U.S. patent application number 14/065817 was filed with the patent office on 2014-02-27 for ionic viscoelastics and viscoelastic salts.
This patent application is currently assigned to Trustees of Boston University. The applicant listed for this patent is Mark W. Grinstaff, Michel Wathier. Invention is credited to Mark W. Grinstaff, Michel Wathier.
Application Number | 20140058047 14/065817 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 38625756 |
Filed Date | 2014-02-27 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140058047 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Grinstaff; Mark W. ; et
al. |
February 27, 2014 |
Ionic Viscoelastics and Viscoelastic Salts
Abstract
One embodiment of the present invention relates to ionic liquids
and ionic viscoelastics formed between [1] a small molecule or
macromolecule containing two or more cations; and [2] a small
molecule or macromolecule containing two or more anions. Another
embodiment of the invention is the use of the inventive ionic
liquids and ionic viscoelastics, formed between a small molecule or
macromolecule containing two or more cations and a small molecule
or macromolecule containing two or more anions, to form a
crosslinked network. In certain embodiments, the ionic liquids
formed can be viscous liquids, viscous liquid formed networks, or
viscoelastic networks/gels. In certain embodiments, the ionic
material of the invention may be used for a variety of applications
including, but not limited to, lubricants, additives, gas
separation, liquid separation, membranes, fuel cells, sensors,
batteries, coatings, heat storage, liquid crystals, biocompatible
fluids, solvents, and electronic materials.
Inventors: |
Grinstaff; Mark W.;
(Brookline, MA) ; Wathier; Michel; (Brookline,
MA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Grinstaff; Mark W.
Wathier; Michel |
Brookline
Brookline |
MA
MA |
US
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Trustees of Boston
University
Boston
MA
|
Family ID: |
38625756 |
Appl. No.: |
14/065817 |
Filed: |
October 29, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13759496 |
Feb 5, 2013 |
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14065817 |
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12297756 |
Oct 20, 2008 |
8367845 |
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PCT/US07/67047 |
Apr 20, 2007 |
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13759496 |
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60793978 |
Apr 21, 2006 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
525/329.3 ;
525/329.8; 548/313.7; 562/566; 562/583; 568/10 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07F 9/28 20130101; C07D
403/12 20130101; C08G 65/00 20130101; C08F 236/12 20130101; C08F
120/06 20130101; C08L 33/08 20130101; C07C 211/09 20130101; C10N
2020/077 20200501; C07C 59/305 20130101; C07F 9/5407 20130101; C07C
211/14 20130101; C07C 229/24 20130101; C08L 43/02 20130101; C08L
35/06 20130101; C08L 33/14 20130101; C08L 33/08 20130101; C08L
2666/04 20130101; C08L 33/08 20130101; C08L 2666/02 20130101; C08L
35/06 20130101; C08L 2666/04 20130101; C08L 35/06 20130101; C08L
2666/02 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
525/329.3 ;
548/313.7; 562/566; 562/583; 568/10; 525/329.8 |
International
Class: |
C07C 229/24 20060101
C07C229/24; C07C 59/305 20060101 C07C059/305; C08F 120/06 20060101
C08F120/06; C08G 65/00 20060101 C08G065/00; C08F 236/12 20060101
C08F236/12; C07F 9/54 20060101 C07F009/54; C07D 403/12 20060101
C07D403/12; C07C 211/14 20060101 C07C211/14 |
Claims
1. A salt comprising an anionic component and a cationic component,
wherein: said anionic component is X--[Y].sub.m; m is 2, 3, or 4; X
is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched
alkanes, linear or branched polyethylene glycols, linear or
branched poly(propylene glycol), linear or branched polyethers,
linear or branched polyacrylic acids, linear or branched
polyamides, and polyether triamines, or a combination thereof; Y is
selected, independently for each occurrence, from the group
consisting of -[CO.sub.2].sup.-1, --[SO.sub.3].sup.-1,
--[SO.sub.4].sup.-2, --[SbF.sub.5].sup.-1, --[N(CN)].sup.-1,
--[CF.sub.2S(O).sub.2NS(O).sub.2CF.sub.3].sup.-1,
--[PF.sub.5].sup.-1, --[B(CN).sub.3].sup.-1, and
--[BF.sub.3].sup.-1; said cationic component is W--[Z].sub.n; n is
2, 3, or 4; W is selected from the group consisting of linear or
branched alkanes, linear or branched polyethylene glycols, linear
or branched poly(propylene glycol), linear or branched polyethers,
linear or branched polyacrylic acids, linear or branched
polyamides, and polyether triamines, or a combination thereof; Z is
selected, independently for each occurrence, from the group
consisting of ##STR00063## R is a bond to W or is selected,
independently for each occurrence, from the group consisting of
hydrogen, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, heteroaryl,
heteroaralkyl, heteroaryloxy, amino, alkylamino, arylamino,
heteroarylamino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate,
phosphinate, phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, alkylthio,
sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl,
trifluoromethyl, and cyano; provided that exactly one R is a bond
to W; and any two adjacent R, taken together with the atoms to
which they are directly bound, may form a 5-membered, 6-membered,
or 7-membered, saturated or unsaturated, carbocyclic or
heterocyclic, ring, provided that, when m is 2 or 4, n is 3; and
when n is 2 or 4, m is 3.
2. The salt of claim 1, wherein Y is --[CO.sub.2].sup.-1.
3. The salt of claim 1, wherein X and W are the same.
4. The salt of claim 1, wherein Z is selected, independently for
each occurrence, from the group consisting of ##STR00064##
5. The salt of claim 1, wherein R is a bond to W or is selected,
independently for each occurrence, from the group consisting of
hydrogen or alkyl.
6. The salt of claim 1, wherein said cationic component is
W--[Z].sub.2.
7. The salt of claim 6, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.3; X is C(R')(A-).sub.3, C(R')[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3,
C(R')[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3, N(A).sub.3, N[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, or
N[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3; A is, independently for each occurrence,
--(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each occurrence,
hydrogen or methyl; p is, independently for each occurrence, 0-40
inclusive; and R' is hydrogen, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl,
heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryloxy, amino, alkylamino,
arylamino, heteroarylamino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido,
phosphonate, phosphinate, phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl,
alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester,
heterocyclyl, trifluoromethyl, and cyano.
8. The salt of claim 6, wherein W is
--CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2--, --(CH.sub.2).sub.10--, or
poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene).
9. The salt of claim 6, wherein W--[Z].sub.2 is
[N(R'').sub.3]--W--[N(R'').sub.3] or
[P(R'').sub.3]--W--[P(R'').sub.3]; and R'' is hydrogen, alkyl,
aryl, or aralkyl.
10. The salt of claim 1, wherein said cationic component is
W--[Z].sub.3.
11. The salt of claim 10, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.2; X is --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--,
--CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.su-
b.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2NH(CH.sub.2NH).sub.qCH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2NH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH).sub.qCH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH).sub.qCH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
or
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH).sub.q-
CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--; and q is 0-40 inclusive.
12. The salt of claim 10, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.4; X is C(ACH.sub.2--).sub.4, C[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.4,
C[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.4, (-A).sub.2N(AO).sub.pAN(A-).sub.2, or
(-A).sub.2N(ANH).sub.pAN(A-).sub.2; A is, independently for each
occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each
occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; and p is, independently for each
occurrence, 0-40 inclusive.
13. The salt of claim 10, wherein W is C(R')(A-).sub.3,
C(R')[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, or N(A-).sub.3; A is, independently for
each occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each
occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; p is, independently for each
occurrence, 0-40 inclusive; and R' is hydrogen or methyl.
14. The salt of claim 10, wherein W--[Z].sub.3 is
[Z]--W--[N(R'').sub.3].sub.2 or [Z]--W--[P(R'').sub.3].sub.2; and
R'' is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl.
15. The salt of claim 1, wherein said cationic component is
W--[Z].sub.4.
16. The salt of claim 15, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.3; X is C(R')(A-).sub.3, C(R')[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3,
C(R')[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3, N(A).sub.3, N[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, or
N[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3; A is, independently for each occurrence,
--(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each occurrence,
hydrogen or methyl; p is, independently for each occurrence, 0-40
inclusive; and R' is hydrogen, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl,
heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryloxy, amino, alkylamino,
arylamino, heteroarylamino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido,
phosphonate, phosphinate, phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl,
alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester,
heterocyclyl, trifluoromethyl, and cyano.
17. The salt of claim 15, wherein W is C(ACH.sub.2--).sub.4,
C[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.4, C[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.4,
(-A).sub.2N(AO).sub.pAN(A-).sub.2, or
(-A).sub.2N(ANH).sub.pAN(A-).sub.2; A is, independently for each
occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each
occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; and p is, independently for each
occurrence, 0-40 inclusive.
18. The salt of claim 15, wherein W--[Z].sub.4 is
W--[N(R'').sub.3].sub.4 or W--[P(R'').sub.3].sub.4; and R'' is
hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation application of U.S.
application Ser. No. 13/759,496, filed Feb. 5, 2013, which is a
continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/297,756,
now U.S. Pat. No. 8,367,845, which is the National Stage of
International Application No. PCT/US2007/067047, filed Apr. 20,
2007; which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional
Patent Application Ser. No. 60/793,978, filed Apr. 21, 2006.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Ionic liquids are "salt-like" materials that are liquid at
relatively low temperatures (less than 400.degree. C.). Welton, T.
Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2071-2083; Binnemans, K. Chem. Rev. 2005, 105,
4148-4204. Today most scientists consider an ionic liquid a salt
that is a liquid below 100.degree. C. Many of the common ionic
liquids have melting points at room temperature or below. The first
ionic liquids prepared were corrosive materials that had limited
utility. In the early 1990s, Wilkes reported a less corrosive
air-stable ionic material; this result has Provided the impetus for
much of the research and development focused on ionic liquids.
Wilkes, J. S.; Zaworotko. M. J. Chem. Commun. 1992, 965-967.
[0003] Ionic liquids are typically composed of a mono-cationic
organic compound, such as a compound based on the structure of a
imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, phosphonium, ammonium or
sulfonium, and an inorganic or organic anion, such as a alkyl
sulfate, tosylate, methansulfonate, hexafluorophosphate,
tetrafluoroborate, halide, or carboxylic acid. For example, the
prototypical ionic liquid of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl
sulfate has a melting point of less than 20.degree. C.; whereas,
sodium chloride has a melting point of 801.degree. C. The strong
ionic interaction between these mono-cations and mono-anions
results in low vapor pressure, non-flammable materials with high
thermal, mechanical, and electrochemical stability. More recently,
a dicationic organic compound with two mono-anions has been
reported. Han, X.; Armstrong, D. W. Org. Lett. 2005, 7(19),
4205-4208.
[0004] Ionic liquids have found uses in a wide range of
applications including, but not limited to, lubricants, MADLI-tof
matrices, protein crystallization matrices, solvents for
heterogeneous catalysis, solvents for homogeneous catalysis,
solvent for organic synthesis, solvents for desulfurization, liquid
crystals, thermal fluids, fuel cells, sensors, metal finishers,
materials for gas separations, distillation fluids, extraction
mediums, and membrane technology.
[0005] Viscoelastic materials are semi-solid materials which
exhibit solid and liquid like properties depending on temperature,
as well as upon being subjected to stress and strain over time.
These materials act like elastic solids under some conditions and
viscous liquids under others. In other words, viscoelastic
materials are materials that show hysteresis in their stress-strain
curves. Many plastics and crosslinked polymers are viscoelastic
materials. Examples that highlight the diversity of known
viscoelastic materials are skin, most of the soft tissue in the
body, and the memory foam which is found in matrices.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] One embodiment of the present invention relates to ionic
liquids and ionic viscoelastics formed between [1] a small molecule
or macromolecule containing two or more cations; and [2] a small
molecule or macromolecule containing two or more anions. In certain
embodiments, the inventive material is formed between structurally
similar cationic and anionic molecules/macromolecules. In other
embodiments, the inventive material is formed between structurally
dissimilar cationic and anionic molecules/macromolecules. The ionic
materials of the invention are liquids or viscoelastics below
400.degree. C. In certain embodiments, the ionic materials of the
invention are hydrophobic. In certain embodiments, the ionic
materials of the invention are hydrophilic. In certain embodiments,
the ionic materials of the invention are halogenated (e.g.
fluorinated).
[0007] Another embodiment of the invention is the use of the
inventive ionic liquids and ionic viscoelastics, formed between a
small molecule or macromolecule containing two or more cations and
a small molecule or macromolecule containing two or more anions, to
form a crosslinked network. In certain embodiments, the ionic
liquids formed can be viscous liquids, viscous liquid formed
networks, or viscoelastic networks/gels. In certain embodiments,
the ionic material of the invention may be used for a variety of
applications including, but not limited to, lubricants, additives,
gas separation, liquid separation, membranes, fuel cells, sensors,
batteries, coatings, heat storage, liquid crystals, biocompatible
fluids, solvents, and electronic materials.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0008] FIG. 1 depicts graphically the composition of certain ionic
liquids, which were composed of a mono-cation and a mono-anion, or
a di-cation and two mono-anions.
[0009] FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C depict selected architectures of the
multi-cationic and multi-anionic molecules and macromolecules of
the invention. The variables n and r are integers.
[0010] FIG. 3 depicts additional [A] multi-cationic and [B]
multi-anionic architectures of the invention.
[0011] FIG. 4 depicts selected approaches to forming cationic and
anionic components of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0012] One embodiment of the invention relates to the preparation
and use of ionic liquids and ionic viscoelastics composed of
multi-cationic molecules/macromolecules and multi-anionic
molecules/macromolecules. The electrostatic interactions between
the cations and anions creates a viscous liquid or viscoelastic
material. Selected molecule and macromolecule architectures
disclosed in this application are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. In
contrast to previous ionic liquids, ionic materials include the
interaction of multi-cationic and multi-anionic centers. As
exemplified in FIG. 1, many previous ionic liquids were composed of
a single cation and single anion.
[0013] As shown in FIG. 2, there are a wide variety of
architectures available for the preparation of the ionic liquids or
ionic viscoelastics of the present invention. Structure A
represents one of the simplest architecture which is the
combination of a dication and dianion to form the ionic liquid. To
form an ionic viscoelastic requires a system where at least one of
the anionic or cationic molecule or macromolecule is at least a
di-cation or di-anion and the other is at least a tri-cation or
tri-anion. Architecture D shows such a combination where a
tri-cation is combined with a di-anion to create an ionic
viscoelastic.
[0014] The multi-cations and multi-anions can possess additional
structures as shown in FIG. 3. Each of these multi-cationic and
multi-anionic molecules/macromolecules can be combined with one or
more of each other to prepare an ionic liquid or ionic
viscoelastic. The multi-cation and multi-anion molecules and
macromolecules of the present invention may comprise one or more
than one type of cation and anion, respectively. For example, in a
dication both cationic moieties may be the same or they may be
different; in a dianion both anionic moieties may be the same or
they may be different.
[0015] Selected Salts of the Invention.
[0016] In certain embodiments, the ionic liquids and ionic
viscoelastics of the invention include a plurality of organic
cations that contain independently for each occurrence a
heterocycle selected from the group consisting of azathiozoles,
pyrazoles, thiazoles, isothiazoles, oxothiazoles, oxazines,
oxazolines, oxazoboroles, dithioazoles, triazoles, selenozoles,
oxaphopholes, pyrroles, boroles, furans, thiophenes, phospholes,
pentazoles, indoles, indolines, oxazoles, isoozazoles,
isotriazoles, tetrazoles, benzofurans, dibenzofurans,
benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, thiadiazoles, pyrimidines,
pyrazines, pyridazines, piperazines, pipidines, morpholenes,
pyrans, annolines, phthalzines, quinazolines, quinoxalines,
quinolines, isoquinolines, thazines, oxazines, and azaannulenes.
Acyclic organic cations are also included in the invention; for
example, amines such as amidines, imines, guanidines, phosphines
such as phosphinimines, arsines, stibines, ethers, thioethers, and
selenoethers.
[0017] In certain embodiments, the ionic liquids and ionic
viscoelastics described in this invention include a plurality of
organic and inorganic anions that contain independently for each
occurrence a carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, tetrafluoroborate,
hexafluorophosphate, bis-trifluoromethanesulfonimide, and
derivatives thereof. Additional anionic species of the invention
include borates, phosphates, nitrates, sulfates, triflates,
antimonates, phosphoniums, carboranes, poly-oxo metallates, and
metalloboranes.
[0018] One aspect of the invention relates to salt comprising an
anionic component and a cationic component, wherein:
[0019] said anionic component is Y or X--[Y].sub.m;
[0020] m is 1-100 inclusive;
[0021] X is selected from the group consisting of linear or
branched alkanes, linear or branched alkenes, linear or branched
alkynes, monocyclic or polycyclic aromatics, monocyclic or
polycyclic heteroaromatics, linear or branched polysilanes, linear
or branched polyethylene glycols, linear or branched polypropylene
glycol), linear or branched polyalkylene oxides, linear or branched
polysiloxanes, linear or branched polyacrylates, linear or branched
polyacetals, linear or branched acrylics, linear or branched
cellulosics, linear or branched polyethers, linear or branched
halogenated polyethers, linear or branched halocarbons, linear or
branched polyamides, linear or branched polycarbonates, linear or
branched polyethylenes, linear or branched polypropylenes, linear
or branched polystyrenes, and linear or branched polyurethanes, or
a combination thereof;
[0022] Y is selected, independently for each occurrence, from the
group consisting of carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids,
tetrafluoroborates, hexafluorophosphates,
bis-trifluoromethane-sulfonimides, borates, phosphates, nitrates,
sulfates, triflates, antimonates, phosphoniums, carboranes,
poly-oxo metallates, and metalloboranes;
[0023] said cationic component is W--[Z].sub.n;
[0024] n is 1-100 inclusive;
[0025] W is absent, or selected from the group consisting of linear
or branched alkanes, linear or branched alkenes, linear or branched
alkynes, monocyclic or polycyclic aromatics, monocyclic or
polycyclic heteroaromatics, linear or branched polysilanes, linear
or branched polyethylene glycols, linear or branched polypropylene
glycol), linear or branched polyalkylene oxides, linear or branched
polysiloxanes, linear or branched polyacrylates, linear or branched
polyacetals, linear or branched acrylics, linear or branched
cellulosics, linear or branched polyethers, linear or branched
halogenated polyethers, linear or branched halocarbons, linear or
branched polyamides, linear or branched polycarbonates, linear or
branched polyethylenes, linear or branched polypropylenes, linear
or branched polystyrenes, and linear or branched polyurethanes, or
a combination thereof;
[0026] Z is selected, independently for each occurrence, from the
group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl,
heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryloxy, amino, alkylamino,
arylamino, heteroarylamino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido,
phosphonate, phosphinate, phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl,
alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester,
heterocyclyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano,
##STR00001##
[0027] provided that at least one Z is selected from the group
consisting of
##STR00002##
[0028] R is a bond to W or is selected, independently for each
occurrence, from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, azide,
alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy,
aryloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryloxy, amino,
alkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino,
amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl,
silyl, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester,
heterocyclyl, trifluoromethyl, and cyano;
[0029] provided that exactly one R is a bond to W; and
[0030] any two adjacent R, taken together with the atoms to which
they are directly bound, may form a 5-membered, 6-membered, or
7-membered, saturated or unsaturated, carbocyclic or heterocyclic,
ring.
[0031] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is Y.
[0032] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Y is selected from the group
consisting of [CH.sub.3CO.sub.2].sup.-1, [Cl].sup.-1,
[ClO.sub.4].sup.-1, [Br].sup.-1, [I].sup.-1, [SO.sub.4].sup.-2,
[CH.sub.3SO.sub.3].sup.-1, [SbF.sub.6].sup.-1,
[N(CN).sub.2].sup.-1,
[CF.sub.3S(O).sub.2NS(O).sub.2CF.sub.3].sup.-1, [PF.sub.6].sup.-1,
[BF.sub.4].sup.-1, [B(CN).sub.4].sup.-1, [AlCl.sub.4].sup.-1,
[Al.sub.2Cl.sub.7].sup.-1, [CuCl.sub.2].sup.-1,
[Cu.sub.2Cl.sub.3].sup.-1, [ZnCl.sub.3].sup.-1,
[ZnCl.sub.4].sup.-2, [Zn.sub.2Cl.sub.5].sup.-1,
[FeCl.sub.3].sup.-1, [FeCl.sub.4].sup.-1,
[Fe.sub.2Cl.sub.7].sup.-1, [TiCl.sub.5].sup.-1,
[TiCl.sub.6].sup.-2, [SnCl.sub.3].sup.-1, [SnCl.sub.5].sup.-1,
[SnCl.sub.6].sup.-2, and [CrCl.sub.4].sup.-1.
[0033] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.m.
[0034] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Y is selected, independently for each
occurrence, from the group consisting of --[CO.sub.2].sup.-1,
--[SO.sub.3].sup.-1, --[SO.sub.4].sup.-2, --[SbF.sub.5].sup.-1,
--[N(CN)].sup.-1, --[CF.sub.2S(O).sub.2NS(O).sub.2CF.sub.3].sup.-1,
--[PF.sub.5].sup.-1, --[B(CN).sub.3].sup.-1, and
--[BF.sub.3].sup.-1.
[0035] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Y is --[CO.sub.2].sup.-1.
[0036] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein m is 2-20 inclusive.
[0037] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein m is 2-10 inclusive
[0038] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, where m is 2, 3 or 4.
[0039] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein X is selected, independently for each
occurrence, from the group consisting of linear or branched
alkanes, linear or branched polyethylene glycols, linear or
branched poly(propylene glycol), linear or branched polyethers,
linear or branched polyacrylic acids, linear or branched
polyamides, and polyether triamines, or a combination thereof.
[0040] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein X is -A-, -AO(AO).sub.pA-, or
-ANH(ANH).sub.pA-; A is, independently for each occurrence,
--(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each occurrence,
hydrogen or methyl; and p is, independently for each occurrence,
0-40 inclusive.
[0041] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein X is C(R')(A-).sub.3,
C(R')[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, C(R')[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3, N(A-).sub.3,
N[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, or N[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3; A is,
independently for each occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is,
independently for each occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; p is,
independently for each occurrence, 0-40 inclusive; and R' is
hydrogen, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, heteroaryl,
heteroaralkyl, heteroaryloxy, amino, alkylamino, arylamino,
heteroarylamino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate,
phosphinate, phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, alkylthio,
sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl,
trifluoromethyl, and cyano.
[0042] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein X is C(ACH.sub.2--).sub.4,
C[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.4, C[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.4,
(-A).sub.2N(AO).sub.pAN(A-).sub.2, or
(-A).sub.2N(ANH).sub.pAN(A-).sub.2; A is, independently for each
occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each
occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; and p is, independently for each
occurrence, 0-40 inclusive.
[0043] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W is selected, independently for each
occurrence, from the group consisting of linear or branched
alkanes, linear or branched polyethylene glycols, linear or
branched poly(propylene glycol), linear or branched polyethers,
linear or branched polyacrylic acids, linear or branched
polyamides, polyether triamines, or a combination thereof.
[0044] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W is -A-, -AO(AO).sub.pA-, or
-ANH(ANH).sub.pA-; A is, independently for each occurrence,
--(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each occurrence,
hydrogen or methyl; and p is, independently for each occurrence,
0-40 inclusive.
[0045] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W is C(R')(A-).sub.3,
C(R)[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, C(R)[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3, N(A-).sub.3,
N[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, or N[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3; A is,
independently for each occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is,
independently for each occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; p is,
independently for each occurrence, 0-40 inclusive; and R' is
hydrogen, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, heteroaryl,
heteroaralkyl, heteroaryloxy, amino, alkylamino, arylamino,
heteroarylamino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate,
phosphinate, phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, alkylthio,
sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl,
trifluoromethyl, and cyano.
[0046] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W is C(ACH.sub.2--).sub.4,
C[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.4, C[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.4,
(-A).sub.2N(AO).sub.pAN(A-).sub.2, or
(-A).sub.2N(ANH).sub.pAN(A-).sub.2; A is, independently for each
occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each
occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; and p is, independently for each
occurrence, 0-40 inclusive.
[0047] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein X and W are the same.
[0048] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein n is 2-20 inclusive.
[0049] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein n is 2-10 inclusive
[0050] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, where n is 2, 3, or 4.
[0051] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is selected, independently for each
occurrence, from the group consisting of
##STR00003##
-AH, -AOH, --CH(OAH)(AOH), -(p-AH)Ph, and --Si(OH)(AH) A is,
independently for each occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is,
independently for each occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; and r is,
independently for each occurrence, 0-40 inclusive.
[0052] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is selected, independently for each
occurrence, from the group consisting of
##STR00004##
[0053] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein R is a bond to W or is selected,
independently for each occurrence, from the group consisting of
hydrogen or alkyl.
[0054] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one Z is selected from the
group consisting of halogen, azide, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl,
heteroaryloxy, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino,
nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate, phosphinate,
phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, alkylthio, sulfonyl,
sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, and cyano.
[0055] Another aspect of the invention relates to a salt comprising
an anionic component and a cationic component, wherein:
[0056] said anionic component is X--[Y].sub.2, X--[Y].sub.3, or
X--[Y].sub.4;
[0057] X is selected from the group consisting of linear or
branched alkanes, linear or branched alkenes, linear or branched
alkynes, monocyclic or polycyclic aromatics, monocyclic or
polycyclic heteroaromatics, linear or branched polysilanes, linear
or branched polyethylene glycols, linear or branched poly(propylene
glycol), linear or branched polyalkylene oxides, linear or branched
polysiloxanes, linear or branched polyacrylates, linear or branched
polyacetals, linear or branched acrylics, linear or branched
cellulosics, linear or branched polyethers, linear or branched
halogenated polyethers, linear or branched halocarbons, linear or
branched polyamides, linear or branched polycarbonates, linear or
branched polyethylenes, linear or branched polypropylenes, linear
or branched polystyrenes, and linear or branched polyurethanes, or
a combination thereof;
[0058] Y is selected, independently for each occurrence, from the
group consisting of carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids,
tetrafluoroborates, hexafluorophosphates,
bis-trifluoromethane-sulfonimides, borates, phosphates, nitrates,
sulfates, triflates, antimonates, phosphoniums, carboranes,
poly-oxo metallates, and metalloboranes;
[0059] said cationic component is W--[Z].sub.2, W--[Z].sub.3, or
W--[Z].sub.4;
[0060] W is absent, or selected from the group consisting of linear
or branched alkanes, linear or branched alkenes, linear or branched
alkynes, monocyclic or polycyclic aromatics, monocyclic or
polycyclic heteroaromatics, linear or branched polysilanes, linear
or branched polyethylene glycols, linear or branched poly(propylene
glycol), linear or branched polyalkylene oxides, linear or branched
polysiloxanes, linear or branched polyacrylates, linear or branched
polyacetals, linear or branched acrylics, linear or branched
cellulosics, linear or branched polyethers, linear or branched
halogenated polyethers, linear or branched halocarbons, linear or
branched polyamides, linear or branched polycarbonates, linear or
branched polyethylenes, linear or branched polypropylenes, linear
or branched polystyrenes, and linear or branched polyurethanes, or
a combination thereof;
[0061] Z is selected, independently for each occurrence, from the
group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl,
heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryloxy, amino, alkylamino,
arylamino, heteroarylamino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido,
phosphonate, phosphinate, phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl,
alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester,
heterocyclyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano,
##STR00005##
[0062] provided that at least one Z is selected from the group
consisting of
##STR00006##
[0063] R is a bond to W or is selected, independently for each
occurrence, from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, azide,
alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy,
aryloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryloxy, amino,
alkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino,
amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl,
silyl, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester,
heterocyclyl, trifluoromethyl, and cyano; and
[0064] provided that for every Z exactly one R is a bond to W.
[0065] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Y is selected, independently for each
occurrence, from the group consisting of --[CO.sub.2].sup.-1,
--[SO.sub.3].sup.-1, --[SO.sub.4].sup.-2, --[SbF.sub.5].sup.-1,
--[N(CN)].sup.-1, --[CF.sub.2S(O).sub.2NS(O).sub.2CF.sub.3].sup.-1,
--[PF.sub.5].sup.-1, --[B(CN).sub.3].sup.-1, and
--[BF.sub.3].sup.-1.
[0066] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Y is --[CO.sub.2].sup.-1.
[0067] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein X is selected, independently for each
occurrence, from the group consisting of linear or branched
alkanes, linear or branched poly(ethylene glycol), linear or
branched poly(propylene glycol), linear or branched polyethers,
linear or branched polyacrylic acids, linear or branched
polyamines, polyether polyamines, or a combination thereof.
[0068] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W is selected, independently for each
occurrence, from the group consisting of linear or branched
alkanes, linear or branched poly(ethylene glycol), linear or
branched poly(propylene glycol), linear or branched polyethers,
linear or branched polyacrylic acids, linear or branched
polyamides, polyether polyamines, or a combination thereof.
[0069] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is selected, independently for each
occurrence, from the group consisting of
##STR00007##
[0070] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is selected from the group
consisting of
##STR00008##
[0071] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is selected, independently for each
occurrence, from the group consisting of
##STR00009##
[0072] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is selected from the group
consisting of
##STR00010##
[0073] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is --N(R).sub.3 or --P(R).sub.3.
[0074] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is --NH.sub.3.
[0075] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is --P(R'').sub.3; and R'' is,
independently for each occurrence, hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or
aralkyl.
[0076] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is
--P(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).sub.3.
[0077] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one Z is
##STR00011##
[0078] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is
##STR00012##
[0079] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one Z is
##STR00013##
[0080] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is
##STR00014##
[0081] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one Z is
##STR00015##
and R is alkyl.
[0082] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is
##STR00016##
and R is alkyl.
[0083] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one Z is
##STR00017##
and R is --CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, or
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3.
[0084] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is
##STR00018##
and R is --CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, or
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3.
[0085] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one occurrence of Z is -AH,
-AOH, --CH(OAH)(AOH), -(p-AH)Ph, and --Si(OH)(AH); A is,
independently for each occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is,
independently for each occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; and r is,
independently for each occurrence, 0-40 inclusive.
[0086] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one occurrence of Z is -AH,
-AOH, --CH(OAH)(AOH), -(p-AH)Ph, and --Si(OH)(AH); A is,
independently for each occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is,
independently for each occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; r is,
independently for each occurrence, 0-40 inclusive; and W is
absent.
[0087] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one occurrence of Z is
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH,
--CH(OCH.sub.2CH.sub.3)(CH.sub.2OH), -(p-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2)Ph, and
--Si(OH)(CH.sub.3).
[0088] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one occurrence of Z is
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH,
--CH(OCH.sub.2CH.sub.3)(CH.sub.2OH), -(p-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2)Ph, and
--Si(OH)(CH.sub.3); and W is absent.
[0089] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one R is
--(C(J).sub.2).sub.sCJ.sub.3; J is selected, independently for each
occurrence, from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl,
--N(C.sub.1-C.sub.10 fluoroalkyl).sub.2, --N(C.sub.1-C.sub.10
fluoroalkyl)(C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl), --O(C.sub.1-C.sub.10
fluoroalkyl), --SO.sub.2(C.sub.1-C.sub.10 fluoroalkyl), or
--C.sub.1-C.sub.10 fluoroalkyl; and s is 0-40 inclusive.
[0090] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein R is a bond to W or is selected,
independently for each occurrence, from the group consisting of
hydrogen or alkyl.
[0091] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said cationic component is
W--[Z].sub.2.
[0092] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.2; X is -A-, -AO(AO).sub.qA-, -ANH(ANH).sub.qA-; A is,
independently for each occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is,
independently for each occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; and p is,
independently for each occurrence, 0-40 inclusive.
[0093] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein A is absent, or selected,
independently for each occurrence, from the group consisting of
--CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, and
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--.
[0094] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.2; X is --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--,
--CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.su-
b.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2NH(CH.sub.2NH).sub.qCH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH).sub.qCH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
or
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH).sub.q-
CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--; and q is 0-40 inclusive.
[0095] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.2; X is --CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2--,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--, or poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene).
[0096] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.3; X is C(R')(A-).sub.3, C(R')[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3,
C(R')[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3, N(A).sub.3, N[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, or
N[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3; A is, independently for each occurrence,
--(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each occurrence,
hydrogen or methyl; p is, independently for each occurrence, 0-40
inclusive; and R' is hydrogen, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl,
heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryloxy, amino, alkylamino,
arylamino, heteroarylamino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido,
phosphonate, phosphinate, phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl,
alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester,
heterocyclyl, trifluoromethyl, and cyano.
[0097] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.3; X is C(R')(A-).sub.3, C(R')[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, or
C(R')[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3; A is, independently for each
occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each
occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; p is, independently for each
occurrence, 0-10 inclusive; and R' is hydrogen, halogen, azide,
alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy,
aryloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryloxy, amino,
alkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino,
amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl,
silyl, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester,
heterocyclyl, trifluoromethyl, and cyano.
[0098] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.3; X is N(A).sub.3, N[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, or
N[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3; A is, independently for each occurrence,
--(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each occurrence,
hydrogen or methyl; and p is, independently for each occurrence,
0-10 inclusive.
[0099] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein A is absent, or selected,
independently for each occurrence, from the group consisting of
--CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, and
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--.
[0100] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.4; X is C(ACH.sub.2--).sub.4, C[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.4,
C[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.4, (-A).sub.2N(AO).sub.pAN(A-).sub.2, or
(-A).sub.2N(ANH).sub.pAN(A-).sub.2; A is, independently for each
occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each
occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; and p is, independently for each
occurrence, 0-40 inclusive.
[0101] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein A is absent, or selected,
independently for each occurrence, from the group consisting of
--CH.sub.2-5--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, and
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--.
[0102] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W is -A-, -AO(AO).sub.qA-,
-ANH(ANH).sub.qA-; A is, independently for each occurrence,
--(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each occurrence,
hydrogen or methyl; and q is, independently for each occurrence,
0-40 inclusive.
[0103] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W is --(CH.sub.2).sub.q,
--CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.su-
b.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2NH(CH.sub.2NH).sub.qCH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2NH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH).sub.qCH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH).sub.qCH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
or
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH).sub.q-
CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--; and q is 0-40 inclusive.
[0104] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W is
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--, or poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene).
[0105] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.2 is [Z]--W--[N(R'').sub.3]
or [Z]--W--[P(R'').sub.3]; R'' is, independently for each
occurrence, hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl.
[0106] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.2 is
[N(R'').sub.3]--W--[N(R'').sub.3] or
[P(R'').sub.3]--W--[P(R'').sub.3]; and R'' is hydrogen, alkyl,
aryl, or aralkyl.
[0107] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.2 is
[NH.sub.3]--W--[NH.sub.3].
[0108] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.2 is
[P(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).sub.3]--W--[P(CH.sub-
.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).sub.3].
[0109] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one Z is
##STR00019##
[0110] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is
##STR00020##
[0111] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one Z is
##STR00021##
[0112] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is
##STR00022##
[0113] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one Z is
##STR00023##
and R is alkyl.
[0114] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is
##STR00024##
and R is alkyl.
[0115] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one Z is
##STR00025##
and R is --CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, or
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3.
[0116] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is
##STR00026##
and R is --CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, or
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3.
[0117] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.2 is [D]-W--[Z]; and D is
selected from the group consisting of -AH, -AOH, --CH(OAH)(AOH),
-(p-AH)Ph, and --Si(OH)(AH); A is, independently for each
occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each
occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; and r is, independently for each
occurrence, 0-40 inclusive.
[0118] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.2 is [D]-W--[Z]; and D is
selected from the group consisting of --CH.sub.2CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH, --CH(OCH.sub.2CH.sub.3)(CH.sub.2OH),
-(p-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2)Ph, and --Si(OH)(CH.sub.3).
[0119] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.2 is [D]-[Z]; and D is
selected from the group consisting of -AH, -AOH, --CH(OAH)(AOH),
-(p-AH)Ph, and --Si(OH)(AH); A is, independently for each
occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each
occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; and r is, independently for each
occurrence, 0-40 inclusive.
[0120] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.2 is [D]-[Z]; and D is
selected from the group consisting of --CH.sub.2CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH, --CH(OCH.sub.2CH.sub.3)(CH.sub.2OH),
-(p-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2)Ph, and --Si(OH)(CH.sub.3).
[0121] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said cationic component is
W--[Z].sub.3.
[0122] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.2; X is -A-, -AO(AO).sub.qA-, -ANH(ANH).sub.qA-; A is,
independently for each occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is,
independently for each occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; and p is,
independently for each occurrence, 0-40 inclusive.
[0123] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein A is absent, or selected,
independently for each occurrence, from the group consisting of
--CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, and
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--.
[0124] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.2; X is --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--,
--CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.su-
b.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2NH(CH.sub.2NH).sub.qCH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2NH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH).sub.qCH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH).sub.qCH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
or
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH).sub.q-
CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--; and q is 0-40 inclusive.
[0125] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.2; X is --CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2--,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--, or poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene).
[0126] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.3; X is C(R')(A-).sub.3, C(R')[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3,
C(R')[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3, N(A).sub.3, N[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, or
N[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3; A is, independently for each occurrence,
--(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each occurrence,
hydrogen or methyl; p is, independently for each occurrence, 0-40
inclusive; and R' is hydrogen, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl,
heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryloxy, amino, alkylamino,
arylamino, heteroarylamino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido,
phosphonate, phosphinate, phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl,
alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester,
heterocyclyl, trifluoromethyl, and cyano.
[0127] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.3; X is C(R')(A-).sub.3, C(R')[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, or
C(R')[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3; A is, independently for each
occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each
occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; p is, independently for each
occurrence, 0-10 inclusive; and R' is hydrogen, halogen, azide,
alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy,
aryloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryloxy, amino,
alkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino,
amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl,
silyl, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester,
heterocyclyl, trifluoromethyl, and cyano. In certain embodiments,
the present invention relates to the aforementioned salt, wherein
said anionic component is X--[Y].sub.3; X is N(A).sub.3,
N[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, or N[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3; A is,
independently for each occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is,
independently for each occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; and p is,
independently for each occurrence, 0-10 inclusive.
[0128] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein A is absent, or selected,
independently for each occurrence, from the group consisting of
--CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, and
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--.
[0129] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.4; X is C(ACH.sub.2--).sub.4, C[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.4,
C[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.4, (-A).sub.2N(AO).sub.pAN(A-).sub.2, or
(-A).sub.2N(ANH).sub.pAN(A-).sub.2; A is, independently for each
occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each
occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; and p is, independently for each
occurrence, 0-40 inclusive.
[0130] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein A is absent, or selected,
independently for each occurrence, from the group consisting of
--CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, and
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--.
[0131] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W is C(R')(A-).sub.3,
C(R')[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, C(R)[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3, N(A).sub.3,
N[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, or N[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3; A is,
independently for each occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is,
independently for each occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; p is,
independently for each occurrence, 0-40 inclusive; and R' is
hydrogen, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, heteroaryl,
heteroaralkyl, heteroaryloxy, amino, alkylamino, arylamino,
heteroarylamino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate,
phosphinate, phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, alkylthio,
sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl,
trifluoromethyl, and cyano.
[0132] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W is C(R')(A-).sub.3,
C(R')[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, or N(A-).sub.3; A is, independently for
each occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each
occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; p is, independently for each
occurrence, 0-40 inclusive; and R' is hydrogen or alkyl.
[0133] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W is C(R')(A-).sub.3,
C(R')[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, or N(A-).sub.3; A is, independently for
each occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each
occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; p is, independently for each
occurrence, 0-40 inclusive; and R' is hydrogen or methyl.
[0134] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.3 is
[Z].sub.2--W--[N(R'').sub.3] or [Z].sub.2--W--[P(R'').sub.3]; R''
is, independently for each occurrence, hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or
aralkyl.
[0135] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.3 is
[Z]--W--[N(R'').sub.3].sub.2 or [Z]--W--[P(R'').sub.3].sub.2; and
R'' is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl.
[0136] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.3 is
W--[NH.sub.3].sub.3.
[0137] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.3 is
W--[P(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).sub.3].sub.3.
[0138] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one Z is
##STR00027##
[0139] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is
##STR00028##
[0140] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one Z is
##STR00029##
[0141] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is
##STR00030##
[0142] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one Z is
##STR00031##
and R is alkyl.
[0143] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is
##STR00032##
and R is alkyl.
[0144] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one Z is
##STR00033##
and R is --CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, or
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3.
[0145] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is
##STR00034##
and R is --CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, or
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3.
[0146] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.3 is [D]-W--[Z].sub.2; and
D is selected from the group consisting of -AH, -AOH,
--CH(OAH)(AOH), -(p-AH)Ph, and --Si(OH)(AH); A is, independently
for each occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for
each occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; and r is, independently for
each occurrence, 0-40 inclusive.
[0147] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.3 is [D]-W--[Z].sub.2; and
D is selected from the group consisting of --CH.sub.2CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH, --CH(OCH.sub.2CH.sub.3)(CH.sub.2OH),
-(p-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2)Ph, and --Si(OH)(CH.sub.3).
[0148] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said cationic component is
W--[Z].sub.4.
[0149] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.2; X is -A-, -AO(AO).sub.qA-, -ANH(ANH).sub.qA-; A is,
independently for each occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is,
independently for each occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; and p is,
independently for each occurrence, 0-40 inclusive.
[0150] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein A is absent, or selected,
independently for each occurrence, from the group consisting of
--CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, and
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--.
[0151] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.2; X is --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--,
--CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.qCH.su-
b.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2NH(CH.sub.2NH).sub.qCH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2NH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH).sub.qCH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH).sub.qCH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
or
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH).sub.g-
CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--; and q is 0-40 inclusive.
[0152] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.2; X is --CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2--,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--, or poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene).
[0153] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.3; X is C(R')(A-).sub.3, C(R)[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3,
C(R)[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3, N(A).sub.3, N[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, or
N[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3; A is, independently for each occurrence,
--(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each occurrence,
hydrogen or methyl; p is, independently for each occurrence, 0-40
inclusive; and R' is hydrogen, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl,
heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryloxy, amino, alkylamino,
arylamino, heteroarylamino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido,
phosphonate, phosphinate, phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl,
alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester,
heterocyclyl, trifluoromethyl, and cyano.
[0154] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.3; X is C(R')(A-).sub.3, C(R)[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, or
C(R)[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3; A is, independently for each occurrence,
--(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each occurrence,
hydrogen or methyl; p is, independently for each occurrence, 0-10
inclusive; and R' is hydrogen, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl,
heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryloxy, amino, alkylamino,
arylamino, heteroarylamino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido,
phosphonate, phosphinate, phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl,
alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester,
heterocyclyl, trifluoromethyl, and cyano.
[0155] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.3; X is N(A).sub.3, N[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.3, or
N[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.3; A is, independently for each occurrence,
--(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each occurrence,
hydrogen or methyl; and p is, independently for each occurrence,
0-10 inclusive.
[0156] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein A is absent, or selected,
independently for each occurrence, from the group consisting of
--CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, and
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--.
[0157] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
X--[Y].sub.4; X is C(ACH.sub.2--).sub.4, C[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.4,
C[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.4, (-A).sub.2N(AO).sub.pAN(A-).sub.2, or
(-A).sub.2N(ANH).sub.pAN(A-).sub.2; A is, independently for each
occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each
occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; and p is, independently for each
occurrence, 0-40 inclusive.
[0158] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein A is absent, or selected,
independently for each occurrence, from the group consisting of
--CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, and
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--.
[0159] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W is C(ACH.sub.2--).sub.4,
C[(AO).sub.pA-].sub.4, C[(ANH).sub.pA-].sub.4,
(-A).sub.2N(AO).sub.pAN(A-).sub.2, or
(-A).sub.2N(ANH).sub.pAN(A-).sub.2; A is, independently for each
occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for each
occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; and p is, independently for each
occurrence, 0-40 inclusive.
[0160] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.4 is
[Z].sub.3--W--[N(R'').sub.3] or [Z].sub.3--W--[P(R'').sub.3]; R''
is, independently for each occurrence, hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or
aralkyl.
[0161] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.4 is
[Z].sub.2--W--[N(R'').sub.3].sub.2 or
[Z].sub.2--W--[P(R'').sub.3].sub.2; and R'' is hydrogen, alkyl,
aryl, or aralkyl.
[0162] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.4 is
[Z]--W--[N(R'').sub.3].sub.3 or [Z]--W--[P(R'').sub.3].sub.3; and
R'' is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl.
[0163] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.4 is
W--[N(R'').sub.3].sub.4 or W--[P(R'').sub.3].sub.4; and R'' is
hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl.
[0164] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.4 is
W--[NH.sub.3].sub.4.
[0165] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.4 is
W--[P(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).sub.3].sub.4.
[0166] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one Z is
##STR00035##
[0167] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is
##STR00036##
[0168] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one Z is
##STR00037##
[0169] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is
##STR00038##
[0170] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one Z is
##STR00039##
and R is alkyl.
[0171] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is
##STR00040##
and R is alkyl.
[0172] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein at least one Z is
##STR00041##
and R is --CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, or
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3.
[0173] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein Z is
##STR00042##
and R is --CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, or
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3.
[0174] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.4 is [D]-W--[Z].sub.3; and
D is selected from the group consisting of -AH, -AOH,
--CH(OAH)(AOH), -(p-AH)Ph, and --Si(OH)(AH); A is, independently
for each occurrence, --(CQ.sub.2).sub.p-; Q is, independently for
each occurrence, hydrogen or methyl; and r is, independently for
each occurrence, 0-40 inclusive.
[0175] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein W--[Z].sub.4 is [D]-W--[Z].sub.3; and
D is selected from the group consisting of --CH.sub.2CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH, --CH(OCH.sub.2CH.sub.3)(CH.sub.2OH),
-(p-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2)Ph, and --Si(OH)(CH.sub.3).
[0176] Another aspect of the invention relates to a salt comprising
an anionic component and a cationic component, wherein:
[0177] said anionic component is selected from the group consisting
of polyacrylic acid,
[O.sub.2CCH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CO.sub.2].sup.-2,
[O.sub.2CC.sub.10H.sub.20CO.sub.2].sup.-2, [dicarboxy terminated
poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene)].sup.-2, and
[(O.sub.2CCH.sub.2).sub.2NCH.sub.2CH.sub.2N(CH.sub.2CO.sub.2).sub.2].sup.-
-4; and
[0178] said cationic component is selected from the group
consisting of
[.sup.MeImid-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2-Imid.sup.-
Me].sup.-2, [TIME.sup.Me].sup.+3,
[H.sub.3NCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH.sub.3].sup.-
+2, [(NH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3NH].sup.+4,
[HC(O[CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)O].sub.yCH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)NH.sub.3)--(CH.sub.-
2O[CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)O].sub.XCH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)NH.sub.3)--(CH.sub.2O[C-
H.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)O].sub.zCH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)NH.sub.3)].sup.+3,
[(CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3P--C.sub.10H.sub.20--P(CH.sub.2C-
H.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).sub.3].sup.+2; wherein x is 0-81
inclusive; y is 0-81 inclusive; z is 0-81 inclusive; and the sum of
x, y and z is equal to 81.
[0179] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
[O.sub.2CCH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CO.sub.2].sup.-2.
[0180] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
[O.sub.2CC.sub.10H.sub.20CO.sub.2].sup.-2.
[0181] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is [dicarboxy
terminated poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene)].sup.-2.
[0182] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
[(O.sub.2CCH.sub.2).sub.2NCH.sub.2CH.sub.2N(CH.sub.2CO.sub.2).sub.2].sup.-
-4.
[0183] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is
[(O.sub.2CCH.sub.2).sub.2NCH.sub.2CH.sub.2N(CH.sub.2CO.sub.2).sub.2].sup.-
-4.
[0184] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said anionic component is polyacrylic
acid.
[0185] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said cationic component is
[.sup.MeImid-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH-
.sub.2-Imid.sup.Me].sup.+2.
[0186] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said cationic component is
[TIME.sup.Me].sup.+3.
[0187] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said cationic component is
[H.sub.3NCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH.sub.3].sup.-
+2.
[0188] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said cationic component is
[(NH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3NH].sup.+4.
[0189] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said cationic component is selected
from the group consisting of
[HC(O[CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)O].sub.yCH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)NH.sub.3)--(CH.sub.-
2O[CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)O].sub.xCH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)NH.sub.3)--(CH.sub.2O[C-
H.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)O].sub.zCH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)NH.sub.3)].sup.+3;
wherein x is 0-81 inclusive; y is 0-81 inclusive; z is 0-81
inclusive; and the sum of x, y and z is equal to 81.
[0190] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned salt, wherein said cationic component is
[(CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.5).sub.3P--C.sub.10H.sub.20--P--((CH.sub.2).sub.-
5CH.sub.3).sub.3].sup.+2.
[0191] Selected Synthetic Approaches to the Cationic and Anionic
Components of the Invention.
[0192] Two approaches, of the many possible approaches, for the
formation of the compounds of the invention are shown in FIG. 4.
One approach to the synthesis of the di(cationic) and di(anionic)
components of the instant invention would be to synthesis two
cationic (or anionic) components which could then be reacted
together to form the desired di(cation) or the di(anion). The
coupling could be achieved via a number of different reactions,
including, for example, alkylation, cycloadditon, amination, and
arylation. In principle any carbon-carbon bond forming reaction
could be used to couple the individual cations or anions.
[0193] Another approach to the synthesis of the inventive compounds
would be to react a cation- or anion-containing compound with a
polymer which contains reactive side chains. By this method, a
poly(cation) or poly(anion) could be easily assembled. As will be
evident to one skilled in the art, they are many additional ways
the compounds of the invention may be synthesized.
[0194] Various Applications of Ionic Liquids.
[0195] The ionic liquids according to the present invention may be
used for a wide range of purposes; for example, the liquids are
useful for carrying out applications, such as chemical reactions in
preparative chemistry where a polar but non-aqueous solvent or a
solvent with negligible vapor pressure is required.
[0196] The ionic liquids according to the present invention may
also be employed as lubricant fluids. They can have lubricant
properties for a wide range of temperature (for example, from
-50.degree. C. to 350.degree. C.) with no vapor pressure and may be
used for a wide range of purposes, for example, as self-healing
boundary lubricants suitable for microelectromechanical systems
(MEMS). MEMS devices are widely utilized, for example, in miniature
satellites, airflow control, sensors, actuators, accelerometers,
gyroscopes, microwave switches, aircraft turbine engines, and
unmanned aerial vehicles.
[0197] The ionic liquids according to the present invention may,
when the inventive material melts above room temperature, be melted
and cooled to make film. In addition, when the ionic material
dissolves in a solution, the solvent can be evaporated, thereby
coating a surface with the ionic liquid. Further, the ionic liquids
according to the present invention may be extruded to make fibers,
or used for injection modeling.
[0198] The ionic liquids according to the present invention may
also be employed as thermal storage fluids. They may further be
employed as inert media, for example, for dissolving ionic species,
such as transition metal complexes, and, either alone, or after
complexing with other metal ions, as catalysts, or as chemical
reagents.
[0199] Solvent system applications wherein a polar but non-aqueous
solvent is required for which the ionic liquids of the present
invention are useful include cellulose recycling, catalytic
cracking reactions such as polyethylene recycling, chiral
catalysis, coupling reactions, such as the Heck reaction,
sulfonation reactions, nitration reactions, oxidation reactions,
nucleophilic substitution reactions, olefin polymerization
reactions, actinide extractions, alkylation reactions,
hydroformylation reactions, dimerization reactions, hydrogenation
reactions, Diels-Alder reactions, metathesis reactions, arylation
reactions, Friedel-Crafts reactions, and the like.
[0200] The ionic liquids of the present invention may be used as
non-aqueous electrolytes in electrochemical devices such as
electrochemical capacitors, photovoltaic devices, potentiometric
and voltametric electrochemical sensors, batteries, fuel cells and
electrodeposition devices. The present invention therefore includes
such electrochemical devices in which a positive electrode and a
negative electrode are in conductive contact with a non-aqueous
electrolyte essentially consisting of an ionic liquid of the
present invention. Other conventional electrolyte additives may be
present. The devices are otherwise conventional and require no
further description. One having ordinary skill in the art will
understand how to use ionic liquids according to the present
invention as a non-aqueous electrolyte for such devices.
[0201] The ionic liquids of the invention that preferentially
dissolve certain gaseous species can be used in conventional gas
absorption applications. The non-volatile nature of ionic liquids
plays two important roles. First, there will be no
cross-contamination of the gas stream by the solvent during
operation. This means no solvent loss and no air pollution. Second,
regeneration of the solvent is easy; a simple flash or mild
distillation step is all that is required to remove the gas from
the solvent, again with no cross-contamination.
[0202] In addition to their use as conventional absorbents, ionic
liquids may be immobilized on a support and used in a supported
liquid membrane (SLM). The membrane will work if a gas
preferentially dissolves in the liquid. SLMs may be used in a
continuous separation process without a regeneration step.
Conventional SLM technology is undermined by the fact that the
liquid in which the gas dissolves eventually evaporates, thus
rendering the membrane useless. Since ionic liquids are completely
non-volatile, this problem is eliminated.
[0203] Ionic liquids also find use in the conversion of brown coal
and oil shale into value-added products, such as alternative
synthetic fuels and/or high-quality chemical feedstocks. For
example, 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium, has been used to extract
organic compounds from Estonian oil shale kerogen at various
temperatures. Results at 175.degree. C. yielded soluble products
with an increase of ten times over that obtained using conventional
organic solvents.
[0204] Bronsted-acidic ILs also act as proton shuttles,
functionally carrying protons from acidic resin surfaces (e.g.,
Nafion) to the surrounding medium, where they are more free to
react than if the proton is held at the polymer surface. Moreover,
the Bronsted-acidic ILs have essentially no vapor pressure when
dissolved in water. For example, a relatively concentrated solution
of HCl gives off HCl gas; in contrast, a Bronsted-acidic IL gives
off no detectable gaseous acid.
[0205] Many product streams, particularly in the field of petroleum
chemistry, include olefins and non-olefins. For example, ethane
crackers tend to produce a mixture of ethane and ethylene. The
ethylene is typically separated from the ethane via distillation.
Because the boiling points of ethylene and ethane are relatively
close to one another, the distillation is typically done at very
low temperatures and/or high pressures; the separation is
relatively expensive. The same problems are observed when
separating propane from propylene in dehydrogenation facilities.
Ionic liquids are useful in separating such mixtures. For example,
an ionic liquid with a pendant functional group that coordinates
the pi-bond of an olefin may be used to dissolve selectively the
olefinic components of such a mixture. Likewise, an ionic liquid
with a pendant functional group that coordinates a transition metal
capable of coordinating the pi-bond of an olefin may be used to
dissolve selectively the olefinic components of such a mixture. In
either case, the dissolved olefins subsequently can be isolated by
desorption.
[0206] Below are some representative examples of ionic liquids and
their uses as reported in the literature; the inventive ionic
liquids may likewise be used. As mentioned in-part above, ionic
liquids have been used as solvents in catalytic reactions, such as
the use of alkyl containing hydrohalide salts which can be used as
solvent for alkylation, arylation, and polymerization, as well as
an electrolyte for batteries (U.S. Pat. No. 5,731,101); ionic
liquids have been used for catalysis (U.S. Pat. No. 6,703,50);
ionic liquids have been used for hydroformylation of olefinic
compounds (U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,638); ionic liquids have been formed
from diaryl-anellated bicyclo[2.2.n] compounds (U.S. Pat. No.
6,977,312); ionic liquids have been used on solid support for
homogeneous hydroformylation (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124(44),
12932-12933); as well as being used to stabilize rhodium
nanoparticles for benzene hydrogenation (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005,
127(27), 9694-9695).
[0207] In addition, ionic liquids are well known as solvents for a
variety of applications such as extracting organosulfur compounds
from hydrocarbons (U.S. Pat. No. 7,001,504); as general solvents
(U.S. Pat. No. 6,379,634); to dissolve cellose (J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2002, 124(18), 4974-4975); to dissolve and regenerate Bombyx mori
Silk Fibroin (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126(44), 14350-14351); as a
suitable phase for multistep parallel synthesis of arrays of
isoxazolines (Org. Lett. 2003, 5(22), 4029-4031); for the
preparation of silyl enol ethers using (bistrimethylsilyl)acetamide
(Org. Lett. 2001, 3(7), 1037-1039); as catalysts and reaction
medium for the Michael addition of active methylene compounds to
conjugated ketones, carboxylic esters, and nitriles (Org. Lett.
2005, 7(14), 3049-3052); for the photoreduction of benzophenones by
amines at room-temperature (Org. Lett. 2002, 4(6), 917-919).
[0208] Further, ionic liquids have also found utility in fuel cells
technologies (U.S. Pat. No. 6,977,122) and well as electronic
devices such as capacitors (U.S. Pat. No. 6,965,509) with
poly(3,4-alkylenedioxythiophene) or electric double-layer
capacitors (U.S. Pat. No. 6,914,768). Ionic liquids are also being
explored as liquid crystalline materials (Macromolecules 1995, 28,
8877-8880). Ionic liquids have also been used in solar cells, to
increase efficiency (Chem. Mater. 2004, 16(14), 2694-2696).
[0209] Ionic liquids have also been used as stationary phases in
gas chromatography (Anal. Chem. 2004, 76(22), 6819-6822). As
already mentioned herein, ionic liquids can also be used for
separation and solubilization of gases (Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.; 2004;
43(5); 1296-1301).
[0210] In certain embodiments, ionic liquids of the present
invention are surfactants. Surfactants are soluble chemical
compounds that when added to a mixture of two liquids reduce the
surface tension between said liquids. Surfactant aggregation has
been observed in room temperature ionic liquids (Chem. Comm, 2003,
2444-2445).
[0211] Interestingly, the formation of nanoclusters in ionic
liquids have also been reported (J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 2005; 127(16);
5758-5759). Ionic liquids have also been used to prepared
Rare-Earth Iodides such [SEt.sub.3].sub.3[LnI.sub.6], where Ln is
Nd or Sm (Inorg. Chem. 2005, 44(23), 8168-8169); as well as
PbCrO.sub.4 and Pb.sub.2CrO.sub.5 rods, via a microwave-assisted
ionic liquid method (Cryst. Growth Des. 2005, 5(2), 505-507).
[0212] Ionic liquids can also be used as solvent for enzymatic
reactions such as the lipase-catalyzed glucose fatty acid ester
synthesis (Org. Lett.; 2005; 7(14); 3097-3098). Moreover, ionic
liquids are considered green solvents (see, for example, "Ionic
Liquids as Green Solvents: Progress and Prospects" Edited by Robin
D. Rogers (The University of Alabama) and Kenneth R. Seddon (The
Queen's University of Belfast). American Chemical Society:
Washington, D.C. (Distributed by Oxford University Press). 2003.
ISBN 0-8412-3856-1). Ionic liquids have been reported for use as an
industrial cleanup solution (Environ. Sci. Technol. A--Pages 2001,
35(19), 410 A-413). Sonochemistry and sonoluminescence of
room-temperature ionic liquids have also been reported (J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 2003, 125(37), 11138-11139).
[0213] Selected Methods of the Invention.
[0214] One aspect of the present invention is a method of preparing
an ionic liquid in solution, comprising the step adding a solute to
any one of the aforementioned salts. Alternatively, the ionic
liquid or vicoelastic can be prepared in one step by mixing the two
neat solids and warming the mixture.
[0215] Another aspect of the present invention is a method of
catalyzing chemical reaction, comprising the step of exposing a
reactant mixture to any one of the aforementioned salts.
[0216] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned method and the attendant definitions, wherein said
chemical reaction is acid-catalyzed or base-catalyzed.
[0217] Another aspect of the present invention is the use of any
one of the aforementioned salts, and a polar organic liquid, as an
electrolyte in a electrochemical cell.
[0218] Another aspect of the present invention is the use of the
any one of the aforementioned salts, and a polar organic liquid, as
an electrolyte in a capacitor.
[0219] In certain embodiments, said polar organic liquid is
selected from the group consisting of linear ethers, cyclic ethers,
esters, carbonates, lactones, nitriles, amides, sulfones and
sulfolanes.
[0220] In certain embodiments, said polar organic liquid is
selected from the group consisting of diethylether,
dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dioxolane,
methyltetrahydrofuran, methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl
propionate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl
carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dibutyl
carbonate, butyrolactones, acetonitrile, benzonitrile,
nitromethane, nitrobenzene, dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone,
dimethylsulfone, tetramethylene sulfone, sulfolane and
thiophene.
[0221] One aspect of the present invention is using any one of the
aforementioned salts as a surfactant. In one embodiment the present
invention relates to a method of preventing or decreasing an
emulsion in a sample comprising the step of adding said salt to
said sample.
[0222] Another aspect of the present invention is the method of
coating an object comprising the step of exposing said object to a
solution consisting of any one of the aforementioned salts and a
solvent; removing said solvent.
[0223] Another aspect of the present invention is the use of the
inventive salts to make gels. Gels are three-dimensional polymeric
materials which exhibit the ability to swell in water and to retain
a fraction of water within the structure without dissolving. The
physical properties exhibited by gels such as water content,
sensitivity to environmental conditions (e.g., pH, temperature,
solvent, stress), soft, adhesivity, and rubbery consistency are
favorable for biomedical and biotechnological applications. Indeed,
gels may be used as coatings (e.g. biosensors, catheters, and
sutures), as "homogeneous" materials (e.g. contact lenses, burn
dressings, and dentures), and as devices (e.g. artificial organs
and drug delivery systems) (US Patent 2004/0086479; hereby
incorporated by reference in its entirety). Yet another aspect of
the invention relates to the use of the inventive salts to make
plastics that are elastic materials. Such plastics may be prepared
by any of the standard methods, e.g., injection molding or casting
from solution. An injection molding process may be practiced at
ambient temperature or an elevated temperature. The inventive salts
may be cast into plastics from a polar solvent, a non-polar solvent
or a mixture of solvents.
DEFINITIONS
[0224] All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be
understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in
documents incorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of
the defined terms.
[0225] The indefinite articles "a" and "an," as used herein in the
specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the
contrary, should be understood to mean "at least one."
[0226] The phrase "and/or," as used herein in the specification and
in the claims, should be understood to mean "either or both" of the
elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively
present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases.
Multiple elements listed with "and/or" should be construed in the
same fashion, i.e., "one or more" of the elements so conjoined.
Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements
specifically identified by the "and/or" clause, whether related or
unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a
non-limiting example, a reference to "A and/or B", when used in
conjunction with open-ended language such as "comprising" can
refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements
other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally
including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to
both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.
[0227] As used herein in the specification and in the claims, "or"
should be understood to have the same meaning as "and/or" as
defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, "or"
or "and/or" shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the
inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a
number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted
items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as "only
one of" or "exactly one of," or, when used in the claims,
"consisting of," will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element
of a number or list of elements. In general, the term "or" as used
herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive
alternatives (i.e., "one or the other but not both") when preceded
by terms of exclusivity, such as "either," "one of," "only one of,"
or "exactly one of" "Consisting essentially of," when used in the
claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of
patent law.
[0228] As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the
phrase "at least one," in reference to a list of one or more
elements, should be understood to mean at least one element
selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of
elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and
every element specifically listed within the list of elements and
not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements.
This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present
other than the elements specifically identified within the list of
elements to which the phrase "at least one" refers, whether related
or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a
non-limiting example, "at least one of A and B" (or, equivalently,
"at least one of A or B," or, equivalently "at least one of A
and/or B") can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one,
optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and
optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment,
to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A
present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet
another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than
one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B
(and optionally including other elements); etc.
[0229] It should also be understood that, unless clearly indicated
to the contrary, in any methods claimed herein that include more
than one step or act, the order of the steps or acts of the method
is not necessarily limited to the order in which the steps or acts
of the method are recited.
[0230] In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all
transitional phrases such as "comprising," "including," "carrying,"
"having," "containing," "involving," "holding," "composed of," and
the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean
including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases
"consisting of" and "consisting essentially of" shall be closed or
semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the
United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures,
Section 2111.03.
[0231] The term "ionic liquid" or "IL" as used herein means an salt
or hydrate thereof with a melting point less than about 150.degree.
C. In a preferred embodiment, the ionic liquid has a melting point
of less than about 100.degree. C. In a preferred embodiment, the
ionic liquid has a melting point of less than about 50.degree. C.
In a preferred embodiment, the ionic liquid has a melting point of
less than about room temperature. The ionic liquids of the present
invention may comprise one or more compounds. Thus, the ionic
liquid may be a pure compound or may be a mixture of compounds.
Each compound comprises an anion or a mixture of anions; and a
cation or a mixture of cations.
[0232] As used herein, a "viscoelastic" material is a liquid (or
solid) with both viscous and elastic properties. A viscoelastic
liquid will deform and flow under the influence of an applied shear
stress, but when the stress is removed the liquid will slowly
recover from some of the deformation.
[0233] As used herein, "X--[Y].sub.m" indicates an "X" group (e.g.
a small molecule or a polymer) with "m" pendant "Y" groups (e.g.
anionic or cationic moieties), wherein m is an integer. Below are
representative examples for when m is 2, 3 or 4.
##STR00043##
A chemical example of a m=2 compound is
HO.sub.2CCH.sub.2O[CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O].sub.2CH.sub.2CO.sub.2H. A
chemical example of a m=3 compound is
C(CH.sub.3)(CH.sub.2CO.sub.2H).sub.3. A chemical example of a m=4
compound is C(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CO.sub.2H).sub.4. In addition, as
described herein, "X" can be a molecule which can have several
pendant "Y" groups; a representative example of when m=9 is given
below.
##STR00044##
[0234] As used herein, "TEG" is an abbreviation for trietheylene
glycol. TEG has the molecular formula of
HOCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH. In certain
embodiments TEG is used as a tether to connect two anionic or
cationic moieties. For example, "NaO.sub.2C-TEG-CO.sub.2Na" is an
abbreviation for
NaO.sub.2C--CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2--CO.sub.2Na. As used
herein, "TetraEG" is an abbreviation for tetraethylene glycol.
TetraEG has the molecular formula of
HOCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH.
In certain embodiments TetraEG is used as a tether to connect two
anionic or cationic moieties. Other polyethylene glycols (e.g.
pentaethyleneglycols, hexaethyleneglycols, or other larger ethylene
glycols) may be used in the invention. In addition, the ethylene
units may be replaced by other alkyl spacers (e.g. propylene or
methylene) or aryl spacers, and the spacers may vary in a given
tether (e.g.
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.-
sub.2--). Branched polyether chains may also be used in the
invention.
[0235] As used herein, "Cl.sup.MeImid-" is an abbreviation for
a
##STR00045##
Other such structures, such as Br.sup.EtImid- and Cl.sup.i-PrImid-,
may also be used in the invention
[0236] As used herein, "TIME.sup.MeCl" is an abbreviation for
##STR00046##
Other such structures, such as TIME.sup.EtBr and TIME.sup.PrCl, may
also be used in the invention. In addition, in certain embodiments,
the methyl group on the central carbon can be replaced with other
alkyl groups.
[0237] As used herein, "EDTA" is an abbreviation for
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. EDTA has the molecular formula of
(HO.sub.2CCH.sub.2).sub.2NCH.sub.2CH.sub.2N(CH.sub.2CO.sub.2H).sub.2.
Other such branched polyamines may be used in the invention, for
example JEFFAMINE.RTM. T-5000 described below.
[0238] As used herein, "JEFFAMINE.RTM. T-5000" is primary polyether
triamine of approximately 5000 molecular weight. It is a clear,
almost colorless, viscous, liquid product. It has the following
structure where the sum of x, y, and z is about 81.
##STR00047##
[0239] As used herein, "TETA" is an abbreviation for
triethylenetetramine. TETA has the molecular formula of
H.sub.2NCH.sub.2CH.sub.2NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2.
[0240] The term "heteroatom" is art-recognized and refers to an
atom of any element other than carbon or hydrogen. Illustrative
heteroatoms include boron, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and
selenium.
[0241] The term "alkyl" is art-recognized, and includes saturated
aliphatic groups, including straight-chain alkyl groups,
branched-chain alkyl groups, cycloalkyl (alicyclic) groups, alkyl
substituted cycloalkyl groups, and cycloalkyl substituted alkyl
groups. In certain embodiments, a straight chain or branched chain
alkyl has about 80 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g.,
C.sub.1-C.sub.80 for straight chain, C.sub.3-C.sub.80 for branched
chain), and alternatively, about 30 or fewer. Likewise, cycloalkyls
have from about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms in their ring structure,
and alternatively about 5, 6 or 7 carbons in the ring structure. As
used herein, "fluoroalkyl" denotes an alkyl where one or more
hydrogens have been replaced with fluorines.
[0242] Unless the number of carbons is otherwise specified, "lower
alkyl" refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, but having from
one to about ten carbons, alternatively from one to about six
carbon atoms in its backbone structure. Likewise, "lower alkenyl"
and "lower alkynyl" have similar chain lengths.
[0243] The term "aralkyl" is art-recognized and refers to an alkyl
group substituted with an aryl group (e.g., an aromatic or
heteroaromatic group).
[0244] The terms "alkenyl" and "alkynyl" are art-recognized and
refer to unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and
possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that
contain at least one double or triple bond respectively.
[0245] The term "aryl" is art-recognized and refers to 5-, 6- and
7-membered single-ring aromatic groups that may include from zero
to four heteroatoms, for example, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene,
pyrene, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole,
triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine and pyrimidine,
and the like. Those aryl groups having heteroatoms in the ring
structure may also be referred to as "aryl heterocycles" or
"heteroaromatics." The aromatic ring may be substituted at one or
more ring positions with such substituents as described herein, for
example, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino,
amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl,
silyl, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester,
heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, trifluoromethyl,
cyano, or the like. The term "aryl" also includes polycyclic ring
systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more
carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are "fused
rings") wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g., the
other cyclic rings may be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls,
cycloalkynyls, aryls and/or heterocyclyls.
[0246] The terms ortho, meta and para are art-recognized and refer
to 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-disubstituted benzenes, respectively. For
example, the names 1,2-dimethylbenzene and ortho-dimethylbenzene
are synonymous.
[0247] The terms "heterocyclyl", "heteroaryl", or "heterocyclic
group" are art-recognized and refer to 3- to about 10-membered ring
structures, alternatively 3- to about 7-membered rings, whose ring
structures include one to four heteroatoms. Heterocycles may also
be polycycles. Heterocyclyl groups include, for example, thiophene,
thianthrene, furan, pyran, isobenzofuran, chromene, xanthene,
phenoxanthene, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, isothiazole,
isoxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine,
isoindole, indole, indazole, purine, quinolizine, isoquinoline,
quinoline, phthalazine, naphthyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline,
cinnoline, pteridine, carbazole, carboline, phenanthridine,
acridine, pyrimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, phenarsazine,
phenothiazine, furazan, phenoxazine, pyrrolidine, oxolane,
thiolane, oxazole, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, lactones,
lactams such as azetidinones and pyrrolidinones, sultams, sultones,
and the like. The heterocyclic ring may be substituted at one or
more positions with such substituents as described above, as for
example, halogen, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,
hydroxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate,
phosphinate, phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, alkylthio,
sulfonyl, ketone, aldehyde, ester, a heterocyclyl, an aromatic or
heteroaromatic moiety, trifluoromethyl, cyano, or the like.
[0248] The terms "polycyclyl" or "polycyclic group" are
art-recognized and refer to two or more rings (e.g., cycloalkyls,
cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls and/or heterocyclyls) in which
two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings, e.g., the
rings are "fused rings". Rings that are joined through non-adjacent
atoms are termed "bridged" rings. Each of the rings of the
polycycle may be substituted with such substituents as described
above, as for example, halogen, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido,
phosphonate, phosphinate, phosphonium, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl,
alkylthio, sulfonyl, ketone, aldehyde, ester, a heterocyclyl, an
aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety, trifluoromethyl, cyano, or the
like.
[0249] The term "carbocycle" is art-recognized and refers to an
aromatic or non-aromatic ring in which each atom of the ring is
carbon.
[0250] The term "nitro" is art-recognized and refers to --NO.sub.2;
the term "halogen" is art-recognized and refers to --F, --Cl, --Br
or --I; the term "sulfhydryl" is art-recognized and refers to --SH;
the term "hydroxyl" means --OH; and the term "sulfonyl" is
art-recognized and refers to --SO.sub.2.sup.-. "Halide" designates
the corresponding anion of the halogens, and "pseudohalide" has the
definition set forth on page 560 of "Advanced Inorganic Chemistry"
by Cotton and Wilkinson, that is, for example, monovalent anionic
groups sufficiently electronegative to exhibit a positive Hammett
sigma value at least equaling that of a halide (e.g., CN, OCN, SCN,
SeCN, TeCN, N.sub.3, and C(CN).sub.3).
[0251] The terms "amine" and "amino" are art-recognized and refer
to both unsubstituted and substituted amines, e.g., a moiety that
may be represented by the general formulas:
##STR00048##
wherein R50, R51, R52 and R53 each independently represent a
hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R61, or R50 and
R51 or R52, taken together with the N atom to which they are
attached complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms in the
ring structure; R61 represents an aryl, a cycloalkyl, a
cycloalkenyl, a heterocycle or a polycycle; and m is zero or an
integer in the range of 1 to 8. In other embodiments, R50 and R51
(and optionally R52) each independently represent a hydrogen, an
alkyl, an alkenyl, or --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R61. Thus, the term
"alkylamine" includes an amine group, as defined above, having a
substituted or unsubstituted alkyl attached thereto, i.e., at least
one of R50 and R51 is an alkyl group.
[0252] The term "acylamino" is art-recognized and refers to a
moiety that may be represented by the general formula:
##STR00049##
wherein R50 is as defined above, and R54 represents a hydrogen, an
alkyl, an alkenyl or --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R61, where m and R61 are
as defined above.
[0253] The term "amido" is art recognized as an amino-substituted
carbonyl and includes a moiety that may be represented by the
general formula:
##STR00050##
wherein R50 and R51 are as defined above. Certain embodiments of
the amide in the present invention will not include imides which
may be unstable.
[0254] The term "alkylthio" refers to an alkyl group, as defined
above, having a sulfur radical attached thereto. In certain
embodiments, the "alkylthio" moiety is represented by one of
--S-alkyl, --S-alkenyl, --S-alkynyl, and
--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R61, wherein m and R61 are defined above.
Representative alkylthio groups include methylthio, ethyl thio, and
the like.
[0255] The term "carbonyl" is art recognized and includes such
moieties as may be represented by the general formulas:
##STR00051##
wherein X50 is a bond or represents an oxygen or a sulfur, and R55
and R56 represents a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R61 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, R56
represents a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R61, where m and R61 are defined above. Where
X50 is an oxygen and R55 or R56 is not hydrogen, the formula
represents an "ester". Where X50 is an oxygen, and R55 is as
defined above, the moiety is referred to herein as a carboxyl
group, and particularly when R55 is a hydrogen, the formula
represents a "carboxylic acid". Where X50 is an oxygen, and R56 is
hydrogen, the formula represents a "formate". In general, where the
oxygen atom of the above formula is replaced by sulfur, the formula
represents a "thiolcarbonyl" group. Where X50 is a sulfur and R55
or R56 is not hydrogen, the formula represents a "thiolester."
Where X50 is a sulfur and R55 is hydrogen, the formula represents a
"thiolcarboxylic acid." Where X50 is a sulfur and R56 is hydrogen,
the formula represents a "thiolformate." On the other hand, where
X50 is a bond, and R55 is not hydrogen, the above formula
represents a "ketone" group. Where X50 is a bond, and R55 is
hydrogen, the above formula represents an "aldehyde" group.
[0256] The term "carbamoyl" refers to --O(C.dbd.O)NRR', where R and
R' are independently H, aliphatic groups, aryl groups or heteroaryl
groups.
[0257] The term "oxo" refers to a carbonyl oxygen (.dbd.O).
[0258] The terms "oxime" and "oxime ether" are art-recognized and
refer to moieties that may be represented by the general
formula:
##STR00052##
wherein R75 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,
aralkyl, or --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R61. The moiety is an "oxime" when
R is H; and it is an "oxime ether" when R is alkyl, cycloalkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, or --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R61.
[0259] The terms "alkoxyl" or "alkoxy" are art-recognized and refer
to an alkyl group, as defined above, having an oxygen radical
attached thereto. Representative alkoxyl groups include methoxy,
ethoxy, propyloxy, tert-butoxy and the like. An "ether" is two
hydrocarbons covalently linked by an oxygen. Accordingly, the
substituent of an alkyl that renders that alkyl an ether is or
resembles an alkoxyl, such as may be represented by one of
--O-alkyl, --O-alkenyl, --O-alkynyl, --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R61,
where m and R61 are described above.
[0260] The term "sulfonate" is art recognized and refers to a
moiety that may be represented by the general formula:
##STR00053##
in which R57 is an electron pair, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or
aryl.
[0261] The term "sulfate" is art recognized and includes a moiety
that may be represented by the general formula:
##STR00054##
in which R57 is as defined above.
[0262] The term "sulfonamido" is art recognized and includes a
moiety that may be represented by the general formula:
##STR00055##
in which R50 and R56 are as defined above.
[0263] The term "sulfamoyl" is art-recognized and refers to a
moiety that may be represented by the general formula:
##STR00056##
in which R50 and R51 are as defined above.
[0264] The term "sulfonyl" is art-recognized and refers to a moiety
that may be represented by the general formula:
##STR00057##
in which R58 is one of the following: hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl,
alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl.
[0265] The term "sulfoxido" is art-recognized and refers to a
moiety that may be represented by the general formula:
##STR00058##
in which R58 is defined above.
[0266] The term "phosphoryl" is art-recognized and may in general
be represented by the formula:
##STR00059##
wherein Q50 represents S or O, and R59 represents hydrogen, a lower
alkyl or an aryl. When used to substitute, e.g., an alkyl, the
phosphoryl group of the phosphorylalkyl may be represented by the
general formulas:
##STR00060##
wherein Q50 and R59, each independently, are defined above, and Q51
represents O, S or N. When Q50 is S, the phosphoryl moiety is a
"phosphorothioate".
[0267] The term "phosphoramidite" is art-recognized and may be
represented in the general formulas:
##STR00061##
wherein Q51, R50, R51 and R59 are as defined above.
[0268] The term "phosphonamidite" is art-recognized and may be
represented in the general formulas:
##STR00062##
wherein Q51, R50, R51 and R59 are as defined above, and R60
represents a lower alkyl or an aryl.
[0269] Analogous substitutions may be made to alkenyl and alkynyl
groups to produce, for example, aminoalkenyls, aminoalkynyls,
amidoalkenyls, amidoalkynyls, iminoalkenyls, iminoalkynyls,
thioalkenyls, thioalkynyls, carbonyl-substituted alkenyls or
alkynyls.
[0270] The term "selenoalkyl" is art-recognized and refers to an
alkyl group having a substituted seleno group attached thereto.
Exemplary "selenoethers" which may be substituted on the alkyl are
selected from one of --Se-alkyl, --Se-alkenyl, --Se-alkynyl, and
--Se--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R61, m and R61 being defined above.
[0271] The terms triflyl, tosyl, mesyl, and nonaflyl are
art-recognized and refer to trifluoromethanesulfonyl,
p-toluenesulfonyl, methanesulfonyl, and nonafluorobutanesulfonyl
groups, respectively. The terms triflate, tosylate, mesylate, and
nonaflate are art-recognized and refer to trifluoromethanesulfonate
ester, p-toluenesulfonate ester, methanesulfonate ester, and
nonafluorobutanesulfonate ester functional groups and molecules
that contain said groups, respectively.
[0272] The definition of each expression, e.g., alkyl, m, n, and
the like, when it occurs more than once in any structure, is
intended to be independent of its definition elsewhere in the same
structure.
[0273] The abbreviations Me, Et, Ph, Tf, Nf, Ts, and Ms represent
methyl, ethyl, phenyl, trifluoromethanesulfonyl,
nonafluorobutanesulfonyl, p-toluenesulfonyl and methanesulfonyl,
respectively. A more comprehensive list of the abbreviations
utilized by organic chemists of ordinary skill in the art appears
in the first issue of each volume of the Journal of Organic
Chemistry; this list is typically presented in a table entitled
Standard List of Abbreviations.
[0274] Certain compounds contained in compositions of the present
invention may exist in particular geometric or stereoisomeric
forms. In addition, polymers of the present invention may also be
optically active. The present invention contemplates all such
compounds, including cis- and trans-isomers, R- and S-enantiomers,
diastereomers, (D)-isomers, (L)-isomers, the racemic mixtures
thereof, and other mixtures thereof, as falling within the scope of
the invention. Additional asymmetric carbon atoms may be present in
a substituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, as well as
mixtures thereof, are intended to be included in this
invention.
[0275] If, for instance, a particular enantiomer of compound of the
present invention is desired, it may be prepared by asymmetric
synthesis, or by derivation with a chiral auxiliary, where the
resulting diastereomeric mixture is separated and the auxiliary
group cleaved to provide the pure desired enantiomers.
Alternatively, where the molecule contains a basic functional
group, such as amino, or an acidic functional group, such as
carboxyl, diastereomeric salts are formed with an appropriate
optically-active acid or base, followed by resolution of the
diastereomers thus formed by fractional crystallization or
chromatographic means well known in the art, and subsequent
recovery of the pure enantiomers.
[0276] It will be understood that "substitution" or "substituted
with" includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in
accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the
substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable
compound, e.g., which does not spontaneously undergo transformation
such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other
reaction.
[0277] The term "substituted" is also contemplated to include all
permissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect,
the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched
and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and
nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds. Illustrative
substituents include, for example, those described herein above.
The permissible substituents may be one or more and the same or
different for appropriate organic compounds. For purposes of this
invention, the heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen
substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic
compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the
heteroatoms. This invention is not intended to be limited in any
manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds.
[0278] For purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are
identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements,
CAS version, "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics", 67th Ed.,
1986-87, inside cover.
[0279] While several embodiments of the present invention are
described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the
art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or
structures for performing the functions and/or obtaining the
results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and
each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within
the scope of the present invention. More generally, those skilled
in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions,
materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be
exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials,
and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or
applications for which the teachings of the present invention
is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to
ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many
equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described
herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing
embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within
the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, the
invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described
and claimed. The present invention is directed to each individual
feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described
herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features,
systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if such
features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are
not mutually inconsistent, is included within the scope of the
present invention.
EXEMPLIFICATION
[0280] The invention now being generally described, it will be more
readily understood by reference to the following examples which are
included merely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects and
embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit
the invention.
Example 1
NaO.sub.2C-TetraEG-CO.sub.2Na with
Cl.sup.MeImid-TetraEG-Imid.sup.MeCl
[0281] NaO.sub.2C-TetraEG-CO.sub.2Na (1 g, 3.76 mmol) and
Cl.sup.MeImid-TetraEG-Imid.sup.MeCl (1.48 g, 3.76 mmol) were
dissolved in de-ionized water (5 mL) then a solution of AgNO.sub.3
(1.28, 7.52 mmol) in de-ionized water (2 mL) was added drop by drop
under vigorous agitation. The precipitate compound (AgCl) was
isolated by filtration under nitrogen and the filtrate was
concentrated and dried under vacuum at 170.degree. C. for 3 h to
lead to a clear colorless viscous oil.
Example 2
HO.sub.2C-TetraEG-CO.sub.2H with
Cl.sup.MeImid-TetraEG-Imid.sup.MeCl
[0282] HO.sub.2C-TetraEG-CO.sub.2H (1 g, 4.5 mmol) and
Cl.sup.MeImid-TetraEG-Imid.sup.MeCl (1.77 g, 4.5 mmol) were
dissolved in de-ionized water (5 mL) then a solution of AgNO.sub.3
(1.53, 9.0 mmol) in de-ionized water (2 mL) was added drop by drop
under vigorous agitation. The precipitate compound (AgCl) was
isolated by filtration under nitrogen and the filtrate was
concentrated and dried under vacuum at 170.degree. C. for 3 h to
lead to a clear colorless viscous oil.
Example 3
HO.sub.2C-TetraEG-CO.sub.2H with TIME.sup.MeCl
[0283] HO.sub.2C-TetraEG-CO.sub.2H (1 g, 4.5 mmol) and
TIME.sup.MeCl (1.23 g, 3.00 mmol) were dissolved in de-ionized
water (5 mL) then a solution of AgNO.sub.3 (1.53 g, 9.0 mmol) in
de-ionized water (2 mL) was added drop by drop under vigorous
agitation. The precipitate compound (AgCl) was isolated by
filtration under nitrogen and the filtrate was concentrated and
dried under vacuum at 170.degree. C. for 3 h to lead to a clear
colorless viscous oil.
Example 4
EDTA with H.sub.2N-TetraEG-NH.sub.2
[0284] EDTA (1 g, 3.4 mmol) and H.sub.2N-TetraEG-NH.sub.2 (1.31 g,
6.8 mmol) were mixed in de-ionized water (5 mL) and heated to
80.degree. C. under vigorous agitation for 30 min. The mixture was
vacuum dried at 80.degree. C. to lead to a clear colorless viscous
oil.
Example 5
HO.sub.2C-TetraEG-CO.sub.2H with tris(2-aminoethyl)amine
[0285] HO.sub.2C-TetraEG-CO.sub.2H (1 g, 4.5 mmol) and
tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (438 mg, 3.00 mmol) were mixed together at
80.degree. C. under vacuum for 2 h to lead to a clear colorless
viscoelastic oil.
Example 6
HO.sub.2C-TetraEG-CO.sub.2H with JAFFAMINE T-5000
[0286] HO.sub.2C-TEG-CO.sub.2H (1 g, 4.5 mmol) and JAFFAMINE T-5000
(15 g, 3.00 mmol) were mixed together at 80.degree. C. under vacuum
for 2 h to lead to a clear colorless viscous oil.
Example 7
HO.sub.2C-TetraEG-CO.sub.2H with TETA
[0287] HO.sub.2C-TetraEG-CO.sub.2H (1 g, 4.5 mmol) and TETA (320
mg, 2.25 mmol) were mixed together at 80.degree. C. under vacuum
for 2 h to lead to a clear colorless viscoelastic oil.
Example 8
Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene), dicarboxy terminated with
JAFFAMINE T-5000
[0288] Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene), dicarboxy terminated (1 g,
0.26 mmol) and TETA (877 mg, 0.17 mmol) were mixed together at
80.degree. C. under vacuum for 2 h to lead to a clear colorless
viscous oil.
Example 9
EDTA with JAFFAMINE T-5000
[0289] EDTA (1 g, 3.4 mmol) and JAFFAMINE T-5000 (22.8 mg, 4.5
mmol) were mixed together at 80.degree. C. under vacuum for 2 h.
The EDTA is not soluble to it.
Example 10
HO.sub.2C--C.sub.10H.sub.20--CO.sub.2H with TETA
[0290] HO.sub.2C--C.sub.10H.sub.20-0O.sub.2H (1 g, 4.3 mmol) and
TETA (317 mg, 2.17 mmol) were mixed together at 140.degree. C.
under vacuum for 2 h to lead to a solid.
Example 11
AgO.sub.2C-TetraEG-CO.sub.2Ag with TIME.sup.MeCl
[0291] TIME.sup.MeCl (700 mg, 1.66 mmol) was dissolved in
de-ionized water (10 ml) and warmed to 80.degree. C.
AgO.sub.2C-TetraEG-CO.sub.2Ag (1 g, 2.48 mmol) was dissolved in
warmed (80.degree. C.) de-ionized water (20 ml) and added drop by
drop under vigorous agitation to the previous solution. The mixture
was allowed to react for 3 h at room temperature to get the fully
precipitation of the silver chloride. After filtration of the
silver chloride, the mixture was dried under vacuum at 170.degree.
C. for 3 h to lead to a clear colorless viscoelastic oil.
Example 12
HO.sub.2C-TetraEG-CO.sub.2H with H.sub.2N-TetraEG-NH.sub.2
[0292] HO.sub.2C-TetraEG-CO.sub.2H (1 g, 4.5 mmol) and
H.sub.2N-TetraEG-NH.sub.2 (864 mg, 4.5 mmol) were mixed together
(exothermic) to lead to a clear colorless viscous oil.
Example 13
(CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3P.sup.+--C.sub.10H-
.sub.20--P.sup.+(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).sub.3,2-
Cl.sup.- with HO.sub.2C--C.sub.10H.sub.20--CO.sub.2H
[0293]
(CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3P.sup.+--C.-
sub.10H.sub.20--P.sup.+(CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).-
sub.3,2Cl.sup.- (1 g, 1.6 mmol) and
HO.sub.2C--C.sub.10H.sub.20--CO.sub.2H (373 mg, 1.6 mmol) were
mixed together at 80.degree. C. under vacuum for 2 h to lead to a
clear colorless viscous oil.
Example 14
(CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3P.sup.+--C.sub.10H-
.sub.20--P.sup.+(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).sub.3,2-
Cl.sup.- with EDTA
[0294]
(CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3P.sup.+--C.-
sub.10H.sub.20--P.sup.+(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).-
sub.3,2Cl.sup.- (1 g, 1.6 mmol) and EDTA (237 mg, 0.8 mmol) were
mixed together at 80.degree. C. under vacuum for 2 h to lead to a
clear colorless viscous oil.
Example 15
(CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3P.sup.+--C.sub.10H-
.sub.20--P.sup.+(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).sub.3,2-
Cl.sup.- with polyacrylic acid (240,000 Mw at 25% in water)
[0295]
(CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3P.sup.+--C.-
sub.10H.sub.20--P.sup.+(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).-
sub.3,2Cl.sup.- (1 g, 1.3 mmol) and Polyacrylic Acid (734 mg, 0.76
.mu.mol) were mixed together at 100.degree. C. under vacuum for 2 h
to remove water and lead to a clear colorless viscoelastic.
Example 16
(CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3P.sup.+--C.sub.10H-
.sub.20--P.sup.+(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).sub.3,2-
Cl.sup.- with HO.sub.2C--C.sub.8F.sub.16--CO.sub.2H
[0296]
(CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3P.sup.+--C.-
sub.10H.sub.20--P.sup.+(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).-
sub.3,2Cl.sup.- (1 g, 1.3 mmol) and
HO.sub.2C--C.sub.8F.sub.16--CO.sub.2H (625 mg, 1.3 mmol) were mixed
together at 80.degree. C. under vacuum for 2 h to lead to a waxy
material.
Example 17
(CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3P.sup.+--(CH.sub.2-
).sub.3--NHCO--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CONH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3--P.sup.+--(CH.sub-
.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).sub.3,2Cl.sup.- with
EDTA
[0297]
(CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3P.sup.+--(C-
H.sub.2).sub.3--NHCO--(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CONH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3--P.sup.+(C-
H.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).sub.3,2Cl.sup.- (1
g, 1 mmol) and EDTA (153 mg, 0.5 mmol) were mixed together at
80.degree. C. under vacuum for 2 h to lead to a solid material.
Example 18
(CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3P.sup.+--(CH.sub.2-
).sub.9CH.sub.3,2Cl.sup.- with EDTA
[0298]
(CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3P.sup.+--(C-
H.sub.2).sub.9CH.sub.3,2Cl.sup.- (1 g, 2.15 mmol) and EDTA (315 mg,
1.08 mmol) were mixed together at 80.degree. C. under vacuum for 2
h to lead to a liquid. The low viscous liquid is significantly
different that the ionic liquids prepared with the di-phosphonium
as described above.
Example 19
(CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3P.sup.+--C.sub.10H-
.sub.20--P.sup.+(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).sub.3,2-
Cl.sup.- with tetraethyl ester of EDTA
[0299]
(CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3P.sup.+--C.-
sub.10H.sub.20--P.sup.+--(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3-
).sub.3,2Cl.sup.- (1 g, 1.3 mmol) and tetraethyl ester of EDTA (257
mg, 0.65 mmol) were mixed together at 80.degree. C. under vacuum
for 2 h to lead to a liquid. Again a low viscous liquid is formed
due to the inability to form a network with the ester analog of
EDTA and is significantly different that with EDTA.
Example 20
[0300] The material formed from mixing
(CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3P.sup.+--C.sub.10-
H.sub.20--P.sup.+(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).sub.3,-
2Cl.sup.- with polyacrylic acid (240,000 Mw at 25% in water) can be
pulled to form a fiber-like material.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0301] All of the U.S. patents and U.S. published patent
applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference.
EQUIVALENTS
[0302] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to
ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many
equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described
herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the
following claims.
* * * * *