream will exit the droplet separator F
through line 14 and be evacuated to the atmosphere. The seawater
that is employed as the scrubbing medium can be used in a once
through manner or be recycled and used for several cycles of
treating the flue gas. The used seawater will leave the bottom of
the scrubber assembly 20 through line 16 and is assisted in its
removal through line 17 by pump G.
[0050] Alternatively, a wet electro static precipitator (ESP) can
be employed instead of a cooling coil or mist elimination device at
the top of the scrubbing assembly shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The wet
ESP condenses the nitric acid/nitrate over plates. Sulfur oxides
and acid gas scrubbing are accomplished by quenching or wetting
zones of the wet ESP and a small section downstream between the
wetting zone and the charged plates is an oxidizer for nitrogen
oxides. The seawater used in the wetting zone removes sulfur
oxides, hydrochloric acid and other contaminants whereas the
charged plates mainly capture the particulates, droplets and
nitrogen oxides.
[0051] In other embodiments, the invention can employ using an
aqueous medium instead of sea water in the wet scrubber with once
through or recirculation of aqueous medium through spray nozzles,
or flowing through packed, bubble or plate column. The flow of
liquid and gas can be counter current or co-current. Spray may be
projected to the walls of the scrubbers as is done in the EDV
scrubbers.
[0052] Mercury or other heavy metals when present in the flue gas
are oxidized along with the nitrogen oxides and can also be removed
on the condensing/coalescing surfaces along with the nitric
acid/nitrate. Using dry adsorbents in a fluidized form or in a
fixed bed can be used downstream of the wet scrubber to adsorb
moisture and oxidized nitrogen oxides/nitric acid.
[0053] The invention oxidizes nitrogen oxides with the addition of
ozone downstream of a wet scrubbing stage thereby separating
nitrogen oxides removal products such as nitric acid and/or
nitrates from the scrubbing of other contaminants present in the
gas stream being treated. The scrubbing is preferably performed
with seawater such as those industrial installations on sea coasts
and aboard ships in a once through mode in the scrubber and where
nitrate discharge is to be avoided.
[0054] The invention effectively scrubs sulfur oxides, hydrochloric
acid and other gases using seawater. A method of oxidizing nitrogen
oxides with ozone in the flue gas as described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,206,002. Condensing surfaces, droplet/mist separators or wet
electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) to capture oxidized nitrogen
oxides are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,409.
[0055] The method of the invention eliminates contamination of
nitrate/nitric acid in the particulate scrubber or the wet scrubber
for acid gas removal but also removes the need for a separate
scrubbing device for nitrogen oxides removal and minimizes purge
stream containing nitrate/nitric acid that could be neutralized and
disposed of in an environmentally responsible manner.
[0056] The small stream of liquid that is collected in the droplet
separation device or the cooler/condenser with nitric acid can be
neutralized, processed and disposed of in an environmentally safe
manner or sold/used as a by product.
[0057] The separation of other contaminants in the wet scrubber
leaves nitrate/nitric acid in a less contaminated form which limits
the biological methods that can be used in digesting nitrate/nitric
acid to nitrogen.
[0058] The invention is not limited to purely sea water scrubbing
but could be employed in conjunction with any industrial wet
scrubber meant for particulate and/or acid gas scrubbing.
[0059] The use of a single wet scrubber that provides for nitrogen
oxides removal without intermingling nitrate/nitric acid with other
contaminants is less expensive both in terms of capital and
operating expenses than prior processes requiring multiple
scrubbers.
[0060] The volume of nitrate/nitric acid formed by the inventive
process is also minimized and the absence of other contaminants in
the aqueous effluent stream makes this stream a useful by-product
such as a fertilizer. While this invention has been described with
respect to particular embodiments thereof, it is apparent that
numerous other forms and modifications of the invention will be
obvious to those skilled in the art. The appended claims in this
invention generally should be construed to cover all such obvious
forms and modifications which are within the true spirit and scope
of the invention.
* * * * *