U.S. patent application number 13/981921 was filed with the patent office on 2014-02-27 for transportation apparatus for electrochemical energy storage apparatuses.
This patent application is currently assigned to LI-TEC BATTERY GmbH. The applicant listed for this patent is Tim Schaefer. Invention is credited to Tim Schaefer.
Application Number | 20140054196 13/981921 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 45491574 |
Filed Date | 2014-02-27 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140054196 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Schaefer; Tim |
February 27, 2014 |
TRANSPORTATION APPARATUS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE
APPARATUSES
Abstract
The invention relates to a transportation apparatus for
hazardous materials, in particular for at least one electrochemical
energy storage apparatus, having at least one accommodation
apparatus for accommodating the hazardous material, said
accommodation apparatus having at least one accommodation chamber;
and at least one barrier device which screens the accommodation
chamber at least in sections in at least one direction, wherein the
barrier device has at least a first material and at least a second
material, and said invention also relates to the production and use
of said transportation apparatus.
Inventors: |
Schaefer; Tim; (Harztor,
DE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Schaefer; Tim |
Harztor |
|
DE |
|
|
Assignee: |
LI-TEC BATTERY GmbH
Kamenz
DE
|
Family ID: |
45491574 |
Appl. No.: |
13/981921 |
Filed: |
January 3, 2012 |
PCT Filed: |
January 3, 2012 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/EP12/00014 |
371 Date: |
November 13, 2013 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
206/703 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B65D 2519/00199
20130101; B65D 2519/00661 20130101; B65D 2519/0086 20130101; H01M
2/1094 20130101; B65D 2519/00164 20130101; B32B 15/18 20130101;
B65D 2519/00218 20130101; B65D 2519/00716 20130101; H01M 2/1016
20130101; H01M 2/1005 20130101; B32B 1/02 20130101; B32B 2262/101
20130101; B32B 15/14 20130101; B32B 2439/00 20130101; B65D
2519/00174 20130101; B65D 2585/88 20130101; B32B 15/20 20130101;
B32B 2307/3065 20130101; B65D 2519/00059 20130101; B32B 2457/10
20130101; B32B 27/34 20130101; B65D 2519/00184 20130101; Y02E 60/10
20130101; B32B 2262/0269 20130101; B32B 2307/306 20130101; B32B
2307/56 20130101; B32B 2250/40 20130101; B32B 2571/00 20130101;
B65D 19/06 20130101; B32B 2262/105 20130101; B65D 2519/00024
20130101; B65D 2519/00069 20130101; B65D 2519/00208 20130101; B32B
15/088 20130101; B32B 2307/558 20130101; B65D 85/70 20130101; B65D
2519/00034 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
206/703 |
International
Class: |
B65D 85/00 20060101
B65D085/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jan 28, 2011 |
DE |
10 2011 009 696.5 |
Claims
1. A transportation apparatus for hazardous materials including at
least one electrochemical energy storage apparatus, for
transporting, recovering, storing and holding electrochemical
storage apparatuses including lithium-ion cells or lithium-ion
batteries, comprising: at least one holding apparatus for holding
the hazardous material, which comprises at least one accommodation
space; and at least one barrier device that shields at least
sections of the accommodation space in at least one direction,
wherein the barrier device comprises at least one first material
and at least one second material, and at least one of the first or
second materials comprises or forms a fiber composite.
2. The transportation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
barrier device comprises a first layer made from the first material
and a second layer made from the second material.
3. The transportation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
second material comprises fiber structural elements including glass
fibres.
4. (canceled)
5. The transportation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
second material comprises aramid fibers.
6. The transportation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
first material is a metallic material and the second material is a
fiber composite material.
7. The transportation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
barrier device is constructed as a wall or wall panel of the
holding apparatus and is bullet-proof in accordance with a
resistance class defined in European Standard EN 1522.
8. The transportation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the
transportation apparatus comprises a safety device including a fire
extinguishing device.
9. A method of use of a transportation apparatus according to claim
1, comprising: at least one of transporting or recovering, a
fresh-from-factory, used or defective electrical energy storage
apparatus.
10. The method of use according to claim 9, wherein the
electrochemical energy storage apparatus is a lithium-ion cell.
11. The method of use according to claim 9, wherein the
transporting is performed via air freight.
Description
[0001] The entire content of priority application DE 10 2011 009
696.5 is herewith incorporated in the present application by
reference.
DESCRIPTION
[0002] The present invention relates to a transportation apparatus,
particularly for transporting, retrieving, storing and holding
electrochemical energy storage apparatuses, more particularly
lithium ion cells or lithium ion batteries, and further relates to
the processes for production and use thereof.
[0003] The following specific hazards are known particularly in the
case of lithium ion batteries and lithium ion cells: leakage of the
liquid electrolyte, short circuit, fire or explosion. In order to
reduce these risks, such cells and batteries often comprise adapted
housings, which increase their reliability. Such are described for
example in EP 2 180 537 A1.
[0004] Consequently, measures have to be taken during the storage
and transport of electrochemical energy storage apparatuses that in
particular reduce or eliminate the risk of the contents escaping
into the environment under normal storage or transport conditions.
Furthermore, the hazards during storage and transport of
electrochemical energy storage devices are posed not only "from the
inside", that is to say by the electrochemical energy storage
devices themselves. "External" hazards must also be considered. For
example, if a fire breaks out as a result of a traffic accident,
steps must be taken to ensure that charged lithium-ion batteries
are protected from the fire and remain undamaged to the extent
possible. Simple packaging, such as cardboard boxes, are not
suitable for this purpose, Instead, holding apparatuses are
required that safeguard electrochemical energy storage apparatuses
during storing, and particularly during packing and transportation
thereof, to reduce the risk of contaminating the environment by the
cargo. The same applies in reverse order.
[0005] Particularly the new requirements (highest possible
performance for the lowest possible weight and smallest size)
imposed on electrochemical energy storage apparatuses that may be
used as energy sources in electrically driven vehicles, mean that
the transport thereof, particularly in the case of damaged or
defective items, entails greater risk. In the event of a fire
caused by a traffic accident for example (risk from "outside") or a
short-circuit in the battery (risk from "inside"), very violent
decomposition reactions with even explosive force may occur,
thereby forming toxic and environmentally hazardous gases such as
chlorine or sulphur dioxide. Particularly in lithium-ion batteries,
approximately 10 times more energy is stored as thermal energy than
as electrical energy. In addition, high temperatures may cause
decomposition of the cathode material, which is often in the form
of a lithium metal oxide. This decomposition may result in the
release of oxygen, which in turn may function as an accelerant.
Lithium-metal anodes also represent a significant fire hazard.
[0006] For these reasons, transport of such electrochemical energy
storage apparatuses is generally subject to strict regulations,
which are summarised in the following and other directives, most of
which are applicable throughout Europe: [0007] ADR: European
Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods
by Road [0008] RID: European Convention concerning International
Carriage by Rail [0009] IMDG Code: International Maritime Dangerous
Goods Code [0010] ADN: European Agreement concerning the
International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Inland Waterways
[0011] ICAO-TI and [0012] IATA DGR: Guidance documents for shipping
dangerous goods by air.
[0013] These guidelines define, for example, the maximum
permissible quantity of the cargo to be transported, permissible
packaging types and materials, and safety measures such as securing
the load against shifting and the provision of fire
extinguishers.
[0014] However, these regulations still do not provide a
technically cogent and above all cohesive description of a
mandatory holding apparatus for electrochemical energy storage
apparatuses.
[0015] Thus, for example, the requirement for used lithium-ion
cells (from ADR) is that they may be transported in "1H2" drums.
The description 1H2 designates the type of container, the material
and the categorization:
[0016] 1: Type of container (e.g., bags, boxes)
[0017] H: Container material (e.g., wood, steel)
[0018] 2: Categorization (e.g., open or closed)
[0019] Since Jan. 1, 2009 a large number of new regulations have
been introduced regarding the determination of the shipping
destination for lithium-ion batteries. Thus, for example, a
distinction must be made between lithium-ion batteries or cells and
lithium-metal batteries or cells. In addition, when shipping or
transporting such electrochemical energy storage apparatuses, it
must be indicated whether they are being sent with devices or
equipment. Moreover, electrochemical energy storage units,
particularly lithium-metal and lithium-ion batteries, must undergo
certain tests before shipping (defined in UN regulations 3090,
3091, 3480 and 3481). These tests and criteria are summarised in
the UN inspection manual, part III, section 38.3.
[0020] Yet despite these strict rules, a spate of accidents has
still occurred shortly before the filing date of this application,
particularly in the air shipping sector. Consequently, the Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA) felt it had no choice but to issue a
warning for the transport of electrochemical energy storage
apparatuses, particularly lithium-ion batteries, because until that
time no suitable, safe packaging for transportation existed,
particularly in the event of a fire. The requirements for such
transport packaging are diverse and may vary according to the type
of hazardous goods and the possible risk scenarios.
[0021] The object on which the invention is based is therefore to
provide a safe transportation apparatus, particularly for the
transportation and storage of electrochemical energy storage
apparatuses that in particular responds to complex emergency
situations and at the same time is as compact as possible.
[0022] This is achieved according to the invention by the teaching
of the independent claims. Preferred refinements of the invention
are the subject matter of the dependent claims.
[0023] As described in greater detail below, in order to solve this
problem a transportation apparatus for hazardous material is
provided, particularly for at least one electrochemical energy
storage apparatus, having at least one holding apparatus for
accommodating the hazardous material. The holding apparatus
comprises at least one accommodation space. In addition, the
holding apparatus comprises a barrier device that preferably
shields at least sections of the accommodation space in at least
one direction, the barrier device being made of at least a first
and at least a second material.
[0024] The advantage of the transportation apparatus of the
invention consists in that the barrier device with the first and
second materials forms a secure barrier between the interior of the
holding apparatus and the environment that is sufficient to
withstand complex danger situations. In particular, if the
transportation apparatus further comprises an active safety device,
for example an extinguishing device, the level of safety is raised
further by the barrier device because the hazard situation can
initially be curbed effectively until the action of the safety
device takes effect. For example, explosion, fire or corrosion may
occur in combination in complex hazard situations. In complex
hazard situations multiple hazards must be addressed simultaneously
to the extent possible. Thus, in the case of an explosion danger
exists not only in the form of a pressure wave but also in the form
of flying projectiles. An explosion is often also accompanied by
fire. Therefore, in the event of an explosion a package for
transportation must be able to withstand not only the pressure
wave, but also items that are projected against it by the blast,
and it must be fireproof. A transportation apparatus should
preferably also be lightweight, to keep transportation costs to a
minimum. All this requires new concepts in the material combination
of safe transport packaging such as are suggested as the object of
the present invention.
[0025] The barrier device preferably shields the accommodation
space at least partially, or completely, in at least one direction,
in multiple directions, particularly in all horizontal and/or all
vertical directions. The shielding refers in particular to a
shielding of the accommodation space from the environment of the
transportation apparatus, or from the environment of the holding
apparatus, or from the environment of the barrier device, or to a
shielding or separation of at least two regions of the
accommodation space. The directions are relative to a
transportation apparatus that comprises an underside (or a bottom
border) which may be arranged in the direction of gravity (that is
to say vertically downward), preferably a base plate, and an upper
side (or a top border) opposite the underside.
[0026] The barrier device may be combined with other barrier
devices as a part of the transportation apparatus or the holding
apparatus, or it may substantially constitute the transportation
apparatus or holding apparatus. The barrier device may be located
inside the holding apparatus. The barrier device may be located
outside and on the side or the top of the holding apparatus. The
barrier device can be located between a first and at least one
second holding apparatus. However, it is also possible that one or
more parts of the barrier device may be arranged outside and on the
side or the top of the holding apparatus, and/or one or more parts
may be arranged inside the holding apparatus. The barrier device
may have an operative connection with the holding apparatus and/or
with the environment. However, it is also possible that the barrier
device has no operative connection with the holding apparatus, or
the environment, or either.
[0027] The barrier device preferably forms at least one, exactly
one, exactly two, exactly three or exactly four wall(s) of the
transportation apparatus or holding apparatus, wherein said wall
may form or be a side wall, a bottom wall, a top wall and/or a lid
wall. This wall (or walls) may also be arranged inside the
accommodation space of the holding apparatus, where it preferably
forms an internal lining, for example a lining for the internal
wall, the bottom wall, the top wall or the lid wall. One wall is
preferably arranged so as to define a plurality of compartments of
the accommodation space, or for example, to serve as a partition
wall. This partition wall may be disposed parallel to a base plate
of the transportation apparatus, perpendicular thereto, and may for
example form a multichamber system, wherein each chamber may
contain and/or support for example a hazardous material such as an
electrochemical energy storage cell. The barrier device may be
arranged as an insert element of the accommodation space and may be
connected to the holding apparatus permanently or detachably. This
wall may substantially constitute the entire wall of a polygonal or
other hollow body, particularly the body of the holding apparatus.
The wall may also form a wall section of a hollow body, wherein the
wall section may designate a wall segment or a wall layer (cut out
perpendicularly to the wall surface).
[0028] The barrier device may also form another part of the
transportation apparatus or holding apparatus, such as a frame,
stanchions, edge sections. The terms holding apparatus and holding
device are preferably used interchangeably in the description of
the present invention.
[0029] The barrier device is characterized in that it comprises at
least a first material and at least one second material, which are
preferably different from one another. The first material may form
one (for example the first) layer and/or the second material may
form one (for example the second) layer. A layer may comprise
multiple sublayers. The two layers may be in direct contact with
one another or be directly or indirectly connected or coupled with
one another, or they may not be in direct contact or directly or
indirectly connected or coupled with one another. For example, it
is possible and preferred to provide a heat-reflecting first, for
example inner, and/or a heat-reflecting second, for example
external material layer, between which a third material layer may
be arranged, which may for example be designed to withstand impact
and may be positioned at a distance from the inner and/or the outer
material layer, for example with a gap between 1 mm and 50 mm. The
gap between the first and the third and/or the second and the third
material layers may thus serve to prevent a mutual direct thermal
diffusion effect between the layers, so that particularly the third
layer may be protected from overheating at least for a short
time.
[0030] In a preferred embodiment, the barrier device comprises a
first layer of the first material and a second layer of the second
material. With this sequential arrangement of different materials,
it is possible for the physical properties thereof to be used to
advantage in a composite layer with both properties or new
properties. In a preferred embodiment, the barrier device comprises
a first layer of the first material and the second material and may
also comprise a second layer of the first and/or second material.
This sequential arrangement of different materials also makes it
possible to use the physical properties thereof to advantage in a
composite layer with both properties or new properties.
[0031] The first and second materials are preferably each adapted
to serve as effective barriers against a specific hazardous
interaction between the accommodation space of the holding
apparatus and the ambient environment of the corresponding material
or the ambient environment of the barrier device. The first or
second material, or both materials, are each preferably
fluid-impermeable, particularly liquid-impermeable and/or
gas-impermeable, heat-resistant, heat-reflective, heat absorbing,
heat insulating, resistant to pressure (explosion-resistant) impact
resistant, puncture resistant and corrosion resistant.
[0032] The barrier device preferably comprises a layer system that
comprises or consists of the first and/or second material. In a
preferred embodiment, the layer system comprises a first layer that
is preferably an outer layer of the layer system, and is preferably
the layer of the layer system facing toward the accommodation space
of the holding apparatus. The layer system preferably comprises a
second layer that is preferably an inner layer of the layer system.
This second layer can consist of one layer or again of multiple
layers. The layer system preferably comprises a third layer which
is preferably another outer layer of the layer system, and is
preferably the layer of the layer system facing away from the
accommodation space of the holding apparatus, that is to say it
faces toward the ambient environment of the transportation
apparatus.
[0033] In a preferred embodiment of the transportation apparatus,
the first and/or third layer of a layer system of the barrier
device comprises a metal or metal alloy, or consists thereof, for
example steel or preferably aluminium, particularly a metal foil.
Such a layer may particularly serve to reflect heat, and thus to
protect the ambient environment or the accommodation space or the
second layer. In a preferred embodiment, the second layer
preferably comprises a composite fibre material. Such a layer
system may have a sufficiently heat-resistant, mechanically stable,
impact- and explosion-resistant effect and may be of particularly
lightweight construction so that the resulting transportation
apparatus is safe, yet has a relatively low net weight. The second
layer preferably comprises a first sublayer of a fibre composite
material and a second sublayer of a different material from the
first sublayer, preferably a metal material, preferably steel
(sheet steel for example). The first sublayer and the second
sublayer are preferably bonded to one another. The high tensile
strength of fibre composite materials can lend the second sublayer,
for example the steel, increased resistance to explosion for
example, so that the two sublayers complement and protect one
another, thereby producing a synergistic effect.
[0034] It is also possible and preferably provided that the first
material and/or the second material do not form separate layers.
The first material and the second material preferably form a
mixture, wherein the first material may serve as a matrix material
that surrounds or supports is another material, in particular the
second material, and the second material may be in the form of an
additive material, for example fibrous, which strengthens the first
material and the barrier device. The barrier device may comprise a
composite material that contains at least the first material and
the second material, or consists thereof.
[0035] The barrier device, particularly the first and/or second
material, preferably has a density between 1.0 g/cm 3 and 10.0 g/cm
3. This density is preferably between 1.0 g/cm 3 and 3.0 g/cm 3 in
order to make the barrier device or the component(s) thereof as
lightweight as possible. This is particularly the case with
aluminium materials and materials with composites, fibre-reinforced
plastics. In this manner, the transportation apparatus may be
lightweight, thereby reducing transport costs. In this context it
is preferable for the barrier device, particularly the first
material or the second material, to consist partially or completely
of sections that have a density between 7.0 g/cm 3 and 9.0 g/cm 3,
which is true for steel, iron or other metals for example. Such
sections often have a high stability, in particular high thermal
resistance, a high yield point and/or high dielectric strength.
[0036] The barrier device and/or the first material and/or the
second material or the fibre composite material preferably
comprises fibre structural elements, for example glass fibres,
carbon fibres or aramid fibres, or consists of such fibre
structural elements. These may advantageously serve as reinforcing
elements. It is preferably provided that the barrier device
comprises at least one fibre composite material of which the matrix
material is said first material and the fibre material is said
second material. It is also preferably provided that the fibre
composite material comprises at least one layer, preferably at
least 2, 3, 4, 5 or more layers, that comprises/comprise a fibre
material. These layers of fibre material be in contact with one
another in pairs or may be kept apart from one other in pairs, for
example by means of a third layer or a gas-containing layer. The
fibrous materials may be of the same or different construction.
Fibre structure elements may be coated or uncoated. A multilayer
arrangement, particularly comprising multiple layers of fibre
material, produces a multi-functional structure, the physical
properties of which vary from layer to layer so that, for example,
an outer layer of the multilayer arrangement may be particularly
heat resistant whereas an inner layer, for example, may be
particularly impact damping.
[0037] The fibre structure elements are preferably aligned
essentially in one direction in at least one layer of the barrier
device, so that said layer has very high tensile and compressive
strengths in the given direction. It is also possible and preferred
that the fibre structure elements are aligned essentially
multidirectionally as a woven fabric in at least one layer of the
barrier device, so that the multidirectional tensile and
compressive strengths of the layer and thus also the impact damping
effect are enhanced.
[0038] The fibre structural elements preferably comprise glass
fibres or consist substantially thereof. This increases the tensile
and compressive strength of the layer and the barrier device. The
fibre structure elements preferably contain carbon fibres or
consist substantially thereof. This also increases the tensile and
compressive strength of the layer and the barrier device. But these
fibres are lighter than glass fibres and are highly thermally and
electrically conductive, which can be used to suppress
electrostatic charging of the barrier device. The fibre structural
elements preferably comprise aramid fibres (e.g., polyparaphenylene
terephthalamide fibres) or consist substantially thereof. In this
way, the layer or the barrier device is given higher tensile and
compressive strength, high impact resistance, high fracture strain,
good vibration damping properties and resistance to acids and
alkalis. Aramid fibres also have good thermal stability up to
400.degree. C. Aramid fibres are therefore particularly suitable
for use as impact damping and heat resistant layers.
[0039] The first material is preferably a plastic, particularly a
semi-crystalline or amorphous plastic, for example polyamide,
polyphthalamide, polyester, polypropylene, polyurethane,
polyolefin, high-density polyethylene, or modifications thereof.
The first and second materials preferably form a fibre-reinforced
plastic. The proportion of the fibre elements in the
fibre-reinforced plastic is, preferably in each case, 25-35, 35-45,
45-55, 55-65, 65-75 percent relative to the volume or mass of the
fibre-reinforced plastic, or comprises a different percentage
thereof. Fibre-reinforced plastics typically have high specific
stiffness and strength. They are therefore particularly suitable
for the preferred variant of the transportation apparatus as a
lightweight construction. The mechanical and thermal properties of
the fibre-reinforced plastic can be influenced by a wide variety of
parameters, particularly the fibre volume, the braid angle and the
layer sequence, so that the properties of the barrier device and
the transportation apparatus may be specified flexibly according to
requirements. The first material is preferably a thermoplastic. In
this manner, the fibre-reinforced plastic is readily mouldable. It
is also preferred that the first material is a thermosetting
plastic. Such a fibre-reinforced plastic has high temperature
resistance and particularly high strength. The barrier device may
also comprise an elastomer plastic, which may be used in particular
to form a shock absorbing layer or region.
[0040] It is preferred that the fibre structural elements comprise
continuous filaments (that is to say a length>=50 mm) or are
entirely or partially or substantially entirely in the form of
continuous filaments. This has the effect of further increasing the
stability of a fibre-reinforced plastic. The fibre structural
elements preferably comprise smooth filament yarn, or alternatively
rovings, or are partially or essentially entirely in the form of a
smooth filament yarn, or alternatively the form of rovings. It is
further preferred that the fibre structural elements constitute a
semi-finished product, each preferably individually or combined:
wovens, non-crimp fabrics, multiaxial fabrics, embroidered fabrics,
braided fabrics, mats, non-woven fabrics, fine cut, spacer fabrics,
particularly by weaving continuous filaments, such as rovings. The
fibre structural elements particularly preferably form non-crimp
fabrics, since these have very good mechanical properties. In a
non-crimp fabric the fibres are ideally parallel and stretched.
Essentially, continuous fibres are used. Non-crimp fabrics may be
held together by a paper or stitch binding. The non-crimp fabric is
preferably a multiaxial non-crimp fabric particularly in the form
of a laminate. In this non-crimp fabric the fibres are not
orientated only in one plane. Additional fibres are preferably
orientated perpendicularly to the plane of the laminate to improve
the delamination and impact behaviour.
[0041] The barrier device, particularly the first and/or second
material or the composite fibre material, preferably comprises a
polyoxazole, particularly poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole,
PBO), a synthetic fibre manufactured by Toyobo, Osaka, Japan and
known by the trade name Zylon.RTM.. With a melting point of
650.degree. C. Zylon.RTM. combines particularly high heat
resistance and mechanical strength with low density, so it is
particularly suitable for use in constructing a safe transportation
apparatus. A protective layer or material encasement for the
polyoxazole, made for example from plastic such as PE or UHMWPE, or
from metal, is preferably provided to protect it particularly
against corrosion.
[0042] The barrier device, particularly the first and/or second
material or the composite fibre material preferably comprises ultra
high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), particularly Dyneema,
or consists thereof. Dyneema is a high strength polyethylene fibre
(PE) with high tensile strength and is a highly crystalline, highly
stretched UHMWPE. It is particularly suitable for use as a
lightweight, anti-abrasive, shock and impact damping material,
which makes it particularly suitable for constructing a safe
transportation apparatus.
[0043] The barrier device preferably comprises a penetrating
composite, wherein particularly the first and second materials are
components of a penetrating the composite. In such a penetrating
composite, the individual components not only combine with each
other, as happens with most fibre composites for example, but also
penetrate each other.
[0044] Consequently, it is possible to derive material properties
that can be used advantageously for the safe transportation
apparatus, for example with regard to heat resistance. Silicon
carbide (SiC) is such a penetrating composite.
[0045] The barrier device, particularly the first and/or second
material or the composite fibre material preferably comprises
ceramic material, for example a technical ceramic, or consists
thereof. The ceramic material is also preferably a ceramic fibre
composite material, that is to say in particular a matrix of normal
ceramic embedded between continuous filaments that is reinforced by
ceramic fibres and is then referred to as fibre-reinforced ceramic,
ceramic composite, ceramic fibre or CMC. The matrix and the fibres
may consist of known ceramic materials, wherein carbon is also
considered to be a ceramic material in this context. Ceramic fibres
may comprise or consist of a polycrystalline or amorphous material.
Ceramic fibres may consist of: crystalline alumina, mullite,
silicon carbide, which may be substantially crystalline, zirconia,
carbon fibres with the graphite layers aligned in the direction of
the fibres, and amorphous fibres of silicon carbide; or may
comprise any of said materials. The advantages of ceramic fibre
composites are similar to those of ceramic, with high resistance to
heat and temperature variations but without the relatively low
fracture toughness and relatively high sensitivity to thermal
shock. With these properties, said materials may advantageously be
used to construct a safe transportation apparatus. Fibre-reinforced
ceramics that use oxides are good electrical insulators and due to
their porosity have good thermal insulation effect, even better
than that of many oxide ceramics. Ceramic fibre composite material
is particularly preferable, at least in sections or as a layer of
the barrier device, for example since it is even less susceptible
to corrosion and sensitive to heat than many metallic materials and
components. Besides the advantage of weight reduction, the use of
ceramic fibre composite material may result in a longer service
life of the transportation apparatus. Ceramic fibre composite
material may also assume load-bearing functions, particularly in
constructing or supporting a frame or cradle of the transportation
or holding apparatus, or it may be used for mechanical protection
against abrasion and as a barrier against puncturing and
impacts.
[0046] The barrier device and/or, the first material and/or the
second material preferably comprises steel or sheet steel,
preferably galvanized in each case, preferably as a duplex system
as defined in DIN EN ISO 12944-5. These offer high mechanical
stability, are particularly resistant to impacts and projectiles
resistant and heat-resistant, which renders them particularly
suitable for use in constructing a safe transportation apparatus.
The thickness of the sheet steel may be for example between 1 mm
and 10 mm, preferably 1.4 mm-2.1 mm. A thickness between 1.0 mm and
5.0 mm results in high stability and acceptable total weight of the
transportation apparatus.
[0047] The barrier device and/or the first material and/or the
second material preferably comprises aluminium and/or zinc-copper,
zinc, lead or steel/iron or alloys thereof, and particularly
preferably, metal foams made therefrom, preferably an aluminium
foam with relatively low density and high stability. It is
preferable that components of the transportation apparatus,
preferably each of a plate, a (bottom, side or top) wall, a frame,
a cradle, tubes or support stanchions, are filled with metal foam.
Foam-filled tube profiles and sandwich panels may be used as
semi-finished products for constructing the transportation
apparatus. Aluminium foam panels consist for example of an
aluminium alloy with for example about 1.5% calcium to which a
blowing agent is added. Said blowing agent, for example titanium
hydride (TiH), is added to the molten aluminium during the melting
operation. During the melting process, the hydrogen content in the
blowing agent may form bubbles. During the subsequent cooling of
the melt the bubbles thus create pores in the aluminium matrix. The
density of the aluminium foam produced in this way (for example 0.2
to 0.25 g/cm.sup.3) then is approximately only 10-15% of that of
solid aluminium (2.7 g/cm.sup.3).
[0048] It is further preferred that the barrier device and/or the
first material and/or the second material comprise or form a metal
coating, wherein said metal coating, being for example a metal such
as aluminium or a metal alloy, may particularly serve to reflect
radiated heat, and may thus serve as a heat shield, which is
particularly preferred in the design of a safe transportation
apparatus.
[0049] At least one of the materials preferably has the property of
being able to absorb the action of kinetic energy (for example from
penetrating splinters or projected fragments) and convert it into
deformation energy and/or heat energy. Materials having such a
property are characterized for example by a "yield point", which
may be defined as the shear stress at which a non-reversible
deformation of the material occurs. Such materials are often
bulletproof or ballistic-resistant materials. Particularly
preferred are fibre composite materials. Other materials may also
be used, however, for example polymer- or metal-based materials,
provided such materials are at least partially capable of absorbing
but not releasing, that is to say causing penetrating fragments or
impacting projectiles to bounce off. Typical impenetrable materials
of such kind comprise aramid fibres or polybenzazole fibres.
However, other composites known to a person skilled in the art as
impenetrable materials are also conceivable. The barrier device
and/or the first material and/or the second material preferably
comprises a polymer blend material. This may comprise or consist of
epoxy resin and natural fibres such as corn and rape fibres for
example, may be porous and may thus be better capable of absorbing
the energy of an explosion or collision than rigid materials.
Destructive pressure peaks can be resisted in this way.
[0050] The barrier device may also preferably consist of or
comprise another combination of various materials. Thus it is
conceivable for example that sand particles, gels, fabrics, foams,
or other materials, are arranged between two sheets made for
example from metal. The barrier device may be of flexible
construction, which may be assured for example by the use of fibre
composite materials or elastomers, but it may also be constructed
with relatively little elasticity for example, which would be
possible through the use of metal plates or ceramic materials for
example. The barrier device may further comprise both flexible
components and also rigid components. More preferably, materials
are used that lose little of their bulletproof properties at
temperatures up to 400.degree. C., preferably up to 1,000.degree.
C., more preferably up to 1,500.degree. C., particularly up to
2.000.degree. C. or higher, for example, SiC-containing ceramic
fibre composite.
[0051] At least one holding apparatus or parts of a holding
apparatus may preferably connected in bonded and/or force-locking
and/or form-locking manner to at least one barrier device,
particularly permanently (not non-destructively detachable) or
detachably (that is to say detachable in proper use and
non-destructively).
[0052] The holding apparatus preferably comprises an underside that
may particularly be designed for supporting a receptacle on an
optional base plate by constructing said underside for example as
or comprising projections for engaging in a europallet or unit load
devices (ULD) or other underlays, (electro)magnetic retaining
members for retaining on a metal base, or plinth elements that may
be elastically deformable, for example, or the like. The underside
preferably comprises at least one substantially flat section, so
that when the transportation apparatus is prepared for its proper
use the normal of this plane extends perpendicularly to the
direction of gravity. For the purposes of the description of the
present invention this corresponds to the negative z-direction,
which is also designated "downward" (corresponding to the positive
z-direction, which is designated "upward"). The holding apparatus
has an upper side positioned opposite, that is to say directly
above the underside.
[0053] The holding apparatus preferably comprises or consists of a
frame or a cradle. In each case, this is preferably constructed in
such manner that it encloses or spans a holding volume. The holding
apparatus, particularly the frame or cradle, is preferably
constructed so as to guarantee stability and provide protection
against mechanical stress on the holding apparatus. The holding
apparatus is preferably constructed to withstand stresses created
by positive or negative pressure .+-.1 bar or higher, or lower, in
the interior of the holding apparatus, wherein said pressure
differences act on a notional or actual enclosure of the holding
apparatus that delimits the interior of the holding apparatus with
respect to the exterior thereof. The holding apparatus is
preferably able to withstand external loads of preferably up to 130
N/cm.sup.2 or higher without sustaining any substantial damage. The
holding apparatus is preferably designed such that in the event of
an explosion, flash fire, deflagration or detonation no fragments
or projectiles are able to penetrate the interior of the holding
apparatus or are able to escape from the interior of the holding
apparatus. Each holding apparatus preferably has a ballistic
resistance that preferably corresponds to at least one of the
resistance classes FB1, FB2, FB3, FB4, FB5, FB6, FB7 or FSG defined
by European Standard EN 1522 or, particularly if the barrier device
comprises glass, one of the resistance classes BR1, BR2, BR3, BR4,
BR5, BR6, BR7 or SG2 defined by EN 1063.
[0054] The frame or cradle may comprise fastening devices such that
the holding apparatus and therewith also the transportation
apparatus may be secured, that is to say the displaceability
thereof relative to its surroundings, such as the floor of a
transporter may be minimised, preferably prevented entirely. The
fastening devices may comprise force means, via which fastening can
be achieved by engagement of the transportation apparatus with
mating latching means in the surrounding area. Mating fastening
means such as complementary detent means may also be arranged on
the holding apparatus or the transportation apparatus itself. In
this case, a plurality of transportation apparatuses and/or holding
apparatuses can be connected or engaged with each other, for
example to create a group of several transportation apparatuses or
to form one transportation apparatus with a plurality of connected
holding apparatuses. By coupling multiple holding apparatus of the
transportation apparatus, the movability thereof is limited, which
may increase safety during storage or transportation.
[0055] The holding apparatus preferably comprises a base plate. The
base plate may be formed by a preferably rectangular body that is
extremely robust, especially for loads up to 2000 kg or more, for
example by at least one plate conforming to an industry standard,
such as a europallet, preferably a europallet according to DIN EN
13698, or another base plate that preferably has a footprint of 0.1
to 2 m.sup.2, more preferably 0.5 to 1.5 m.sup.2, particularly
preferably 0.7 to 1.0 m .sup.2, most preferably 0.96 m.sup.2, or
any other standard plate.
[0056] Said base plate may for example be a unit load device (ULD)
pallet or may have the same dimensions as a ULD pallet and may be
made of sheet aluminium, may preferably be an LD8 pallet or may
have the dimensions of a ULD pallet, may be an LD11 pallet or an
LD7 pallet, or may have the respective dimensions thereof. A ULD
pallet or base plate preferably has a footprint of 1 to 10 m.sup.2,
preferably 3 to 7 m.sup.2, more preferably up to 5 m.sup.2. The
footprint may preferably also be larger or smaller.
[0057] The base plate preferably designed as a europallet
preferably has external length dimensions of 100 to 2000 mm, more
preferably 800 to 1500 mm, particularly preferably 1000 to 1300 mm,
most preferably 1200 mm. The base plate preferably designed as a
europallet preferably has width dimensions of 50 to 2,000 mm, more
preferably 300 to 1500 mm, particularly preferably 700 to 1200 mm,
most preferably 800 mm, and external height dimensions of 10 to 500
mm, more preferably from 50 to 350 mm, particularly preferably from
70 to 200 mm, most preferably 144 mm. The length and/or width
dimensions and/or height dimensions of the base plate may
preferably also be larger or smaller. But the base plate may
preferably also be configured as a ULD pallet, the external length
dimensions of which are from 500 to 3000 mm, more preferably from
1500 to 2500 mm, particularly preferably from 1530 mm or 2240 mm.
The preferred external width dimensions in this case are between
1500 mm and 4000 mm, more preferably 2000 to 3500 mm, particularly
preferably 2440 mm or 3180 mm. The external length and/or width
dimensions may preferably also be larger or smaller.
[0058] The use of a standardized base plate, for example a
europallet or ULD pallet, or a base plate that has the dimensions
and/or load capacity thereof, has the advantage that it enables the
best possible use to be made of many facilities that are already
available in the transportation and warehousing infrastructure,
such as the cargo areas of truck, rail cars, shipping or aircraft
containers, as these are often already optimally sized for the
standard dimensions of said base plates. Furthermore, the base
plate may comprise a fastening device for securing the holding
apparatus to the base plate and for securing the transportation
apparatus with respect to its surroundings, thereby making it
possible to secure the item in such manner that displacement of the
holding apparatus or transportation apparatus is limited, and
preferably prevented entirely.
[0059] The base plate or transportation apparatus is preferably
designed in such manner that it may be transported and/or stacked
by means of a forklift truck. For this purpose, the base plate or
transportation apparatus preferably comprises at least one recessed
region or aperture region that is designed to accommodate the forks
of a forklift truck. The base plate may be designed for example as
a standard pallet (for example with external height and/or width
and/or depth dimensions of a europallet or ULD pallet, for
example), wherein the base plate may comprise one or more plinth
elements and a bearing plate section. The plinth elements are
preferably below the bearing plate section on which the holding
apparatus may be mounted, and are connected thereto. A second
bearing plate section may be provided underneath the plinth
elements similarly to a standard pallet. In this manner, the
transportation apparatus may be integrated in an existing logistics
system more easily.
[0060] The peripheral dimension of the base plate may preferably be
the same as the peripheral dimension of the optional frame or
cradle. However, the peripheral dimension of the base plate may
also be larger or smaller than that of the frame or cradle.
[0061] The holding apparatus may comprise a closure device such as
a closure plate, which may be in the form of a lid structure. The
closure device may be a separate component, particularly
connectable with the holding apparatus, or it may be permanently
attached to the holding apparatus, that is to say it cannot be
detached non-destructively. The holding apparatus may further
comprise a retaining device for retaining the closure device. The
retaining device may comprise a hinge arrangement or track
arrangement, such that the closure device can be designed as a
pivoting or sliding closure. The closure plate may comprise a
fixing device so that it may be fixed to the holding apparatus. The
fixing device may include for example latching means or magnetic
closure elements or ring members.
[0062] The peripheral dimension of the closure plate may correspond
to the peripheral dimension of the optional frame or the optional
cradle. However, the peripheral dimension of the closure plate may
also be larger or smaller than the peripheral dimension of the
frame or cradle.
[0063] The holding apparatus may be designed as an open or closed
receptacle or may comprise such, which may comprise a base plate,
frame or cradle and closure plate for example. The receptacle
preferably comprises at least one side wall which may be in the
form of a hollow cylinder for example, or preferably comprises at
least four connected side walls that enclose a substantially cuboid
volume. The holding apparatus is preferably designed as a ULD
container, which is constructed such that at least one area is
created by two side walls that are positioned at an angle other
than with respect to the baseplate or cover plate, such that the
receptacle is approximately U-shaped. Such an air freight container
is preferably constructed as an LD1, LD2, LD3, LD6, LD7, LD8, LD9
or LD11 container.
[0064] The holding capacity of the receptacle is preferably
suitable for holding a liquid volume of preferably 1 to 1000
dm.sup.3, 100 to 800 dm.sup.3, 200 to 700 dm.sup.3, 500 to 700
dm.sup.3 for example, or more or less, and for preventing said
liquid from leaking at least in the direction of gravity under the
force of gravity.
[0065] The components of the transportation apparatus, such as the
base plate or the frame or cradle or side walls of the holding
apparatus may be made from any materials that are suitable for
accommodating the hazardous material in question, preferably
treated, for example coated, or untreated wood, or similarly
treated or untreated plastic, metal, steel, aluminium, thin sheet
metal, thick plate, fibres, fibrous structures or felt or composite
materials. Preferred materials are particularly iron-containing
alloys, steel, lightweight metals such as aluminium, titanium or
magnesium, plastics, in particular polypropylene, polyethylene or
polyamide, which in particular are cross-linked and are in
particular reinforced with fillers and/or wovens/non-crimped
fabrics, in particular with glass fibres and/or carbon fibres
and/or aramid fibres and/or polybenzazole fibres or combinations
thereof. However, it is also possible to use non-crosslinked
plastics, elastomers, gels, particles of glass or sand, textile
mats or non-crimped fabrics, foams, particularly of steel,
lightweight metals, polymers particularly such as polyurethane or
polystyrene, or combinations thereof. In particular, the materials
also have flame-retardant or flame-resistant properties. The
operating temperature of the materials used is particularly up to
400.degree. C., preferably up to 1,000.degree. C., more preferably
up to 1,500.degree. C., most preferably up to 2,000.degree. C. or
higher. Particularly suitable and therefore preferred refractory or
flame retardant materials are high-temperature resistant polymers
such as materials of aramid, epoxy resins polybenazole or other
high-temperature resistant polymers, metal-based materials such as
alloys or refractory metals or ceramic materials, or combinations
thereof, such as are known in the art.
[0066] The components, such as the base plate, side surfaces, frame
or cradle and closure plate may preferably be connected to each
other, preferably in material-locking and/or force-locking and/or
form-locking manner, so that the undesirable escape of a substance
from the transportation apparatus into the environment, and
conversely penetration of the transportation apparatus by a
material from the surrounding atmosphere may preferably be reduced,
or more preferably prevented altogether. The holding apparatus or
the transportation apparatus may be designed as a module that is
connected with other modules in material-locking and/or more
preferably force-locking and/or most preferably form-locking manner
to form a compact group of holding apparatuses within a
transportation apparatus or a group of transportation
apparatuses.
[0067] The holding apparatus(es) may be designed to be flexible,
particularly elastic, that is to way with an E-modulus 0.5
kN/mm.sup.2 for example (or 0.1 or 0.05) which may be achieved by
the use of elastomers such as silicone rubber. Alternatively or
additionally, the holding apparatus may be rigid, in particular
essentially designed to be non-elastic, for example with an
E-modulus>0.5 kN/mm.sup.2 (or 0.1 or 0.05). In addition, the
holding apparatus may have flexible components in combination with
rigid components or without rigid components, which may also be
assigned to a safety device, for example. Elastic properties offer
the advantage that mechanical shocks, acting on the outside of the
holding apparatus for example, can be absorbed, which may prevent
damage. Rigid properties prevent undesirable deformation and
provide dimensional stability, which may also be preferred in order
to provide a stable holding apparatus.
[0068] The holding apparatus preferably comprises at least one
damping device. This may comprise one or more elastically or
non-elastically deformable portions, by means of which kinetic
energy can be converted into deformation energy and heat energy in
the event of mechanical shocks such as impact situations, for
example, in order to substantially absorb the mechanical shock or
vibrations. In this way, the cargo may be protected. Such sections
may be components of the respective optional side walls or closure
device, the base plate, the frame or the cradle or casing of the
holding apparatus. The number of sections may be 1, 2 to 5, 6 to
10, 11 to 20, 30 to 50 or more. They may be arranged on one or more
sides of the holding apparatus, and particularly spaced uniformly,
for example equidistantly. Moreover, these sections may be separate
components that are arranged or fixed on the holding apparatus or
on one of the components thereof. For example, said deformable
section may also be constructed so as to enclose or partially
enclose the holding apparatus, to form an "external buffer
zone".
[0069] A holding apparatus may preferably comprise essentially a
single component, and may be formed integrally, for example, as an
aluminium composite foil or an aluminium component and/or may
comprise multiple components, for example a base plate, a frame or
a cradle or a closure plate.
[0070] The transportation apparatus may be designed such that a
first holding apparatus completely or at least partially surrounds
at least one second holding apparatus. A first holding apparatus
may completely or at least partially surround at least one second
holding apparatus, so that no effective relationship exists between
the at least one second holding apparatus and the ambient
surroundings of the first holding apparatus and thus of the entire
transportation apparatus. A first holding apparatus may completely
or at least partially surround the at least one second holding
apparatus, so that an effective relationship is possible between
the at least one second holding apparatus and the ambient
surroundings. A first holding apparatus may be operatively
connected to at least one second holding apparatus. A first holding
apparatus may have no operative connection with at least one second
holding apparatus. A first holding apparatus may have parts in
common with at least one second holding apparatus. A first holding
apparatus may be in material-locking and/or force-locking and/or
form-locking contact with at least one second holding
apparatus.
[0071] These combination possibilities of at least a first and a
second holding apparatus enable the creation of a transportation
apparatus with particular advantages in terms of functionality,
flexibility, holding safety, content protection and
manageability.
[0072] A first transportation apparatus may preferably be connected
to at least one second transportation apparatus preferably in
material-locking and/or force-locking and/or form-locking manner by
means of a connecting device which may be arranged or mounted on a
transportation apparatus or which may be provided at least partly
separately.
[0073] In one embodiment, the one or more holding apparatus(es)
is/are (an) outer packaging(s), which at least partially delimit(s)
the transportation apparatus from the outside environment, and
is/are particularly recyclable or non-recyclable and accordingly
may or may not be recycled after use.
[0074] In one embodiment, the holding apparatus(s) is/are (a)
salvage packaging(s), which can be used repeatedly for packing
goods to be transported so that said goods may be salvaged in
hazardous situations for example (for example in the event of an
accident, storage damage, etc.), and which is preferably recyclable
and is recycled accordingly during use.
[0075] The transportation apparatus preferably comprises at least
one safety device in addition to the barrier device. The safety
device may be a component of the transportation apparatus alone or
in combination with other safety devices. At least one holding
apparatus and/or at least one barrier device or parts of a holding
apparatus may preferably be connected in material-locking and/or
force-locking and/or form-locking manner to at least one safety
device.
[0076] The safety device(s) may be located inside the holding
apparatus(es) and/or the barrier device. The safety device(s) may
be located outside and on the top or side of the holding
apparatus(es) and/or the barrier device. The safety device(s) may
be located between a first and at least one second holding
apparatus and/or barrier device. One or more parts of the safety
device(s) may be disposed outside and on the top or side of the
holding apparatus and/or the barrier device while other parts are
arranged inside the holding apparatus(es) and/or the barrier
device.
[0077] The safety device(s) may be operatively connected to the
holding apparatus(es) and/or the environment and/or the barrier
device. The safety device(s) may not be operatively connected to
the holding apparatus(es) and the environment and/or the barrier
device.
[0078] In one embodiment, at least two safety devices may be
provided. The at least two safety devices may be located inside the
holding apparatus(es). The at least two safety devices may be
located outside and on the side or on top of the holding
apparatus(es). The at least two safety devices may be located
between holding apparatuses and/or the barrier device. The at least
two safety devices may comprise parts outside and on the side or on
top of the holding apparatus(es) and/or the barrier device and/or
parts inside the holding apparatus(es) and/or the barrier
device.
[0079] The at least two safety devices may be operatively connected
to the holding apparatus(es) and/or the barrier device. The at
least two safety devices may not be operatively connected to the
holding apparatus(es) and/or the barrier device. The at least two
safety devices may not be operatively connected to the ambient
surroundings. The at least two safety devices may be operatively
connected to the ambient environment.
[0080] The at least two safety devices may be operatively connected
to each other. The at least two safety devices may not be
operatively connected to each other. The at least two safety
devices may be operatively connected to each other and/or the
holding apparatus(es) and/or the barrier device and/or the ambient
environment. The at least two safety devices may not be operatively
connected to each other and/or the holding apparatus(es) and/or the
barrier device and/or the ambient environment. The at least two
safety devices may be operatively connected to at least one holding
apparatus and/or the barrier device and the ambient environment.
The at least two safety devices may not be operatively connected to
at least one holding apparatus and/or barrier device and the
ambient environment.
[0081] The safety devices may be used for the same purpose, for
example, for fire prevention. The safety devices may be used for
different purposes, for example a first safety device may be used
for fire prevention while the second safety device is used to
collect leaking liquids.
[0082] Advantageously, at least one safety device is part of the
transportation apparatus for fire prevention and/or fire fighting.
Advantageously, at least one safety device is part of the
transportation apparatus to prevent hazardous material from leaking
from the transportation apparatus into the ambient environment.
[0083] Advantageously, at least two safety devices and at least one
barrier device are provided, wherein at least one first safety
device serves for fire prevention and/or fire-fighting, at least
one second safety device serves for collecting and/or disposing of
solid, liquid or gaseous (chemical) substances from the interior of
a holding apparatus, and at least one barrier device is capable of
absorbing and/or slowing, but not releasing (due to penetration by
splinters or projectiles for example) flying splinters or
projectiles that may have resulted from an explosion, for example.
It is unimportant whether the projectiles or splinters are flying
from the surrounding atmosphere towards the inside of the
transportation apparatus or in the opposite direction.
[0084] The safety device(s) may preferably in each instance be
introduced before, during and after assembly of the transportation
apparatus.
[0085] A safety device, particularly a receptacle with
extinguishing agent, is advantageously placed on a first holding
apparatus, wherein the safety device particularly releases the
extinguishing agent at a minimum temperature and/or minimum
pressure. Preferably, a rapidly disintegrating capsule causes the
release of the extinguishing agent at a minimum temperature and/or
a minimum pressure. The extinguishing agent is preferably released
by spraying.
[0086] The safety device is preferably constructed as a receptacle,
preferably as a pad. The term pad is used to refer to a receptacle
that contains a filler material. A pad preferably has an interior
space for containing substances, for example extinguishing agents,
which are preferably dry, in gel or fluid form, or preferably
contain aerosol extinguishing agents. The space for holding said
substances is preferably defined by an enclosure of the pad, which
is preferably flexible. The enclosure preferably has the form of a
foil. The enclosure may be constructed as a single part or in
multiple sections. A defined rupture point is preferably defined at
one or more specified positions, and said rupture point opens,
releasing its contents into the environment when the values of
certain parameters exceed or fall below certain setpoint values, in
the case of increased pressure or elevated temperature, for
example. Such a defined rupture point may have the form of a seam,
particularly a weld seam, for example.
[0087] A rapidly disintegrating capsule is preferably located
inside or within the enclosure and, when values for certain
parameters exceed or fall below certain setpoint values for the
parameters, in the case of increased pressure or elevated
temperature, said capsule triggers an increase in pressure inside
the enclosure, for example by releasing gases, thereby causing the
extinguishing agent to be released, preferably sprayed, by the
opening of one or more predetermined rupture points. However, it is
also conceivable for an extinguishing agent to be located inside
the enclosure which, after activation, for example, due to a
temperature rise above a defined value, is activated and is
converted into a rapidly expanding extinguishing agent, an aerosol
for example.
[0088] In one embodiment, at least one safety device is
advantageously designed as a fire extinguishing device, preferably
as a fire extinguishing system that complies with the German
industrial standard DIN 14497. The fire extinguishing device
preferably contains at least one extinguishing agent or mixtures of
extinguishing agents. The extinguishing agent may consist of or
comprise inert gas, particularly of CO.sub.2, Ar or N.sub.2 or
mixtures of gases. The extinguishing agent may consist of or
comprise a reaction retarding agent and/or installation foam. The
extinguishing agent may consist of or comprise coolant water, which
may contain at least one extinguishing agent additive. The
extinguishing agent may also consist of or comprise an aerosol.
This aerosol may be a dry aerosol. The extinguishing agent may be
an extinguishing powder, particularly an ABC, BC, or D powder.
[0089] Preferably, at least one extinguishing agent additive
consisting of a polymer composition that absorbs a multiple of its
weight in water, and an adhesive and heat-shielding gel without air
inclusions, consisting of uniformly thickened water is used.
[0090] Preferably at least one extinguishing agent additive has
good adhesion even on smooth, vertical surfaces. Preferably, foil
thicknesses up to 10 mm are formed. The foil thickness may also be
larger or smaller. The physicochemical properties of the at least
one extinguishing agent additive preferably have the effect of
slowing the evaporation rate of water at high temperatures. This
also leads in preferred manner to reduced consumption of
extinguishing water. The at least one extinguishing agent additive
is preferably at least partially biodegradable. Particularly
preferred extinguishing agents have a product viscosity of 200 to
500 mPas at 20.degree. C. However, the product viscosity may also
be higher or lower. Further particularly preferred extinguishing
agent additives have densities of 1.05 g/cm.sup.3. The density may
also be higher or lower.
[0091] Particularly preferred extinguishing agents (additives) have
a pH value between 6.9 and 7.1 at 20.degree. C. The pH value may
also be higher or lower. The preferred dosage rate of the
extinguishing agents (additives) is 1.0% to 1.5% for firefighting,
2.0% to 3.0% for shielding, and 1.0% to 2.0% for extinguishing
systems. The dosage can also be larger or smaller. Such an
extinguishing agent additive is marketed for example under the
trade name "Firesorb" by Evonik, Germany (2010; registration number
PL 1-98).
[0092] At least one safety device preferably comprises a pressure
relief device that is preferably reclosable, and which may
particularly comprise a valve, for example a Horbiger valve and/or
flap, for example a multi-flap, which may comprise a plurality of
vanes for example, wherein adjacent vanes may touch each other in
the closed state. The flap may particularly be a spring-loaded
flap. The safety device may further comprise a setpoint breaking
point, particularly in a part of the holding apparatus, for example
in the closure device.
[0093] At least one barrier device is preferably designed as an
explosion protection device. The term explosion protection is also
used to refer to detonation protection, flash fire protection or
deflagration protection. The explosion protection device is
preferably capable of reducing, preferably minimising, more
preferably preventing the entry of splinters/projectiles into the
interior of the holding apparatus and/or the exit of
splinters/projectiles from inside the holding apparatus. The
barrier device preferably has a bulletproof rating corresponding
preferably in each case to at least one of the resistance classes
FB1, FB2, FB3, FB4, FB5, FB6, FB7 or FSG defined in European
standard EN 1522 or, particularly if the barrier device comprises
glass, one of the specific resistance classes BR1, BR2, BR3, BR4,
BR5, BR6, BR7 or SG2 defined in EN 1063.
[0094] The explosion protection device is preferably capable of at
least partially, preferably completely absorbing the kinetic energy
of the projectiles/splinters that strike the explosion protection
device and converting it into thermal energy and/or deformation
energy, so that the impacting splinters/projectiles are at least
decelerated and preferably stopped (E.sub.kin=0 m/s). In this
process, the explosion protection device and/or the impacting
splinters/projectiles may be deformed by the effect of the
deformation energy and/or heated by the effect of the thermal
energy generated.
[0095] An explosion protection device or the barrier device
preferably comprises a gas-impermeable and/or fibre-reinforced foil
that expands, preferably in a defined or undefined direction, more
preferably in up to two defined or undefined directions,
particularly preferably in up to four defined or undefined
directions, most preferably in all directions, under conditions of
elevated pressure (that is to say a pressure value that differs
from atmospheric pressure, 1.028 bar) inside the space defined by
the foil. Said foil may comprise at least some carbon fibres or
aramid fibres or glass fibres. Fibres are understood also to
comprise wovens, non-crimped fabrics or non-woven fabrics. The foil
may also preferably be in the form of a fibre-reinforced composite
material. The explosion protection device preferably comprises a
free-flowing material, for example sand, and/or a fluid. The fluid
is preferably viscous. The fluid is preferably compressible. The
explosion protection means is preferably designed as a pressure
distribution layer, preferably comprising a honeycomb and/or ridge
and/or ribbed and/or corrugated profile and/or beads, the
longitudinal axes of which are arranged in the holding apparatus
transversely, preferably perpendicularly, to the vector of the
kinematic moment of the incident splinter/projectile. Preferably at
least two, more preferably at least four, particularly preferably
at least six or more pressure distribution layers are arranged
successively. In this context, "successively" is understood to mean
that the sequence of pressure distribution layers takes place
either horizontally or vertically, or it takes place horizontally
and vertically. The alignments of the longitudinal axes of the
successive pressure distribution layers are different, more
preferably they are identical. A pressure distribution layer
preferably comprises a material selected from a ferrous alloy,
steel, a lightweight metal such as aluminium, titanium or
magnesium, crosslinked plastics, plastics with fillers and/or
fabrics and/or nonwovens, preferably with carbon fibres, glass
fibres and/or aramid fibres or combinations thereof. Preferably, at
least two or more explosion protection devices are contained in the
holding apparatus.
[0096] The transportation apparatus preferably comprises at least
one trough element. A trough element may be a component in the form
of a tub, particularly a catch basin. Preferably, at least one
safety device is configured as a catch basin for liquids that leak
from the holding apparatus, and is preferably made from a suitable
material or combinations of suitable materials, particularly steel
or sheet steel (preferably galvanised), sheet metal, aluminium,
copper, metal, plastic, for example PVC or PE, or also from one or
more sheets of one or more of said materials, and may comprise one
or more coatings of such and other materials. The holding apparatus
is preferably arranged inside and/or above the catch basin and
preferably inside the catch basin. The lateral dimensions of the
catch basin are such that the lateral dimensions of a standard
europallet or ULD pallet or ULD container are not exceeded or that
the lateral dimensions of the catch basin are substantially the
same as the lateral dimensions of a standard europallet or a ULD
pallet or a ULD container. The catch basin may be connected
permanently, that is to say not it cannot be detached
non-destructively, to at least one holding apparatus in bonded
and/or force-locking and/or form-locking manner. However, it is
possible for the catch basin not to be connected to the at least
one holding apparatus.
[0097] The bottom or sides of a trough element preferably comprise
at least one spacing device, for example one or more plinths or
ribs to maintain a distance between the bottom of the tank and the
underside of the bottom of the holding apparatus arranged above it.
However, it may also be the underside of the bottom of said holding
apparatus that comprises the spacing device. Said spacing device
preferably comprises or consists of materials suitable for this
purpose, such as plastic or metal. The transportation apparatus may
comprise one or more grating element(s) which may serve as floor
elements or the bearing surface, and which may particularly
comprise or be a part of said spacing means. A grid element may
comprise or be a steel grating, which in particular may be
galvanised. It may be connected, particularly permanently (that is
to say it cannot be detached non-destructively) or detachably, that
is to say it may be removable, to the transportation apparatus,
particularly to the spacing device, in bonded, force-locking and/or
form-locking manner.
[0098] Preferably, at least one safety device is capable of
chemical and/or physical adsorption and/or chemical and/or physical
absorption of solid and/or liquid and/or gaseous (chemical)
substances.
[0099] The cargo is preferably enclosed by at least one safety
device that is capable of chemical and/or physical adsorption
and/or chemical and/or physical absorption of solid and/or liquid
and/or gaseous chemical substances.
[0100] In one embodiment, a safety device is a fast-curing foam.
This foam may be, for example, fire-retarding and/or have
moisture-absorbing and/or shock-absorbing properties and/or may be
connected to the bottom of the catch basin and the underside of the
bottom of the holding apparatus in force-fitting manner. A spacing
device may have latching means with which the transportation
apparatus is able to be fastened to complementary latching means on
the tub.
[0101] At least one safety device, particularly for fire
prevention, preferably has the form of a flame resistant and/or
gas- and/or liquid-impermeable enclosure of the transported goods,
preferably consisting of composite foil and/or ceramic spray
material (for example such as is manufactured by Evonik Industries
AG and known by the trade name Separion) and/or heat-shielding,
adhesive gel and/or expanding foam with ignition protection and/or
Phase Change Material (PCM), and is preferably sprayed onto the
cargo from cans.
[0102] The flame-resistant and/or gas- and/or liquid-impermeable
enclosure of the transported goods may preferably consist of a
polymer formulation that absorbs many times its weight in water and
an adhesive and heat-shielding gel without air inclusions
consisting of uniformly thickened water. The flame resistant and/or
gas- and/or liquid-impermeable enclosure of the transported goods
preferably has good adhesion even on smooth, vertical surfaces.
Foil thicknesses up to 10 mm are preferred. However, the layer
thickness may also be greater or smaller. The flame-resistant
and/or gas- and/or liquid-impermeable enclosure of the transported
goods preferably reduces the evaporation rate of water at high
temperatures due to its physicochemical properties. Also
advantageously, this results in lower consumption of fire
extinguishing water. The flame-resistant and/or gas-impermeable
and/or liquid-impermeable enclosure of the transported goods is
preferably at least partially biodegradable. Particularly preferred
flame-resistant and/or gas-impermeable and/or liquid-impermeable
enclosures of transported goods have a viscosity from 200 to 500
mPas at 20.degree. C. Product viscosity may also be higher or
lower. Particularly preferred flame-resistant and/or
gas-impermeable and/or liquid-impermeable enclosures of transported
goods further have densities of 1.05 g/cm.sup.3. The density may
also be higher or lower.
[0103] Particularly preferred flame-resistant and/or
gas-impermeable and/or liquid-impermeable enclosures of transported
goods have a pH value between 6.9 and 7.1 at 20.degree. C. The pH
may also be higher or lower.
[0104] The preferred dosage rate of the flame-resistant and/or
gas-impermeable and/or liquid-impermeable enclosures of transported
goods is 2.0% to 3.0% for shielding. The dosage rate can be higher
or lower. Such flame-resistant and/or gas-impermeable and/or
liquid-impermeable enclosures of transported goods is marketed for
example under the trade name "Firesorb" by Evonik (2010;
registration number PL 1-98).
[0105] Particularly preferably, at least one safety device is in
the form of a flame-resistant and/or gas-impermeable and/or
liquid-impermeable enclosure of transported goods with heat
shielding capabilities. The enclosure is preferably designed such
that a temperature of 100.degree. C., 150.degree. C., 200.degree.
C. respectively is not exceeded in the interior of a holding
apparatus on the transportation apparatus.
[0106] The at least one safety device preferably comprises a gas
extraction apparatus, which may comprise a fan, for example. The
gas extraction apparatus preferably comprises a filter device such
as an activated charcoal filtering system that is able to extract a
gas (mixture) forming in the interior of the holding apparatus in
order to reduce, modify or prevent the gas escaping into the
surrounding environment of the holding apparatus. The filter system
may be a catalytic and/or mechanically acting filter system.
[0107] The safety device may further comprise a filtering means
independent of the gas extraction apparatus. The gas extraction
apparatus may also be configured such that a gas (mixture) is
extracted and enclosed in a container and/or liquefied. The
container may be located inside or outside the holding
apparatus.
[0108] At least one safety device preferably comprises a sensor
system that in particular measures atmospheric pressure, and/or
mechanical pressure, and/or temperature, and/or moisture, and/or
air composition inside and/or outside the transportation apparatus
and/or inside and/or outside the holding apparatus(es), and/or
inside and/or outside the transported goods. The sensor system may
comprise at least one temperature probe. The safety device,
particularly the sensor system may comprise a control device that
in particular may comprise a computing device, for example
integrated circuits or a microcontroller.
[0109] The sensor system may preferably be operatively connected to
the vehicle and/or the transported goods, in contact with the
battery management system (BMS) of an electrochemical energy
storage unit for example, and may preferably trigger another safety
device, a fire extinguishing system for example, if captured values
exceed or fall below defined parameter values.
[0110] In one embodiment, the sensor system may be operatively
connected to at least one safety device that is designed for
example for fire prevention or fire fighting.
[0111] In this context, the phrase "operatively connected to" is
also understood to mean that the sensor system measures specific
parameters such as temperature or the charge level of batteries,
and triggers the release of extinguishing agent from a safety
device for fire fighting if captured values exceed or fall below
certain previously defined parameter values. However, the sensor
system may also cause the vehicle driver to be alerted, via a
warning light located in the cab or via an acoustic signal for
example, to the fact that captured values have exceeded or fallen
below certain parameter values, so that the vehicle driver can take
appropriate measures such as activating a fire extinguishing system
designed as a safety device.
[0112] The sensors are advantageously in contact with a control
element that is part of the sensor system and which compares the
parameter values measured by the sensor system, for pressure or
temperature for example, with predefined parameter values, and
triggers safety devices such as a fire extinguishing system if the
measured data exceeds or falls below the previously defined
parameter values. The values for parameters such as pressure or
temperature measured by the sensor system are reported to the
vehicle driver, so that he can activate safety devices if the
measured data exceeds or fall below pre-defined values.
[0113] The transportation apparatus preferably comprises a control
device. This may comprise electrical circuits, a microcontroller,
data and voltage supply elements. It may also be connected to
sensors that are optional components of the transportation
apparatus, particularly of the holding apparatus or the safety
device. This enables active control and monitoring of the
transportation apparatus.
[0114] The transportation apparatus preferably comprises a display
device that is visible from outside. The display device is
preferably designed such that changes of state in the hazardous
goods, particularly danger situations, are made visible to the
outside world without having to open the transportation apparatus.
The transportation apparatus preferably has a viewing window. This
may be integrated in a side wall or a top wall or in a lid wall of
the holding apparatus, for example, or one of said walls may
consist substantially of said window. The display device,
particularly said window, is preferably designed such that the
contrast or colour thereof is changed partially or completely,
particularly that a visible area is filled with a signal colour, in
the event of a change of state (increased temperature or pressure,
fire, gas formation, etc.). The viewing window is preferably part
of the barrier device and is preferably bullet-proof according to
one of the resistance classes BR1, BR2, BR3, BR4, BR5, BR6, BR7 or
SG2 defined in EN 1063.
[0115] The display device may also comprise other signalling
elements, such as displays, lamps, LEDs, or non-electrical signal
elements. The display device is preferably designed as a display
unit that renders visible at least one parameter, such as pressure,
temperature or atmosphere composition that is detected in the
accommodation space (by a sensor device for example).
[0116] The display device is preferably connected to a safety
device which preferably comprises a sensor that causes a display to
appear on the display device when captured values exceed or fall
below the predetermined values for at least one parameter such as
temperature or pressure, or as a consequence of other parameters
such as vibration. An acoustic alert signal is preferably emitted
in addition to the visual display.
[0117] The transportation apparatus preferably comprises a cooling
and/or temperature control device, which may particularly be
monitored by said control device. In this way it is possible to
take corrective steps if a critical temperature is reached in the
interior of the transportation apparatus or the holding
apparatus.
[0118] The transportation apparatus preferably comprises means for
monitoring the state of charge of electrochemical energy storage
elements such as cells, batteries, secondary batteries. These means
are designed in particular to enable the state of charge and/or
discharge of said energy storage apparatuses to be monitored. This
makes it possible to monitor the state of energy storage
apparatuses located in the transportation apparatus during
transport or storage for example, particularly any charging or
discharging that takes place during transportation or storage
thereof.
[0119] The transportation apparatus or holding apparatus preferably
comprises electrical connections for connecting electrochemical
energy storage apparatuses.
[0120] In this way, a transportation apparatus is created which is
particularly safe and compact, particularly for transporting cargo
such as electrochemical energy storage apparatuses.
[0121] For the purposes of the description of the invention, the
following terms are defined in particular:
[0122] "Transport" means the movement of goods of any kind by
water, land, or air. For the purposes of the present invention, the
term "transport" comprises in particular the transportation,
storage, recovery, packing, shipping, etc., of cargo.
[0123] "Chemical substances" comprise compounds, substances,
solutions, batches, mixtures and/or preparations, in solid, liquid
or gaseous state.
[0124] The "outer packaging" is the outer covering of a combination
packaging or a mixed packaging system, including any devices that
are necessary and/or useful for surrounding and protecting inner
receptacles or inner packaging.
[0125] A first part is "operatively connected" to a second part
when a change in state of the first part portion also causes a
change in stage of the second part and/or vice versa. For example,
if a sensor measures a rise in temperature and consequently
triggers the extinguishing system, the sensor and the extinguishing
system are operatively connected to one another. On the other hand,
for example, if a sensor measures a temperature increase but merely
signals the temperature rise to the driver, for example, and it is
the driver who activates the extinguishing system, the
extinguishing system and the sensor are not operatively
connected.
[0126] An "electrochemical energy storage apparatus" preferably
comprises at least one galvanic cell. It may also comprise other
devices that serve to operate the at least one galvanic cell. In
this context, the at least one galvanic cell and the supplementary
devices may be arranged in a common housing. Moreover, above a
certain number of galvanic cells the electrochemical energy storage
apparatus may consist of multiple units. The term galvanic cell
comprises electrical energy storage apparatuses of any kind, in
particular electrochemical energy storage apparatuses, that is to
say particularly primary cells and secondary cells, but also other
electrical energy storage apparatuses such as capacitors.
[0127] A "plate" is a body whose primary extension in the
preferably vertical direction (height) is smaller in each case than
the two-dimensional preferably horizontal extension (length and/or
width) thereof. For example, the europallet or ULD pallet is called
a plate.
[0128] The "periphery" of an area is the encompassing line
extending around the outer border of an area, or the outline of the
area. The "periphery" of a three-dimensional body, which this
extends above a purely two-dimensional area, is the encompassing
area that spans the body, or it represents the outer surface of the
body.
[0129] "Adsorption" describes a process in which substances are
enriched at the phase boundary between two phases (for example a
surface).
[0130] "Absorption" describes a process in which substances are
assimilated into the absorbing phase.
[0131] In one embodiment, a pallet, preferably a europallet
advantageously forms part of the transportation apparatus as the
base plate. In one embodiment, a pallet collar made of wood, metal,
steel, or plastic for example is incorporated in the transportation
apparatus for the purpose of confining and enclosing it. In one
embodiment, a holding apparatus consisting of aluminium composite
foil and PU foam padding is advantageously used to enclose the
hazardous material. In one embodiment, a safety device,
particularly a container with extinguishing agent is advantageously
placed on a first transportation apparatus, wherein the safety
device releases the extinguishing agent at a minimum temperature
and/or minimum pressure and a rapidly disintegrating capsule
preferably causes the release of the extinguishing agent at minimum
temperature and/or minimum pressure.
[0132] The process according to the invention for producing the
holding apparatus according to the invention comprises the
following steps, each being individually optional:
[0133] In a first step, all components of a holding apparatus are
provided, in particular the barrier device. In a further step, the
provided components of the holding apparatus are assembled. In a
further step, all components of a safety device are provided. In a
further step, all components of the safety device are assembled.
Alternatively, pre-assembled safety devices (such as fire
extinguishers) or holding apparatuses (such as boxes) may be used.
In a further step, the safety device may be arranged on or in the
holding apparatus, or vice versa, thereby providing a
transportation apparatus of the invention. Alternatively, multiple
holding apparatuses may also be arranged with at least one safety
device to produce a transportation apparatus according to the
invention. It is preferably provided that after an electrochemical
energy storage apparatus, particularly a lithium-ion cell, has been
manufactured, that is to say in factory-new condition, it is
arranged in the transportation apparatus according to the invention
by laminating, gluing, stitching clamping, bracing or otherwise
connecting it with (or to) the transportation apparatus, the
holding apparatus or the barrier device in bonded and/or
force-locking and/or form-locking manner, each such means being
preferred.
[0134] The transportation apparatus according to the invention may
preferably be used particularly for the transport of new,
innovative, newly developed or ready-to-sell shipments of hazardous
or dangerous goods, more particularly for the transport of new,
innovative, newly developed or ready-to-sell electrochemical energy
storage apparatuses.
[0135] The transportation apparatus according to the invention may
preferably be used particularly for transporting damaged, defective
or leaking shipments of hazardous or dangerous goods, more
particularly for the transport of damaged, faulty or leaking
electrochemical energy storage apparatuses. The transportation
apparatus according to the invention may be preferably used for
transporting, recovering, storing and holding electrochemical
energy storage apparatuses, particularly lithium-ion cells or
lithium-ion batteries that are fresh from the factory, used,
defective or partially or completely charged or partially or
completely discharged, or may be of unknown status. Transport may
be by air (aeroplane, helicopter, etc.), by land (e.g., road, rail,
etc.) or by water (e.g., by ship). The transportation apparatus is
preferably configured to satisfy the conditions for transport
according to at least one of the pertinent official rules and
regulations such as ADR, RID, IMDG, RID, ICAO TI, IATA DGR,
FAA.
[0136] The transportation apparatus according to the invention may
comprise one (or more, particularly a plurality>=10)
electrochemical energy storage apparatus(es), in particular
lithium-ion cell(s), arranged in the accommodation space. The
transportation apparatus then forms an enclosing device that
comprises the transfer device or consists essentially thereof. Such
an enclosing device according to the invention provides a high
level of safety. The electrochemical energy storage apparatus,
particularly a lithium-ion cell is, preferably in each case,
connected with (or to) the transportation apparatus, the holding
apparatus or the barrier device particularly in force-locking
and/or form-locking manner and/or bonded manner particularly, and
preferably in each case, by laminating, gluing, welding, stitching
clamping, bracing or hooking.
[0137] Features of the inventive method and apparatus may be
combined to produce a variant of the respective object of the
invention.
[0138] Further advantages, features and application possibilities
of the present invention will become apparent from the following
description of exemplary embodiments in conjunction with the
drawing. In the drawing:
[0139] FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a first
embodiment of a transportation apparatus according to the
invention, assembled according to the invention with a fire
extinguishing device and ready for use;
[0140] FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of the construction
of another embodiment of transportation apparatus, and embodiment
of the method according to the invention for assembly thereof;
[0141] FIG. 3 shows the cross-section of an embodiment of a
transportation apparatus according to the invention with a catch
basin and gas extraction apparatus; and
[0142] FIG. 4 shows the cross-section of another embodiment
according to the invention of a transportation apparatus according
to the invention with four smaller holding apparatuses and built-in
sensor system.
[0143] FIG. 5 shows the cross-section of another embodiment
according to the invention of a transportation apparatus according
to the invention.
[0144] FIGS. 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d show the cross-sections through each of
the barrier devices forming walls that may be used in
transportation apparatuses according to the invention, particularly
according to FIG. 1 to FIG. 5.
[0145] FIG. 1 shows a transportation apparatus 100 according to the
invention, comprising a holding apparatus that comprises a base
plate 110, a frame 120 and a lid 130. The frame comprises a barrier
device, particularly in accordance with FIGS. 6a to 6d, which
provides the transportation apparatus with protection from
mechanical and thermal effects. Lid 130 contains a barrier device,
particularly according to FIG. 6, and a safety device, preferably
in the form of a pad, which comprises an extinguishing agent 132
and predetermined rupture points (not shown), and a further safety
device 134, for example a decomposable capsule, which causes
extinguishing agent 132 to be released into the interior of
transportation apparatus 100 in response to an increase in
temperature or pressure, for example. This may be caused for
example by an increase in pressure inside the pad, causing for
example one or more predetermined rupture points to open and
extinguishing agent 132 to be released into the interior of
transportation apparatus 100, preferably by spraying.
[0146] Frame 120, lid 130 and base plate 110 of the holding
apparatus are connected to each other, preferably in such manner
that no gas or liquid can escape from transportation apparatus 100
into the surrounding environment or vice versa.
[0147] FIG. 2 shows a process for assembling a transportation
apparatus according to the invention that may also be applied to
transportation apparatus 100, for example.
[0148] A first step comprises providing the holding apparatus
comprising a frame 120, a lid 130 and the base or bottom plate 110,
which is formed by a europallet. In a second step, frame 120 is
placed on bottom plate 110 and connected to the bottom plate.
[0149] A third, separate step comprises introducing the hazardous
material 150 into a receptacle 140, which may comprise casing 144,
which contains filler material 142 that may also be in the form of
a safety device that surrounds hazardous material 150. Casing 144
may be made for example from aluminium composite foil, preferably
such that neither gases nor liquids can escape into the environment
through casing 144 or vice versa. Filler material 142 may be made
from fast curing foam, PU foam for example.
[0150] Hazardous material 150 may be inserted before container 140
is filled with filler material 142 or also afterwards. Hazardous
material 150 is preferably placed in container 140 in such manner
that filler material 142 surrounds the hazardous material 150
evenly in all directions.
[0151] In a fourth step, receptacle 140 comprising hazardous
material 150, casing 144 and filler material 142 is inserted into
the holding apparatus that consists of base plate 110 and frame
120.
[0152] The volume of receptacle 140 is preferably selected such
that it corresponds to the interior volume of the holding apparatus
consisting of frame 120 and base plate 110. The upper limit is
equal to the height of frame 120. The lateral dimensions of
receptacle 140 are selected such that the lateral dimensions of
europallet 110 are not exceeded. Any gaps between frame 120, base
plate 110 and receptacle 140 may be filled with filler material,
for example polyurethane foam, polystyrene, or paper, such that
movement of receptacle 140 inside holding apparatus 110, 120 is
limited, preferably prevented entirely.
[0153] In a fifth step, a closure device, specifically a lid 130,
is placed on the holding apparatus filled with receptacle 140, and
is attached firmly to the holding apparatus, more precisely to
frame 120, preferably in such manner that no liquid and gas can be
exchanged between the surrounding environment and completed
transportation apparatus 100. Lid cover 130 preferably lies flush
with receptacle 140. Any gaps between lid 130 and receptacle 140
may be filled with filler material, for example PU foam,
polystyrene, or paper to ensure that a perfectly tight fit can be
made between lid 130 and receptacle 140.
[0154] Lid 130 comprises a safety device with extinguishing agent
132, and a further safety device 134, such as a decomposable
capsule which triggers the release of extinguishing agent 132 into
the interior of transportation apparatus 100, preferably by
spraying, in the event of a rise in temperature or pressure.
[0155] Lid 130 is assembled in a separate step. For example, a lid
130 furnished with a cavity may be provided. A pressurised
container, for example, filled with extinguishing agent 132 and
which may be equipped with a setpoint rupture point is introduced
into said cavity. The activation device 134, such as a decomposable
capsule that causes the setpoint rupture point to rupture in the
event of a rise in temperature or pressure for example, may be
located at the setpoint rupture point of the container filled with
extinguishing agent 132. For example, if container filled with
extinguishing agent 132 is under pressure, the extinguishing agent
may be released by spraying, which is preferable according to the
invention.
[0156] The result is a safe, simple and compact transportation
apparatus 100 for transporting and storing of hazardous materials
150.
[0157] FIG. 3 shows the cross section of an inventive
transportation apparatus 102 including a catch basin 170 for
collecting liquid that leaks from receptacle 140. Catch basin 170
is disposed on a base plate 160. The lengthwise and lateral
dimensions of catch basin 170 are greater than (or also preferably
not greater than) the lengthwise and lateral dimensions of base
plate 160. Spacing devices 172 separate the bottom of catch basin
170 from the underside of the bottom of receptacle 140 that serves
as the holding apparatus for hazardous materials 150.
[0158] Receptacle 140 is preferably made from a sturdy casing 144.
Casing 144 encloses a volume. The casing comprises a barrier
device, particularly as shown in FIGS. 6a to 6d, which lends
protection for the transportation apparatus against mechanical and
thermal effects. Hazardous material 150 may be introduced into this
volume. The volume of hazardous material 150 and the volume defined
by the inner wall of casing 144 are preferably selected such that
an unfilled space remains when hazardous material 150 is introduced
into casing 144, which free space may be filled with filler 142.
Filler material 142 preferably encloses hazardous material 150 in
such manner that movement of the hazardous material 150 inside
receptacle 140 is limited, preferably prevented entirely. Hazardous
material 150 is preferably introduced into casing 144 in such
manner that filler material 142 surrounds hazardous material 150
evenly in all directions.
[0159] Gases given off by hazardous material 150 may be evacuated
via an exhaust gas extraction apparatus 180, preferably equipped
with activated charcoal filter system and/or preferably rendered
harmless.
[0160] FIG. 4 shows the cross section of a transportation apparatus
104 including an outer casing 190, one or more receptacles 140
serving as holding apparatus for hazardous material 150, an
extinguishing agent 132, a control device 138 for activating and/or
triggering extinguishing agent 132, and a plurality of sensors 135,
136 that are in contact with control device 138.
[0161] Receptacles 140 each comprise a casing 144, which preferably
allows stacking of multiple receptacles 140. The casing comprises a
barrier device, particularly as shown in FIGS. 6a to 6d, which
lends protection for the transportation apparatus against
mechanical and thermal effects. Each casing 144 encloses a volume
into which hazardous material 150 and filling material 142 may be
introduced. Filling material 142 preferably surrounds hazardous
material 150 in such manner that movement of the hazardous material
150 inside receptacle 140 is limited, preferably prevented
entirely. Hazardous material 150 is preferably introduced into
casing 144 in such manner that filler material 142 surrounds
hazardous material 150 substantially evenly in all directions.
[0162] A sensor 135 is attached to the hazardous material 150 in
each receptacle 140. Said sensor 135 may also extend into hazardous
material. If hazardous material 150 is an electrochemical energy
storage apparatus for example, sensor 135 may be connected to the
Battery Management System (BMS) of the electrochemical energy
storage apparatus 150.
[0163] Sensor 135 may measure parameters such as pressure,
temperature, air composition, and forward the data to control
device 138. Additional sensors 136 are preferably located inside
and outside outer casing 190 of transportation apparatus 104 to
measure parameters such as pressure, temperature, air composition,
for example, and to forward the data to control device 138.
[0164] Said control device 138 may, for example, compare the
parameter values received from sensors 135, 136 with predetermined
parameter values and activate extinguishing agent 132 or release
said agent into the interior of transportation apparatus 104 if the
received values exceed or fall below the predetermined values.
Control device 138 preferably reports the parameter values received
to the vehicle driver, who is also able to initiate release of
extinguishing agent 132 from the extinguishing device.
[0165] FIG. 5 shows a transportation apparatus 105 for hazardous
material 201, particularly for a lithium-ion battery cell, with at
least one holding apparatus 202 for holding the hazardous material.
Holding apparatus 202 comprises an accommodation space 203 that is
divided into two compartments by separating wall 207, which is
constructed as a separate element and comprises barrier device 204.
Holding apparatus 202 is also furnished with a hood element 206
which in this case particularly is formed by a barrier device 205,
but may also be designed differently, said barrier device
comprising at least a first material and at least one second
material. Barrier devices 204 and 205 may each be constructed in
accordance with one of the embodiments of FIGS. 6a to 6d. In this
case, hood element 206 is detachable from base plate 208 and in the
illustration may be joined therewith via an optional fastening
device 209 that may consist of clamps or bars.
[0166] FIGS. 6a to 6d each show an embodiment of a barrier device,
particularly as a frame, a casing or a wall of the transportation
apparatus of the invention, particularly according to FIGS. 1 to
5
[0167] In the embodiment of FIG. 6a, first layer 211 and optional
third layer 213 of a layer system 210 each comprise an aluminium
foil that faces respectively toward the accommodation space (first
layer) and the surrounding environment (third layer). This layer
may in particular serve to reflect heat, thereby helping to protect
the environment or the accommodation space or the second protective
layer. Second layer 212 comprises or consists of a fibre composite
material, in particular a fire-proof, glass fibre-containing
polyamide with short-term thermal resistance up to 300.degree. C.
(polyamide 66/6T with 60% glass fibre; PA 66/6T GF60). Said layer
system is sufficiently heat resistant for many requirements, it is
mechanically stable, bullet-proof and explosion-resistant and has
relatively low density, so that the resulting transportation
apparatus is safe, but has a relatively low net weight. Second
layer 212 preferably also comprises or consists of polyphthalamide
(e.g., polyphthalamide protected against fire with 33% glass fibre;
PPA GF33 V0).
[0168] In the embodiment of FIG. 6b, first layer 211 and optional
third layer 213 of a layer system 210 each comprise an aluminium
foil that faces respectively toward the accommodation space or the
surrounding environment. Second layer 212 comprises a fibre
composite material (or consists thereof), namely Zylon.RTM., which
is preferably insulated from the environment in fluid- and
gas-tight manner by the other layers. This layer system exhibits
good thermal resistance, is mechanically stable, impact and
explosion-resistant and is exceptionally lightweight, so that the
resulting transportation apparatus is safe, but has a relatively
low net weight.
[0169] In the embodiment of FIG. 6c, first layer 211 and third
layer 213 of a layer system 210 each comprise an aluminium foil
that faces respectively toward the accommodation space or the
surrounding environment. Second layer 212' comprises a first
sublayer 212a made from a fibre composite material, namely
Kevlar.RTM., and a second sublayer 212b made from sheet steel
(thickness 2.0 mm for example), which are bonded together. The high
tensile strength of Kevlar.RTM. lends the second sub-layer, the
steel for example, greater explosion resistance for example, so
that the two sublayers complement and/or protect one another and
thus offer a synergistic effect for example.
[0170] In the embodiment of FIG. 6d, first layer 211 of a layer
system 210 comprises (or consists of) an aluminium foil that faces
toward the accommodation space, and a third layer 213' made of
Dyneema, which faces toward the surrounding environment. Second
layer 212'' comprises a first sublayer 212a' made from
ceramic-fibre composite material, namely containing SiC, for
example CVI-SiC/SiC, and a second sublayer 212b made from sheet
steel (thickness 2.0 mm for example), which are bonded together.
The high tensile strength of ceramic-fibre composite material lends
the second sublayer, the steel, greater explosion resistance, so
that the two sublayers complement or protect one another and thus
offer a synergistic effect for example.
REFERENCE SIGNS
[0171] 100, 102, 104, 105 Transportation apparatus [0172] 110, 160
Base plate, bottom plate [0173] 120 Frame with barrier device
[0174] 130 Closure device, lid [0175] 132 Extinguishing agent
[0176] 134 Activation device [0177] 135, 136 Sensors [0178] 138
Control device [0179] 140 Receptacle [0180] 142 Filler material
[0181] 144 Casing [0182] 150, 201 Hazardous material [0183] 170
Catch basin [0184] 172 Spacing device(s) [0185] 180 Gas extraction
apparatus [0186] 190 Outer casing [0187] 210 Side wall with barrier
device [0188] 202 Holding apparatus [0189] 203 Accommodation space
[0190] 204, 205 Barrier device [0191] 206 Hood element [0192] 207
Partition wall [0193] 208 Base plate [0194] 209 Fastening device
[0195] 210 Layer system [0196] 211 First layer [0197] 212' Second
layer [0198] 213, 213' Third layer [0199] 212a, 212a' First
sublayer [0200] 212b, 212b' Second sublayer
* * * * *