U.S. patent application number 14/071927 was filed with the patent office on 2014-05-08 for low volatility herbicidal compositions.
The applicant listed for this patent is Monsanto Technology LLC. Invention is credited to John W. Hemminghaus, Alison MacInnes, Daniel R. Wright, Junhua Zhang.
Application Number | 20140128264 14/071927 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 49620302 |
Filed Date | 2014-05-08 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140128264 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hemminghaus; John W. ; et
al. |
May 8, 2014 |
LOW VOLATILITY HERBICIDAL COMPOSITIONS
Abstract
The present invention relates generally low volatility
herbicidal compositions comprising at least one auxin herbicide and
at least one monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof. The
invention further relates generally to methods for preparing and
using such low volatility herbicidal compositions, including
methods for controlling auxin-susceptible plant growth on
agricultural and non-agricultural lands.
Inventors: |
Hemminghaus; John W.; (St.
Louis, MO) ; MacInnes; Alison; (St. Louis, MO)
; Wright; Daniel R.; (St. Louis, MO) ; Zhang;
Junhua; (St. Louis, MO) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Monsanto Technology LLC |
St. Louis |
MO |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
49620302 |
Appl. No.: |
14/071927 |
Filed: |
November 5, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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61722700 |
Nov 5, 2012 |
|
|
|
61794769 |
Mar 15, 2013 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
504/147 ;
434/225; 504/323; 504/324 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01N 57/20 20130101;
G09B 19/00 20130101; A01N 37/02 20130101; A01N 37/40 20130101; A01N
39/04 20130101; A01N 37/04 20130101; A01N 37/02 20130101; A01N
25/22 20130101; A01N 37/40 20130101; A01N 39/04 20130101; A01N
57/02 20130101; A01N 2300/00 20130101; A01N 39/04 20130101; A01N
25/22 20130101; A01N 57/02 20130101; A01N 2300/00 20130101; A01N
37/40 20130101; A01N 25/22 20130101; A01N 57/02 20130101; A01N
2300/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
504/147 ;
504/324; 504/323; 434/225 |
International
Class: |
A01N 25/22 20060101
A01N025/22; G09B 19/00 20060101 G09B019/00 |
Claims
1. A herbicidal composition concentrate comprising: (a) at least
one auxin herbicide; and (b) at least one monocarboxylic acid, or a
monocarboxylate thereof; wherein the concentrate satisfies one or
more of the following conditions: the molar ratio of monocarboxylic
acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, to auxin herbicide is from about
1:10 to about 10:1; the acid equivalent weight ratio of
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, to auxin herbicide
is from about 1:10 to about 5:1; the concentrate comprises an
amount (acid equivalent weight) of the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, from about 0.25% to about 25% by weight of
the concentrate; the concentration of the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, is from about 1 gram (acid equivalent
weight)/L to about 250 grams (acid equivalent weight)/L; and the
concentrate comprises an amount of the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, sufficient to reduce the concentration of
volatilized auxin herbicide in the vapor phase surrounding the
concentrate by at least 10% relative to the concentration of
volatilized auxin herbicide in the vapor phase surrounding an
otherwise identical concentrate lacking the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof.
2. The herbicidal composition concentrate of claim 1, wherein the
molar ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, to
auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to about 10:1.
3. The herbicidal composition concentrate of claim 1, wherein the
acid equivalent weight ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, to auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to
about 5:1.
4. The herbicidal composition concentrate of claim 1, wherein the
concentrate comprises an amount (acid equivalent weight) of the
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, from about 0.25%
to about 25% by weight of the concentrate.
5. The herbicidal composition concentrate of claim 1, wherein: the
molar ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, to
auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to about 10:1; the acid
equivalent weight ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate
thereof, to auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to about 5:1; and
the concentrate comprises an amount (acid equivalent weight) of the
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, from about 0.25%
to about 25% by weight of the concentrate.
6. The herbicidal composition concentrate of claim 1, wherein the
concentrate comprises dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
or ester thereof.
7. The herbicidal composition concentrate of claim 1, wherein the
concentrate comprises 2,4-D, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
or ester thereof.
8. The herbicidal composition concentrate of claim 1, wherein the
concentrate comprises acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable
salt thereof.
9. The herbicidal composition concentrate of claim 1, wherein the
concentrate comprises dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
or ester thereof, and acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable
salt thereof.
10. The herbicidal composition concentrate of claim 1, wherein the
concentrate comprises 2,4-D, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
or ester thereof, and acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable
salt thereof.
11. The herbicidal composition concentrate of claim 1, wherein the
concentrate further comprises a non-auxin herbicide.
12. The herbicidal composition concentrate of claim 11, wherein the
non-auxin herbicide is glyphosate, or an agriculturally acceptable
salt thereof.
13. The herbicidal composition concentrate of claim 11, wherein the
non-auxin herbicide is glufosinate, or an agriculturally acceptable
salt thereof.
14. The herbicidal composition concentrate of claim 11, wherein the
concentrate satisfies one or more of the following conditions: the
sum of the concentration of auxin herbicide and the concentration
of non-auxin herbicide is from about 120 grams (acid equivalent
weight)/L to about 600 grams (acid equivalent weight)/L; the acid
equivalent weight ratio of auxin herbicide to non-auxin herbicide
is from about 1:5 to about 2:1; and the acid equivalent weight
ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, to auxin
herbicide is from about 1:10 to about 5:1.
15. The herbicidal composition concentrate of claim 1, wherein the
concentrate is a dry herbicidal composition.
16. The herbicidal composition concentrate of claim 1, wherein the
concentrate is a liquid herbicidal composition.
17. A herbicidal composition comprising: (a) at least one auxin
herbicide; (b) at least one monocarboxylic acid, or a
monocarboxylate thereof; and (c) water; wherein the composition
optionally comprises a non-auxin herbicide; and wherein the
composition satisfies one or more of the following conditions: the
molar ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, to
auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to about 10:1; the acid
equivalent weight ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate
thereof, to auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to about 5:1; the
composition comprises an amount (acid equivalent weight) of the
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, from about 0.1% to
about 25% by weight of the composition; the concentration of the
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, is from about 1
gram (acid equivalent weight)/L to about 250 grams (acid equivalent
weight)/L; and the composition comprises an amount of the
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, sufficient to
reduce the concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the
vapor phase surrounding the composition by at least 10% relative to
the concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the vapor phase
surrounding an otherwise identical composition lacking the
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof.
18. The herbicidal composition of claim 17, wherein the composition
comprises dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof; and acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof.
19. The herbicidal composition concentrate of claim 17, wherein the
composition comprises a non-auxin herbicide and satisfies one or
more of the following conditions: the sum of the concentration of
auxin herbicide and the concentration of non-auxin herbicide is
from about 1 gram (acid equivalent weight)/L to about 50 grams
(acid equivalent weight)/L; the acid equivalent weight ratio of
auxin herbicide to non-auxin herbicide is from about 1:5 to about
2:1; and the acid equivalent weight ratio of monocarboxylic acid,
or monocarboxylate thereof, to auxin herbicide is from about 1:10
to about 5:1.
20. The herbicidal composition of claim 19, wherein the composition
comprises dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof; acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof;
and glyphosate, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
21. The herbicidal composition concentrate of claim 19, wherein the
composition comprises dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
or ester thereof; acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof; and glufosinate, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof.
22. An adjuvant composition for use in the preparation of an
aqueous herbicidal application mixture, the composition comprising:
(a) acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; and
(b) alkali metal phosphate; wherein the composition satisfies one
or both of the following conditions: the molar ratio of acetic
acid, or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, to alkali metal
phosphate is from about 1:5 to about 5:1; and the composition
comprises an amount (acid equivalent weight) of the acetic acid, or
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, from about 2% to about 40%
by weight of the composition.
23. A method of controlling the growth of auxin-susceptible plants,
the method comprising the steps of: preparing an aqueous herbicidal
application mixture comprising an auxin herbicide; a monocarboxylic
acid, or a monocarboxylate thereof; and water; and applying a
herbicidally effective amount of the application mixture to the
auxin-susceptible plants; wherein the application mixture satisfies
one or more of the following conditions: the molar ratio of
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, to auxin herbicide
is from about 1:10 to about 10:1; the acid equivalent weight ratio
of monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, to auxin
herbicide is from about 1:10 to about 5:1; the composition
comprises an amount (acid equivalent weight) of the monocarboxylic
acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, from about 0.1% to about 25% by
weight of the application mixture; the concentration of the
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, is from about 1
gram (acid equivalent weight)/L to about 250 grams (acid equivalent
weight)/L; and the application mixture comprises an amount of the
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, sufficient to
reduce the concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the
vapor phase surrounding the application mixture by at least 10%
relative to the concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the
vapor phase surrounding an otherwise identical application mixture
lacking the monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof.
24. The method of claim 22, wherein the aqueous herbicidal
application mixture comprises dicamba, or an agriculturally
acceptable salt or ester thereof; and acetic acid, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
25. The method of claim 22, wherein the aqueous herbicidal
application mixture further comprises a source of non-auxin
herbicide.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein the application mixture
satisfies one or more of the following conditions: the sum of the
concentration of auxin herbicide and the concentration of non-auxin
herbicide is from about 1 gram (acid equivalent weight)/L to about
50 grams (acid equivalent weight)/L; the acid equivalent weight
ratio of auxin herbicide to non-auxin herbicide is from about 1:5
to about 2:1; and the acid equivalent weight ratio of
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, to auxin herbicide
is from about 1:10 to about 5:1.
27. The method of claim 25, wherein the application mixture
comprises dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof; acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof;
and glyphosate, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
28. The method of claim 25, wherein the application mixture
comprises dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof; acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof;
and glufosinate, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
29. A method of controlling off-site movement of an auxin
herbicide, the method comprising the steps of: preparing an aqueous
herbicidal application mixture comprising an auxin herbicide; a
monocarboxylic acid, or a monocarboxylate thereof; and water; and
applying a herbicidally effective amount of the application mixture
to auxin-susceptible plants; wherein the application mixture
satisfies one or more of the following conditions: the molar ratio
of monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, to auxin
herbicide is from about 1:10 to about 10:1; the acid equivalent
weight ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, to
auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to about 5:1; the composition
comprises an amount (acid equivalent weight) of the monocarboxylic
acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, from about 0.1% to about 25% by
weight of the application mixture; the concentration of the
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, is from about 1
gram (acid equivalent weight)/L to about 250 grams (acid equivalent
weight)/L; and the application mixture comprises an amount of the
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, sufficient to
reduce the concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the
vapor phase surrounding the application mixture by at least 10%
relative to the concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the
vapor phase surrounding an otherwise identical application mixture
lacking the monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof.
30. The method of claim 29, wherein the application mixture
comprises dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof; and acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof.
31. The method of claim 29, wherein the application mixture
comprises dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof; acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof;
and glyphosate, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
32. The method of claim 29, wherein the application mixture
comprises dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof; acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof;
and glufosinate, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
33. A method of reducing the volatility of an auxin herbicide, the
method comprising the step of contacting the auxin herbicide with a
volatility-lowering effective amount of a monocarboxylic acid, or a
monocarboxylate thereof.
34. The method of claim 33, wherein at least one of the following
conditions is satisfied: the molar ratio of the monocarboxylic
acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, contacted with the auxin
herbicide is from about 1:10 to about 10:1; the acid equivalent
weight ratio of the monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate
thereof, contacted with the auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to
about 5:1; and the amount of the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, contacted with the auxin herbicide is
sufficient to reduce the concentration of volatilized auxin
herbicide in the vapor phase by at least 10% relative to the
concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the vapor phase for
an auxin herbicide in the absence of the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof.
35. The method of claim 34, wherein the auxin herbicide comprises
dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof; and
the monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, is acetic
acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
36. A method of counseling an individual on the application of an
auxin herbicide to auxin-susceptible plants, the method comprising:
(a) identifying a source of an auxin herbicide; (b) instructing the
individual to prepare an aqueous herbicidal application mixture
from the source of auxin herbicide; and (c) additionally
instructing the individual to supplement the application mixture
with a monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, prior to
the application of the application mixture to the auxin-susceptible
plants.
37. The method of claim 36, wherein the auxin herbicide comprises
dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof; and
the monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, is acetic
acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
38. A method of counseling an individual on the application of an
auxin herbicide to auxin-susceptible plants, the method comprising:
(a) identifying a source of an auxin herbicide; (b) identifying a
source of a monocarboxylic acid, or a monocarboxylate thereof; and
(c) instructing the individual to prepare an aqueous herbicidal
application mixture from the source of auxin herbicide and the
source of monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, for
application to the auxin-susceptible plants.
39. The method of claim 38, wherein the auxin herbicide comprises
dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof; and
the monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, is acetic
acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional
Application Ser. No. 61/722,700 filed on Nov. 5, 2012, and U.S.
Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/794,769 filed on Mar. 15, 2013.
The entire text of those provisional applications is incorporated
by reference into this application.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates generally to low volatility
herbicidal compositions comprising at least one auxin herbicide and
at least one monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof. The
invention further relates generally to methods for preparing and
using such low volatility herbicidal compositions, including
methods for controlling auxin-susceptible plant growth on
agricultural and non-agricultural lands.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Auxin herbicides, such as dicamba
(3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) and 2,4-D
(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), are commonly used to control
auxin-susceptible plant growth on both agricultural and
non-agricultural lands. Volatility and drift, however, are problems
frequently associated with these herbicides. Volatile auxin
herbicides can, under certain application conditions, vaporize into
the surrounding atmosphere and migrate from the application site to
adjacent crop plants, such as soybeans and cotton, where contact
damage to sensitive plants can occur. Spray drift can be attributed
to both volatility and the physical movement of small particles
from the target site to adjacent crop plants.
[0004] Prior approaches to reducing herbicide volatility have
included efforts to identify herbicide salts and formulations
exhibiting lower volatility. As one example, the diglycolamine salt
of dicamba exhibits a lower volatility than the dimethylamine salt
of dicamba. Although lower volatility auxin herbicide salts and
formulations have been reported, further reduction in the
volatility and off-target movement of auxin herbicides is still
desirable.
[0005] Another approach to reducing auxin herbicide volatility has
focused on encapsulation, for example, absorbing the auxin
herbicide into solid phase natural or synthetic polymer, or
microencapsulating the auxin herbicide in a polymer shell. Due to
technological challenges and other factors, however, commercial
encapsulation products that satisfactorily reduce auxin herbicide
volatility have not been developed.
[0006] Accordingly, auxin herbicide compositions having reduced
volatility relative to currently available compositions would be
desirable, particularly reduced-volatility compositions that
exhibit no significant reduction in herbicidal effectiveness
relative to currently available compositions.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0007] In one aspect, the present invention provides herbicidal
compositions comprising at least one auxin herbicide; at least one
monocarboxylic acid, or agriculturally acceptable monocarboxylate
thereof; and, optionally, a non-auxin herbicide; wherein the
compositions exhibit reduced volatility relative to an otherwise
identical composition lacking the monocarboxylic acid or
monocarboxylate thereof. In one embodiment, the auxin herbicide is
selected from dicamba, or a agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof, and 2,4-D, or an agriculturally acceptable salt of ester
thereof. In one embodiment, the composition comprises an acetate
salt. In another embodiment, the non-auxin herbicide is glyphosate,
or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
[0008] In another aspect, the invention provides a herbicidal
adjuvant composition comprising a monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, and, optionally, an alkali metal
phosphate, that can serve as the source of monocarboxylic acid, or
a monocarboxylate thereof, used in the preparation of the
herbicidal compositions of the present invention.
[0009] In another aspect, the invention provides methods of
reducing the volatility of an auxin herbicide, wherein the methods
comprise the step of contacting an auxin herbicide with a
volatility-lowering effective amount of a monocarboxylic acid, or a
monocarboxylate thereof, thereby reducing the volatility of the
auxin herbicide.
[0010] In another aspect, the invention provides methods of
controlling the growth of auxin-susceptible plants, wherein the
methods comprise applying to the auxin-susceptible plants a
herbicidal composition application mixture comprising at least one
auxin herbicide; at least one monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof; and, optionally, a non-auxin herbicide;
wherein the application mixture exhibits reduced auxin herbicide
volatility relative to an otherwise identical application mixture
lacking the monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof.
[0011] In another aspect, the invention provides methods of
controlling off-site movement of an auxin herbicide, wherein the
methods comprise contacting the auxin herbicide with a
volatility-lowering effective amount of a monocarboxylic acid, or a
monocarboxylate thereof, prior to application of the auxin
herbicide.
[0012] In another aspect, the invention provides methods of
counseling an individual regarding the preparation and/or
application of an auxin herbicide.
[0013] Further benefits of the present invention will be apparent
to one skilled in the art from reading this patent application. The
embodiments of the invention described in the following paragraphs
are intended to illustrate the invention and should not be deemed
to narrow the scope of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0014] The present invention provides herbicidal compositions
comprising an auxin herbicide wherein the compositions exhibit
reduced volatility and/or vapor drift upon application with respect
to the auxin herbicide. Specifically, the compositions comprise, in
addition to the auxin herbicide, at least one monocarboxylic acid,
or monocarboxylate thereof, in an amount sufficient to reduce the
volatility of the auxin herbicide relative to an otherwise
identical composition lacking the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof.
[0015] It has been discovered that the addition of a sufficient
amount of a monocarboxylic acid, or a monocarboxylate thereof
(particularly a non-ammoniated monocarboxylate salt), to a
herbicidal composition concentrate or a herbicidal composition
application mixture (e.g., a "tank mix") results in a significant
reduction in the level of volatile auxin herbicide detected. For
some compositions, the amount of volatile auxin herbicide present
is actually below the detection level of sophisticated analytical
methods such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). As
compared to auxin compositions known in the art, it is believed
that the compositions of the present invention provide enhanced
protection from off-target crop injury while maintaining comparable
herbicidal efficacy on auxin-susceptible plants located in the
target area.
[0016] The present invention is additionally directed to methods
for controlling the growth of auxin-susceptible plants, comprising
applying the herbicidal compositions of the present invention to
such plants in accordance with the guidance provided below.
A. AUXIN HERBICIDE COMPONENT
[0017] The term "auxin herbicide" refers to a herbicide that
functions as a mimic of an auxin plant growth hormone, thereby
affecting plant growth regulation. Examples of auxin herbicides
that are suitable for use in the herbicidal compositions of the
present invention include, without limitation, benzoic acid
herbicides, phenoxy herbicides, pyridine carboxylic acid
herbicides, pyridine oxy herbicides, pyrimidine carboxy herbicides,
quinoline carboxylic acid herbicides, and benzothiazole
herbicides.
[0018] Specific examples of auxin herbicides include: [0019]
Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxy benzoic acid); [0020] 2,4-D
(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid); [0021] 2,4-DB
(4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid); [0022] Dichloroprop
(2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid); [0023] MCPA
((4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid); [0024] MCPB
(4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic acid); [0025] Aminopyralid
(4-amino-3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid); [0026] Clopyralid
(3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid); [0027] Fluoroxypyr
([(4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid);
[0028] Triclopyr ([(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid);
[0029] Diclopyr; [0030] Mecoprop
(2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid); [0031] Mecoprop-P;
[0032] Picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic
acid); [0033] Quinclorac (3,7-dichloro-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid);
and [0034] Aminocyclopyrachlor
(6-amino-5-chloro-2-cyclopropyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid);
[0035] including salts and esters thereof; racemic mixtures and
resolved isomers thereof; and combinations thereof.
[0036] In one embodiment, the herbicidal composition comprises
dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof.
Examples of suitable dicamba salts include the
N,N-bisdaminopropylimethylamine, monoethanolamine, dimethylamine
(e.g., BANVEL.RTM., ORACLE.RTM., etc.), isopropylamine,
diglycolamine (e.g., CLARITY.RTM., VANQUISH.RTM., etc.), potassium,
and sodium salts, and combinations thereof. Commercially available
sources of dicamba, and its agriculturally acceptable salts,
include those products sold under the trade names BANVEL.RTM.,
CLARITY.RTM., DIABLO.RTM., DISTINCT, ORACLE.RTM., VANQUISH.RTM.,
and VISION.RTM..
[0037] In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition comprises
an agriculturally acceptable dicamba salt, wherein the salt is
selected from the group consisting of
N,N-bis-[aminopropyl]methylamine, monoethanolamine, dimethylamine,
isopropylamine, diglycolamine, potassium, and sodium salts, and
combinations thereof.
[0038] Throughout the remainder of the description of the
invention, where reference is made to dicamba, or an agriculturally
acceptable salt or ester thereof, one skilled in the art will
understand that the principles of the present invention apply to
auxin herbicides generally, including those described above, and
that the present invention is not limited to herbicidal
compositions containing dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable
salt or ester thereof.
[0039] In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition comprises
2,4-D, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof.
Examples of suitable 2,4-D salts include the choline,
dimethylamine, and isopropylamine salts, and combinations thereof.
Examples of suitable 2,4-D esters include the methyl, ethyl,
propyl, butyl (2,4-DB), and isooctyl esters, and combinations
thereof. Commercially available sources of 2,4-D, and its
agriculturally acceptable salts and esters, include those products
sold under the trade names BARRAGE.RTM., FORMULA 40.RTM.,
OPT-AMINE.RTM., and WEEDAR 64.RTM..
[0040] In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition comprises
an agriculturally acceptable 2,4-D salt, wherein the salt is
selected from the group consisting of choline, dimethylamine, and
isopropylamine salts, and combinations thereof.
[0041] In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition comprises
an agriculturally acceptable 2,4-D ester, wherein the ester is
selected from the group consisting of butyl (i.e., 2,4-DB) and
isooctyl esters, and combinations thereof.
[0042] In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition comprises
at least two auxin herbicides, for example, dicamba, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, and 2,4-D, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof.
B. MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID/MONOCARBOXYLATE COMPONENT
[0043] "Monocarboxylic acid" refers to a hydrocarbon or substituted
hydrocarbon containing only one carboxy functional group (i.e.,
R.sup.1--C(O)OH). "Monocarboxylate" refers to a salt (i.e.,
R.sup.1--C(O)OM wherein M is an agriculturally acceptable cation)
or ester (i.e., R.sup.1--C(O)OR.sup.2 wherein R.sup.2 is
hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon) of a monocarboxylic acid.
In one embodiment, the composition comprises at least one
monocarboxylate salt, which in aqueous compositions may be present,
in whole or in part, in dissociated form as a monocarboxylate anion
and the corresponding cation.
[0044] Representative monocarboxylic acids and monocarboxylates
generally comprise a hydrocarbon or unsubstituted hydrocarbon
selected from, for example, unsubstituted or substituted, straight
or branched chain alkyl (e.g., C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl such as
methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, etc.); unsubstituted or
substituted, straight or branched chain alkenyl (e.g.,
C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkyl such as ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl,
etc.); unsubstituted or substituted aryl (e.g., phenyl,
hydroxyphenyl, etc.); or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl
(e.g., benzyl).
[0045] In one embodiment, the herbicidal composition comprises a
monocarboxylate salt having the formula R.sup.1--C(O)OM, wherein
R.sup.1 is unsubstituted or substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl and
M is a non-ammoniated, agriculturally acceptable cation. In another
embodiment, the herbicidal composition comprises a monocarboxylate
salt having the formula R.sup.1--C(O)OM, wherein R.sup.1 is
unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl and M is an alkali metal salt.
In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition comprises a
monocarboxylate salt having the formula R.sup.1--C(O)OM, wherein
R.sup.1 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl and M is an alkali
metal salt selected from sodium and potassium. In another
embodiment, the monocarboxylate salt is potassium acetate. In
another embodiment, the monocarboxylate salt is sodium acetate.
[0046] The term "agriculturally acceptable salt" refers to a salt
comprising a cation that is known and accepted in the art for the
formation of salts for agricultural or horticultural use. In one
embodiment, the salt is a water-soluble salt.
C. ALKALI METAL PHOSPHATE/ALKALI METAL CARBONATE
[0047] The herbicidal compositions of the present invention
optionally may further comprise an alkali metal phosphate such as
dipotassium phosphate. Dipotassium phosphate, for example, can
provide additional buffering and/or water-conditioning for aqueous
herbicidal compositions of the present invention. Dipotassium
phosphate is particularly effective as a replacement for ammonium
sulfate in herbicidal composition application mixtures prepared
using hard water.
[0048] Similarly, the herbicidal compositions of the present
invention optionally may further comprise an alkali metal
carbonate, such as potassium carbonate, to provide additional
buffering and/or water-conditioning for aqueous herbicidal
compositions of the present invention.
[0049] In some embodiments, the herbicidal compositions of the
present invention comprise an alkali metal phosphate. In other
embodiments, the herbicidal compositions comprise an alkali metal
carbonate. In still other embodiments, the herbicidal compositions
comprise an alkali metal phosphate and an alkali metal
carbonate.
D. NON-HERBICIDE ADDITIVES
[0050] The herbicidal compositions of the present invention
optionally may further comprise conventional additives such as
surfactants, drift reduction agents, safeners, solubility enhancing
agents, thickening agents, flow enhancers, foam-moderating agents,
freeze protectants, UV protectants, preservatives, antimicrobials,
and/or other additives that are necessary or desirable to improve
the performance, crop safety, or handling of the composition.
[0051] In one embodiment, the herbicidal composition comprises less
than about 10 ppm of ammonium sulfate. In another embodiment, the
herbicidal composition does not comprise ammonium sulfate.
[0052] In one embodiment, the herbicidal composition does not
comprise an acid that is a non-monocarboxylic acid.
E. NON-AUXIN HERBICIDE COMPONENTS
[0053] The herbicidal compositions of the present invention
optionally may further comprise at least one non-auxin herbicide.
The term "non-auxin herbicide" refers to a herbicide having a
primary mode of action other than as an auxin herbicide.
Representative examples of non-auxin herbicides include acetyl CoA
carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, acetolactate synthase (ALS)
inhibitors, acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) inhibitors,
photosystem II inhibitors, photosystem I inhibitors,
protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO or Protox) inhibitors, carotenoid
biosynthesis inhibitors, enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP)
synthase inhibitor, glutamine synthetase inhibitor, dihydropteroate
synthetase inhibitor, mitosis inhibitors, and nucleic acid
inhibitors; salts and esters thereof; racemic mixtures and resolved
isomers thereof; and combinations thereof.
[0054] Representative examples of ACCase inhibitors include
clethodim, clodinafop, fenoxaprop-P, fluazifop-P, quizalofop-P, and
sethoxydim.
[0055] Representative examples of ALS or AHAS inhibitors include
flumetsulam, imazamethabenz-m, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr,
imazaquin, imazethapyr, metsulfuron, prosulfuron, and
sulfosulfuron.
[0056] Representative examples of photosystem I inhibitors include
diquat and paraquat.
[0057] Representative examples of photosystem II inhibitors include
atrazine, cyanazine, diuron, and metibuzin.
[0058] Representative examples of PPO inhibitors include
acifluorofen, butafenacil, carfentrazone-ethyl, flufenpyr-ethyl,
fluthiacet, flumiclorac, flumioxazin, fomesafen, lactofen,
oxadiazon, oxyfluorofen, and sulfentrazone.
[0059] Representative examples of carotenoid biosynthesis
inhibitors include aclonifen, amitrole, diflufenican, mesotrione,
and sulcotrione.
[0060] A representative example of an EPSP inhibitor is
N-phosphonomethyl glycine (glyphosate).
[0061] A representative example of a glutamine synthetase inhibitor
is glufosinate.
[0062] A representative example of a dihydropteroate synthetase
inhibitor is asulam.
[0063] Representative examples of mitosis inhibitors include
acetochlor, alachlor, dithiopyr, S-metolachlor, and thiazopyr.
[0064] Representative examples of nucleic acid inhibitors include
difenzoquat, fosamine, metham, and pelargonic acid.
[0065] In one embodiment, the herbicidal compositions of the
present invention further comprise a non-auxin herbicide selected
from the group consisting of acetochlor, glyphosate, glufosinate,
flumioxazin, fomesafen, and agriculturally acceptable salts
thereof.
[0066] In one embodiment, the herbicidal compositions of the
present invention further comprise glyphosate, or an agriculturally
acceptable salt thereof. Suitable glyphosate salts include, for
example, the ammonium, diammonium, dimethylammonium,
monoethanolamine, isopropylamine, and potassium salts, and
combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the glyphosate salts are
selected from the group consisting of monoethanolamine,
isopropylamine, and potassium salts, and combinations thereof.
[0067] In one embodiment, the herbicidal compositions of the
present invention comprise dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable
salt or ester thereof, and glyphosate, or an agriculturally
acceptable salt thereof. In another embodiment, the herbicidal
compositions of the present invention comprise dicamba, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; glyphosate, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; and a non-ammoniated,
agriculturally acceptable acetate salt. Commercially available
sources of glyphosate, and its agriculturally acceptable salts,
include those products sold under the trade names DURANGO.RTM.
DMA.RTM., HONCHO PLUS.RTM., ROUNDUP POWERMAX.RTM., ROUNDUP
WEATHERMAX.RTM., TRAXION.RTM., and TOUCHDOWN.RTM..
[0068] In one embodiment, the herbicidal compositions of the
present invention comprise 2,4-D, or an agriculturally acceptable
salt or ester thereof, and glyphosate, or an agriculturally
acceptable salt thereof. In another embodiment, the herbicidal
compositions of the present invention comprise 2,4-D, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof; glyphosate, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; and a non-ammoniated,
agriculturally acceptable acetate salt.
F. COMPONENT LOADING
[0069] Suitable amounts, concentrations, and/or molar ratios of the
auxin herbicide, monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof,
and optional non-auxin herbicide and non-herbicide additive
components of the herbicidal compositions of the present invention
will depend to some extent upon whether the composition is a
ready-to-use composition, a concentrate to be diluted with water
prior to application (e.g., a "premix"), or a herbicidal
composition prepared by combining two or more herbicide components,
water, and, optionally, other non-herbicide components (e.g., a
"tank mix").
1. Herbicide Loading:
[0070] Concentrated herbicidal compositions of the present
invention typically comprise on an acid equivalent basis (a.e.),
for example, from about 120 to about 600 g a.e./L, from about 300
to about 600 g a.e./L, from about 350 to about 600 g a.e./L, from
about 400 to about 600 g a.e./L, from about 450 to about 600 g
a.e./L, or from about 500 to about 600 g a.e./L total herbicide
loading. Additional examples of representative total herbicide
loading include 120, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550,
and 600 g a.e./L, and ranges thereof (i.e., from about 120 to about
150 g a.e./L, from about 150 to about 200 g a.e./L, from about 200
to about 250 g a.e./L, from about 250 to about 300 g a.e./L, from
about 300 to about 350 g a.e./L, from about 350 to about 400 g
a.e./L from about 400 to about 450 g a.e./L, from about 450 to
about 500 g a.e./L, from about 500 to about 550 g a.e./L, from
about 550 to about 600 g a.e./L total herbicide loading).
[0071] Ready-to-use herbicidal compositions and other herbicidal
compositions of the present invention requiring no further
processing prior to application (e.g., diluted concentrates, tank
mixes, etc.) typically will comprise on an acid equivalent basis
(a.e.) from about 0.1 g a.e./L to about 50 g a.e./L total herbicide
loading.
[0072] In herbicidal compositions of the present invention
comprising an auxin herbicide and a non-auxin herbicide, the weight
ratio on an acid equivalent basis of the auxin herbicide to the
non-auxin herbicide is typically no greater than about 50:1, for
example, about 50:1, 25:1, 10:1, 5:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:5,
about 1:10, or ranges thereof such as from about 50:1 to about
1:10, from about 50:1 to about 1:5, from about 50:1 to about 1:1,
from about 50:1 to about 3:1, from about 50:1 to about 5:1, from
about 50:1 to about 10:1, from about 25:1 to about 1:1, or from
about 25:1 to about 3:1.
[0073] For any given auxin herbicide, one skilled in the art can
readily determine using routine experimentation a minimum
concentration of auxin herbicide and a minimum ratio of auxin
herbicide to any additional auxin herbicides and/or non-auxin
herbicides contained in the herbicidal composition that is
desirable for the intended application.
2. Monocarboxylic Acid/Monocarboxylate Loading:
[0074] As previously noted, it has been discovered that the
concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the vapor phase
surrounding a herbicidal composition comprising an auxin herbicide
and a monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, is less than
the concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the vapor phase
surrounding a reference composition lacking the monocarboxylic acid
or monocarboxylate, but otherwise having the same composition. In
various embodiments, the concentration of volatilized auxin
herbicide in the vapor phase surrounding a herbicidal composition
comprising an auxin herbicide and a monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, is less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%,
30%, 20%, 10%, or 5% of the concentration of volatilized auxin
herbicide in the vapor phase surrounding the reference composition
lacking the monocarboxylate.
[0075] The herbicidal compositions of the present invention may
comprise a single monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof,
or a mixture of two or more monocarboxylic acids, or
monocarboxylates thereof.
[0076] The monocarboxylic acid or monocarboxylate loading of the
herbicidal composition generally will depend upon the auxin
herbicide loading of the herbicidal composition, the salt form of
the auxin herbicide, and the properties of any other components of
the herbicidal composition, and will be an amount sufficient to
reduce the volatility of the auxin herbicide relative to a
reference composition lacking the monocarboxylic acid or
monocarboxylate, but otherwise having the same composition. For
example, the monoethanolamine and diethanolamine salts of dicamba
are less volatile than the dimethylamine and isopropylamine salts
of dicamba and the loading required for the less volatile salts may
be less than the loading required for the more volatile salts. In
addition, the loading of the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, can vary with the specific combination of
auxin herbicide, optional non-auxin herbicide, and monocarboxylic
acid, or monocarboxylate thereof.
[0077] In the herbicidal compositions of the present invention the
molar ratio of the auxin herbicide to the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, is typically no less than about 1:10 and
no greater than about 10:1. Representative molar ratios of auxin
herbicide acid equivalent (a.e.) to total monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, are, for example, from 1:10 to about 10:1,
from about 1:5 to about 5:1, and from about 3:1 to about 1:3. In
one embodiment, the molar ratio of auxin herbicide to
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, is about 1:1.
3. Alkali Metal Phosphate/Alkali Metal Carbonate Loading
[0078] When the herbicidal composition comprises an alkali metal
phosphate, such as dipotassium phosphate, the molar ratio of the
alkali metal phosphate to the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, can range, for example, from about 1:5 to
about 5:1, from about 3:1 to about 1:3, or from about 2:1 to about
1:2. In one embodiment, the molar ratio of alkali metal phosphate
to monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, is about
1:1.
[0079] When the herbicidal composition comprises an alkali metal
carbonate, such as potassium carbonate, the molar ratio of the
alkali metal carbonate to the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, can range, for example, from about 1:5 to
about 5:1, from about 3:1 to about 1:3, or from about 2:1 to about
1:2. In one embodiment, the molar ratio of alkali metal carbonate
to monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, is about
1:1.
G. HERBICIDAL COMPOSITION EMBODIMENTS
[0080] The herbicidal compositions can be presented in various
forms depending upon the intended use and handling properties
desired. For example, the herbicidal compositions of the present
invention can be prepared in dry powder form or in liquid form,
particularly aqueous solutions or dispersions. The term "aqueous"
as used in this application, however, is not intended to exclude
the presence of non-aqueous (i.e., organic) solvents as long as
water is present. Water is the predominant component of the
ready-to-use compositions and tank mix compositions disclosed in
this application.
[0081] Among the various composition presentations of the invention
are the following:
[0082] (a) a ready-to-use aqueous herbicidal composition that can
be applied to unwanted plants without the need for further dilution
with water or other preparation;
[0083] (b) a herbicidal composition concentrate that is diluted
with water, and optionally combined with other herbicide and
non-herbicide materials, prior to application (including, e.g., dry
mixes and premixes);
[0084] (c) a herbicidal composition application mixture prepared by
diluting a herbicidal composition concentrate with water to form
the herbicidal composition application mixture which then can be
applied to auxin-susceptible plants;
[0085] (d) a herbicidal composition application mixture prepared by
combining two or more separate components with water (e.g., a tank
mix) to form the herbicidal composition application mixture which
then can be applied to auxin-susceptible plants; and
[0086] (e) a herbicidal composition application mixture prepared by
introducing separate feed streams to a spraying or application
system so that the feed streams are co-mixed to form the herbicidal
composition application mixture immediately prior to use.
[0087] In various embodiments, the herbicidal compositions
(ready-to-use, liquid concentrate, tank mix, etc.) have a pH that
is equal to or higher than the acid dissociation constant (pKa) of
the monocarboxylic acid present in the composition. For example, in
certain embodiments, the herbicidal compositions comprise acetic
acid (which has a pKa of about 4.8) and have a pH equal to or
greater than about 4.8. In the case of herbicidal compositions
comprising dicamba and an effective amount of acetic acid, dicamba
volatility generally decreases as composition pH increases with
dicamba volatility reaching substantially non-detectable levels at
a composition pH of about 5.2 as measured in a plant response
study.
1. Illustrative Composition Embodiments
Concentrates
[0088] One embodiment of the invention is directed to a herbicidal
composition concentrate comprising:
[0089] at least one auxin herbicide; and
[0090] at least one monocarboxylic acid, or a monocarboxylate
thereof;
[0091] wherein the concentrate satisfies one or more of the
following conditions:
[0092] the molar ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate
thereof, to auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to about 10:1;
[0093] the acid equivalent weight ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, to auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to
about 5:1;
[0094] the concentrate contains an amount of the monocarboxylic
acid, or
[0095] monocarboxylate thereof, from about 0.25% to about 25% by
weight of the concentrate;
[0096] the concentration of the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, is from about 1 gram (acid equivalent
weight)/L to about 250 grams (acid equivalent weight)/L; and
[0097] the concentrate comprises an amount of the monocarboxylic
acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, sufficient to reduce the
concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the vapor phase
surrounding the concentrate by at least 10% relative to the
concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the vapor phase
surrounding an otherwise identical concentrate lacking the
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof.
[0098] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises at least one auxin herbicide selected from
the group consisting of dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable
salt or ester thereof, and 2,4-D, or an agriculturally acceptable
salt or ester thereof.
[0099] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
or ester thereof. In another embodiment, the concentrate comprises
a dicamba salt selected from the group consisting of
N,N-bis-[aminopropyl]methylamine, monoethanolamine, dimethylamine,
isopropylamine, diglycolamine, potassium, and sodium salts, and
combinations thereof.
[0100] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises 2,4-D, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
or ester thereof. In another embodiment, the concentrate comprises
a 2,4-D salt selected from the group consisting of choline,
dimethylamine, and isopropylamine salts, and combinations thereof.
In another embodiment, the concentrate comprises a 2,4-D ester
selected from the group consisting of butyl (i.e., 2,4-DB) and
isooctyl esters, and combinations thereof.
[0101] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises a monocarboxylate salt.
[0102] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises a C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkanoic acid, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. In other embodiments, the
herbicidal composition concentrate comprises a
C.sub.1-C.sub.5-alkanoic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof. In other embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises a C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkanoic acid, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. In other embodiments, the
herbicidal composition concentrate comprises a
C.sub.1-C.sub.3-alkanoic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof. In other embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable
salt thereof. In other embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises formic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable
salt thereof.
[0103] In further embodiments, the monocarboxylate salt or acetate
salt is a non-ammoniated salt. In another embodiment, the
monocarboxylate salt or acetate salt is an alkali metal salt. In
another embodiment, the monocarboxylate salt or acetate salt is a
potassium salt. In another embodiment, the monocarboxylate salt or
acetate salt is a sodium salt.
[0104] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate further comprises a buffer.
[0105] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate further comprises an alkali metal phosphate, such as
dipotassium phosphate.
[0106] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate is a dry powder herbicidal composition.
[0107] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate is an aqueous herbicidal composition.
[0108] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate further comprises a non-auxin herbicide. In another
embodiment, the non-auxin herbicide is selected from the group
consisting of acetochlor, glyphosate, glufosinate, flumioxazin,
fomesafen, and agriculturally acceptable salts thereof. In another
embodiment, the non-auxin herbicide is glyphosate, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. In another embodiment, the
concentrate comprises a glyphosate salt selected from the group
consisting of ammonium, diammonium, dimethylammonium,
monoethanolamine, isopropylamine, and potassium salts, and
combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the concentrate
comprising a non-auxin herbicide satisfies one or more of the
following conditions:
[0109] the sum of the concentration of Auxin herbicide and the
concentration of non-auxin herbicide is from about 120 grams (acid
equivalent weight)/L to about 600 grams (acid equivalent
weight)/L;
[0110] the acid equivalent weight ratio of auxin herbicide to
non-auxin herbicide is from about 1:5 to about 2:1; and
[0111] the acid equivalent weight ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, to auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to
about 5:1.
2. Illustrative Composition Embodiments
Application Mixtures
[0112] One embodiment of the invention is directed to a herbicidal
composition comprising:
[0113] at least one auxin herbicide; and
[0114] at least one monocarboxylic acid, or a monocarboxylate
thereof;
[0115] wherein the composition satisfies one or more of the
following conditions:
[0116] the molar ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate
thereof, to auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to about 10:1;
[0117] the acid equivalent weight ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, to auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to
about 5:1;
[0118] the composition contains an amount of the monocarboxylic
acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, from about 0.1% to about 25% by
weight of the composition;
[0119] the concentration of the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, is from about 1 gram (acid equivalent
weight)/L to about 250 grams (acid equivalent weight)/L; and
[0120] the composition comprises an amount of the monocarboxylic
acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, sufficient to reduce the
concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the vapor phase
surrounding the composition by at least 10% relative to the
concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the vapor phase
surrounding an otherwise identical composition lacking the
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof.
[0121] In further embodiments, the composition comprises at least
one auxin herbicide selected from the group consisting of dicamba,
or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, and 2,4-D,
or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof.
[0122] In further embodiments, the composition comprises dicamba,
or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof. In another
embodiment, the composition comprises a dicamba salt selected from
the group consisting of N,N-bis-[aminopropyl]methylamine,
monoethanolamine, dimethylamine, isopropylamine, diglycolamine,
potassium, and sodium salts, and combinations thereof.
[0123] In further embodiments, the composition comprises 2,4-D, or
an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof. In another
embodiment, the composition comprises a 2,4-D salt selected from
the group consisting of choline, dimethylamine, and isopropylamine
salts, and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the
composition comprises a 2,4-D ester such as 2,4-DB.
[0124] In further embodiments, the composition comprises a
monocarboxylate salt.
[0125] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises a C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkanoic acid, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. In other embodiments, the
herbicidal composition concentrate comprises a
C.sub.1-C.sub.5-alkanoic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof. In other embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises a C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkanoic acid, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. In other embodiments, the
herbicidal composition concentrate comprises a
C.sub.1-C.sub.3-alkanoic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof. In other embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable
salt thereof. In other embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises formic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable
salt thereof.
[0126] In further embodiments, the monocarboxylate salt or acetate
salt is a non-ammoniated salt. In another embodiment, the
monocarboxylate salt or acetate salt is an alkali metal salt. In
another embodiment, the monocarboxylate salt or acetate salt is a
potassium salt. In another embodiment, the monocarboxylate salt or
acetate salt is a sodium salt.
[0127] In further embodiments, the composition further comprises a
buffer.
[0128] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate further comprises an alkali metal phosphate, such as
dipotassium phosphate.
[0129] In further embodiments, the composition is an aqueous
herbicidal composition.
[0130] In further embodiments, the composition further comprises a
non-auxin herbicide.
[0131] In another embodiment, the non-auxin herbicide is selected
from the group consisting of acetochlor, glyphosate, glufosinate,
flumioxazin, fomesafen, and agriculturally acceptable salts
thereof. In another embodiment, the non-auxin herbicide is
glyphosate, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. In
another embodiment, the concentrate comprises a glyphosate salt
selected from the group consisting of ammonium, diammonium,
dimethylammonium, monoethanolamine, isopropylamine, and potassium
salts, and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the
concentrate comprising a non-auxin herbicide satisfies one or more
of the following conditions:
[0132] the sum of the concentration of auxin herbicide and the
concentration of non-auxin herbicide is from about 1 gram (acid
equivalent weight)/L to about 50 grams (acid equivalent
weight)/L;
[0133] the acid equivalent weight ratio of auxin herbicide to
non-auxin herbicide is from about 1:5 to about 2:1; and the acid
equivalent weight ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate
thereof, to auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to about 5:1.
3. Illustrative Composition Embodiments
Dicamba Concentrate
[0134] Compositions of particular interest include herbicidal
compositions comprising dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable
salt or ester thereof; acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable
salt thereof; and, optionally, glyphosate, or an agriculturally
acceptable salt thereof.
[0135] One embodiment of the invention is directed to a herbicidal
composition concentrate comprising:
[0136] dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof; and
[0137] acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof;
[0138] wherein the molar ratio of acetic acid, or agriculturally
acceptable salt thereof, to dicamba, or agriculturally acceptable
salt or ester thereof, is from about 1:10 to about 10:1.
[0139] In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises:
[0140] (a) dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof; and
[0141] (b) acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof;
[0142] wherein the acid equivalent weight ratio of acetic acid, or
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, to dicamba, or
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, is from about 1:10
to about 5:1.
[0143] In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises:
[0144] (a) dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof; and
[0145] (b) acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof;
[0146] wherein the concentrate contains an amount of the acetic
acid, or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.25%
to about 25% by weight of the concentrate.
[0147] In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises:
[0148] (a) dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof; and
[0149] (b) acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof;
[0150] wherein the concentration of the acetic acid, or
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, is from about 1 gram (acid
equivalent weight)/L to about 250 grams (acid equivalent
weight)/L.
[0151] In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises:
[0152] (a) dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof; and
[0153] (b) acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof;
[0154] wherein the concentration of dicamba, or an agriculturally
acceptable salt or ester thereof, is from about 120 grams (acid
equivalent weight)/L to about 600 grams
[0155] (acid equivalent weight)/L.
[0156] In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises:
[0157] (a) dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof; and
[0158] (b) acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof;
[0159] wherein the concentration of dicamba, or an agriculturally
acceptable salt or ester thereof, is from about 120 grams (acid
equivalent weight)/L to about 600 grams (acid equivalent weight)/L;
and
[0160] wherein the acid equivalent weight ratio of acetic acid, or
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, to dicamba, or
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, is from about 1:10
to about 5:1.
[0161] In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises:
[0162] (a) dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof; and
[0163] (b) acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof;
[0164] wherein the concentrate comprises an amount of the acetic
acid, or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, sufficient to
reduce the concentration of volatilized dicamba, or agriculturally
acceptable salt or ester thereof, in the vapor phase surrounding
the concentrate by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,
90%, or 95% relative to the concentration of volatilized dicamba,
or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, in the vapor
phase surrounding an otherwise identical concentrate lacking the
acetic acid, or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
[0165] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises a dicamba salt selected from the group
consisting of N,N-bis-[aminopropyl]methylamine, monoethanolamine,
dimethylamine, isopropylamine, diglycolamine, potassium, and sodium
salts, and combinations thereof.
[0166] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises an acetate salt. In another embodiment, the
acetate salt is an alkali metal salt. In another embodiment, the
acetate salt is a potassium salt. In another embodiment, the
acetate salt is a sodium salt.
[0167] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate further comprises a buffer.
[0168] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate further comprises an alkali metal phosphate, such as
dipotassium phosphate.
[0169] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate is a dry powder herbicidal composition.
[0170] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate is an aqueous herbicidal composition.
[0171] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate further comprises a non-auxin herbicide. In another
embodiment, the non-auxin herbicide is selected from the group
consisting of acetochlor, glyphosate, glufosinate, flumioxazin,
fomesafen, and agriculturally acceptable salts thereof. In another
embodiment, the concentrate comprising a non-auxin herbicide
satisfies one or more of the following conditions:
[0172] the sum of the concentration of auxin herbicide and the
concentration of non-auxin herbicide is from about 120 grams (acid
equivalent weight)/L to about 600 grams (acid equivalent
weight)/L;
[0173] the acid equivalent weight ratio of auxin herbicide to
non-auxin herbicide is from about 1:5 to about 2:1; and
[0174] the acid equivalent weight ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, to auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to
about 5:1.
4. Illustrative Composition Embodiments
Dicamba/Glyphosate Concentrate
[0175] One embodiment of the invention is directed to a herbicidal
composition concentrate comprising:
[0176] (a) dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof;
[0177] (b) glyphosate, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof; and
[0178] (c) acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof;
[0179] wherein the molar ratio of acetic acid, or agriculturally
acceptable salt thereof, to dicamba, or agriculturally acceptable
salt or ester thereof, is from about 1:10 to about 10:1.
[0180] In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises:
[0181] (a) dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof;
[0182] (b) glyphosate, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof; and
[0183] (c) acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof;
[0184] wherein the acid equivalent weight ratio of acetic acid, or
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, to dicamba, or
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, is from about 1:10
to about 5:1.
[0185] In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises:
[0186] (a) dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof;
[0187] (b) glyphosate, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof; and
[0188] (c) acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof;
[0189] wherein the concentrate contains an amount of the acetic
acid, or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, from about 0.25%
to about 25% by weight of the concentrate.
[0190] In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises:
[0191] (a) dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof;
[0192] (b) glyphosate, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof; and
[0193] (c) acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof;
[0194] wherein the concentration of the acetic acid, or
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, is from about 1 gram (acid
equivalent weight)/L to about 250 grams (acid equivalent
weight)/L.
[0195] In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises:
[0196] (a) dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof;
[0197] (b) glyphosate, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof; and
[0198] (c) acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof;
[0199] wherein the sum of the concentration of dicamba, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, and the
concentration of glyphosate, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof, is from about 120 grams (acid equivalent weight)/L to
about 600 grams (acid equivalent weight)/L. In another embodiment,
the sum of the concentration of dicamba, or an agriculturally
acceptable salt or ester thereof, and the concentration of
glyphosate, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, is from
about 360 grams (acid equivalent weight)/L to about 480 grams (acid
equivalent weight)/L.
[0200] In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises:
[0201] (a) dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof;
[0202] (b) glyphosate, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof; and
[0203] (c) acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof;
[0204] wherein the sum of the concentration of dicamba, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, and the
concentration of glyphosate, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof, is from about 120 grams (acid equivalent weight)/L to
about 600 grams (acid equivalent weight)/L; and
[0205] wherein the acid equivalent weight ratio of dicamba, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, to glyphosate, or
an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, is from about 1:5 to
about 2:1.
[0206] In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises:
[0207] (a) dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof;
[0208] (b) glyphosate, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof; and
[0209] (c) acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof;
[0210] wherein the sum of the concentration of dicamba, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, and the
concentration of glyphosate, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof, is from about 120 grams (acid equivalent weight)/L to
about 600 grams (acid equivalent weight)/L;
[0211] wherein the acid equivalent weight ratio of dicamba, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, to glyphosate, or
an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, is from about 1:5 to
about 2:1; and
[0212] wherein the acid equivalent weight ratio of acetic acid, or
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, to dicamba, or
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, is from about 1:10
to about 5:1.
[0213] In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises:
[0214] (a) dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof;
[0215] (b) glyphosate, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof; and
[0216] (c) acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof;
[0217] wherein the concentrate comprises an amount of the acetic
acid, or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, sufficient to
reduce the concentration of volatilized dicamba, or agriculturally
acceptable salt or ester thereof, in the vapor phase surrounding
the concentrate by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,
90%, or 95% relative to the concentration of volatilized dicamba,
or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, in the vapor
phase surrounding an otherwise identical concentrate lacking the
acetic acid, or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
[0218] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises a dicamba salt selected from the group
consisting of N,N-bis-[aminopropyl]methylamine, monoethanolamine,
dimethylamine, isopropylamine, diglycolamine, potassium, and sodium
salts, and combinations thereof.
[0219] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate comprises an acetate salt. In another embodiment, the
acetate salt is an alkali metal salt. In another embodiment, the
acetate salt is a potassium salt. In another embodiment, the
acetate salt is a sodium salt.
[0220] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate further comprises a buffer.
[0221] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate further comprises an alkali metal phosphate, such as
dipotassium phosphate.
[0222] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate is a dry powder herbicidal composition.
[0223] In further embodiments, the herbicidal composition
concentrate is an aqueous herbicidal composition.
[0224] In another embodiment, the concentrate comprises a
glyphosate salt selected from the group consisting of ammonium,
diammonium, dimethylammonium, monoethanolamine, isopropylamine, and
potassium salts, and combinations thereof.
[0225] In another embodiment, the concentrate satisfies one or more
of the following conditions:
[0226] the sum of the concentration of dicamba, or agriculturally
acceptable salt thereof, and the concentration of glyphosate, or
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, is from about 120 grams
(acid equivalent weight)/L to about 600 grams (acid equivalent
weight)/L;
[0227] the acid equivalent weight ratio of dicamba, or
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, to glyphosate, or
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, is from about 1:5 to about
2:1; and
[0228] the acid equivalent weight ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, to dicamba, or agriculturally acceptable
salt thereof, is from about 1:10 to about 5:1.
5. Illustrative Composition Embodiments
Dicamba Application Mixture
[0229] In further embodiments, the herbicidal compositions
correspond to the compositions described above in the "Illustrative
Composition Embodiment (Application Mixture)" section wherein the
auxin herbicide is dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or
ester thereof.
6. Illustrative Composition Embodiments
Dicamba/Glyphosate Application Mixture
[0230] In further embodiments, the herbicidal compositions
correspond to the compositions described above in the "Illustrative
Composition Embodiment (Application Mixture)" section wherein the
auxin herbicide is dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or
ester thereof, and the compositions further comprise glyphosate, or
an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof.
7. Illustrative Composition Embodiments
2,4-D
[0231] Compositions of particular interest also include herbicidal
compositions comprising 2,4-D, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
or ester thereof; acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof; and, optionally, glyphosate, or an agriculturally
acceptable salt thereof.
[0232] In further embodiments, the herbicidal compositions
correspond to the compositions described above in the "Illustrative
Composition Embodiment (Dicamba Concentrate)," "Illustrative
Composition Embodiment (Dicamba/Glyphosate Concentrate),"
"Illustrative Composition Embodiment (Dicamba Application
Mixture)," and "Illustrative Composition Embodiment
(Dicamba/Glyphosate Application Mixture)" sections except that the
dicamba, or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, is
replaced with 2,4-D, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof.
H. HERBICIDAL COMPOSITION ADJUVANT
[0233] As discussed in more detail later, in certain embodiments
the methods of controlling the growth of auxin-susceptible plants
involve the preparation of an application mixture by combining a
source of auxin herbicide (e.g., CLARITY.RTM.); a source of
monocarboxylic acid, or a monocarboxylate thereof; an optional
source of non-auxin herbicide (e.g., DURANGO.RTM. or
POWERMAX.RTM.); and water. Another embodiment of the present
invention, therefore, is directed to a herbicidal adjuvant
composition comprising a monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate
thereof, and, optionally, an alkali metal phosphate, that can serve
as the source of monocarboxylic acid, or a monocarboxylate thereof,
used in the preparation of the application mixture.
[0234] In one embodiment, the adjuvant composition for use in the
preparation of the herbicidal composition application mixture
comprises:
[0235] (a) at least one monocarboxylic acid, or a monocarboxylate
thereof; and
[0236] (b) an alkali metal phosphate;
[0237] wherein the molar ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, to alkali metal phosphate is from about
1:5 to about 5:1.
[0238] In various embodiments, the adjuvant composition comprises a
C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkanoic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof. In other embodiments, the adjuvant composition comprises a
C.sub.1-C.sub.5-alkanoic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof. In other embodiments, the adjuvant composition comprises a
C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkanoic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof. In other embodiments, the adjuvant composition comprises a
C.sub.1-C.sub.3-alkanoic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof. In other embodiments, the adjuvant composition comprises
acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. In other
embodiments, the adjuvant composition comprises formic acid, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
[0239] In another embodiment, the adjuvant composition for use in
the preparation of the herbicidal composition application mixture
comprises:
[0240] (a) at least one monocarboxylic acid, or a monocarboxylate
thereof; and
[0241] (b) an alkali metal phosphate;
[0242] wherein the molar ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, to alkali metal phosphate is from about
1:5 to about 5:1; and
[0243] wherein the composition contains an amount of the
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, from about 2% to
about 40% by weight of the composition.
[0244] In another embodiment, the adjuvant composition for use in
the preparation of the aqueous herbicidal application mixture
comprises:
[0245] (a) acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof; and
[0246] (b) an alkali metal phosphate;
[0247] wherein the molar ratio of acetic acid, or agriculturally
acceptable salt thereof, to alkali metal phosphate is from about
1:5 to about 5:1.
[0248] In another embodiment, the adjuvant composition for use in
the preparation of the aqueous herbicidal application mixture
comprises:
[0249] (a) acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof; and
[0250] (b) an alkali metal phosphate;
[0251] wherein the molar ratio of acetic acid, or agriculturally
acceptable salt thereof, to alkali metal phosphate is from about
1:5 to about 5:1; and
[0252] wherein the composition contains an amount of the acetic
acid, or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, from about 2% to
about 40% by weight of the composition.
[0253] In various embodiments of the adjuvant composition, the
composition is a dry powder composition.
[0254] In various embodiments of the adjuvant composition, the
composition is a liquid composition, particularly an aqueous
composition.
[0255] In various embodiments of the adjuvant composition, the
composition comprises a non-ammoniated monocarboxylate or acetate
salt. In other embodiments, the salt is an alkali metal salt, such
as an alkali metal salt. In other embodiments, the salt is a
potassium salt or a sodium salt, such as potassium acetate and
sodium acetate.
[0256] In various embodiments of the adjuvant composition, the
alkali metal phosphate is dipotassium phosphate.
[0257] In various embodiments of the adjuvant composition, the
composition comprises potassium acetate and dipotassium
phosphate.
I. METHODS OF REDUCING THE VOLATILITY OF AN AUXIN HERBICIDE
[0258] Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a
method of reducing the volatility of an auxin herbicide. The method
generally comprises the step of contacting an auxin herbicide with
a volatility-lowering effective amount of a monocarboxylic acid, or
a monocarboxylate thereof, thereby reducing the volatility of the
auxin herbicide.
[0259] In one embodiment, the contacting step satisfies at least
one of the following conditions:
[0260] the molar ratio of the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, contacted with the auxin herbicide is from
about 1:10 to about 10:1;
[0261] the acid equivalent weight ratio of the monocarboxylic acid,
or monocarboxylate thereof, contacted with the auxin herbicide is
from about 1:10 to about 5:1; and
[0262] the amount of the monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate
thereof, contacted with the auxin herbicide is sufficient to reduce
the concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the vapor phase
by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95%
relative to the concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the
vapor phase for an auxin herbicide in the absence of the
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof.
[0263] Volatilization can be measured by conventional means known
to those skilled in the art. In one such method, for example, a gas
stream is passed over an auxin herbicide composition and the auxin
herbicide volatilizes from the composition into the gas stream
which is then quantitatively analyzed for auxin herbicide content
by methods known in the art. In another method, an auxin herbicide
composition is distilled and the distillation condensate and/or
distilled composition is analyzed for auxin herbicide content. In
still another method, auxin herbicide volatilization is
qualitatively assessed in a plant response study on a chosen
sensitive species which will be clear to one of skill in the
art.
[0264] It is believed that the addition of the monocarboxylic acid,
or monocarboxylate thereof, at the loading values discussed above
to the herbicidal compositions of the present invention effectively
reduces auxin herbicide volatility and the associated crop injury
without significantly reducing auxin herbicide effectiveness.
[0265] In one embodiment, no reduction in auxin herbicide
effectiveness is observed for a herbicidal composition of the
present invention relative to a reference composition lacking the
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, but otherwise
having the same composition.
[0266] In another embodiment, the auxin herbicide effectiveness of
a herbicidal composition of the present invention is at least about
80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the auxin herbicide effectiveness of
a reference composition lacking the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, but otherwise having the same
composition.
[0267] In another embodiment, a reduced rate of crop injury is
observed for a herbicidal composition of the present invention
relative to a reference composition lacking the monocarboxylic
acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, but otherwise having the same
composition.
[0268] In another embodiment, the rate of crop injury associated
with a herbicidal composition of the present invention is less than
about 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, or 50% of the crop injury associated with
a reference composition lacking the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, but otherwise having the same
composition.
[0269] In another embodiment, a reduction in the rate of crop
injury and no reduction in auxin herbicide effectiveness are
observed for the herbicidal compositions of the present invention
relative to a reference composition lacking the monocarboxylic
acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, but otherwise having the same
composition.
[0270] In another embodiment, the herbicidal composition loading of
the monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, is sufficient
to provide both commercially acceptable weed control and a
commercially acceptable rate of crop injury.
[0271] A "commercially acceptable rate of weed control" varies with
the weed species, degree of infestation, environmental conditions,
and the associated crop plant. Typically, commercially effective
weed control is defined as least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,
85%, 90%, 95%, or even greater than 95%. Although it is generally
preferable from a commercial viewpoint that 80-85% or more of the
weeds be destroyed, commercially significant weed control can occur
at much lower levels, particularly with some very noxious,
herbicide-resistant plants. "Weed control," as used herein, refers
to any observable measure of control of plant growth, which can
include one or more of the actions of (1) killing, (2) inhibiting
growth, reproduction or proliferation, and (3) removing,
destroying, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and activity of
plants. Weed control can be measured by any of the various methods
known in the art. For example, weed control can be determined as a
percentage as compared to untreated plants following a standard
procedure wherein a visual assessment of plant mortality and growth
reduction is made by one skilled in the art specially trained to
make such assessments. In another control measurement method,
control is defined as an average plant weight reduction percentage
between treated and untreated plants. Preferably, commercial weed
control is achieved at no greater than 30 days after treatment
(DAT), such as from 18 to 30 DAT.
[0272] A "commercially acceptable rate of crop injury" for the
present invention likewise varies with the crop plant species.
Typically, a commercially acceptable rate of crop injury is defined
less than about 20%, 15%, 10% or even less than about 5%. Crop
damage can be measured by any means known in the art, such as those
describe above for weed control determination. Preferably, crop
damage appears no more than from 10% to 20% at no greater than 30
DAT, such as from 3 to 21 or from 3 to 30 DAT.
J. METHODS OF CONTROLLING GROWTH OF AUXIN-SUSCEPTIBLE PLANTS
[0273] Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to
methods of controlling the growth of auxin-susceptible plants,
particularly those growing in and/or adjacent to a field of crop
plants. The methods generally comprise applying to the
auxin-susceptible plants an aqueous herbicidal composition mixture
comprising at least one auxin herbicide; at least one
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof; and, optionally, a
non-auxin herbicide; wherein the application mixture exhibits
reduced auxin herbicide volatility relative to an otherwise
identical application mixture lacking the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof.
[0274] The aqueous herbicidal composition mixture applied to the
auxin-susceptible plants can be provided, for example, in the
following manner:
[0275] (a) as a ready-to-use aqueous herbicidal composition that
can be applied without the need for further dilution with water or
other preparation;
[0276] (b) as a herbicidal composition application mixture prepared
by diluting with water any of the herbicidal composition
concentrates within in the scope of the present disclosure;
[0277] (c) as a herbicidal composition application mixture prepared
by combining two or more separate components with water (e.g., a
tank mix);
[0278] (d) as a herbicidal composition application mixture prepared
by introducing separate feed streams to a spraying or application
system so that the feed streams are co-mixed immediately prior to
use; or
[0279] (e) in any other manner reasonably adapted to apply to
auxin-susceptible plants a herbicidal composition comprising the
auxin herbicide in admixture with the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof.
[0280] In one embodiment, the methods of controlling the growth of
auxin-susceptible plants comprise the steps of:
[0281] (a) preparing an aqueous herbicidal application mixture by
diluting with water a herbicidal composition concentrate of any of
the herbicidal composition concentrates disclosed in this
application; and
[0282] (b) applying a herbicidally effective amount of the
application mixture to the auxin-susceptible plants.
[0283] In another embodiment, the preparing step does not comprise
separately introducing a pH-lowering agent (e.g., an acidifying
agent) with the concentrate and water during the preparation of the
application mixture; wherein the pH-lowering agent is one that is
capable of lowering the pH of the application mixture in the
absence of any buffering provided by other components of the
application mixture.
[0284] In one embodiment, the methods of controlling the growth of
auxin-susceptible plants comprise the steps of:
[0285] (a) combining a source of auxin herbicide; a source of
monocarboxylic acid, or a monocarboxylate thereof; and water to
prepare an aqueous herbicidal application mixture; and
[0286] (b) applying a herbicidally effective amount of the
application mixture to the auxin-susceptible plants;
[0287] wherein the application mixture satisfies one or more of the
following conditions:
[0288] the molar ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate
thereof, to auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to about 10:1;
[0289] the acid equivalent weight ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, to auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to
about 5:1;
[0290] the composition contains an amount of the monocarboxylic
acid, or
[0291] monocarboxylate thereof, from about 0.1% to about 25% by
weight of the composition;
[0292] the concentration of the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, is from about 1 gram (acid equivalent
weight)/L to about 250 grams (acid equivalent weight)/L; and
[0293] the application mixture comprises an amount of the
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, sufficient to
reduce the concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the
vapor phase surrounding the application mixture by at least 10%
relative to the concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the
vapor phase surrounding an otherwise identical application mixture
lacking the monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof.
[0294] In another embodiment, the methods of controlling the growth
of auxin-susceptible plants comprise the steps of:
[0295] (a) combining a source of auxin herbicide; a source of
non-auxin herbicide, or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; a
source of monocarboxylic acid, or a monocarboxylate thereof; and
water to prepare an aqueous herbicidal application mixture; and
[0296] (b) applying a herbicidally effective amount of the
application mixture to the auxin-susceptible plants;
[0297] wherein the application mixture satisfies one or more of the
following conditions:
[0298] the molar ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate
thereof, to auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to about 10:1;
[0299] the acid equivalent weight ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, to auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to
about 5:1;
[0300] the composition contains an amount of the monocarboxylic
acid, or
[0301] monocarboxylate thereof, from about 0.1% to about 25% by
weight of the composition;
[0302] the concentration of the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, is from about 1 gram (acid equivalent
weight)/L to about 250 grams (acid equivalent weight)/L; and
[0303] the application mixture comprises an amount of the
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, sufficient to
reduce the concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the
vapor phase surrounding the application mixture by at least 10%
relative to the concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the
vapor phase surrounding an otherwise identical application mixture
lacking the monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof.
[0304] When the methods of controlling the growth of
auxin-susceptible plants involve the use of a herbicidal
composition application mixture comprising a non-auxin herbicide,
the application mixture generally satisfies one or more of the
following conditions:
[0305] the sum of the concentration of auxin herbicide and the
concentration of non-auxin herbicide is from about 1 gram (acid
equivalent weight)/L to about 50 grams (acid equivalent
weight)/L;
[0306] the acid equivalent weight ratio of auxin herbicide to
non-auxin herbicide is from about 1:5 to about 2:1; and
[0307] the acid equivalent weight ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, to auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to
about 5:1.
[0308] In various embodiments of the described methods of
controlling the growth of auxin-susceptible plants, the application
mixture comprises a non-auxin herbicide is selected from the group
consisting of acetochlor, glyphosate, glufosinate, flumioxazin,
fomesafen, and agriculturally acceptable salts thereof. In one
embodiment, the application mixture comprises glyphosate, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
[0309] In various embodiments of the described methods of
controlling the growth of auxin-susceptible plants, the auxin
herbicide is selected from the group consisting of dicamba, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, and 2,4-D, or an
agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof.
[0310] In various embodiments of the described methods of
controlling the growth of auxin-susceptible plants, the auxin
herbicide is dicamba, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof.
[0311] In various embodiments of the described methods of
controlling the growth of auxin-susceptible plants, the auxin
herbicide is 2,4-D, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester
thereof.
[0312] In various embodiments of the described methods of
controlling the growth of auxin-susceptible plants, the application
mixture comprises a monocarboxylate salt.
[0313] In various embodiments of the described methods of
controlling the growth of auxin-susceptible plants, the application
mixture comprises acetic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt
thereof.
[0314] In various embodiments of the described methods of
controlling the growth of auxin-susceptible plants, the
monocarboxylate or acetate salt is a non-ammoniated salt. In still
other embodiments, the salt is an alkali metal salt. In still other
embodiments, the salt is a potassium salt. In still other
embodiments, the salt is a sodium salt.
[0315] In various embodiments of the described methods of
controlling the growth of auxin-susceptible plants, the application
mixture further comprises a buffer.
[0316] In various embodiments of the described methods of
controlling the growth of auxin-susceptible plants, the application
mixture further comprises an alkali metal phosphate, such as
dipotassium phosphate.
[0317] In various embodiments of the described methods of
controlling the growth of auxin-susceptible plants, the combining
step does not comprise separately introducing a pH-lowering agent
with the source of auxin herbicide; the source of monocarboxylic
acid, or monocarboxylate thereof; and water during the preparation
of the application mixture; wherein the pH-lowering agent is one
that is capable of lowering the pH of the application mixture in
the absence of any buffering provided by other components of the
application mixture.
[0318] In various embodiments of the described methods of
controlling the growth of auxin-susceptible plants wherein the
application mixture comprises a non-auxin herbicide, the combining
step does not comprise separately introducing a pH-lowering agent
with the source of auxin herbicide; the source of non-auxin
herbicide; the source of monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate
thereof; and water during the preparation of the application
mixture; wherein the pH-lowering agent is one that is capable of
lowering the pH of the application mixture in the absence of any
buffering provided by other components of the application
mixture.
[0319] In the described methods, the application mixture is applied
to the auxin-susceptible plants at an application rate sufficient
to give a commercially acceptable rate of weed control. The
appropriate application rate for the application mixture can be
readily determined by one of skill in the art and is usually
expressed as amount of auxin herbicide per unit area treated, e.g.,
grams acid equivalent per hectare (g a.e./ha). Depending on the
plant species and growing conditions, the period of time required
to achieve a commercially acceptable rate of weed control can be as
short as a week or as long as three weeks, four weeks, or one
month. Typically, a period of about two to three weeks is needed
for the auxin herbicide to exert its full effect.
[0320] The timing of application can vary. The application mixture
can be applied, for example, pre-planting of the crop plant, such
as from about two to about three weeks before planting
auxin-susceptible crop plants or crop plants not having a auxin
herbicide-resistant trait. Crop plants that are not susceptible to
certain auxin herbicides (such as corn or plants having an auxin
herbicide-resistant trait), however, generally have no pre-planting
restriction and the application mixture can be applied immediately
before planting such crops.
[0321] The auxin-susceptible plants can be weeds or crop plants.
Crop plants include, for example, vegetable crops, grain crops,
flowers, and root crops. Crop plants further encompass hybrids,
inbreds, and transgenic or genetically modified plants.
[0322] In some embodiments, the crop plants are auxin tolerant
species that are not susceptible to auxin herbicides or are a
transgenic species that contain an auxin (e.g., dicamba) resistant
trait. Examples include dicamba resistant corn, cotton or soybean.
Dicamba resistant crops can further comprise one or more additional
traits including, without limitation: herbicide resistance (e.g.,
resistance to other auxin herbicides (e.g., 2,4-D or fluoroxypyr),
glyphosate, glufosinate, acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides
(e.g., imazamox, imazethapyr, imazaquin and imazapic), acetyl CoA
carboxylase inhibitors (e.g., sethoxydim and clethodim), etc.);
insect resistance such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt); high oil;
high lysine; high starch; nutritional density; and/or drought
resistance.
[0323] In some embodiments, the weeds and/or crop plants are
glyphosate tolerant or contain a glyphosate resistant trait.
Examples include glyphosate resistant corn, cotton or soybean.
[0324] In some embodiments, the crop plants comprise stacked traits
such as dicamba and glyphosate resistance; dicamba and glufosinate
resistance; dicamba and acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetohydroxy
acid synthase (AHAS) resistance; dicamba, glyphosate and
glufosinate resistance; dicamba, glyphosate and ALS or AHAS
resistance; dicamba, glufosinate and ALS or AHAS resistance; or
dicamba, glyphosate, glufosinate and ALS or AHAS resistance.
[0325] In some embodiments, the plants can additionally include
other herbicide, insect and disease resistance traits, as well as
combinations of those traits. For instance, the plants can have
dicamba, 2,4-D, or fluoroxypyr resistant traits.
K. METHODS OF CONTROLLING OFF-SITE MOVEMENT
[0326] Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a
method of controlling off-site movement of an auxin herbicide by
contacting the auxin herbicide with a volatility-lowering effective
amount of a monocarboxylic acid, or a monocarboxylate thereof,
prior to application of the auxin herbicide.
[0327] In one embodiment, the method comprises the steps of:
[0328] (a) preparing an aqueous herbicidal application mixture
comprising an auxin herbicide; a monocarboxylic acid, or a
monocarboxylate thereof; water; and, optionally, a source of
non-auxin herbicide; and
[0329] (b) applying a herbicidally effective amount of the
application mixture to auxin-susceptible plants;
[0330] wherein the application mixture satisfies one or more of the
following conditions:
[0331] the molar ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate
thereof, to auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to about 10:1;
[0332] the acid equivalent weight ratio of monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, to auxin herbicide is from about 1:10 to
about 5:1;
[0333] the composition contains an amount of the monocarboxylic
acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, from about 0.1% to about 25% by
weight of the composition;
[0334] the concentration of the monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, is from about 1 gram (acid equivalent
weight)/L to about 250 grams (acid equivalent weight)/L; and
[0335] the application mixture comprises an amount of the
monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, sufficient to
reduce the concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the
vapor phase surrounding the application mixture by at least 10%
relative to the concentration of volatilized auxin herbicide in the
vapor phase surrounding an otherwise identical application mixture
lacking the monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof.
L. METHODS OF COUNSELING ON USE OF AN AUXIN HERBICIDE
[0336] Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to
methods of counseling an individual regarding the preparation
and/or application of an auxin herbicide.
[0337] In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a method of
counseling an individual on the application of an auxin herbicide
to auxin-susceptible plants, the method comprising:
[0338] (a) identifying a source of an auxin herbicide;
[0339] (b) instructing the individual to prepare an aqueous
herbicidal composition application mixture from the source of auxin
herbicide; and
[0340] (c) additionally instructing the individual to supplement
the application mixture with a monocarboxylic acid, or
monocarboxylate thereof, prior to the application of the
application mixture to auxin-susceptible plants.
[0341] In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method
of counseling an individual on the application of an auxin
herbicide to auxin-susceptible plants, the method comprising:
[0342] (a) identifying a source of an auxin herbicide;
[0343] (b) identifying a source of a monocarboxylic acid, or a
monocarboxylate thereof; and
[0344] (c) instructing the individual to prepare an aqueous
herbicidal composition application mixture from the source of auxin
herbicide and the source of monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate
thereof, for application to the auxin-susceptible plants.
[0345] The source of monocarboxylic acid, or a monocarboxylate
thereof, can be, for example, a single source such as the
herbicidal composition adjuvant previously discussed, or even a
source that provides for in situ formation of the monocarboxylic
acid, or monocarboxylate thereof, in the herbicidal composition
application mixture.
[0346] Having described the invention in detail, it will be
apparent that modifications and variations are possible without
departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended
claims.
M. EXAMPLES
[0347] The following non-limiting examples are provided to further
illustrate the present invention.
Example 1
Compositions
[0348] The herbicidal tank mix compositions listed in the tables
below were prepared using CLARITY.RTM. (DGA dicamba from BASF),
ROUNDUP POWERMAX.RTM. (potassium glyphosate from Monsanto),
BANVEL.RTM. (DMA dicamba from BASF), DURANGO.RTM. DMA.RTM. (DMA
glyphosate'e from Dow AgroSciences) and/or 2,4-D amine (Albaugh) by
successively adding each specified herbicide to water and mixing.
Those tank mix formulations containing additional tank mix
adjuvants such as potassium acetate (Sigma), dipotassium phosphate
(ICL), and/or ammonium sulfate (Sigma) were typically prepared by
adding aqueous stock solutions of the adjuvants to the herbicide
mixture.
[0349] Herbicide salts not purchased from a commercial vendor, such
as IPA glyphosate and MEA dicamba, typically were prepared by
mixing the herbicide acid with the desired amine. The herbicide
acid to amine ratio typically is about 1:1. In certain instances, a
slight excess of amine is desired. As used in these examples, DGA
refers to diglycolamine; DMA refers to dimethylamine; IPA refers to
isopropylamine; and MEA refers to monoethanolamine.
[0350] Herbicidal tank mix compositions prepared by the method
described above are listed in Tables 1-1 through 1-15 below:
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1-1 (Composition 854-B) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT %
% ACTIVE DGA dicamba (CLARITY .RTM.) 30.00 3.00% 1.20% ae ROUNDUP
POWERMAX .RTM. 60.60 6.06% 2.40% ae water 909.78
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1-2 (Composition 854-C) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT %
% ACTIVE DGA dicamba (CLARITY .RTM.) 30.03 3.00% 1.20% ae ROUNDUP
POWERMAX .RTM. 60.34 6.03% 2.40% ae dipotassium phosphate (50%)
40.02 4.00% 2.00% water 869.74
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 1-3 (Composition 854-F) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT %
% ACTIVE DGA dicamba (CLARITY .RTM.) 7.50 3.00% 1.20% ae ROUNDUP
POWERMAX .RTM. 15.14 6.06% 2.40% ae potassium acetate 5.04 2.01%
2.01% Water 222.42
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 1-4 (Composition 751-E) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT %
% ACTIVE DGA dicamba (CLARITY .RTM.) 7.51 3.00% 1.20% ae ROUNDUP
POWERMAX .RTM. 15.16 6.06% 2.40% ae ammonium sulfate (AMS) 7.35
2.94% 1.00% water 220.07
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 1-5 (Composition 751-D) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT %
% ACTIVE DGA dicamba (CLARITY .RTM.) 7.49 3.00% 1.20% ae ROUNDUP
POWERMAX .RTM. 15.10 6.06% 2.40% ae potassium acetate (50%) 10.00
4.00% 2.00% ammonium sulfate (34%) 7.34 2.94% 1.00% water
210.07
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 1-6 (Composition 210-D) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT %
% ACTIVE DGA dicamba (CLARITY .RTM.) 7.48 3.00% 1.20% ae ROUNDUP
POWERMAX .RTM. 14.99 6.00% 2.40% ae 1:1 wt/wt 50% potassium
acetate/50% 10.00 4.00% 2.00% dipotassium phosphate water
217.42
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 1-7 (Composition 870-A) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT %
% ACTIVE DMA glyphosate (DURANGO .RTM. 15.04 6.02% 2.40% ae DMA
.RTM.) 2,4-D amine 15.50 6.20% 2.40% ae water 219.54
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 1-8 (Composition 870-B) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT %
% ACTIVE DMA glyphosate (DURANGO .RTM. 15.04 6.02% 2.40% ae DMA
.RTM.) 2,4-D amine 15.43 6.17% 2.40% ae potassium acetate (50%)
10.02 4.00% 2.00% water 209.57
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 1-9 (Composition 870-C) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT %
% ACTIVE IPA glyphosate 19.54 7.82% 2.40% ae (30.8% ae) 2,4-D amine
15.42 6.17% 2.40% ae potassium acetate (50%) 10.00 4.00% 2.00%
water 205.04
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 1-10 (Composition 870-D) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE IPA glyphosate (30.8%) 19.54 7.82 2.40% ae 2,4-D amine
15.42 6.17 2.40% ae water 215.04
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 1-11 (Composition 563-2) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE BANVEL .RTM. 7.34 2.94% 1.20% ae ROUNDUP POWERMAX .RTM.
15.00 6.00% 2.40% ae water 227.66
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 1-12 (Composition 563-5) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE BANVEL .RTM. 7.34 2.94% 1.20% ae ROUNDUP POWERMAX .RTM.
15.07 6.00% 2.40% ae potassium acetate (50%) 10.05 4.00% 2.00%
water 217.65
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 1-13 (Composition 563-1) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE MEA dicamba (62.2%) 4.81 1.93% 1.20% ae ROUNDUP POWERMAX
.RTM. 15.00 6.00% 2.40% ae water 230.18
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 1-14 (Composition 563-4) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE MEA dicamba (62.2%) 4.85 1.93% 1.20% ae ROUNDUP POWERMAX
.RTM. 14.96 6.00 2.40% ae potassium acetate (50%) 10.03 4.00% 2%
water 220.18
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 1-15 (Composition 836-1) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. 6.01 3.0 1.2% ae ROUNDUP POWERMAX .RTM.
12.05 6.1 2.4% ae water 181.98
[0351] For the tank mix compositions in Table 1-16 through Table
1-19, the monocarboxylic acid salt (e.g., potassium acetate) was
formed in situ by combining a monocarboxylic acid with a
neutralizing base. The compositions were prepared by mixing the
herbicide(s) with water followed by addition of the monocarboxylic
acid followed by addition of the neutralizing base. Although a
specific order of addition of the ingredients is not required to
prepare the final composition, the order of addition described
above can be advantageous to reduce the heat generation resulting
when the ingredients are combined. The neutralizing base (potassium
hydroxide in the compositions below) was added as a 45% w/w aqueous
solution.
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 1-16 (Composition 836-2) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. 6.00 3.0 1.2% ae ROUNDUP POWERMAX .RTM.
12.04 6.0 2.4% ae succinic acid 2.57 1.3 potassium hydroxide 5.46
(45% solution) water 174.01
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 1-17 (Composition 836-3) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. 6.00 3.0 1.2% ae ROUNDUP POWERMAX .RTM.
12.09 6.0 2.4% ae propionic acid 1.63 0.8 potassium hydroxide 2.72
(45% solution) water 177.65
TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 1-18 (Composition 836-4) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. 6.01 3.0 1.2% ae ROUNDUP POWERMAX .RTM.
12.03 6.0 2.4% ae acetic acid 1.32 0.7 potassium hydroxide 2.73
(45% solution) water 177.98
TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 1-19 (Composition 836-5) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. 6.05 3.0 1.2% ae ROUNDUP POWERMAX .RTM.
12.03 6.0 2.4% ae formic acid 1.00 0.5 potassium hydroxide 2.73
(45% solution) water 178.32
TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 1-20 (Composition 836-6) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. 6.01 3.0 1.2% ae ROUNDUP POWERMAX .RTM.
12.03 6.0 2.4% ae potassium hydroxide 1.78 0.9 (45% solution) water
180.19
TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 1-21 (Composition 893-A) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. 7.50 3.0 1.2% ae ROUNDUP POWERMAX .RTM.
15.20 6.0 2.4% ae water 227.46
TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 1-22 (Composition 893-B) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. 7.50 3.0 1.2% ae ROUNDUP POWERMAX .RTM.
15.04 6.0 2.4% ae potassium acetate 10.04 2.0% ai (50% solution)
water 217.44
TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 1-23 (Composition 893-C) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. 7.67 3.0 1.2% ae ROUNDUP POWERMAX .RTM.
15.02 6.0 2.4% ae potassium formate 5.05 2.0% ai water 222.46
TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 1-24 (Composition 893-D) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. 7.51 3.0 1.2% ae ROUNDUP POWERMAX .RTM.
15.03 6.0 2.4% ae potassium benzoate 5.05 2.0% ai water 222.45
TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 1-25 (Composition 893-F) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. 7.51 3.0 1.2% ae ROUNDUP POWERMAX .RTM.
15.04 6.0 2.4% ae sodium acetate 5.01 2.0% ai water 222.44
TABLE-US-00026 TABLE 1-26 (Composition 854-A) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. 30.0 3.0 1.2% ae water
TABLE-US-00027 TABLE 1-27 (Composition 854-D) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. 7.5 3.0 1.2 ae ROUNDUP POWERMAX .RTM.
15.08 6.0 2.4 ae potassium oxalate (25% solution) 20.0 8.0 2.0 ai
water 207.42
TABLE-US-00028 TABLE 1-28 (Composition 854-E) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. 7.5 3.0 1.2 ae ROUNDUP POWERMAX .RTM.
15.08 6.0 2.4 ae potassium citrate (50%) 10.0 4.0 water 217.42
[0352] The potassium acetate used in the compositions in Tables
1-29 through Table 1-32 was prepared by adding the desired amount
of glacial acetic acid to the desired amount of potassium hydroxide
(45% w/w solution) in an ice bath without allowing the temperature
of the solution to rise above 60.degree. C. The pre-formed
potassium acetate was then added to the solution containing the
herbicide(s). The ratio indicated in the tables below is on a molar
basis. For example, "50/50 AcOH/KOH" means a 1:1 M ratio of acetic
acid to potassium hydroxide. The compositions in the tables below
were prepared by adding the desired amount of each ingredient and
stirring for about 20 minutes.
[0353] Alternatively, the monocarboxylic acid salt can be prepared
by adding the monocarboxylic acid to the solution containing the
herbicide(s) followed by addition of a neutralizing base. Although
a specific order of addition of the ingredients is not required to
prepare the final composition, the order of addition described
above can be advantageous to reduce the heat generation resulting
when the ingredients are combined.
TABLE-US-00029 TABLE 1-29 (Composition 503-1) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. 157.4 78.7 31.0 50/50 AcOH/KOH 42.6 21.3
6.9 (AcOH)
TABLE-US-00030 TABLE 1-30 (Composition 503-3) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. 157.4 78.7 31.0 60/40 AcOH/KOH 42.6 21.3
8.2 (AcOH)
TABLE-US-00031 TABLE 1-31 (Composition 295-3) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE DGA dicamba (55.2%) 112.3 56.2 31.0 60/40 AcOH/KOH 65.1
32.6 12.6 (AcOH) water 22.6 11.3
TABLE-US-00032 TABLE 1-32 (Composition 295-6) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE DGA dicamba (55.2%) 112.3 56.2 31.0 60/40 AcOH/KOH 86.8
43.4 16.8 (AcOH) water 0.9 0.4
TABLE-US-00033 TABLE 1-33 (Composition 771-C) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. 29.15 62.94 acetic acid 6.26 6.26
potassium hydroxide 8.72 8.72 water 2.19 2.19
TABLE-US-00034 TABLE 1-34 (Composition 761-B) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. 32.82 71.20 acetic acid 4.48 9.72
potassium hydroxide 6.24 13.53 water 2.56
Example 2
Compositions
[0354] Herbicidal compositions containing DGA dicamba and MEA
glyphosate were prepared by mixing CLARITY.RTM. with MEA glyphosate
with water. After stirring the mixture for 5 minutes, surfactants
AGM550 and Agnique PG8107-G were added followed by ferric citrate
(for mitigating necrosis in certain crops) and anti-foaming agent
SAG 1572, and the mixture stirred for an additional 30 minutes.
Premix compositions which also contain additional adjuvants, such
as potassium acetate, were prepared as described above with the
modification of replacing the water with the desired amount of
aqueous adjuvant. The MEA glyphosate salt used in the preparation
of the compositions was prepared by mixing glyphosate acid and 1.35
molar equivalents of MEA with water. The list of ingredients of the
dicamba/glyphosate premix composition is set forth in Table
2-1.
TABLE-US-00035 TABLE 2-1 (DGA Dicamba/MEA Glyphosate Premix)
INGREDIENT WT (g) WT % % ACTIVE DGA dicamba (CLARITY .RTM.) 32.36
32.36% 12.75% 1.35 MEA glyphosate (46.9%) 54.37 54.37% 25.50% AGM
550 2.50 2.50% Agnique PG8107-G 5.00 5.00% SAG 1572 0.01 0.01%
Ferric citrate (7.0% Fe) 0.31 0.31% 0.02% water 5.44 5.44%
[0355] Dicamba/glyphosate premixes containing additional adjuvants,
such as potassium acetate, typically were prepared by adding the
desired amount of an aqueous solution of the adjuvant to the premix
prepared as described in Tables 2-2 and 2-3 below.
TABLE-US-00036 TABLE 2-2 (Composition 751-F) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT %
% ACTIVE DGA dicamba/MEA glyphosate premix 23.51 9.40% 1.20% ae
potassium acetate (50%) 10.00 4.00% 2.00% water 216.48
TABLE-US-00037 TABLE 2-3 (Composition 210-F) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT %
% ACTIVE DGA dicamba/MEA glyphosate premix 23.48 9.39% 2.40% ae 1:1
wt/wt 50% potassium acetate/50% 10.04 4.00% 2.00% dipotassium
phosphate Water 216.51
TABLE-US-00038 TABLE 2-4 (Composition 210-E) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT %
% ACTIVE DGA dicamba (CLARITY .RTM.) 32.2 32.12 12.75 1.35 MEA
glyphosate (46.8%) 55.0 54.49 25.50 AGM 550 2.50 2.50 Agnique
PG8107-G 5.1 5.00 SAG 1572 0.02 0.01 Ferric citrate (7.0% Fe) 0.33
0.31 0.02% 50% K acetate solution 5.7 5.7
[0356] The potassium acetate used in the formulations in Tables 2-5
through Table 2-13 was prepared by adding the desired amount of
glacial acetic acid to the desired amount of potassium hydroxide
(45% w/w solution) in an ice bath without allowing the temperature
of the solution to rise above 60.degree. C. The ratio indicated in
the tables below is on a molar basis. For example "50/50 AcOH/KOH"
means a 1:1 M ratio of acetic acid to potassium hydroxide. The
compositions in the tables below were prepared by adding the
desired amount of each ingredient and stirring for about 20
minutes. Alternatively, the monocarboxylic acid salt can be
prepared by adding the monocarboxylic acid to the solution
containing the herbicide(s) followed by addition of a neutralizing
base.
[0357] The Fe dopant in Tables 2-8 through 2-13 (added to mitigate
necrosis in certain crops) was prepared by mixing ferric sulfate
and citric acid.
TABLE-US-00039 TABLE 2-5 (Composition 287-5) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT %
% ACTIVE DGA dicamba (54.8% ae) 18.25 18.25 10.0 1.35 MEA
glyphosate (46.9% ae) 42.74 42.74 20.0 SAG 1572 0.01 0.01 Ferric
Citrate (7.0% Fe) 0.31 0.31 0.02 60/40 AcOH/KOH (38.7 AcOH) 6.98
6.98 2.70 water 31.72 31.72
TABLE-US-00040 TABLE 2-6 (Composition 287-6) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT %
% ACTIVE DGA dicamba (54.8% ae) 17.34 17.34 9.50 1.35 MEA
glyphosate (46.9% ae) 40.60 40.60 19.00 SAG 1572 0.01 0.01 Ferric
Citrate (7.0% Fe) 0.31 0.31 0.02 60/40 AcOH/KOH (38.7 AcOH) 13.44
13.44 5.20 Water 28.30 28.30
TABLE-US-00041 TABLE 2-7 (Composition 512-1) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT %
% ACTIVE DGA dicamba (CLARITY .RTM.) 31.61 31.61 12.55 1.35 MEA
glyphosate (46.9% ae) 53.63 53.63 25.10 AGM 550 2.50 2.50 AGNIQUE
PG8107-G 5.00 5.00 SAG 1572 0.01 0.01 Ferric Citrate (7.0% Fe) 0.31
0.31 0.02 70/30 AcOH/KOH (38.7 AcOH) 6.93 6.93
TABLE-US-00042 TABLE 2-8 (Composition 248-1) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT %
% ACTIVE DGA dicamba (55.2%) 18.03 18.03 9.95 1.35 MEA glyphosate
(46.8% ae) 45.51 45.51 19.90 Ethoquad C12 75 DEG 3.49 3.49 SAG 1572
0.01 0.01 Fe Dopant (4.5% Fe) 0.49 0.49 0.02 60/40 AcOH/KOH (38.7
AcOH) 6.95 6.95 2.70 water 28.49 28.49
TABLE-US-00043 TABLE 2-9 (Composition 248-2) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT %
% ACTIVE DGA dicamba (55.2%) 18.08 18.08 9.95 1.35 MEA glyphosate
(46.8% ae) 42.62 42.62 19.90 Ethoquad C12 75 DEG 3.49 3.49 SAG 1572
0.02 0.02 Fe Dopant (4.5% Fe) 0.49 0.49 0.02 60/40 AcOH/KOH (38.7
AcOH) 10.86 10.86 4.20 Water 24.61 24.61
TABLE-US-00044 TABLE 2-10 (Composition 248-3) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE DGA dicamba (55.2%) 17.91 17.91 9.90 1.35 MEA glyphosate
(46.8% ae) 42.28 42.28 19.80 Ethoquad C12 75 DEG 3.61 3.61 SAG 1572
0.02 0.02 Fe Dopant (4.5% Fe) 0.53 0.53 0.02 60/40 AcOH/KOH (38.7
AcOH) 13.95 13.95 5.40 water 21.81 21.81
TABLE-US-00045 TABLE 2-11 (Composition 249-1) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE DGA dicamba (55.2%) 18.00 18.00 9.95 1.35 MEA glyphosate
(46.8% ae) 42.52 42.52 19.90 AGM 550 2.48 2.48 Agnique PG8107-G
1.95 1.95 SAG 1572 0.01 0.01 Fe Dopant (4.5% Fe) 0.60 0.60 0.02
60/40 AcOH/KOH (38.7 AcOH) 6.96 6.96 2.70 water 27.48 27.48
TABLE-US-00046 TABLE 2-12 (Composition 249-2) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE DGA dicamba (55.2%) 18.04 18.04 9.95 1.35 MEA glyphosate
(46.8% ae) 42.50 42.50 19.90 AGM 550 2.50 2.50 Agnique PG8107-G
2.00 2.00 SAG 1572 0.01 0.01 Fe Dopant (4.5% Fe) 0.49 0.49 0.02
60/40 AcOH/KOH (38.7 AcOH) 10.83 10.83 4.20 water 23.59 23.59
TABLE-US-00047 TABLE 2-13 (Composition 249-3) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE DGA dicamba (55.2%) 17.93 17.93 9.90 1.35 MEA glyphosate
(46.8% ae) 42.37 42.37 19.80 AGM 550 2.50 2.50 Agnique PG8107-G
1.97 1.97 SAG 1572 0.01 0.01 Fe Dopant (4.5% Fe) 0.49 0.49 0.02
60/40 AcOH/KOH (38.7 AcOH) 14.00 14.00 5.40 water 20.79 20.79
TABLE-US-00048 TABLE 2-14 (Composition 530-2) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. 125.63 25.13 9.90 ae 1.35 MEA glyphosate
(46.8% ae) 211.54 42.31 19.80 ae AGM 550 12.50 2.50 Agnique
PG8107-G 10.00 2.00 SAG 1572 0.05 0.01 Fe Dopant (4.5% Fe) 1.94
0.39 0.02 65/35 AcOH/KOH (38.7 AcOH) 64.29 12.86 5.40 water
199.68
TABLE-US-00049 TABLE 2-15 (Composition 540-1) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. (39.4% .alpha...epsilon..) 124.37 24.87
9.80 ae 1.35 MEA glyphosate (46.8% ae) 209.40 41.88 19.60 ae
Ethoquad C12 75 DEG 17.50 3.50 65/35 AcOH/KOH (42.0% AcOH) 64.29
12.86 5.40 Fe Dopant (4.5% Fe) 1.94 0.39 0.0175 SAG 1572 0.05 0.01
water 82.45 16.49
TABLE-US-00050 TABLE 2-16 (Composition 540-4) INGREDIENT WT (g) WT
% % ACTIVE CLARITY .RTM. (39.4% .alpha...epsilon..) 123.10 24.62
9.70 ae 1.35 MEA glyphosate (46.8% ae) 207.26 41.45 19.40 ae AGM
550 12.50 2.50 Agnique PG8107-G 10.00 2.00 SAG 1572 0.05 0.01 Fe
Dopant (4.5% Fe) 1.94 0.39 0.0175 60/40 AcOH/KOH (38.7% AcOH) 69.77
13.95 5.40 Phosphate ester 5.00 1.000 water 70.38 14.08
Example 3
Measurement of Dicamba Volatility (Humidome)
[0358] Humidomes obtained from Hummert International (Part Nos
14-3850-2 for humidomes and 11-3050-1 for 1020 flat tray) were
modified by cutting a 2.2 cm diameter hole on one end approximately
5 cm from the top to allow for insertion of a glass air sampling
tube (22 mm OD) containing a polyurethane foam (PUF) filter. The
sampling tube was secured with a VITON o-ring on each side of the
humidome wall. The air sampling tube external to the humidome was
fitted with tubing that was connected to a vacuum manifold
immediately prior to sampling.
[0359] The flat tray beneath the humidome was filled with 1 liter
of sifted dry or wet 50/50 soil (50% Redi-Earth and 50% US 10 Field
Soil) to a depth of about 1 cm. The flat tray bottom containing the
dicamba formulation on soil was covered with the humidome lid and
the lid was secured with clamps. The assembled humidomes were
placed in a temperature and humidity controlled environment and
connected to a vacuum manifold through the air sampling line. Air
was drawn through the humidome and PUF at a rate of 2 liters per
minute (LPM) for 24 hours at which point the air sampling was
stopped. The humidomes were then removed from the controlled
environment and the PUF filter was removed. The PUF filter was
extracted with 20 mL of methanol and the solution was analyzed for
dicamba concentration using LC-MS methods known in the art.
[0360] To measure the dicamba concentration in the gas phase (air)
that volatilized from the spray solutions, compositions were
prepared to contain 1.2% a.e. dicamba which is equivalent to an
application rate of 1.0 lb/A a.e. at 10 gallons per acre (GPA).
Where glyphosate was added or was part of the formulation,
glyphosate was present at a concentration of 2.4% a.e. or 2.0 lb/A
a.e. Where 2,4-D was added or was part of the formulation, 2,4-D
was present at 2.4% ae or 2.0 lb/A ae at 10 gallons per acre (GPA).
The growth chambers were set at 35.degree. C. and 40% relative
humidity (RH). For each composition four separate humidome boxes
were sprayed to have 4 replicate measurements for each formulation.
Table(s) 3-1 to 3-7 below provide the mean concentration of dicamba
in air for each formulation. Where concentrations of dicamba were
below the limits of detection, "nd" is indicated in the tables
below.
Humidome Results:
TABLE-US-00051 [0361] TABLE 3-1 DICAMBA STD STD ID COMPOSITION
(ng/L) DEV ERROR 854-A 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM. 0.03 0.00 0.00 854-B
1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM. + 0.44 0.11 0.06 2.4% ae POWERMAX .RTM. 854-F
1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM. + nd na na 2.4% ae POWERMAX .RTM. + 2%
potassium acetate 854-C 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM. + 0.06 0.01 0.01 2.4%
ae POWERMAX .RTM. + 2% dipotassium phosphate 854-D 1.2% ae CLARITY
.RTM. + 0.47 0.13 0.06 2.4% ae POWERMAX .RTM. + 2% potassium
oxalate 854-E 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM. + 0.33 0.20 0.10 2.4% ae
POWERMAX .RTM. + 2% potassium citrate
TABLE-US-00052 TABLE 3-2 DICAMBA STD STD ID COMPOSITION (ng/L) DEV
ERROR 854-A 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM. 0.02 0.00 0.00 854-B 1.2% ae
CLARITY .RTM. + 0.49 0.16 0.08 2.4% ae POWERMAX .RTM. 731-C 1.2% ae
CLARITY .RTM. + nd na na 2.4% ae POWERMAX .RTM. + 2% potassium
acetate 854-C 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM. + 0.04 0.01 0.01 2.4% ae
POWERMAX .RTM. + 2% dipotassium phosphate
TABLE-US-00053 TABLE 3-3 DICAMBA STD STD ID COMPOSITION (ng/L) DEV
ERROR 751-A 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM. 0.02 0.00 0.00 751-B 1.2% ae
CLARITY .RTM. + 1.04 0.50 0.25 2.4% ae POWERMAX .RTM. 751-E 1.2% ae
CLARITY .RTM. + 6.13 0.55 0.32 2.4% ae POWERMAX .RTM. + 1% AMS
751-C 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM. + nd na na 2.4% ae PowerMAX + 2%
potassium acetate 751-D 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM. + 3.63 0.77 0.38 2.4%
ae POWERMAX .RTM. + 2% potassium acetate + 1% ammonium sulfate
TABLE-US-00054 TABLE 3-4 DICAMBA STD STD ID COMPOSITION (ng/L) DEV
ERROR 210-A 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM. + 0.92 0.22 0.11 2.4% ae POWERMAX
.RTM. 210-B 1.2% ae Clarity + nd na na 2.4% ae POWERMAX .RTM. + 2%
potassium acetate 210-C 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM. + 0.16 0.02 0.01 2.4%
ae POWERMAX .RTM. + 2% potassium acetate + 1% ammonium sulfate
210-D 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM. + 0.01 0.00 0.00 2.4% ae POWERMAX .RTM.
+ 2% potassium acetate/ dipotassium phosphate
TABLE-US-00055 TABLE 3-5 DICAMBA STD STD ID COMPOSITION (ng/L) DEV
ERROR 870-A 2.4% ae DURANGO .RTM. 0.10 0.03 0.01 DMA .RTM. + 2.4%
2,4-D amine 870-B 2.4% ae DURANGO .RTM. 0.01 0.00 0.00 DMA .RTM. +
2.4% 2,4-D amine + 2% potassium acetate 870-D 2.4% ae IPA
glyphosate + 0.09 0.03 0.01 2.4% ae 2,4-D amine 870-C 2.4% ae IPA
glyphosate + 0.01 0.01 0.00 2.4% ae 2,4-D amine + 2% potassium
acetate
TABLE-US-00056 TABLE 3-6 DICAMBA STD STD ID COMPOSITION (ng/L) DEV
ERROR 563-2 1.2% ae BANVEL .RTM. + 1.92 0.31 0.15 2.4% POWERMAX
.RTM. + 563-5 1.2% ae BANVEL .RTM. + 0.02 0.01 0.00 2.4% POWERMAX
.RTM. + 2% potassium acetate 563-3 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM. + 0.49
0.13 0.06 2.4% ae PowerMAX 563-6 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM. + 0.01 0.01
0.00 2.4% ae POWERMAX .RTM. + 2% potassium acetate 563-1 1.2% ae
MEA dicamba + 1.04 0.24 0.12 2.4% ae POWERMAX .RTM. + 563-4 1.2% ae
MEA dicamba + 0.01 0.00 0.00 2.4% ae POWERMAX .RTM. + 2% potassium
acetate
TABLE-US-00057 TABLE 3-7 DICAMBA STD STD ID COMPOSITION (ng/L) DEV
ERROR 751-F 1.2% ae DGA dicamba/MEA nd na na glyphosate premix + 2%
potassium acetate 210-E 1.2% ae DGA dicamba/MEA 0.07 0.01 0.00
glyphosate/ 0.54% potassium acetate premix 210-F 1.2% DGA
dicamba/MEA 0.01 0.00 0.00 glyphosate premix + 2% potassium
acetate/ dipotassium phosphate
TABLE-US-00058 TABLE 3-8 DICAMBA STD STD ID COMPOSITION (ng/L) DEV
ERROR 893-A 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM. + 0.83 0.10 0.05 2.4% POWERMAX
.RTM. 893-B 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM. + 0.003 0.00 0.00 2.4% POWERMAX
.RTM. + 2% potassium acetate 893-C 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM. + 0.007
0.00 0.00 2.4% POWERMAX .RTM. + 2% potassium benzoate 893-D 1.2% ae
CLARITY .RTM. + 0.003 0.00 0.00 2.4% POWERMAX .RTM. + 2% potassium
formate 893-E 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM. + 0.001 0.00 0.00 2.4% POWERMAX
.RTM. + 2% sodium acetate
TABLE-US-00059 TABLE 3-9 MOLAR MOLAR RATIO RATIO CARBOXYLIC
CARBOXYLIC DICAMBA STD STD ID COMPOSITION ACID:DICAMBA ACID:KOH
(ng/L) DEV ERR 836-1 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM.+ NA NA 1.139 0.34 0.17
2.4% POWERMAX .RTM. 836-6 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM.+ NA NA 0.029 0.01
0.00 2.4% POWERMAX .RTM.+ potassium hydroxide 836-3 1.2% ae CLARITY
.RTM.+ 2:1 1:1 0.011 0.01 0.00 2.4% POWERMAX .RTM.+ propionic acid
+ potassium hydroxide 836-5 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM.+ 2:1 1:1 0.012
0.00 0.00 2.4% POWERMAX .RTM.+ formic acid + potassium hydroxide
836-2 1.2% ae CLARITY .RTM.+ 2:1 1:2 0.064 0.01 0.01 2.4% POWERMAX
.RTM.+ succinic acid + potassium hydroxide 836-4 1.2% ae CLARITY
.RTM.+ 2:1 1:1 0.014 0.01 0.00 2.4% POWERMAX .RTM.+ acetic acid +
potassium hydroxide
Example 4
Measurement of Dicamba Volatility (Plant Response)
[0362] Herbicidal compositions were sprayed onto eight 90 mm
diameter glass Petri dishes. The eight Petri dishes were placed
immediately on a plastic tray along with two Roundup Ready soybean
plants at V1-V1.5 development stage as indicators. The plastic
trays were then covered with plastic domes, sealed with clamps
around edges, and placed in the growth chamber, at a set
temperature and relative humidity (85.degree. F. day (16 h light),
70.degree. F. night (8 h dark) and 40% RH) for 24 hours. After 24
hours, the plants were removed from the domes and transferred to a
greenhouse. The indicator plants were evaluated for visual symptoms
typically at 5, 7 and 14 days after treatment.
[0363] Plant response results for compositions containing dicamba
are listed in Table 4-1.
TABLE-US-00060 TABLE 4-1 (Study DCV825) ID COMPOSITION % INJURY (7
DAT) 889-A 1.2% ae DGA dicamba 15% 889-D 1.2% ae DGA dicamba + 0 2%
potassium acetate
Example 5
Measurement of Herbicidal Effectiveness
[0364] The herbicidal effectiveness of the compositions of the
present invention can be assessed through conventional greenhouse
tests and/or field tests. Herbicidal effectiveness can be measured
as a percentage "inhibition" following a standard procedure in the
art which reflects a visual assessment of plant mortality and
growth reduction by comparison with untreated plants, made by
technicians specially trained to make and record such observations.
In all cases, a single technician makes all assessments of percent
inhibition within any one experiment or trial. Such measurements
are relied upon and regularly reported by Monsanto Technology LLC
in the course of its herbicide business.
[0365] The selection of application rates that are biologically
effective for a specific auxin herbicide is within the skill of the
ordinary agricultural scientist. Those of skill in the art will
likewise recognize that individual plant conditions, weather and
growing conditions, as well as the specific exogenous chemical and
formulation thereof selected, will affect the weed efficacy and
associated crop injury achieved in practicing this invention.
Useful application rates for the auxin herbicides employed can
depend upon all of the above conditions. With respect to the use of
the method of this invention, much information is known about
appropriate auxin application rates, and a weed control
practitioner can select auxin application rates that are
herbicidally effective on particular species at particular growth
stages in particular environmental conditions.
[0366] Effectiveness in greenhouse tests, usually at exogenous
chemical rates lower than those normally effective in the field, is
a proven indicator of consistency of field performance at normal
use rates.
[0367] The compositions of the present invention can be applied to
plants by spraying, using any conventional means for spraying
liquids, such as spray nozzles, atomizers, or the like.
Compositions of the present invention can be used in precision
farming techniques, in which apparatus is employed to vary the
amount of exogenous chemical applied to different parts of a field,
depending on variables such as the particular plant species
present, soil composition, and the like. In one embodiment of such
techniques, a global positioning system operated with the spraying
apparatus can be used to apply the desired amount of the
composition to different parts of a field.
[0368] The composition, at the time of application to plants, is
preferably dilute enough to be readily sprayed using standard
agricultural spray equipment. Preferred application rates for the
present invention vary depending upon a number of factors,
including the type and concentration of active ingredient and the
plant species involved. Useful rates for applying an aqueous
composition to a field of foliage can range from about 25 to about
1,000 liters per hectare (1/ha) by spray application. The preferred
application rates for aqueous solutions are in the range from about
50 to about 3001/ha.
[0369] Many exogenous chemicals (including auxin herbicides) must
be taken up by living tissues of the plant and translocated within
the plant in order to produce the desired biological (e.g.,
herbicidal) effect. Thus, it is important that an herbicidal
formulation not be applied in such a manner as to excessively
injure and interrupt the normal functioning of the local tissue of
the plant so quickly that translocation is reduced. However, some
limited degree of local injury can be insignificant, or even
beneficial, in its impact on the biological effectiveness of
certain exogenous chemicals.
Example 6
Herbicidal Efficacy on ABUTH (Velvetleaf) and ELEIN
(Goosegrass)
[0370] The herbicidal tank mix compositions listed in the tables
below were prepared using CLARITY.RTM. (DGA dicamba from BASF) and
ROUNDUP POWERMAX.RTM. (potassium glyphosate from Monsanto) by
successively adding each specified herbicide to water and mixing.
The tank mixtures containing potassium acetate were prepared as
described in Example 1.
[0371] Weed seeds were planted in 3.5 in square plastic pots filled
with Redi-earth (Sun Gro, Bellevue, Wash.) containing 100 g/cu ft
Osmocote 14-14-14 slow release fertilizer. Ten to fifteen weed
seeds were planted about one-half inch deep and loosely covered
with Redi-Earth potting media. The pots were placed in a controlled
environment equipped with sub-irrigation. Growth conditions were
27.degree. C. day and 21.degree. C. night with fourteen hours of
supplemental light (approximately 600 microeinsteins). After
germination and emergence from the potting media, the plants were
thinned to achieve one plant per pot. Pots that contained plants
that were similar in appearance, size, and vigor were selected for
treatment. Typically, the plants were four to eight inches tall at
the time of herbicide treatment. Compositions were applied to the
plants with a track sprayer generally using a Teejet 9501E flat fan
nozzle or similar nozzle with air pressure set at a minimum of 24
pounds per square inch. The spray nozzle was 16 inches above the
top of the plants and a spray volume rate of approximately 10
gallons per acre (93 L per hectare) was applied. Each composition
was applied at three application rates and herbicide injury rating
was made 21 days post treatment.
TABLE-US-00061 TABLE 6-1 Herbicidal Efficacy of Tank Mixtures
Containing POWERMAX .RTM. and DGA dicamba/potassium acetate on
ABUTH (velvetleaf) and ELEIN (goosegrass) % CONTROL AMT (21 DAT)
COMPOSITION (% ae) RATE ABUTH ELEIN POWERMAX .RTM. 39.8 140 ae g/ha
0.0 23.3 280 ae g/ha 52.5 85.0 560 ae g/ha 74.2 93.8 CLARITY .RTM.
40 70 ae g/ha 10.0 0.0 140 ae g/ha 18.3 10.0 280 ae g/ha 36.7 10.0
503-1 31.0 70 ae g/ha 10.8 0.0 503-1 31.0 140 ae g/ha 19.2 0.0
503-1 31.0 280 ae g/ha 33.3 0.0 503-3 31.0 70 ae g/ha 10.0 8.3
503-3 31.0 140 ae g/ha 17.5 11.7 503-3 31.0 280 ae g/ha 35.0 7.5
295-3 31.0 70 ae g/ha 13.3 8.3 295-3 31.0 140 ae g/ha 20.0 11.7
295-3 31.0 280 ae g/ha 36.7 7.5 295-6 31.0 70 ae g/ha 12.5 0.0
295-6 31.0 140 ae g/ha 21.7 0.0 295-6 31.0 280 ae g/ha 43.3 3.3
POWERMAX .RTM. 39.8 140 ae g/ha 14.2 38.3 CLARITY .RTM. 40 70 ae
g/ha POWERMAX .RTM. 39.8 280 ae g/ha 46.7 85.0 CLARITY .RTM. 40 140
ae g/ha POWERMAX .RTM. 39.8% ae 560 ae g/ha 80.8 95.0 CLARITY .RTM.
40% ae 280 ae g/ha POWERMAX .RTM. 39.8% ae 140 ae g/ha 11.7 39.2
503-1 31.0% ae 70 ae g/ha POWERMAX .RTM. 39.8% ae 280 ae g/ha 62.5
81.7 503-1 31.0% ae 140 ae g/ha POWERMAX .RTM. 39.8% ae 560 ae g/ha
82.5 94.2 503-1 31.0% ae 280 ae g/ha POWERMAX .RTM. 39.8% ae 140 ae
g/ha 15.0 35.0 503-3 31.0% ae 70 ae g/ha POWERMAX .RTM. 39.8% ae
280 ae g/ha 49.2 83.3 503-3 31.0% ae 140 ae g/ha POWERMAX .RTM.
39.8% ae 560 ae g/ha 83.3 93.3 503-3 31.0% ae 280 ae g/ha POWERMAX
.RTM. 39.8% ae 140 ae g/ha 15.8 26.7 295-3 31.0% ae 70 ae g/ha
POWERMAX .RTM. 39.8% ae 280 ae g/ha 54.2 82.5 295-3 31.0% ae 140 ae
g/ha POWERMAX .RTM. 39.8% ae 560 ae g/ha 83.3 90.0 295-3 31.0% ae
280 ae g/ha POWERMAX .RTM. 39.8% ae 140 ae g/ha 17.5 42.5 295-6
31.0% ae 70 ae g/ha POWERMAX .RTM. 39.8% ae 280 ae g/ha 55.0 80.0
295-6 31.0% ae 140 ae g/ha POWERMAX .RTM. 39.8% ae 560 ae g/ha 85.8
85.0 295-6 31.0% ae 280 ae g/ha UNTREATED 0 0 0.0 1.0 CHECK
[0372] Herbicidal premix compositions listed in the tables below
were prepared as previously described in Example 2.
TABLE-US-00062 TABLE 6-2 Herbicidal efficacy of pre-mix composition
containing glyphosate, dicamba and potassium acetate on ABUTH
(velvetleaf) and ELEIN (goosegrass) % CONTROL (21 DAT) COMPOSITION
ABUTH ELEIN RATE POWERMAX .RTM. 140 ae g/ha 21.7 78.3 280 ae g/ha
71.7 95.0 560 ae g/ha 84.2 99.0 CLARITY .RTM. 70 ae g/ha 20.0 0.0
140 ae g/ha 36.7 0.0 280 ae g/ha 60.8 0.0 POWERMAX .RTM. 140 ae
g/ha 26.7 81.7 CLARITY .RTM. 70 ae g/ha POWERMAX .RTM. 280 ae g/ha
59.2 90.0 CLARITY .RTM. 140 ae g/ha POWERMAX .RTM. 560 ae g/ha 85.8
92.5 CLARITY .RTM. 280 ae g/ha RATE GLY/DICAMBA 287-5 140/70 ae
g/ha 20.0 0.0 280/140 ae g/ha 51.7 10.0 560/280 ae g/ha 71.7 68.3
287-6 140/70 ae g/ha 18.3 0.0 280/140 ae g/ha 50.0 10.0 560/280 ae
g/ha 73.3 39.2 512-1 140/70 ae g/ha 22.5 84.2 280/140 ae g/ha 64.2
93.3 560/280 ae g/ha 92.7 97.2 248-1 140/70 ae g/ha 32.5 78.3
280/140 ae g/ha 63.3 92.2 560/280 ae g/ha 85.5 95.0 248-2 140/70 ae
g/ha 38.3 78.3 280/140 ae g/ha 57.5 93.3 560/280 ae g/ha 85.8 95.0
248-3 140/70 ae g/ha 30.0 80.8 280/140 ae g/ha 51.7 90.8 560/280 ae
g/ha 84.7 96.5 249-1 140/70 ae g/ha 33.3 81.7 280/140 ae g/ha 59.2
90.0 560/280 ae g/ha 92.2 98.0 249-2 140/70 ae g/ha 30.0 80.8
280/140 ae g/ha 58.3 90.8 560/280 ae g/ha 89.7 97.3 249-3 140/70 ae
g/ha 30.8 86.7 280/140 ae g/ha 63.3 91.7 560/280 ae g/ha 86.7 98.2
UNTREATED CHECK 0 0.0 0.0
[0373] This written description uses examples to disclose the
invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person
skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and
using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated
methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the
claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled
in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope
of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ
from the literal language of the claims, or if they include
equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from
the literal languages of the claims.
* * * * *