U.S. patent application number 13/970783 was filed with the patent office on 2014-03-06 for heat storage apparatus, air conditioning apparatus, and heat storage method.
This patent application is currently assigned to KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOSHIBA. The applicant listed for this patent is KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOSHIBA. Invention is credited to Ena ISHII, Kei MATSUOKA, Ryosuke YAGI, Mitsunobu YOSHIDA.
Application Number | 20140060794 13/970783 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 50185810 |
Filed Date | 2014-03-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140060794 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
ISHII; Ena ; et al. |
March 6, 2014 |
HEAT STORAGE APPARATUS, AIR CONDITIONING APPARATUS, AND HEAT
STORAGE METHOD
Abstract
A disclosure describes a heat storage apparatus to store heat
generated by a heat generator via a medium includes: a first
circuit closed to circulate the medium therethrough in a direction;
a heat exchanger to exchange the heat; a heat storage tank
including a phase change material to exchange heat with the medium;
a first measurement unit to measure a temperature of the medium; a
cooling unit to cool the medium when the temperature of the medium
is higher than a predetermined target temperature and to set the
temperature of the medium to be approximately equal to the target
temperature; a count unit to count an elapsed time from when the
phase change material exchanges heat with the medium and starts a
phase change; and a determination unit to determine whether the
phase change material is allowed to be supercooled or not based on
the elapsed time.
Inventors: |
ISHII; Ena; (Kanagawa-ken,
JP) ; YOSHIDA; Mitsunobu; (Kanagawa-ken, JP) ;
MATSUOKA; Kei; (Kanagawa-ken, JP) ; YAGI;
Ryosuke; (Kanagawa-ken, JP) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOSHIBA |
Tokyo |
|
JP |
|
|
Assignee: |
KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOSHIBA
Tokyo
JP
|
Family ID: |
50185810 |
Appl. No.: |
13/970783 |
Filed: |
August 20, 2013 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
165/201 ;
165/287 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B60H 1/143 20130101;
Y02E 60/145 20130101; B60H 1/00885 20130101; F28D 20/02 20130101;
F28F 27/00 20130101; B60H 1/00492 20130101; F28D 20/028 20130101;
Y02E 60/14 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
165/201 ;
165/287 |
International
Class: |
F28F 27/00 20060101
F28F027/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Aug 28, 2012 |
JP |
2012-187601 |
Claims
1. A heat storage apparatus, configured to store heat generated by
a heat generator via a medium, comprising: a first circuit closed
to circulate the medium therethrough in a direction; a heat
exchanger that is provided at a part of the first circuit and is
configured to exchange the heat generated by the heat generator
with the medium; a heat storage tank that is provided downstream of
the direction in which the medium circulates, with respect to the
heat exchanger of the first circuit, and includes a phase change
material to exchange heat with the medium storing the heat
generated by the heat generator; a first measurement unit
configured to measure a temperature of the medium that passes from
the heat exchanger to the heat storage tank; a cooling unit, that
is configured to cool the medium when the measured temperature of
the medium is higher than a predetermined target temperature, and
to set the temperature of the medium that passes from the heat
exchanger to the heat storage tank to be approximately equal to the
target temperature; a count unit configured to count an elapsed
time from when the phase change material exchanges heat with the
medium and starts a phase change from a solid phase to a liquid
phase; and a determination unit configured to determine whether the
phase change material is allowed to be supercooled or not based on
the elapsed time.
2. The heat storage apparatus according to claim 1, further
comprising a storage unit configured to store a first time from a
start of the phase change of the phase change material to an end of
the phase change in a case where the phase change material
exchanges heat with the medium having the target temperature,
wherein the determination unit is configured to compare the first
time and the elapsed time with each other and to determine whether
the phase change material is allowed to be supercooled or not.
3. The heat storage apparatus according to claim 1, further
comprising: a storage unit configured to store a first heat storage
quantity of heat that can be stored from a start of the phase
change of the phase change material to an end of the phase change
in a case where the phase change material exchanges heat with the
medium having the target temperature; and an estimation unit
configured to estimate an estimation value of a heat storage
quantity of the heat stored from the start of the phase change of
the phase change material, using the temperature of the medium
measured by the first measurement unit and the elapsed time,
wherein the determination unit is configured to compare the first
heat storage quantity and the estimation value of the heat storage
quantity with each other and to determine whether the phase change
material is allowed to be supercooled or not.
4. The heat storage apparatus according to claim 1, further
comprising a second measurement unit configured to measure a second
temperature of the medium after the medium passes through the heat
storage tank, wherein the count unit is configured to count an
elapsed time starting from a time point from which the second
temperature stays constant.
5. The heat storage apparatus according to claim 1, further
comprising a heating unit configured to apply heat to the phase
change material, wherein the heating unit is configured to heat,
when the determination unit determines that the phase change
material is not allowed to be supercooled, one of the phase change
material and the medium.
6. The heat storage apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
cooling unit includes a radiator that is connected to the first
circuit, and a fan that is opposed to the radiator, and the heat
storage apparatus further comprises a first control unit configured
to control a rotating speed of the fan.
7. The heat storage apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
cooling unit includes a first bypass circuit that is connected to
the first circuit at a first branch point and is configured to
bypass the radiator, and a first control valve configured to switch
a flow path of the medium to one of the first circuit and the first
bypass circuit at the first branch point, and the heat storage
apparatus further comprises a first control unit configured to
control switching of the first control valve.
8. The heat storage apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
heat generator includes at least one of a motor, an inverter, and a
battery.
9. An air conditioning apparatus, comprising: a heat storage
apparatus configured to store heat generated by a heat generator
via a medium, the heat storage apparatus including a first circuit
closed to circulate the medium therethrough in a direction, a heat
exchanger that is provided at a part of the first circuit and is
configured to exchange the heat generated by the heat generator
with the medium, a heat storage tank that is provided downstream of
the direction in which the medium circulates, with respect to the
heat exchanger of the first circuit, and includes a phase change
material to exchange heat with the medium storing the heat
generated by the heat generator, a first measurement unit
configured to measure a temperature of the medium that passes from
the heat exchanger to the heat storage tank, a cooling unit that is
configured to cool the medium when the measured temperature of the
medium is higher than a predetermined target temperature, and to
set the temperature of the medium that passes from the heat
exchanger to the heat storage tank to be approximately equal to the
target temperature, a count unit configured to count an elapsed
time from when the phase change material exchanges heat with the
medium and starts a phase change from a solid phase to a liquid
phase, and a determination unit configured to determine whether the
phase change material is allowed to be supercooled, or not based on
the elapsed time; a nucleating device configured to nucleate the
phase change material; a second bypass circuit that is connected to
the first circuit at a second branch point and is configured to
bypass the heat storage tank; a second control valve configured to
switch a flow path of the medium to one of the first circuit and
the second bypass circuit at the second branch point; and a second
control unit configured to control, when the determination unit
determines that the phase change material is allowed to be
supercooled, switching of the second control valve to switch the
flow path of the medium to the second bypass circuit.
10. A heat storage method for one of a heat storage apparatus and
an air conditioning apparatus including a medium, a first circuit
closed to circulate the medium therethrough in a direction, a heat
exchanger that is provided at a part of the first circuit and is
configured to exchange heat generated by a heat generator with the
medium, a heat storage tank that is provided downstream of the
direction in which the medium circulates, with respect to the heat
exchanger of the first circuit, and includes a phase change
material to exchange heat with the medium storing the heat
generated by the heat generator, the heat storage method
comprising: circulating the medium; measuring a temperature of the
medium that passes from the heat exchanger to the heat storage
tank; cooling the medium when the measured temperature of the
medium is higher than a predetermined target temperature, and
setting the temperature of the medium that passes from the heat
exchanger to the heat storage tank to be approximately equal to the
target temperature; counting an elapsed time from when the phase
change material exchanges heat with the medium and starting a phase
change from a solid phase to a liquid phase; and determining, by a
determination unit, whether the phase change material is allowed to
be supercooled or not based on the elapsed time.
11. The heat storage method according to claim 10, further
comprising: storing a first time from a start of the phase change
of the phase change material to an end of the phase change in a
case where the phase change material exchanges heat with the medium
having the target temperature; and comparing the first time and the
elapsed time with each other and determining whether the phase
change material is allowed to be supercooled or not.
12. The heat storage method according to claim 10, further
comprising: storing a first heat storage quantity of heat that can
be stored from a start of the phase change of the phase change
material to an end of the phase change in a case where the phase
change material exchanges heat with the medium having the target
temperature; estimating an estimation value of a heat storage
quantity of the heat stored from the start of the phase change of
the phase change material, using the measured temperature of the
medium and the elapsed time; and comparing the first heat storage
quantity and the estimation value of the heat storage quantity with
each other and determining whether the phase change material is
allowed to be supercooled or not.
13. The heat storage method according to claim 10, further
comprising: measuring a second temperature of the medium after the
medium passes through the heat storage tank; and counting an
elapsed time from a time point from which the second temperature
stays constant.
14. The heat storage method according to claim 10, further
comprising heating one of the phase change material and the medium
by a heating unit configured to apply heat to the phase change
material, when it is determined that the phase change material is
not allowed to be supercooled.
15. The heat storage method according to claim 10, further
comprising controlling a rotating speed of a fan that is opposed to
a radiator connected to the first circuit.
16. The heat storage method according to claim 10, further
comprising control switching of a first control valve that is
configured to switch a flow path of the medium to one of the first
circuit and a first bypass circuit at a first branch point, the
first bypass circuit being connected to the first circuit at the
first branch point and being configured to bypass a radiator.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is based upon and claims the benefit of
priority from the prior Japanese Patent Application No.
2012-187601, filed on Aug. 28, 2012, the entire contents of which
are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD
[0002] This embodiment relates to a heat storage apparatus
including a phase change material, and to an air conditioning
apparatus and a heat storage method.
BACKGROUND
[0003] For warm-up of an internal combustion engine or a
transmission (heat generator), the following technique is known:
exhaust heat from a heat generator is stored in a phase change
material via a medium. When heated, the phase change material
stores heat by a phase change from a solid phase to a liquid phase.
The phase change material in the liquid phase is put into a
supercooled state in which the state of the liquid phase is kept
even when a temperature thereof is lowered. The phase change
material put into the supercooled state is nucleated by application
of a mechanical stimulation, a voltage, or the like and changes in
phase from the liquid phase to the solid phase. At this time, the
phase change material radiates the heat stored in the process of
the phase change from the solid phase to the liquid phase. When the
phase of the phase change material is changed from the solid phase
to the liquid phase, if even a part of the phase change material
remains in the solid phase, the whole phase change material is
restored to the solid phase in the case where the temperature of
the phase change material is lowered. Thus, the phase change
material is not allowed to be put into the supercooled state. For
that reason, in the case where the phase change material is used
for warm-up, it is necessary for the phase change material to be in
the supercooled state. Therefore, at a stage of heat storage, it is
necessary to determine whether the phase of the whole phase change
material is completely changed from the solid phase to the liquid
phase, that is, whether the phase change material is allowed to be
supercooled or not in the case where the temperature of the phase
change material is lowered.
[0004] On the other hand, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No.
2009-236433 relates to a technique in which whether the phase
change material is allowed to be supercooled or not is determined
based on the temperature of a medium. However, depending on an
operational status of the heat generator, the temperature of the
medium successively changes. Therefore, in such a case of being
based on the temperature of a medium, it is difficult to easily
determine whether the phase change material is allowed to be
supercooled or not. It should be noted that the entire contents of
Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2009-236433 is
incorporated herein by reference.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0005] FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a heat storage apparatus
according to a first embodiment;
[0006] FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a control device according
to the first, embodiment;
[0007] FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing an operation of the heat
storage apparatus according to the first embodiment;
[0008] FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a control device according
to a first modified example;
[0009] FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C are exemplary graphs of simulation
results according to the first modified example;
[0010] FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing a heat storage apparatus
according to a second modified example;
[0011] FIG. 7 is at block diagram showing a control device
according to the second modified example;
[0012] FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing a heat storage apparatus
according to a second embodiment;
[0013] FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C are exemplary graphs of simulation
results according to the second embodiment;
[0014] FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing an air conditioning
apparatus according to a third embodiment; and
[0015] FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing a control device
according to the third embodiment.
[0016] FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing the control device of
FIG. 8
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0017] In view of the above circumstances, according to an
embodiment, a heat storage apparatus configured to store heat
generated by a heat generator via a medium includes: a first
circuit closed to circulate the medium therethrough in a direction;
a heat exchanger that is provided at a part of the first circuit
and is configured to exchange the heat generated by the heat
generator with the medium; a heat storage tank that is provided
downstream of the direction in which the medium circulates, with
respect to the heat exchanger of the first circuit, and includes a
phase change material to exchange heat with the medium storing the
heat generated by the heat generator; a first measurement unit
configured to measure a temperature of the medium that passes from
the heat exchanger to the heat storage tank; a cooling unit that is
configured to cool the medium when the measured temperature of the
medium is higher than a predetermined target temperature, and to
set the temperature of the medium that passes from the heat
exchanger to the heat storage tank to be approximately equal to the
target temperature; a count unit configured to count an elapsed
time from when the phase change material exchanges heat with the
medium and starts a phase chance from a solid phase to a liquid
phase; and a determination unit configured to determine whether the
phase change material is allowed to be supercooled or not based on
the elapsed time.
[0018] According to an embodiment, an air conditioning apparatus
including the heat storage apparatus described above includes: a
nucleating device configured to nucleate the phase change material;
a second bypass circuit that is connected to the first circuit at a
second branch point and is configured to bypass the heat storage
tank; a second control valve configured to switch a flew path of
the medium to one of the first circuit and the second bypass
circuit at the second branch point; and a second control unit
configured to control, when the determination unit determines that
the phase change material is allowed to be supercooled, switching
of the second control valve to switch the flow path of the medium
to the second bypass circuit.
[0019] According to an embodiment, a heat storage method for one of
a heat storage apparatus and an air conditioning apparatus that
include a medium, a first circuit closed to circulate the medium
therethrough in a direction, a heat exchanger that is provided at a
part, of the first circuit and is configured to exchange heat
generated by a heat generator with the medium, and a heat storage
tank that is provided downstream of the direction in which the
medium circulates, with respect to the heat exchanger of the first
circuit, and includes a phase change material to exchange heat with
the medium storing the heat generated by the heat generator,
includes: circulating the medium; measuring a temperature of the
medium that passes from the heat exchanger to the heat storage
tank; cooling the medium when the measured temperature of the
medium is higher than a predetermined target temperature, and
setting the temperature of the medium that passes from the heat
exchanger to the heat storage tank to be approximately equal to the
target temperature; counting an elapsed time from when the phase
change material exchanges heat with the medium and starting a phase
change from a solid phase to a liquid phase; and determining, by a
determination unit, whether the phase change material is allowed to
be supercooled or not based on the elapsed time.
[0020] According to an aspect of embodiments, a heat storage
apparatus, an air conditioning apparatus, and a heat storage method
that are capable of easily determining whether a phase change
material is allowed to be supercooled or not are provided.
[0021] Hereinafter, an embodiment will be described.
FIRST EMBODIMENT
[0022] FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a heat storage apparatus
according to a first embodiment. In this embodiment, the heat
storage apparatus can be used for an in-vehicle air conditioning
apparatus of an electric vehicle (EV) (hereinafter, referred to as
vehicle) including, for example, a storage battery, a motor, an
inverter, and an electronic control unit (ECU) that controls those
components. For example, a heat storage apparatus is provided near
a motor or an inverter of an electric vehicle including an air
conditioning apparatus. Heat (waste heat) radiated from the motor,
the inverter, and the like is stored in the heat storage apparatus
in advance. Thus, when a warm-up operation of the air conditioning
apparatus is required, the heat stored in the heat storage
apparatus can be used.
[0023] A heat storage apparatus 1000 of FIG. 1 includes a first
circuit 101. A medium used for heat exchange circulates through the
first circuit 101. The medium is liquid or gas capable of
transporting heat obtained by heat exchange. In this embodiment,
water is used as the medium, for example. Further, the heat storage
apparatus 1000 includes a heat exchanger 15 and a heat storage tank
20. The heat exchanger 15 exchanges, with the medium, the heat
generated by a heat generator 10 capable of operating (generating
heat) and not operating (generating no heat) and gives the heat to
the medium. The heat storage tank 20 includes a phase change
material 25 that exchanges heat with the medium, which has
exchanged heat with the heat generator 10, and receives the heat
from the medium. Here, the heat generator 10 is a device that
generates heat in the vehicle. For example, the heat generator 10
is a storage battery, a motor, or an inverter. Additionally, the
heat storage apparatus 1000 includes a cooling unit 30 and a first
measurement unit 130. The cooling unit 30 regulates the temperature
of the medium to be approximately a target temperature. The first
measurement unit 130 measures the temperature of the medium before
the medium passes through the heat storage tank 20.
[0024] The first circuit 101 is a pipe that connects the heat
exchanger 15, the heat storage tank 20, and the cooling unit 30 to
one another in a loop. The medium circulates through the pipe.
Specifically, in FIG. 1, the first circuit 101 connects the heat
exchanger 15 and the heat storage tank 20 to each other, the heat
storage tank 20 and the cooling unit 30 to each other, and the
cooling unit 30 and the heat exchanger 15 to each other. It should
be noted that in order to allow heat exchange between the medium
and the heat generator 10 and between the medium and the phase
change material 25, the first circuit 101 is desirably made of a
metal material (for example, copper) having excellent thermal
conductivity in a portion where heat is exchanged. Further, in
order to suppress heat radiation from the surface of the pipe, a
resin member or the like having excellent heat resistance and heat
insulating properties can be used in portions other than the
above-mentioned portion.
[0025] The medium sequentially passes through the heat exchanger
15, the heat storage tank 20, and the cooling unit 30 to circulate
through the first circuit 101 while repeating heat exchange with
the heat generator 10 and the heat storage rank 20. In other words,
the medium passes through the cooling unit 30 and thereafter passes
through the heat exchanger 15 by circulating through the first
circuit 101. The medium is driven by a pump or the like not shown
in the figure.
[0026] The phase change material 25 is a material that is capable
of changing its phase between a solid phase and a liquid phase by
heat exchange and can be put into a supercooled state in the liquid
phase. Further, the phase change material 25 is a material that
nucleates and changes its phase to the solid phase by receiving an
impact or an input of voltage application or the like when being in
the supercooled state. In this embodiment, a sodium acetate hydrate
is used, for the phase change material 25, for example.
[0027] The heat generator 10 is provided near the heat exchanger
15, for example, in contact with the heat exchanger 15. The heat
generator 10 gives heat to the medium circulating through, the
first circuit 101, via the heat exchanger 15. The heat is generated
to the outside by the heat generator 10 operating when the vehicle
is driven.
[0028] The heat storage tank 20 is a container that is provided
downstream of the heat exchanger 15 of the first circuit 101 and
contains the phase change material 25. Here, the term "downstream"
is defined with reference to a direction in which the medium within
the first circuit 101 flows. The heat storage tank 20 connects a
pipe (not shown) to the first circuit 101. The pipe penetrates
through the container. In the heat storage tank 20, when the
medium, which has exchanged heat with the heat generator 10, passes
through the pipe, the phase change material 25 receives the heat of
the medium by heat exchange. It should be noted that the pipe
penetrating through the container is assumed to be a part of the
first circuit 101. In other words, the first circuit 101 passes
through the heat storage tank 20.
[0029] The cooling unit 30 includes a radiator 31 and a fan 32
opposed to the radiator 31. The radiator 31 is connected to the
first circuit 101. The radiator 31 receives heat from the medium
that, passes through the radiator 31, and radiates the heat to the
outside, thus cooling the medium. The fan 32 rotates to generate
airflow toward the radiator 31, thus cooling the radiator 31. A
first control unit 41 to be described later controls the rotating
speed of the fan 32 to regulate an air volume of the airflow that
is generated by the fan 32 and applied to the radiator 31.
Therefore, through the regulation of the air volume of the airflow
applied to the radiator 31, a surface temperature of the radiator
31 is lowered and the temperature of the medium passing through the
radiator 31 is lowered.
[0030] Further, the cooling unit 30 includes a first bypass circuit
102 and a first control valve 103. The first bypass circuit 102 is
connected to the first circuit 101 via the first control valve 103
at a branch point A and connected to the first circuit 101 at a
branch point B to bypass the radiator 31. The first control valve
103 switches a flow path of the medium, which has passed through
the first circuit 101 and reached the first control valve 103, to
one of the first circuit 101 and the first bypass circuit 102.
Here, a state in which the flow path of the medium is switched to
(or maintained to be) the first circuit 101 is defined as a "first
control valve OFF", and a state in which the flow path of the
medium is switched to (or maintained to be) the first bypass
circuit 102 is defined as a "first control valve ON".
[0031] The first measurement unit 130 is a temperature sensor
provided between the heat exchanger 15 and the heat storage tank
20. The first measurement unit 130 measures a temperature
(hereinafter, referred to as first temperature) of the medium
passing from the heat exchanger 15 to the heat storage tank 20.
Specifically, the first measurement unit 130 measures a first
temperature of the medium after the medium receives heat by heat
exchange with the heat generator 10 and before the medium gives the
heat to the phase change material 25 by heat exchange with the
phase change material 25.
[0032] Additionally, the heat storage apparatus 1000 of FIG. 1
includes a control device 200 and a storage device 300. It should
be noted that an arithmetic processing unit such as a central
processing unit (CPU) and a micro processing unit (MPU) is used as
the control device 200. Further, a recording medium such as a
memory and a hard disk drive (HDD) is used as the storage device
300.
[0033] FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the control device 200 of
FIG. 1.
[0034] The control device 200 of FIG. 2 includes an instruction
unit 40, a first control unit 41, a count unit 42, and a
determination unit 43 as logic modules. The instruction unit 40
controls the operation of the heat generator 10. The first control
unit 41 controls the cooling unit 30 to cool the medium in the case
where the first temperature is higher than a target temperature.
The count unit 42 counts an elapsed time from when the phase change
material 25 starts to change its phase from the solid phase to the
liquid phase. The determination unit 43 determines whether the
phase change material 25 finishes the phase change to the liquid
phase based on the elapsed time counted by the count unit 42.
[0035] The instruction unit 40 controls the operation of the heat
generator 10 based on an instruction from a driver who drives the
vehicle. In other words, the instruction unit controls the heat
generator 10 to be activated or deactivated. The heat storage
apparatus 1000 stores heat generated by the heat generator 10
during a period of time from when the instruction unit 40 controls
the heat generator 10 to be activated to when the instruction unit
40 controls the heat generator 10 to be deactivated.
[0036] The first control unit 41 compares the first temperature of
the medium, which is measured by the first measurement unit 130,
and the target temperature with each other, and controls the rpm of
the fan 32 to indirectly control the air volume of the airflow
applied to the radiator 31. Further, the first control unit 41
controls switching between ON and OFF of the first control valve
103. Here, the target temperature can be determined in advance and
stored in the storage device 300. It should be noted that the
target temperature is a fixed value that can be defined within the
range equal to or higher than a melting point of the phase change
material 25 and equal to or lower than a heatproof temperature of a
device constituting the vehicle (for example, semiconductor device
of inverter).
[0037] For example, the first control unit 41 switches the first
control valve 103 to be Ob in the case where the first temperature
of the medium is lower than the target temperature. At this time,
the medium bypasses the radiator 31 by passing through the first
bypass circuit 102. The medium passing through the first, bypass
circuit 102 obtains heat from the heat generator 10 without being
cooled and thus the temperature thereof is rising. On the other
hand, in the case where the first temperature of the medium falls
within a predetermined range with reference to the target
temperature, the first control unit 41 controls the rpm of the fan
32 in accordance with a difference between the first temperature of
the medium and the target temperature by using algorithms such as
proportional (P) control, proportional integral (PI) control, and
proportional integral derivative (PID) control. Also by storing a
table in which the rpm of the fan 32 and the difference between the
first temperature of the medium and the target temperature are
associated with each other in the storage device 300 in advance,
the first control unit 41 can control the rpm of the fan 32 by
referring to the table.
[0038] The count unit 42 counts an elapsed time from when the phase
change material 25 exchanges heat with the medium having the first
temperature and starts the phase change from the solid phase to the
liquid phase until the instruction unit 40 controls the heat
generator 10 to be deactivated. At this time, a heat quantity
(hereinafter, referred to as first heat quantity), which is
required by a phase change material 25 by the time the phase change
material 25 starts the phase change from the solid phase to the
liquid phase, is investigated in advance by experiments or
simulations, for example. The phase change material 25 in this case
has the same type and volume as the phase change material 25
included in the heat storage tank 20. Then, the heat quantity thus
obtained is stored in the storage device 300. Then, a heat quantity
(hereinafter, referred to as second heat quantity) given to the
phase change material 25 is estimated based on a time history of
the first temperature of the medium, which is measured by the first
measurement unit 130. A time point at which the estimated second
heat quantity reaches the first heat quantity stored in the storage
device 300 is set as a starting point of the phase change from the
solid phase to the liquid phase. The count unit 42 counts the
elapsed time from the starting point.
[0039] The determination unit 43 compares the elapsed time counted
by the count unit 42 and a time (first time) with each other. The
time (first time) is in the range from the start to the end of the
phase change from the solid phase to the liquid phase in the case
where the phase change material 25 constantly exchanges heat with
the medium having the target temperature during the phase change
from the solid phase to the liquid phase. In the case where the
elapsed time is the first time or longer, the determination unit 43
determines that the phase change material 25 finishes the phase
change to the liquid phase. In other words, the determination unit
43 determines that the phase change material 25 is allowed to be
supercooled. On the other hand, in the case where the elapsed time
is shorter than the first time, the determination unit 43
determines that the phase change material 25 does not finish the
phase change to the liquid phase. In other words, the determination
unit 43 determines that the phase change material 25 is not allowed
to be supercooled. It should be noted that the determination unit
43 performs determination at a timing at which the instruction unit
40 controls the heat generator 10 to be deactivated, for example.
The determination unit 43 stores a determination result in the
storage device 300.
[0040] It should be noted that as the above-mentioned first time,
in the case where a phase change material 25 constantly exchanges
heat with the medium having the target temperature during the phase
change from the solid phase to the liquid phase, the phase change
material 25 in this case having the same type and volume as the
phase change material 25 included in the heat storage tank 20, a
first time from the start to the end of the phase change from the
solid phase to the liquid phase can be investigated, in advance by
experiments or simulations, for example, and then, the first time
thus obtained can be stored in the storage device 300. In other
words, in the case where the phase change material 25 exchanges
heat with the medium having the first temperature over the first
time or longer with reference to the first time, it is possible to
estimate that the phase change material 25 stores heat of an enough
heat quantity to completely change the phase to the liquid
phase.
[0041] When the instruction unit 40 controls the heat generator 10
to be activated based on an instruction from the driver, the
display device 400 refers to the determination result stored in the
storage device 300 to display the determination result. In other
words, with display, the driver can recognize the determination
result, that is, a heat storage state of the phase change material
25.
[0042] FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing an operation of the heat
storage apparatus 1000. It should be noted that the operation of
the phase change material 25 from the solid phase state is shown in
FIG. 3.
[0043] In Step 1001, the instruction unit 40 controls the heat
generator 10 to be activated according to an instruction of the
driver.
[0044] In Step 1002, the first measurement unit 130 measures the
first temperature of the medium.
[0045] In Step 1003, the first control unit 41 controls the cooling
unit 30 to lower the temperature of the medium in the case where
the first temperature is higher than the target temperature.
Further, in the case where the first temperature is lower than the
target temperature, the temperature of the medium is raised by the
heat of the heat generator 10 without being cooled. Thus, the
temperature of the medium is regulated to or approximately a target
temperature. It should be noted that even if the temperature of the
medium at this time does not definitely coincide with the target
temperature, the temperature of the medium only needs to be
regulated to fall within an allowable range that is determined in
advance, for example. It is desirable to set the allowable range to
.+-.2.degree. C. of the target temperature, for example.
Alternatively, it is desirable to set the allowable range to
.+-.1.degree. C. of the target temperature when represented in the
ratio with respect to the target temperature with reference to an
absolute temperature.
[0046] The operation in Step 1002 and Step 1003 is continued until
the instruction unit 40 controls the heat generator 10 to be
deactivated in Step 1006 to be described later, for example.
[0047] In the case where the phase change material 25 starts the
phase change in Step 1004, the count unit 42 starts to count an
elapsed time from this time point in Step 1005.
[0048] In Step 1006, when the driver finishes driving the vehicle,
the instruction unit 40 controls the heat generator 10 to be
deactivated according to an instruction from the driver (for
example, operation of turning off ignition key).
[0049] In Step 1007, the count unit 42 finishes counting the
elapsed time. A timing at which the count is finished may be the
same timing as Step 1006. Otherwise, the timing may be any timing
after the Step 1006 in consideration of residual heat of the heat
generator 10.
[0050] In Step 1008, in the case where the phase change material 25
constantly exchanges heat with the medium having the target
temperature during the phase change from the solid phase to the
liquid phase, a first time (threshold value) from the start to the
end of the phase change from the solid phase to the liquid phase is
obtained from the storage device 300 so that the threshold value
and the elapsed time are compared with each other.
[0051] In Step 1009, in the case where the elapsed time is the
threshold value or more, the determination unit 43 determines that
the phase change material 25 is allowed to be supercooled. For
example, simultaneously with the determination, a determination
result is recorded in the storage device 300.
[0052] In Step 1010, in the case where the elapsed time is smaller
than the threshold value, the determination unit 43 determines that
the phase change material 25 is not allowed to be supercooled. For
example, simultaneously with the determination, a determination
result is recorded in the storage device 300.
[0053] In Step 1011, when the driver starts to drive the vehicle,
the instruction unit 40 controls the heat generator 10 to be
activated according to an instruction from the driver (for example,
operation of turning on ignition key).
[0054] In Step 1012, the display device 400 displays the
determination result stored in the storage device 300.
[0055] According to the heat storage apparatus 1000 of this
embodiment, the temperature of the medium that exchanges heat with
the phase change material is constant, and thus a temperature
difference between the temperature of the medium and a melting
point of the phase change material and a heat transfer coefficient
between the medium and the phase change material are constant.
Therefore, the temperature of the medium can be eliminated from
parameters used in the determination, and whether the phase change
material 25 is allowed to be supercooled or not can be easily
determined based on only a simple index of the elapsed time.
[0056] Further, the temperature of the medium before passing
through the heat storage tank 20 is set to be a constant
temperature, and accordingly the phase change material 25 can store
heat at a constant heat transfer quantity (heat storage capability)
during the phase change. Therefore, by experiments, simulations, or
the like performed in advance under the same conditions, the first
temperature (threshold value) can be set easily.
[0057] It should be noted that in the case where the heat generator
10 is a motor and includes a water jacket that penetrates through
the motor, for example, the water jacket can be connected to the
first circuit 101. At this time, the heat generator 10 gives heat,
which is generated to the outside when the medium passes through
the water jacket, to the medium by heat exchange. In this case, the
water jacket is assumed to be the heat exchanger 15.
FIRST MODIFIED EXAMPLE
[0058] FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a control device 200
according to a first modified example. In this modified example,
the control device 200 is different from the control device 200 of
FIG. 2 in that the control device 200 in this modified example
includes an estimation unit 44 as a logic module.
[0059] The estimation unit 44 estimates an estimation value of a
heat storage quantity based on the elapsed time counted by the
count unit 42. Specifically, the heat storage quantity is a
quantity of heat stored by the phase change material 25 after the
phase change material 25 exchanges heat with the medium having the
target temperature and starts to change its phase from the solid
phase to the liquid phase. For example, the estimation unit 44
estimates the heat storage quantity by integrating a difference
between the first temperature measured by the first measurement
unit 130 and the melting point of the phase change material 25.
[0060] The determination unit 43 compares the estimation value of
the heat storage quantity, which is estimated by the estimation
unit 44, and a maximal value of the heat storage quantity with each
other. The heat storage quantity is a quantity of heat that can be
stored by the phase change material 25 from the start to the end of
the phase change from the solid phase to the liquid phase in the
case where the phase change material 25 constantly exchanges heat
with the medium having the target temperature during the phase
change from the solid phase to the liquid phase. In the case where
the estimation value of the heat storage quantity is the maximal
value of the heat storage quantity or larger, the determination
unit 43 determines that the phase change material 25 finishes the
phase change to the liquid phase. In other words, the determination
unit 43 determines that the phase change material 25 is allowed to
be supercooled. On the other hand, in the case where the estimation
value of the heat storage quantity is smaller than the maximal
value of the heat storage quantity, the determination unit 43
determines that the phase change material 25 does not finish the
phase change to the liquid phase. In other words, the determination
unit 43 determines that the phase change material 25 is not allowed
to be supercooled. The determination unit 43 stores a determination
result in the storage device 300.
[0061] It should be noted that as the above-mentioned maximal value
of the heat storage quantity, in the case where a phase change
material 25 constantly exchanges heat with the medium having the
target temperature during the phase change from the solid phase to
the liquid phase, the phase change material 25 in this case having
the same type and volume as the phase change material 25 included
in the heat storage tank 20, a maximal value of a quantity of heat
that can be stored by the phase change material 25 from the start
to the end of the phase change from the solid phase to the liquid
phase can be investigated in advance by experiments or simulations,
for example, and then, the maximal value thus obtained can be
stored in the storage device 300.
[0062] FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C are exemplary graphs of simulation
results for describing an action or the heat storage apparatus
1000. As shown in FIG. 5A, a case where the first temperature of
the medium from time T1 to time T2 is constant will be discussed.
Further, as shown in FIG. 5B, it is assumed that the phase change
material 25 starts the phase change from the solid phase to the
liquid phase at time T1 and finishes the phase change at time
T2.
[0063] At this time, FIG. 5C shows a time history of a heat
transfer quantity of heat that transfers from the phase change
material 25 to the medium from time T1 to time T2.
[0064] According to this modified example, the temperature of the
medium before passing through the heat storage tank 20 is set to be
a constant temperature, and accordingly the phase change material
25 can store heat at a constant heat transfer quantity during the
phase change. Therefore, by experiments, simulations, or the like
performed in advance under the same conditions, the maximal value
of the heat storage quantity can be set easily. Further, in
addition to a simple index of the elapsed time, whether the phase
change material 25 is allowed to be supercooled or not can be
easily determined based on the temperature of the medium, which has
been regulated by the cooling unit 30, that is, based on a constant
temperature of the medium.
SECOND MODIFIED EXAMPLE
[0065] FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing a heat storage apparatus
1000 according to a second modified example. Further, FIG. 7 is a
block diagram showing a control device 200 according to the second
modified example. In this modified example, the heat storage
apparatus 1000 is different from the heat storage apparatus 1000 of
FIG. 1 in that the heat storage apparatus 1000 in this modified
example includes a heating unit 150. Further, the control device
200 is different from the control device 200 of FIG. 2 in that the
control device 200 in this modified example includes an estimation
unit 44.
[0066] The estimation unit 44 estimates an estimation value of a
heat storage quantity based on the elapsed time counted by the
count unit 42. Specifically, the heat storage quantity is a
quantity of heat stored by the phase change material 25 after the
phase change material 25 exchanges heat with the medium having the
target temperature and starts to change its phase from the solid
phase to the liquid phase. Further, in the case where the
determination unit 43 determines that the phase change material 25
is not allowed to be supercooled, the estimation unit 44 calculates
a difference between a maximal value of the heat storage quantity
and the estimation value of the heat storage quantity at a time
point of the determination by the determination unit 43. The heat
storage quantity is a quantity of heat that can be stored by the
phase change material 25 from the state to the end of the phase
change from the solid phase to the liquid phase in the case where a
phase change material 25 constantly exchanges heat with the medium
having the target temperature during the phase change from the
solid phase to the liquid phase.
[0067] The heating unit 150 is a heater provided near the heat
storage tank 20. The heating unit 150 gives a heat quantity
corresponding to the difference calculated by the estimation unit
44 to the phase change material 25.
[0068] At a time point at which the heating unit 150 gives a heat
quantity corresponding to the difference to the phase change
material 25, the determination unit 43 determines that the phase
change material 25 is allowed to be supercooled. The determination
unit 43 stores a determination result to the storage device
300.
[0069] According to this modified example, at a time point at which
the operation of the heat generator 10 is stopped, even when the
phase change material 25 is not in a state allowed to be
supercooled, it is possible to completely change the phase of the
phase change material 25 to the liquid phase when a sufficient heat
quantity is given to the phase change material 23. In other words,
it is possible to put the phase change material 25 into a
supercooled state.
[0070] Although the example in which the heating unit 150 is
provided near the heat storage tank 20 has been described here, the
following configuration may be provided. For example, the heating
unit 150 is provided at a part of the first circuit 101 so that the
medium is heated and thus a heat quantity is indirectly given to
the phase change material 25.
SECOND EMBODIMENT
[0071] FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing a heat storage apparatus
1000 according to a second embodiment. FIG. 12 is a block diagram
showing the control device of FIG. 8 In this embodiment, the heat
storage apparatus 1500 is different from the heat storage apparatus
1000 of FIG. 1 in that the heat storage apparatus 1500 includes a
second measurement unit 140.
[0072] The second measurement unit 140 is a temperature sensor
provided between the heat storage tank 20 and the cooling unit 30.
The second measurement unit 140 measures a temperature
(hereinafter, referred to as second temperature) of a medium after
the medium passes through the heat storage tank 20 but before
through the cooling unit 30, the medium passing through the first
circuit 101. Specifically, the second measurement unit 140 measures
a second temperature of the medium after the medium gives heat to
the phase change material 25 by heat exchange and before the
temperature thereof is lowered by the cooling unit 30.
[0073] The count unit 42 counts an elapsed time starting from a
time point at which the second temperature measured by the second
measurement unit 140 is put to be constant. In other words, the
second temperature of the mediums having passed through the heat
storage tank 20 can be considered to be approximate to the
temperature of the phase change material 25. Therefore, the time
point at which the second temperature is put to be constant can be
considered as a time point at which the phase change material 25
starts to change its phase from the solid phase to the liquid
phase.
[0074] It should be noted that the term "constant" herein means
that an absolute value of a change rate (K/s) of the second
temperature is equal to or smaller than a threshold value defined
beforehand. In other words, the count unit 42 can count an elapsed
time starting from a time point at which the absolute value of the
change rate (K/s) of the second temperature first reaches the
threshold value defined beforehand.
[0075] FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C are exemplary graphs of simulation
results for describing an action of the heat storage apparatus
1500. As shown in FIG. 9A, a case where the first temperature of
the medium from time T1 to time T2 is constant will be discussed.
Further, as shown in FIG. 9B, it is assumed that the phase change
material 25 starts the phase change from the solid phase to the
liquid phase at time T1 and finishes the phase change at time
T2.
[0076] At this time, FIG. 9C shows an absolute value of a change
rate of the second temperature. Accordingly, it is found that the
absolute value of the change rate of the second temperature is
equal to or smaller than the threshold value (for example, 0.001)
during a period of time from time T1 when the phase change material
25 starts the phase change to time T2 when the phase change
material 25 finishes the phase change.
[0077] According to the heat storage apparatus 1500 in this
embodiment, the temperature of the phase change material is not
directly measured and the second temperature of the medium that is
close to the temperature of the phase change material 25 is
measured, which makes it possible to highly accurately estimate,
based on the second temperature, a timing at which the phase change
material 25 starts to change its phase from the solid phase to the
liquid phase. Accordingly, whether the phase change material 25 is
allowed to be supercooled or not can be determined highly
accurately based on a more correct elapsed time.
THIRD EMBODIMENT
[0078] FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing an air conditioning
apparatus 2000 according to a third embodiment. Further, FIG. 11 is
a block diagram showing a control device 200 of FIG. 10. The air
conditioning apparatus 2000 of FIG. 10 includes the heat storage
apparatus 1000 of FIG. 1. The same configurations as those of the
heat storage apparatus 1000 of FIG. 1 and the control device 200 of
FIG. 2 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and detailed
descriptions thereof will be omitted.
[0079] The air conditioning apparatus 2000 of FIG. 10 includes a
nucleating device 160, a second bypass circuit 112, and a second
control valve 113. Additionally, the air conditioning apparatus
2000 includes an air conditioning unit 170 and a second circuit 111
that connects the air conditioning unit 170 and the heat storage
tank 20 to each other in a loop and causes a medium to pass through
the second circuit 111. The control device 200 of FIG. 11 includes
a second control unit 45 as a logic module.
[0080] The nucleating device 160 is a device for giving a trigger
such as an impact or an input of voltage application to the phase
change material 25 to cause the phase change material 25 to
nucleate. In the case where the storage device 300 stores
information that the supercooling is allowed, the operation of the
nucleating device 160 is controlled by the instruction unit 40
based on an instruction from a driver who drives a vehicle.
[0081] The second bypass circuit 112 is connected to the first
circuit 101 via the second control valve 113 at a branch point C
and connected to the first circuit 101 at a branch point D to
bypass the heat storage tank 20.
[0082] The second control valve 113 switches a flow path of the
medium, which has passed through the first circuit 101 and reached
the second control valve 113, to one of the first circuit 101 and
the second bypass circuit 112. Here, a state in which the flow path
of the medium is switched to (or maintained to be) the first
circuit 101 is defined as a "second control valve OFF", and a state
in which the flow path of the medium is switched to (or maintained
to be) the second bypass circuit 112 is defined as a "second
control valve ON".
[0083] The air conditioning unit 170 regulates an air temperature
or humidity in the vehicle. Here, a general heat pump system
including a compressor, a condenser, an evaporator, and the like is
used as the air conditioning unit 170, and detailed descriptions
thereof will be omitted.
[0084] The second control unit 45 controls the switching of the
second control valve 113 to be turned on at a timing at which the
instruction unit 40 controls the nucleating device 160.
Accordingly, heat of the phase change material 25 that radiates the
heat by nucleating is not transmitted to the medium in the first
circuit 101. Therefore, heat can be efficiently transmitted to the
medium in the second circuit 111.
[0085] It should be noted that a seat, a wheel, and the like,
through which the second circuit 111 passes, may be used as the air
conditioning unit 170. In this case, a high-temperature medium
passing through the second circuit can directly warm the seat, the
wheel, and the like.
[0086] The heat storage apparatus, the air conditioning apparatus,
and the heat storage method according to at least one of the
embodiments described above allows a highly accurate determination
as to whether the phase change material is allowed to be
supercooled or not.
[0087] While certain embodiments have been described, these
embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not
intended to limit the scope of the inventions. Indeed, the novel
methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety
of the other forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions
and changes in the form the methods and systems described herein
may be made without departing from the sprit of the inventions. The
accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover
such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and
spirit of the inventions.
* * * * *