U.S. patent application number 13/957217 was filed with the patent office on 2014-02-06 for system and method for uplink multiple input multiple output transmission.
This patent application is currently assigned to QUALCOMM Incorporated. The applicant listed for this patent is QUALCOMM Incorporated. Invention is credited to Sony J. AKKARAKARAN, Arjun BHARADWAJ, Sharad Deepak SAMBHWANI.
Application Number | 20140036967 13/957217 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 50025456 |
Filed Date | 2014-02-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140036967 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
AKKARAKARAN; Sony J. ; et
al. |
February 6, 2014 |
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR UPLINK MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT
TRANSMISSION
Abstract
Methods and apparatuses are provided for uplink MIMO
transmissions in a wireless communication system. In some
particular aspects, an uplink MIMO transmission (e.g., a rank 2
transmission) may be established, wherein a primary stream
transport block size (TBS) is determined in accordance with a
received scheduling grant, and a modulation scheme for the
transmission is determined in accordance with the TBS. Further, a
predetermined spreading factor, such as a 2.times.SF2+2.times.SF4
spreading factor, may be configured for both uplink streams,
independent of the TBS. Finally, the uplink MIMO transmission may
be made in accordance with the determined TBS, modulation scheme,
and spreading factor. In some examples, if the primary stream TBS
or a determined secondary stream TBS is less than a minimum
threshold TBS, the transmission may be reconfigured as a rank 1
transmission.
Inventors: |
AKKARAKARAN; Sony J.;
(Poway, CA) ; BHARADWAJ; Arjun; (San Diego,
CA) ; SAMBHWANI; Sharad Deepak; (San Diego,
CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
QUALCOMM Incorporated |
San Diego |
CA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
QUALCOMM Incorporated
San Diego
CA
|
Family ID: |
50025456 |
Appl. No.: |
13/957217 |
Filed: |
August 1, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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61679544 |
Aug 3, 2012 |
|
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|
61707632 |
Sep 28, 2012 |
|
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61711054 |
Oct 8, 2012 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
375/146 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04B 7/0613 20130101;
H04B 7/0619 20130101; H04B 7/0617 20130101; H04L 1/1819 20130101;
H04B 7/0404 20130101; H04B 7/0413 20130101; H04L 1/1822
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
375/146 |
International
Class: |
H04B 7/06 20060101
H04B007/06 |
Claims
1. A method of configuring an uplink multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) transmission, comprising: determining a transport block size
(TBS) in accordance with a received scheduling grant; determining a
modulation scheme to utilize for the uplink MIMO transmission in
accordance with the TBS; configuring a predetermined spreading
factor to utilize for the uplink MIMO transmission, independent of
the TBS; and transmitting the uplink MIMO transmission in
accordance with the determined TBS, the determined modulation
scheme, and the predetermined spreading factor.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined spreading
factor is a 2xSF2+2xSF4 spreading factor.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising configuring the uplink
MIMO transmission for rank 2, comprising a primary stream and a
secondary stream, wherein the determined TBS corresponds to the
primary stream.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the predetermined spreading
factor is applied to both the primary stream and the secondary
stream.
5. The method of claim 3, further comprising: receiving an
information element requesting the uplink MIMO transmission to be
configured as a rank 2 transmission; and configuring the uplink
MIMO transmission as a rank 1 transmission if the determined TBS is
not greater than a minimum threshold TBS.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the determining the TBS
comprises: determining a primary stream TBS for configuring a
primary stream of the rank 2 transmission; and determining a
secondary stream TBS for configuring a secondary stream of the rank
2 transmission, wherein the configuring the uplink MIMO
transmission as a rank 1 transmission if the determined TBS is not
greater than a minimum threshold TBS comprises: determining that
the primary stream TBS is not greater than a primary stream minimum
threshold TBS; and determining that the secondary stream TBS is not
greater than a secondary stream minimum threshold TBS.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the primary stream minimum
threshold TBS is equal to the secondary stream minimum threshold
TBS.
8. The method of claim 5, further comprising: receiving information
indicating the minimum threshold TBS in a downlink
transmission.
9. The method of claim 5, further comprising: determining the
minimum threshold TBS at an upper layer; and setting the minimum
threshold TBS in accordance with the determination.
10. A wireless user equipment configured for uplink multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) transmission, comprising: means for
determining a transport block size (TBS) in accordance with a
received scheduling grant; means for determining a modulation
scheme to utilize for the uplink MIMO transmission in accordance
with the TBS; means for configuring a predetermined spreading
factor to utilize for the uplink MIMO transmission, independent of
the TBS; and means for transmitting the uplink MIMO transmission in
accordance with the determined TBS, the determined modulation
scheme, and the predetermined spreading factor.
11. The wireless user equipment of claim 10, wherein the
predetermined spreading factor is a 2xSF2+2xSF4 spreading
factor.
12. The wireless user equipment of claim 11, further comprising
means for configuring the uplink MIMO transmission for rank 2,
comprising a primary stream and a secondary stream, wherein the
determined TBS corresponds to the primary stream.
13. The wireless user equipment of claim 12, wherein the
predetermined spreading factor is applied to both the primary
stream and the secondary stream.
14. The wireless user equipment of claim 12, further comprising:
means for receiving an information element requesting the uplink
MIMO transmission to be configured as a rank 2 transmission; and
means for configuring the uplink MIMO transmission as a rank 1
transmission if the determined TBS is not greater than a minimum
threshold TBS.
15. The wireless user equipment of claim 14, wherein the means for
determining the TBS comprises: means for determining a primary
stream TBS for configuring a primary stream of the rank 2
transmission; and means for determining a secondary stream TBS for
configuring a secondary stream of the rank 2 transmission, wherein
the means for configuring the uplink MIMO transmission as a rank 1
transmission if the determined TBS is not greater than a minimum
threshold TBS comprises: means for determining that the primary
stream TBS is not greater than a primary stream minimum threshold
TBS; and means for determining that the secondary stream TBS is not
greater than a secondary stream minimum threshold TBS.
16. The wireless user equipment of claim 15, wherein the primary
stream minimum threshold TBS is equal to the secondary stream
minimum threshold TBS.
17. The wireless user equipment of claim 14, further comprising:
means for receiving information indicating the minimum threshold
TBS in a downlink transmission.
18. The wireless user equipment of claim 14, further comprising:
means for determining the minimum threshold TBS at an upper layer;
and means for setting the minimum threshold TBS in accordance with
the determination.
19. A wireless user equipment configured for uplink multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) transmission, comprising: at least one
processor; a memory coupled to the at least one processor; and a
wireless communication interface coupled to the at least one
processor, wherein the at least one processor is configured to:
determine a transport block size (TBS) in accordance with a
received scheduling grant; determine a modulation scheme to utilize
for the uplink MIMO transmission in accordance with the TBS;
configure a predetermined spreading factor to utilize for the
uplink MIMO transmission, independent of the TBS; and transmit the
uplink MIMO transmission in accordance with the determined TBS, the
determined modulation scheme, and the predetermined spreading
factor.
20. The wireless user equipment of claim 19, wherein the
predetermined spreading factor is a 2xSF2+2xSF4 spreading
factor.
21. The wireless user equipment of claim 20, wherein the at least
one processor is further configured to configure the uplink MIMO
transmission for rank 2, comprising a primary stream and a
secondary stream, wherein the determined TBS corresponds to the
primary stream.
22. The wireless user equipment of claim 21, wherein the
predetermined spreading factor is applied to both the primary
stream and the secondary stream.
23. The wireless user equipment of claim 21, wherein the at least
one processor is further configured to: receive an information
element requesting the uplink MIMO transmission to be configured as
a rank 2 transmission; and configure the uplink MIMO transmission
as a rank 1 transmission if the determined TBS is not greater than
a minimum threshold TBS.
24. The wireless user equipment of claim 23, wherein the at least
one processor, being configured to determine the TBS, is further
configured to: determine a primary stream TBS for configuring a
primary stream of the rank 2 transmission; and determine a
secondary stream TBS for configuring a secondary stream of the rank
2 transmission, wherein the at least one processor, being
configured to configure the uplink MIMO transmission as a rank 1
transmission if the determined TBS is not greater than a minimum
threshold TBS, is further configured to: determine that the primary
stream TBS is not greater than a primary stream minimum threshold
TBS; and determine that the secondary stream TBS is not greater
than a secondary stream minimum threshold TBS.
25. The wireless user equipment of claim 24, wherein the primary
stream minimum threshold TBS is equal to the secondary stream
minimum threshold TBS.
26. The wireless user equipment of claim 23, wherein the at least
one processor is further configured to: receive information
indicating the minimum threshold TBS in a downlink
transmission.
27. The wireless user equipment of claim 23, wherein the at least
one processor is further configured to: determine the minimum
threshold TBS at an upper layer; and set the minimum threshold TBS
in accordance with the determination.
28. A non-transitory computer-readable medium operable at a
wireless user equipment configured for uplink multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) transmission, comprising: instructions for
causing a computer to determine a transport block size (TBS) in
accordance with a received scheduling grant; instructions for
causing a computer to determine a modulation scheme to utilize for
the uplink MIMO transmission in accordance with the TBS;
instructions for causing a computer to configure a predetermined
spreading factor to utilize for the uplink MIMO transmission,
independent of the TBS; and instructions for causing a computer to
transmit the uplink MIMO transmission in accordance with the
determined TBS, the determined modulation scheme, and the
predetermined spreading factor.
29. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 28,
wherein the predetermined spreading factor is a 2xSF2+2xSF4
spreading factor.
30. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 29,
further comprising instructions for causing a computer to configure
the uplink MIMO transmission for rank 2, comprising a primary
stream and a secondary stream, wherein the determined TBS
corresponds to the primary stream.
31. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 30,
wherein the predetermined spreading factor is applied to both the
primary stream and the secondary stream.
32. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 30,
further comprising instructions for causing a computer to: receive
an information element requesting the uplink MIMO transmission to
be configured as a rank 2 transmission; and configure the uplink
MIMO transmission as a rank 1 transmission if the determined TBS is
not greater than a minimum threshold TBS.
33. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 32,
wherein the instructions for causing a computer to determine the
TBS, further comprise instructions for causing a computer to:
determine a primary stream TBS for configuring a primary stream of
the rank 2 transmission; and determine a secondary stream TBS for
configuring a secondary stream of the rank 2 transmission, wherein
the instructions for causing a computer to configure the uplink
MIMO transmission as a rank 1 transmission if the determined TBS is
not greater than a minimum threshold TBS, further comprise
instructions for causing a computer to: determine that the primary
stream TBS is not greater than a primary stream minimum threshold
TBS; and determine that the secondary stream TBS is not greater
than a secondary stream minimum threshold TBS.
34. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 33,
wherein the primary stream minimum threshold TBS is equal to the
secondary stream minimum threshold TBS.
35. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 32,
further comprising instructions for causing a computer to: receive
information indicating the minimum threshold TBS in a downlink
transmission.
36. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 32,
further comprising instructions for causing a computer to:
determine the minimum threshold TBS at an upper layer; and set the
minimum threshold TBS in accordance with the determination.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to and the benefit of
provisional patent application No. 61/679,544, titled, "Remaining
Aspects of E-TFC Selection for UL MIMO," filed in the United States
Patent and Trademark office on Aug. 3, 2012; provisional patent
application No. 61/707,632, titled, "Handling of Non-Scheduled
Grants During Rank 2 UL MIMO Transmission," filed in the United
States Patent and Trademark office on Sep. 28, 2012; and
provisional patent application No. 61/711/054, titled, "Handling of
Non-Scheduled Grants During Rank 2 UL MIMO Transmission," filed in
the United States Patent and Trademark office on Oct. 8, 2012, the
entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND
[0002] 1. Field
[0003] Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to
wireless communication systems, and more particularly, to
configuration of uplink multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
transmissions.
[0004] 2. Background
[0005] Wireless communication networks are widely deployed to
provide various communication services such as telephony, video,
data, messaging, broadcasts, and so on. Such networks, which are
usually multiple access networks, support communications for
multiple users by sharing the available network resources. One
example of such a network is the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (UTRAN). The UTRAN is the radio access network (RAN)
defined as a part of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS), a third generation (3G) mobile phone technology supported
by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The UMTS, which
is the successor to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
technologies, currently supports various air interface standards,
such as Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA), Time
Division-Code Division Multiple Access (TD-CDMA), and Time
Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA). The
UMTS also supports enhanced 3G data communications protocols, such
as High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), which provides higher data
transfer speeds and capacity to associated UMTS networks.
[0006] As the demand for mobile broadband access continues to
increase, research and development continue to advance the UMTS
technologies not only to meet the growing demand for mobile
broadband access, but to advance and enhance the user experience
with mobile communications.
[0007] For example, recent releases of 3GPP standards for UMTS
technologies have included multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
for downlink transmissions. MIMO can enable increased throughput in
a transmission without requiring a commensurate increase in
spectrum use, since two streams can be transmitted in the same
carrier frequency, where they are separated by the spatial
dimension by being transmitted from spatially separate antennas. In
this way, an effective doubling of spectral efficiency can be
achieved by transmitting dual transport blocks per transmission
time interval.
[0008] Further, recent attention within the 3GPP standards body has
been directed to a particular uplink beamforming transmit diversity
(BFTD) scheme for high speed packet access (HSPA) networks within
the UMTS standards, where a mobile terminal utilizes two transmit
antennas and two power amplifiers for uplink transmissions. This
scheme, when implemented in a closed loop mode under network
control, has shown significant improvement in cell edge user
experience, as well as overall improvements in system performance.
However, in schemes that have been investigated, the mobile
terminal has been limited to single stream transmissions across the
two antennas.
[0009] Therefore, to increase the throughput and spectral
efficiency for uplink transmissions, there is a desire to implement
MIMO for uplink transmissions such that dual transport blocks can
be transmitted in the same carrier frequency during the same
transmission time interval.
SUMMARY
[0010] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more
aspects of the present disclosure, in order to provide a basic
understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive
overview of all contemplated features of the disclosure, and is
intended neither to identify key or critical elements of all
aspects of the disclosure nor to delineate the scope of any or all
aspects of the disclosure. Its sole purpose is to present some
concepts of one or more aspects of the disclosure in a simplified
form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is
presented later.
[0011] Various aspects of the present disclosure provide for uplink
MIMO transmissions in a wireless communication system. In some
particular aspects, an uplink MIMO transmission (e.g., a rank 2
transmission) may be established, wherein a primary stream
transport block size (TBS) is determined in accordance with a
received scheduling grant, and a modulation scheme for the
transmission is determined in accordance with the TBS. Further, a
predetermined spreading factor, such as a 2xSF2+2xSF4 spreading
factor, may be configured for both uplink streams, independent of
the TBS. Finally, the uplink MIMO transmission may be made in
accordance with the determined TBS, modulation scheme, and
spreading factor. In some examples, if the primary stream TBS or a
determined secondary stream TBS is less than a minimum threshold
TBS, the transmission may be reconfigured as a rank 1
transmission.
[0012] For example, in one aspect, the disclosure provides a method
of configuring an uplink MIMO transmission, including determining a
transport block size (TBS) in accordance with a received scheduling
grant, determining a modulation scheme to utilize for the uplink
MIMO transmission in accordance with the TBS, configuring a
predetermined spreading factor to utilize for the uplink MIMO
transmission, independent of the TBS, and transmitting the uplink
MIMO transmission in accordance with the determined TBS, the
determined modulation scheme, and the predetermined spreading
factor.
[0013] Another aspect of the disclosure provides a wireless user
equipment configured for uplink MIMO transmission, including means
for determining a TBS in accordance with a received scheduling
grant, means for determining a modulation scheme to utilize for the
uplink MIMO transmission in accordance with the TBS, means for
configuring a predetermined spreading factor to utilize for the
uplink MIMO transmission, independent of the TBS; and means for
transmitting the uplink MIMO transmission in accordance with the
determined TBS, the determined modulation scheme, and the
predetermined spreading factor.
[0014] Another aspect of the disclosure provides a wireless user
equipment configured for uplink MIMO transmission, including at
least one processor, a memory coupled to the at least one
processor, and a wireless communication interface coupled to the at
least one processor. Here, the at least one processor is configured
to determine a TBS in accordance with a received scheduling grant,
to determine a modulation scheme to utilize for the uplink MIMO
transmission in accordance with the TBS, to configure a
predetermined spreading factor to utilize for the uplink MIMO
transmission, independent of the TBS, and to transmit the uplink
MIMO transmission in accordance with the determined TBS, the
determined modulation scheme, and the predetermined spreading
factor.
[0015] Another aspect of the disclosure provides a non-transitory
computer-readable medium operable at a wireless user equipment
configured for uplink MIMO transmission, including instructions for
causing a computer to determine a TBS in accordance with a received
scheduling grant, instructions for causing a computer to determine
a modulation scheme to utilize for the uplink MIMO transmission in
accordance with the TBS, instructions for causing a computer to
configure a predetermined spreading factor to utilize for the
uplink MIMO transmission, independent of the TBS, and instructions
for causing a computer to transmit the uplink MIMO transmission in
accordance with the determined TBS, the determined modulation
scheme, and the predetermined spreading factor.
[0016] These and other aspects of the invention will become more
fully understood upon a review of the detailed description, which
follows. Other aspects, features, and embodiments of the present
invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the
art, upon reviewing the following description of specific,
exemplary embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with
the accompanying figures. While features of the present invention
may be discussed relative to certain embodiments and figures below,
all embodiments of the present invention can include one or more of
the advantageous features discussed herein. In other words, while
one or more embodiments may be discussed as having certain
advantageous features, one or more of such features may also be
used in accordance with the various embodiments of the invention
discussed herein. In similar fashion, while exemplary embodiments
may be discussed below as device, system, or method embodiments it
should be understood that such exemplary embodiments can be
implemented in various devices, systems, and methods.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of an
access network.
[0018] FIG. 2 is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an
example of a telecommunications system.
[0019] FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of a
radio protocol architecture for the user and control plane.
[0020] FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a portion of a MAC
layer implementing dual HARQ processes in accordance with one
example of an uplink MIMO transmission.
[0021] FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating additional portions
of the MAC layer illustrated in FIG. 4 according to one
example.
[0022] FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a process of configuring
an uplink MIMO transmission as a part of an E-TFC selection
procedure according to one example.
[0023] FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating a process of configuring
an uplink MIMO transmission in the presence of non-scheduled data
according to one example.
[0024] FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating a process of falling
back from a Rank 2 uplink MIMO transmission to a Rank 1
transmission according to one example.
[0025] FIG. 9 is an example of a hardware implementation for an
apparatus employing a processing system.
[0026] FIG. 10 is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an
example of a Node B in communication with a UE in a
telecommunications system.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0027] The detailed description set forth below in connection with
the appended drawings is intended as a description of various
configurations and is not intended to represent the only
configurations in which the concepts described herein may be
practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for
the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various
concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art
that these concepts may be practiced without these specific
details. In some instances, well known structures and components
are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such
concepts.
[0028] The various concepts presented throughout this disclosure
may be implemented across a broad variety of telecommunication
systems, network architectures, and communication standards.
Referring to FIG. 1, by way of example and without limitation, a
simplified access network 100 in a UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (UTRAN) architecture, which may utilize High-Speed Packet
Access (HSPA), is illustrated. The system includes multiple
cellular regions (cells), including cells 102, 104, and 106, each
of which may include one or more sectors. Cells may be defined
geographically, e.g., by coverage area, and/or may be defined in
accordance with a frequency, scrambling code, etc. That is, the
illustrated geographically-defined cells 102, 104, and 106 may each
be further divided into a plurality of cells, e.g., by utilizing
different frequencies or scrambling codes. For example, cell 104a
may utilize a first frequency or scrambling code, and cell 104b,
while in the same geographic region and served by the same Node B
144, may be distinguished by utilizing a second frequency or
scrambling code.
[0029] In a cell that is divided into sectors, the multiple sectors
within a cell can be formed by groups of antennas with each antenna
responsible for communication with UEs in a portion of the cell.
For example, in cell 102, antenna groups 112, 114, and 116 may each
correspond to a different sector. In cell 104, antenna groups 118,
120, and 122 each correspond to a different sector. In cell 106,
antenna groups 124, 126, and 128 each correspond to a different
sector.
[0030] The cells 102, 104 and 106 may include several UEs that may
be in communication with one or more sectors of each cell 102, 104
or 106. For example, UEs 130 and 132 may be in communication with
Node B 142, UEs 134 and 136 may be in communication with Node B
144, and UEs 138 and 140 may be in communication with Node B 146.
Here, each Node B 142, 144, 146 is configured to provide an access
point to a core network 204 (see FIG. 2) for all the UEs 130, 132,
134, 136, 138, 140 in the respective cells 102, 104, and 106.
[0031] Referring now to FIG. 2, by way of example and without
limitation, various aspects of the present disclosure are
illustrated with reference to a Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (UMTS) system 200 employing a wideband code division
multiple access (W-CDMA) air interface. A UMTS network includes
three interacting domains: a Core Network (CN) 204, a UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 202, and User Equipment
(UE) 210. In this example, the UTRAN 202 may provide various
wireless services including telephony, video, data, messaging,
broadcasts, and/or other services. The UTRAN 202 may include a
plurality of Radio Network Subsystems (RNSs) such as the
illustrated RNSs 207, each controlled by a respective Radio Network
Controller (RNC) such as an RNC 206. Here, the UTRAN 202 may
include any number of RNCs 206 and RNSs 207 in addition to the
illustrated RNCs 206 and RNSs 207. The RNC 206 is an apparatus
responsible for, among other things, assigning, reconfiguring and
releasing radio resources within the RNS 207. The RNC 206 may be
interconnected to other RNCs (not shown) in the UTRAN 202 through
various types of interfaces such as a direct physical connection, a
virtual network, or the like, using any suitable transport
network.
[0032] The geographic region covered by the RNS 207 may be divided
into a number of cells, with a radio transceiver apparatus serving
each cell. A radio transceiver apparatus is commonly referred to as
a Node B in UMTS applications, but may also be referred to by those
skilled in the art as a base station (BS), a base transceiver
station (BTS), a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a
transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS), an extended
service set (ESS), an access point (AP), or some other suitable
terminology. For clarity, three Node Bs 208 are shown in each RNS
207; however, the RNSs 207 may include any number of wireless Node
Bs. The Node Bs 208 provide wireless access points to a core
network (CN) 204 for any number of mobile apparatuses. Examples of
a mobile apparatus include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a
session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a notebook, a
netbook, a smartbook, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a
satellite radio, a global positioning system (GPS) device, a
multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g.,
MP3 player), a camera, a game console, or any other similar
functioning device. The mobile apparatus is commonly referred to as
user equipment (UE) in UMTS applications, but may also be referred
to by those skilled in the art as a mobile station (MS), a
subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless
unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless
communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber
station, an access terminal (AT), a mobile terminal, a wireless
terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a terminal, a user agent, a
mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology. In a
UMTS system, the UE 210 may further include a universal subscriber
identity module (USIM) 211, which contains a user's subscription
information to a network. For illustrative purposes, one UE 210 is
shown in communication with a number of the Node Bs 208. The
downlink (DL), also called the forward link, refers to the
communication link from a Node B 208 to a UE 210, and the uplink
(UL), also called the reverse link, refers to the communication
link from a UE 210 to a Node B 208.
[0033] The core network 204 interfaces with one or more access
networks, such as the UTRAN 202. As shown, the core network 204 is
a GSM core network. However, as those skilled in the art will
recognize, the various concepts presented throughout this
disclosure may be implemented in a RAN, or other suitable access
network, to provide UEs with access to types of core networks other
than GSM networks.
[0034] The illustrated GSM core network 204 includes a
circuit-switched (CS) domain and a packet-switched (PS) domain.
Some of the circuit-switched elements are a Mobile services
Switching Centre (MSC), a Visitor Location Register (VLR), and a
Gateway MSC (GMSC). Packet-switched elements include a Serving GPRS
Support Node (SGSN) and a Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). Some
network elements, like EIR, HLR, VLR and AuC may be shared by both
of the circuit-switched and packet-switched domains.
[0035] In the illustrated example, the core network 204 supports
circuit-switched services with a MSC 212 and a GMSC 214. In some
applications, the GMSC 214 may be referred to as a media gateway
(MGW). One or more RNCs, such as the RNC 206, may be connected to
the MSC 212. The MSC 212 is an apparatus that controls call setup,
call routing, and UE mobility functions. The MSC 212 also includes
a visitor location register (VLR) that contains subscriber-related
information for the duration that a UE is in the coverage area of
the MSC 212. The GMSC 214 provides a gateway through the MSC 212
for the UE to access a circuit-switched network 216. The GMSC 214
includes a home location register (HLR) 215 containing subscriber
data, such as the data reflecting the details of the services to
which a particular user has subscribed. The HLR is also associated
with an authentication center (AuC) that contains
subscriber-specific authentication data. When a call is received
for a particular UE, the GMSC 214 queries the HLR 215 to determine
the UE's location and forwards the call to the particular MSC
serving that location.
[0036] The illustrated core network 204 also supports packet-data
services with a serving GPRS support node (SGSN) 218 and a gateway
GPRS support node (GGSN) 220. GPRS, which stands for General Packet
Radio Service, is designed to provide packet-data services at
speeds higher than those available with standard circuit-switched
data services. The GGSN 220 provides a connection for the UTRAN 202
to a packet-based network 222. The packet-based network 222 may be
the Internet, a private data network, or some other suitable
packet-based network. The primary function of the GGSN 220 is to
provide the UEs 210 with packet-based network connectivity. Data
packets may be transferred between the GGSN 220 and the UEs 210
through the SGSN 218, which performs primarily the same functions
in the packet-based domain as the MSC 212 performs in the
circuit-switched domain.
[0037] The UMTS air interface may be a spread spectrum
Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) system. The
spread spectrum DS-CDMA spreads user data through multiplication by
a sequence of pseudorandom bits called chips. The W-CDMA air
interface for UMTS is based on such DS-CDMA technology and
additionally calls for a frequency division duplexing (FDD). FDD
uses a different carrier frequency for the uplink (UL) and downlink
(DL) between a Node B 208 and a UE 210. Another air interface for
UMTS that utilizes DS-CDMA, and uses time division duplexing (TDD),
is the TD-SCDMA air interface. Those skilled in the art will
recognize that although various examples described herein may refer
to a W-CDMA air interface, the underlying principles are equally
applicable to a TD-SCDMA air interface.
[0038] A high speed packet access (HSPA) air interface includes a
series of enhancements to the 3G/W-CDMA air interface, facilitating
greater throughput and reduced latency. Among other modifications
over prior releases, HSPA utilizes hybrid automatic repeat request
(HARQ), shared channel transmission, and adaptive modulation and
coding. The standards that define HSPA include HSDPA (high speed
downlink packet access) and HSUPA (high speed uplink packet access,
also referred to as enhanced uplink, or EUL).
[0039] In a wireless telecommunication system, the radio protocol
architecture between a mobile device and a cellular network may
take on various forms depending on the particular application. An
example for a 3GPP high-speed packet access (HSPA) system will now
be presented with reference to FIG. 3, illustrating an example of
the radio protocol architecture for the user and control planes
between the UE 210 and the Node B 208. Here, the user plane or data
plane carries user traffic, while the control plane carries control
information, i.e., signaling.
[0040] Turning to FIG. 3, the radio protocol architecture for the
UE 210 and Node B 208 is shown with three layers: Layer 1, Layer 2,
and Layer 3. Although not shown, the UE 210 may have several upper
layers above the L3 layer including a network layer (e.g., IP
layer) that is terminated at a PDN gateway on the network side, and
an application layer that is terminated at the other end of the
connection (e.g., far end UE, server, etc.).
[0041] At Layer 3, the RRC layer 316 handles control plane
signaling between the UE 210 and the Node B 208. RRC layer 316
includes a number of functional entities for routing higher layer
messages, handling broadcast and paging functions, establishing and
configuring radio bearers, etc.
[0042] The data link layer, called Layer 2 (L2 layer) 308 is
between Layer 3 and the physical layer 306, and is responsible for
the link between the UE 210 and Node B 208. In the illustrated air
interface, the L2 layer 308 is split into sublayers. In the control
plane, the L2 layer 308 includes two sublayers: a medium access
control (MAC) sublayer 310 and a radio link control (RLC) sublayer
312. In the user plane, the L2 layer 308 additionally includes a
packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) sublayer 314. Of course,
those of ordinary skill in the art will comprehend that additional
or different sublayers may be utilized in a particular
implementation of the L2 layer 308, still within the scope of the
present disclosure.
[0043] The PDCP sublayer 314 provides multiplexing between
different radio bearers and logical channels. The PDCP sublayer 314
also provides header compression for upper layer data packets to
reduce radio transmission overhead, security by ciphering the data
packets, and handover support for UEs between Node Bs.
[0044] The RLC sublayer 312 provides segmentation and reassembly of
upper layer data packets, retransmission of lost data packets, and
reordering of data packets to compensate for out-of-order reception
due to a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ).
[0045] The MAC sublayer 310 provides multiplexing between logical
channels and transport channels. The MAC sublayer 310 is also
responsible for allocating the various radio resources (e.g.,
resource blocks) in one cell among the UEs. The MAC sublayer 310 is
also responsible for HARQ operations.
[0046] Layer 1 is the lowest layer and implements various physical
layer signal processing functions. Layer 1 will be referred to
herein as the physical layer (PHY) 306. At the PHY layer 306, the
transport channels are mapped to different physical channels.
[0047] Data generated at higher layers, all the way down to the MAC
layer 310, are carried over the air through transport channels.
3GPP Release 5 specifications introduced downlink enhancements
referred to as HSDPA. HSDPA utilizes as its transport channel the
high-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH). The HS-DSCH is
implemented by three physical channels: the high-speed physical
downlink shared channel (HS-PDSCH), the high-speed shared control
channel (HS-SCCH), and the high-speed dedicated physical control
channel (HS-DPCCH).
[0048] Among these physical channels, the HS-DPCCH carries HARQ
ACK/NACK signaling on the uplink to indicate whether a
corresponding packet transmission was decoded successfully. That
is, with respect to the downlink, the UE 210 provides feedback to
the Node B 208 over the HS-DPCCH to indicate whether it correctly
decoded a packet on the downlink.
[0049] HS-DPCCH further includes feedback signaling from the UE 210
to assist the Node B 208 in taking the right decision in terms of
modulation and coding scheme and precoding weight selection, this
feedback signaling including the channel quality indicator (CQI)
and precoding control information (PCI).
[0050] 3GPP Release 6 specifications introduced uplink enhancements
referred to as Enhanced Uplink (EUL) or High Speed Uplink Packet
Access (HSUPA). HSUPA utilizes as its transport channel the EUL
Dedicated Channel (E-DCH). The E-DCH is transmitted in the uplink
together with the Release 99 DCH. The control portion of the DCH,
that is, the DPCCH, carries pilot bits and downlink power control
commands on uplink transmissions. In the present disclosure, the
DPCCH may be referred to as a control channel (e.g., a primary
control channel) or a pilot channel (e.g., a primary pilot channel)
in accordance with whether reference is being made to the channel's
control aspects or its pilot aspects.
[0051] The E-DCH is implemented by physical channels including the
E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (E-DPDCH) and the E-DCH
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (E-DPCCH). In addition, HSUPA
relies on additional physical channels including the E-DCH HARQ
Indicator Channel (E-HICH), the E-DCH
[0052] Absolute Grant Channel (E-AGCH), and the E-DCH Relative
Grant Channel (E-RGCH). Further, in accordance with aspects of the
present disclosure, for HSUPA with MIMO utilizing two transmit
antennas, the physical channels may include one or more of a
Secondary E-DPDCH (S-E-DPDCH), a Secondary E-DPCCH (S-E-DPCCH), a
Secondary DPCCH (S-DPCCH), and/or an EUL Rank and Offset Channel
(E-ROCH). Additional information about these channels is provided
below.
[0053] That is, part of the ongoing development of HSPA standards
(including HSDPA and EUL) includes the addition of multiple-input,
multiple-output (MIMO) communication. MIMO generally refers to the
use of multiple antennas at the transmitter (multiple inputs to the
channel) and the receiver (multiple outputs from the channel) to
implement spatial multiplexing, that is, the transmission and/or
reception of different streams of information from spatially
separated antennas, utilizing the same carrier frequency for each
stream. Such a scheme can increase throughput, that is, can achieve
higher data rates without necessarily expanding the channel
bandwidth, thus improving spectral efficiency. That is, in an
aspect of the disclosure, the Node B 208 and/or the UE 210 may have
multiple antennas supporting MIMO technology.
[0054] MIMO for increased downlink performance was implemented in
Release 7 of the 3GPP UMTS standards for HSDPA, and Release 9
included DC-HSDPA+MIMO for further increased downlink performance.
In HSDPA MIMO the Node B 208 and the UE 210 each utilize two
antennas, and a closed loop feedback from the UE 210 (Precoding
Control Information, PCI) is utilized to dynamically adjust the
Node B's transmit antenna weighting. When channel conditions are
favorable, MIMO can allow a doubling of the data rate by
transmitting two data streams, utilizing spatial multiplexing. When
channel conditions are less favorable, a single stream transmission
over the two antennas can be utilized, providing some benefit from
transmit diversity.
[0055] While MIMO in the uplink would be desirable for essentially
the same reasons it has been implemented for the downlink, it has
been considered somewhat more challenging, in part because the
battery power-constrained UE may need to include two power
amplifiers. Nonetheless, more recently an uplink beamforming
transmit diversity (BFTD) scheme for HSPA that utilizes 2 transmit
antennas and 2 power amplifiers at the UE 210 has garnered
substantial interest, and studies have been directed to both open
loop and closed loop modes of operation. These studies have shown
improvements in cell edge user experience and overall system
performance However, these uplink transmit diversity schemes have
generally been limited to single code word or single transport
block transmissions utilizing dual transmit antennas.
[0056] Thus, various aspects of the present disclosure provide for
uplink MIMO transmissions. For clarity by providing explicit
details, the present description utilizes HSUPA terminology and
generally assumes a 3GPP implementation in accordance with UMTS
standards. However, those of ordinary skill in the art will
understand that many if not all these features are not specific to
a particular standard or technology, and may be implemented in any
suitable technology for MIMO transmissions.
[0057] In an HSUPA system, data transmitted on a transport channel
such as the E-DCH is generally organized into transport blocks.
During each transmission time interval (TTI), without the benefits
of spatial multiplexing, at most one transport block of a certain
size (the transport block size or TBS) can be transmitted per
carrier on the uplink from the UE 210. However, with MIMO using
spatial multiplexing, multiple transport blocks can be transmitted
per TTI in the same carrier, where each transport block corresponds
to one code word.
[0058] As illustrated in FIG. 4, in an aspect of the present
disclosure illustrating some of the operations at the MAC layer
310, the transmission of dual transport blocks on the two precoding
vectors may be implemented across dual HARQ processes during the
same TTI. In various examples, each of the blocks illustrated in
FIG. 4 may be implemented as software modules, which may be stored
in a memory and executed by a processor at the UE 210; hardware
circuitry such as may be implemented in an application-specific
integrated circuit or DSP; or a combination thereof.
[0059] Here, the dual transport blocks are provided to the physical
layer 306 on one E-DCH transport channel. In each HARQ process,
when a transport block on the E-DCH is received from higher layers,
the process for mapping that transport block to the physical
channels E-DPDCH (or, when utilizing the secondary transport block,
the S-E-DPDCH) may include several operations such as CRC
attachment 404, 454; code block segmentation 406, 456; channel
coding 408, 458; rate matching 410, 460; physical channel
segmentation 412, 462; and interleaving/physical channel mapping
414, 464. Details of these blocks are largely known to those of
ordinary skill in the art, and are therefore omitted from the
present disclosure.
[0060] FIG. 4 illustrates this process for the generation of an UL
MIMO transmission using dual transport blocks 402, 452. This scheme
is frequently referred to as a multiple code word scheme, since
each of the transmitted streams may be precoded utilizing separate
codewords. In some aspects of the disclosure, the E-DCH processing
structure is essentially identical for each of the two transport
blocks. Additionally, this scheme is frequently referred to as a
dual stream scheme, where the primary transport bock is provided on
the primary stream, and the secondary transport block is provided
on the secondary stream. In some examples, such a dual stream
scheme may be referred to as a rank 2 scheme. That is, the rank of
an UL MIMO transmission may, for example, be of rank 1 or rank 2.
Here, a rank 1 transmission utilizes one precoding vector, and
transmits the stream on the E-DPDCH. A rank 2 transmission utilizes
two precoding vectors, applied to two streams, respectively,
transmitted on the E-DPDCH and the secondary S-E-DPDCH. Here, in an
aspect of the present disclosure, the first stream and the
secondary stream may be spatially separated streams of an uplink
MIMO transmission, which share the same carrier frequency.
[0061] FIG. 5 provides another example in accordance with the
present disclosure, including circuitry or functionality additional
to that illustrated in FIG. 4, showing operation of a Multiplexing
and Transmission Sequence Number (TSN) setting entity 502, an E-DCH
Transport Format Combination (E-TFC) selection entity 504, and a
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) entity 506 within a UE such
as the UE 210. In various examples, each of the blocks illustrated
in FIG. 5 may be implemented as software modules, which may be
stored in a memory and executed by a processor at the UE 210;
hardware circuitry such as may be implemented in an
application-specific integrated circuit or DSP; or a combination
thereof.
[0062] Each of the E-TFC selection entity 504, the multiplexing and
TSN setting entity 502, and the HARQ entity 506 may include a
processing system 914 as illustrated in FIG. 9, described below,
for performing processing functions such as making determinations
relating to the E-DCH transport format combination, handling MAC
protocol data units, and performing HARQ functions, respectively.
Of course, some or all of the respective entities may be combined
into a single processor or processing system 914. Here, the
processing system 914 may control aspects of the transmission of
the primary and secondary streams as described below.
[0063] In some aspects of the disclosure, according at least in
part to information 508 received on the E-AGCH, the E-RGCH, and/or
the E-ROCH, the E-TFC selection entity 504 may determine the rank
for an uplink transmission, the transport block size(s) (TBS), and
the power levels to utilize on the uplink stream(s). For example,
the E-TFC selection entity 504 may determine whether to transmit a
single transport block (e.g., a Rank 1 transmission utilizing
uplink beamforming transmit diversity), or dual transport blocks
(e.g., a Rank 2 transmission utilizing spatial multiplexing). In
this example, the multiplexing and TSN setting entity 502 may
concatenate multiple MAC-d Protocol Data Units (PDUs) or segments
of MAC-d PDUs into MAC-is PDUs, and may further multiplex one or
more MAC-is PDUs into a single MAC-i PDU to be transmitted in the
following TTI, as instructed by the E-TFC selection entity 504. The
MAC-i PDU may correspond to the transport block provided on a
corresponding stream. That is, if the E-TFC selection entity 504
determines to transmit two transport blocks, then two MAC-i PDUs
may be generated by the Multiplexing and TSN Setting entity 502 and
delivered to the HARQ entity 506.
Physical Channels
[0064] Returning again to FIG. 4, the physical channels may be
combined with suitable channelization codes, weighted with suitable
gain factors, mapped to a suitable I or Q branch, and grouped by
summing blocks into virtual antennas. In various aspects of the
present disclosure, the primary virtual antenna may be referred to
as a primary stream, and the secondary virtual antenna may be
referred to as a secondary stream. Here, the streams are fed into a
virtual antenna mapping entity configured to map the first stream
and the second stream to spatially separated physical antennas,
utilizing a configuration that may be adapted for power balancing
between the respective physical antennas.
[0065] One or more precoding vectors may be expressed utilizing
precoding weights, e.g., w.sub.1, w.sub.2, w.sub.3, and w.sub.4.
Here, the spread complex valued signals from the virtual antennas
may be weighted utilizing a primary precoding vector [w.sub.1,
w.sub.2] and a secondary precoding vector [w.sub.3, w.sub.4],
respectively. Here, if the UE 210 is configured to transmit a
single transport block in a particular TTI, it may utilize the
primary precoding vector [w.sub.1, w.sub.2] for weighting the
signal; and if the UE 210 is configured to transmit dual transport
blocks in a particular TTI, the UE may utilize the primary
precoding vector [w.sub.1, w.sub.2] for virtual antenna 1, and the
secondary precoding vector [w.sub.3, w.sub.4] for virtual antenna
2. In this way, when the UE 210 transmits a single stream only, it
may easily fall back to closed loop beamforming transmit diversity,
which may be based on maximum ratio transmission, wherein the
single stream is transmitted on the strong eigenmode or singular
value. On the other hand, the UE 210 may easily utilize both
precoding vectors for MIMO transmissions. That is, the primary
stream including the E-DPDCH(s) may be precoded utilizing the
primary precoding vector [w.sub.1, w.sub.2] while the secondary
stream including the S-E-DPDCH(s) may be precoded utilizing the
secondary precoding vector [w.sub.3, w.sub.4].
E-TFC Selection Procedure
[0066] One or more aspects of the present disclosure relate broadly
to an E-TFC selection procedure implemented at a UE 210 (e.g., at
an E-TFC selection entity 504), for selecting a transport format
combination to utilize for each stream in an uplink transmission
during a particular TTI. That is, when the UE 210 connects to the
network, a set of reference E-TFCs are signaled to the UE. Broadly,
in an E-TFC selection procedure, the UE selects one of these
available E-TFCs for an uplink transmission. For example, an E-TFC
selection procedure may rely on three input parameters for each
transport block: the power available to the UE for transmission, a
scheduling grant received from the network, and an amount of data
in a buffer that is ready for transmission. Thus, for a dual-stream
uplink MIMO transmission, in a sense the E-TFC selection procedure
utilizes six input parameters (although in some examples a single
data buffer may be shared for both streams).
[0067] Based on these input parameters, at each TTI boundary, the
E-TFC selection entity 504 may determine a suitable E-TFC for an
uplink transmission, including, for example, selecting the power to
utilize on each stream (including a suitable scaling factor),
selecting a transport block size (TBS) for each stream, selecting a
modulation and coding scheme to utilize on each stream, and
selecting a spreading factor for each stream.
Scheduling Grants
[0068] In some aspects of the disclosure, a scheduler at the Node B
208 may provide scheduling information 508 to the UE 210 for each
uplink stream. This scheduling information provided to the UE 210
may be utilized to schedule resources for the UE to use in its
uplink MIMO transmission. The scheduling of a UE 210 may be made in
accordance with various measurements made by the Node B 208 such as
the noise level at the Node B receiver, with various feedback
information transmitted on the uplink by UEs such as a "happy bit,"
buffer status, and transmission power availability, and with
priorities or other control information provided by the network.
That is, when MIMO is selected, the scheduler at the Node B 208 may
generate and transmit two grants, e.g., one for each stream during
each TTI.
[0069] For example, the E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel (E-AGCH) is a
physical channel that may be utilized to carry information from the
Node B 208 to the E-TFC selection entity 504 of the UE 210 for
controlling the power and transmission rate of uplink transmissions
by the UE 210 on the E-DCH. Further scheduling information may also
be conveyed from the Node B 208 to the E-TFC selection entity 504
of the UE 210 over the E-DCH Relative Grant Channel (E-RGCH). Here,
the E-RGCH may be utilized for small adjustments during ongoing
data transmissions.
[0070] The grant provided on the E-AGCH can change over time for a
particular UE, so grants may be periodically or intermittently
transmitted by the Node B 208. The absolute grant value carried on
the E-AGCH may indicate the maximum E-DCH traffic to pilot power
ratio (T/P) that the UE 210 is allowed to use in its next
transmission.
[0071] The scheduling grant provided on the E-AGCH may be used by
the UE 210 in UL MIMO to determine at least the TBS for the primary
and secondary transport blocks to be transmitted in the next uplink
transmission, as well as the transmit power on the E-DPDCH(s) and
on the S-E-DPDCH(s). As described above, the TBS is the size of a
block of information transmitted on a transport channel (e.g., the
E-DCH) during a TTI.
[0072] The transmit power may be provided to the UE 210 in units of
dB, and may be interpreted by the UE 210 as a relative power, e.g.,
relative to the power level of the DPCCH, referred to herein as a
traffic to pilot power ratio.
E-TFC Selection, Power of Data Channels
[0073] In an aspect of the disclosure, when the rank of the
transmission is Rank 2, the power of the S-E-DPDCH(s),
corresponding to the secondary transport block, may be set to be
equal to the power of the E-DPDCH(s), corresponding to the primary
transport block. That is, the sum total power on the first stream
may be equal to the sum total power on the second stream.
[0074] For example, in an aspect of the disclosure, scheduling
signaling received at the UE 210 and carried by the E-AGCH may be
provided to the E-TFC selection entity 504 in the form of a primary
scheduling grant and a secondary scheduling grant. Here, each of
the primary and the secondary scheduling grants may be provided in
the form of traffic to pilot power ratios, or (T/P).sub.1 and
(T/P).sub.2, respectively. Here, the E-TFC selection entity 504 may
utilize the primary scheduling grant (T/P).sub.1 to determine the
total amount of power to transmit on the E-DPDCH(s), relative to
the current transmit power on the DPCCH. That is, the E-TFC
selection entity 504 may utilize the primary scheduling grant
(T/P).sub.1 to compute the power of the E-DPDCH(s), and may further
set the power of the S-E-DPDCH(s) to the same value as that set for
the E-DPDCH(s). In this fashion, symmetric power allocation among
the primary stream on the E-DPDCH(s) and the secondary stream on
the S-E-DPDCH(s) may be achieved based on the primary scheduling
grant (T/P).sub.1. Importantly, in this example, the secondary
scheduling grant (T/P).sub.2 is not utilized to determine the power
of the secondary stream.
E-TFC Selection, TBS
[0075] In a further aspect of the present disclosure, as described
above, the primary scheduling grant (T/P).sub.1 may be utilized to
determine a packet size (e.g., the primary stream TBS) to be
utilized on the primary stream, and the secondary scheduling grant
(T/P).sub.2 may be utilized to determine a packet size (e.g., the
secondary stream TBS) to be utilized on the secondary stream. Here,
the determination of the corresponding packet sizes may be
accomplished by the E-TFC selection entity 504, for example, by
utilizing a suitable lookup table to find a corresponding transport
block size and transport format combination in accordance with the
signaled traffic to pilot power ratio.
E-TFC Selection, Power Scaling
[0076] In a further aspect of the disclosure, the UE 210 may have a
limit on its available transmit power for uplink transmissions.
That is, if the received scheduling grants configure the UE 210 to
transmit below its maximum output power, the E-TFC selection
algorithm may be relatively easy, such that the EUL transport
format combination for each MIMO stream can simply be selected
based on the serving grant for that stream. However, there is a
possibility that the UE 210 is power headroom limited. That is, the
power levels for uplink transmissions determined by the E-TFC
selection entity 504 may configure the UE 210 to transmit at or
above its maximum output power. Here, if the UE 210 is power
headroom limited, then in accordance with an aspect of the present
disclosure, power and rate scaling may be utilized to accommodate
both of the streams.
[0077] That is, when the UE 210 is configured to select a MIMO
transmission, the primary serving grant (T/P).sub.1 may be scaled
by a constant, such that the UE's transmit power does not exceed
the maximum transmit power. As described above, the primary serving
grant (T/P).sub.1 may be utilized for selecting the power level of
both the primary stream and the secondary stream; thus, scaling the
primary serving grant (T/P).sub.1 in accordance with the scaling
constant may accomplish power scaling of both the data channels
E-DPDCH and S-E-DPDCH. In turn, the scaling of the primary serving
grant (T/P).sub.1 additionally determines the power levels of the
E-DPCCH and S-DPCCH, as well as the transport block size on the
primary stream.
E-TFC Selection, Rate Matching and Minimum TBS for Rank 2
[0078] In a further aspect of the disclosure, one or more
algorithms are provided relating to rate matching functions of the
E-TFC selection procedure, in particular, for Rank 2 transmissions.
Here, rate matching is used to determine a spreading factor and a
modulation scheme for the uplink transmission, in accordance with a
selected transport block size (TBS).
[0079] In one simple approach, a rate matching procedure for Rank 2
uplink MIMO transmissions may exactly re-use a conventional, legacy
SIMO algorithm on each stream, in order to determine the spreading
factor and modulation scheme as a function of the TBS on that
stream. In another approach, certain algorithm parameters
PL.sub.nonmax and/or PL.sub.max may be allowed to be different in
each of the streams during Rank 2, and the single stream during
Rank 1 transmissions.
[0080] By utilizing either of these schemes, the mapping between
the TBS and the spreading factor would be different for the two
streams, and would depend on the rank. Since these approaches could
lead to situations where a packet retransmission is switched from
the secondary to the primary stream when falling back from Rank 2
to Rank 1, the rate-matching and the spreading factor could then be
different for different retransmissions of the same packet
(depending on the rank used during each retransmission).
[0081] Thus, another approach according to an aspect of the present
disclosure may be based on the observation that the choice of
certain algorithm parameters ultimately translates to a minimum TBS
that is mapped to 2xSF2+2xSF4. Thus, Rank 2 transmissions may be
limited to the use a 2xSF2+2xSF4 spreading factor configuration on
both primary and secondary streams. Further, this minimum TBS may
be directly specified, rather than specifying the algorithm
parameters, as described in the above approach. In this way,
because the spreading factor is predetermined, the rate selection
algorithm is needed only to determine the modulation scheme, which
could be done utilizing any suitable approach. This allows more
flexibility in the choice of the minimum TBS than would be allowed
by other approaches. Note that, in some examples, the two spatial
streams may differ in both the value of minimum TBS as well as its
method of specification (explicit TBS value, or implicitly via the
rate-matching algorithm as the minimum TBS mapped to
2xSF2+2xSF4).
Minimum TBS
[0082] There are certain situations where it is useful to have the
requirement of a minimum TBS on each stream for rank 2 (that is, in
an aspect of the disclosure, when Rank 2 is selected the TBS must
be larger than a certain minimum size). For example, a very small
packet on the primary stream (i.e., smaller than the minimum) will
result in a small gain factor. Because this gain factor is also
used on the secondary stream, this could accordingly hamper a
retransmission of a large packet on the secondary stream. This
situation would be prevented by the minimum TBS requirement.
[0083] Another situation involves a power-limited UE, which is
scheduled with a Rank 2 transmission. In the absence of a minimum
TBS requirement (or with very low minimum TBS), such a UE could end
up still transmitting with Rank 2, but using a TBS and power on
each stream, which is reduced to such a level as compared to the
original grants that it would have been more efficient to fall back
to Rank 1 instead.
[0084] In the light of the above trade-offs, an aspect of the
disclosure provides a minimum TBS for Rank 2, wherein the minimum
TBS may be configured by the UE 210.
[0085] FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary process
600, which may be implemented as a part of an E-TFC selection
procedure in accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure.
In various examples, the process 600 may be implemented by the UE
210. In another example, the process 600 may be implemented as a
part of one or both HARQ processes 402 and/or 452 illustrated in
FIG. 4. In another example, the process 600 may be implemented by
the E-TFC selection entity 504 illustrated in FIG. 5. In another
example, the process 600 may be implemented by an apparatus 900
including a processing system 914. In other examples, the process
600 may be implemented by any suitable apparatus or means for
performing the below-described functions.
[0086] At step 602, the UE may receive a grant, e.g., on the
E-AGCH. At step 604, the UE 210 may configure its minimum TBS
(TBS.sub.min). For example, TBS.sub.min may be configured at the UE
210 for each stream by upper layers (e.g., the RLC 312, RRC 316, or
any other suitable layer as illustrated in FIG. 3 or above). In
some examples, TBS.sub.min may be the same, identical value for
each stream; in other examples, TBS.sub.min may take different
values for the two streams.
[0087] At step 606, the UE 210 may determine the rank according to
the received grant.
[0088] For example, a rank may be determined in accordance with
information received at step 602, e.g., on one or more of the
E-AGCH and/or the E-ROCH.
[0089] If the rank is Rank 2, then at step 608, the UE 210 may
determine whether the TBS, determined in accordance with the grant
received at step 602, is greater than TBS.sub.min. In some
examples, at step 608, wherein TBS.sub.min may be different for
each of the streams, the TBS determined for each stream may be
compared to the TBS.sub.min corresponding to that particular
stream. In other examples, wherein TBS.sub.min may be the same for
both streams, the TBS determined for each stream may be compared to
the same common TBS.sub.min. In either case, if the TBS for both
streams is greater than the corresponding TBS.sub.min, then the
process may proceed with a Rank 2 transmission; otherwise, because
a TBS is below the minimum, the process may proceed with a Rank 1
transmission.
[0090] For Rank 1 transmissions, at step 610 the UE 210 may utilize
any suitable rate matching algorithm, such as the existing legacy
rate matching algorithms for EUL, wherein both a spreading factor
and a modulation scheme are determined in accordance with the
TBS.
[0091] For Rank 2 transmissions, at step 612 the UE 210 may utilize
any suitable rate matching algorithm, such as the existing legacy
rate matching algorithms for EUL, to determine the modulation
scheme for each stream based on the TBS for that stream. However,
unlike the single-stream case, here, at step 614, the UE 210 may
set the spreading factor to 2xSF2+2xSF4. That is, in various
examples, the spreading factor when Rank=2 may be independent of
the TBS, and may be the same value for both streams.
E-TFC Selection, Non-Scheduled Grants
[0092] In addition to the scheduled grants described above,
non-scheduled grants may be provided from the Node B 208 to the UE
210 for making non-scheduled transmissions, which may often carry
important control information. In a multi carrier uplink (e.g.,
DC-HSUPA), because of their importance, non-scheduled grants are
only allowed on the primary uplink frequency. For the same reason,
for uplink MIMO transmissions, it makes sense for non-scheduled
grants to be limited only to the primary stream. In this case,
non-scheduled grants could only be made on uplink transmissions
when the primary stream is not occupied by carrying
retransmissions.
[0093] For a legacy (i.e., non-MIMO) uplink transmission, the UE
may receive a scheduled grant, such as those provided on the
E-AGCH, in terms of power. That is, as described above, the E-AGCH
received at the UE indicates available power for the UE to utilize
in a scheduled uplink transmission, and the UE translates this
grant into a TBS utilizing a suitable E-TFC selection algorithm. On
the other hand, non-scheduled grants are conveyed to the UE in
terms of bits, which are generally added to this TBS selected in
the E-TFC selection.
[0094] In the case that the UE is not power- or buffer-limited, the
TBS corresponding to the scheduled grant (again, conveyed in terms
of power, and translated into a TBS according to the E-TFC
selection procedure), is added to the sum of all the non-scheduled
grants. The resulting TBS is transmitted with a power corresponding
to a certain gain, or beta factor. On the other hand, if the UE is
power- and/or buffer-limited, the TBS used is the smallest one that
allows the buffer to be emptied, if the UE has enough power to send
that TBS with its associated beta factor; and the largest TBS that
the UE can send with its available power otherwise. The TBS thus
chosen is then populated with bits from the various MAC-d flows in
order of priority, with the constraints that the number of data
bits corresponding to the scheduled grant should not exceed the TBS
corresponding to the received scheduled grant, and similarly, the
number of data bits corresponding to the non-scheduled grant on
each flow should not exceed the non-scheduled grant on that
flow.
[0095] FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary process
700, which may be implemented as a part of an E-TFC selection
procedure in accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure
wherein Rank 2 is selected. That is, in one example, for Rank 1
MIMO transmissions the handling of non-scheduled grants may be the
same as the legacy case. However, in the case of Rank 2
transmissions, the process 700 may be followed. In various
examples, the process 700 may be implemented by the UE 210. In
another example, the process 700 may be implemented as a part of
one or both HARQ processes 402 and/or 452 illustrated in FIG. 4. In
another example, the process 700 may be implemented by the E-TFC
selection entity 504 illustrated in FIG. 5. In another example, the
process 700 may be implemented by an apparatus 900 including a
processing system 914. In other examples, the process 700 may be
implemented by any suitable apparatus or means for performing the
below-described functions.
[0096] At step 702, the UE 210 may receive scheduled and
non-scheduled grants from the Node B 208, e.g., in the fashion
described above. At step 704, in accordance with the received
grants, the UE 210 may determine a value for the TBS on the primary
stream, by adding together the scheduled grant and a sum of all
non-scheduled grants. At step 706, the UE 210 may determine an
initial power level to utilize on both streams in accordance with a
certain beta gain factor associated with the TBS determined at step
704, e.g., by using a suitable lookup table that associates the TBS
with the corresponding gains.
[0097] At step 708, the UE 210 may determine whether the secondary
stream carries a retransmission. If the secondary stream carries a
retransmission, then the UE 210 may continue a conventional E-TFC
selection process. However, if the secondary stream does not carry
a retransmission, then at step 710, the UE 210 may offset the
serving grant corresponding to the secondary stream (e.g., in dB),
in accordance with a value received on the secondary grant channel
(e.g., E-ROCH). That is, in an aspect of the disclosure, the Rank
and Offset Channel E-ROCH may carry, in addition to an indication
of the rank to utilize on an uplink transmission, information
pertaining to a certain power offset. By utilizing this power
offset, an additional degree of control of the ultimate packet size
(i.e., the TBS) for the secondary stream may be achieved.
[0098] Specifically, in an aspect of the disclosure, this secondary
grant channel may include a plurality of index values, which may
take any suitable range of values. When the UE 210 receives this
information, these index values may be interpreted as corresponding
to a set of E-TFC offset values. Here, these offset values may be
indicated in terms of an additive or subtractive offset, or in
terms of a change in gain (e.g., greater than or less than
one).
[0099] As indicated above, the TBS for the secondary stream may be
determined by mapping the determined power level to a corresponding
TBS according to a mapping table, taking into account the offset
value received on the secondary grant channel,. Here, a smaller TBS
may be generally desired, except in limited cases, such as in the
case of retransmissions on the secondary stream, where a larger TBS
is desired.
[0100] By utilizing such an offset or alteration to the initial
secondary stream serving grant, the specification of all the corner
cases involving power and/or buffer limitations may be unified and
simplified. That is, when it is desired to scale down the primary
stream gain (beta) factors utilized at step 706, the secondary
stream TBS automatically reduces, since the E-ROCH offset is then
applied to the new scaled-down beta-factors (as described below at
step 712).
[0101] With this approach, because the offset or secondary gain is
with respect to the current primary stream gain factors discussed
at step 706, in order to achieve a suitable set of possible TBS
values for the secondary stream the offset may be configured to
have both positive and negative dB values (or, in a multiplicative
example, values greater than one and values less than one). Here,
if the offset value itself were to be transmitted on the E-ROCH,
this would require at least one bit to indicate the sign of the
offset, and thus, a change to the encoding of the secondary grant
channel. While it may be possible to reuse the E-AGCH grant scope
bit for this purpose on the secondary grant channel, and thus to
preserve the encoding, this would conflict with other proposed uses
for the grant scope bit.
[0102] If an additional bit is not used to indicate the sign of the
offset, then the range of offsets must somehow be restricted. One
approach would be to reduce the granularity of the offsets, but to
cover both positive and negative offsets (e.g., -15 dB to +15 dB).
This would provide an offset capability covering the entire range
of power for UL MIMO transmissions, independent of the primary
stream TBS, but with reduced granularity. However, in many cases,
it may provide an unnecessarily large or small TBS. For example, if
the primary stream were already using the maximum possible TBS, all
positive power offsets would then be unnecessary. Thus, another
alternative would be to preserve the granularity but disallow
positive offsets. However, this could adversely affect the lower
end of the range, as well as eliminating the ability to signal a
larger TBS on the secondary stream compared to the primary stream.
Although the secondary stream is usually weaker, this ability may
still be desirable in case of change of channel fading during a
retransmission.
[0103] Therefore, according to an aspect of the present disclosure,
the granularity of the index may be preserved, and the range of
offsets may be biased to have only a few positive values and many
negative values.
[0104] The existing mapping between the index value received on the
E-AGCH and the corresponding absolute grant values (as provided in
3GPP TS 25.212, Table 16B, or alternatively Table 16B.1,
incorporated herein by reference), provides a roughly linear
relationship between the index and the absolute grant, with
approximately 1 dB step-size from one index value to the next.
[0105] Therefore, in an aspect of the present disclosure, the
mapping table may be configured to have a granularity roughly
corresponding to that of the absolute grant mapping table (e.g.,
about 1 dB per index value). In another aspect of the disclosure,
the range of the mapping table may include a majority of entries
with negative (subtractive) offsets or less-than-one gain values,
configured to decrease the secondary stream TBS; and a relatively
small number of entries with positive (additive) offsets or
greater-than-one gain values, configured to increase the secondary
stream TBS.
[0106] One simple example of such a table, in this case utilizing
additive and subtractive offsets, is shown below.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Mapping of E-ROCH power offset grant value
Offset in dB Index 4 31 3 30 2 29 1 28 0 27 -1 26 -2 25 -3 24 -4 23
-5 22 -6 21 -7 20 -8 19 -9 18 -10 17 -11 16 -12 15 -13 14 -14 13
-15 12 -16 11 -17 10 -18 9 -19 8 -20 7 -21 6 -22 5 -23 4 -24 3 -25
2 ZERO_GRANT* 1 INACTIVE* 0
[0107] Table 1 shows a simple example of a lookup table that may be
stored at the UE 210. In this example, the Index column includes 32
values, from 0 to 31. Here, the Index value may correspond to an
information element received by the UE 210 on the secondary grant
channel (e.g., the E-ROCH). The Offset column illustrates the
offset to utilize at step 710, which corresponds to the Index value
received.
[0108] In the illustrated table, the form of the offset is in dB.
That is, in some aspects of the disclosure, the offset may be an
additive/subtractive offset, wherein, at step 710, the offset
looked up in the table corresponding to the received index value is
added to the initial serving grant for the secondary stream. This
is merely one example, however, and in another example, the offset
may be a multiplicative offset, wherein, at step 710, the "offset"
may in fact be a gain value, which may be greater than, less than,
or equal to one. In this example, rather than adding the offset
value in the table to the serving grant determined for the
secondary stream, the gain value in the table may be multiplied
with the initial serving grant for the secondary stream. Thus, in
the present disclosure, the term "offset" utilized in this context
may refer to any modification to an initial serving grant for a
secondary stream determined as described above.
[0109] In the illustrated example, the range of values for the
offset ranges from +4 dB to -25 dB, with two of the values being
utilized to indicate a zero grant (index 1) or inactivity (index
0). That is, the range in the illustrated example provides a
majority of values configured to reduce the serving grant relative
to the initial serving grant for the secondary stream. Further, the
range in the illustrated example provides a minority of values
configured to increase the power level relative to the initial
serving grant for the secondary stream.
[0110] In this way, the offset for the secondary stream TBS may be
determined independent of the primary stream TBS (or the primary
serving grant).
[0111] Returning to FIG. 7, at step 712, the secondary stream
serving grant, including the offset determined at step 710, may be
mapped to a revised TBS for the secondary stream in accordance with
a suitable mapping table. As described above, by mapping the offset
serving grant to the secondary stream TBS, the secondary stream TBS
may have at least a degree of independence from the primary stream
TBS.
[0112] At step 714, the UE 210 may determine whether allocation of
data for the UL MIMO transmission is limited by the available
transmit power, or by the amount of data in the buffers. That is,
as indicated above, the E-TFC selection process may be carried out
to select the E-TFC to utilize for each uplink stream. When
deciding whether an E-TFC is suitable, it may be the case that
there is insufficient power available to the UE 210 for a
particular transport format. That is, the maximum TBS (e.g., in a
number of bits) that the UE can support for a stream, based on
available power, is less than a number of bits allowed for that
stream in scheduled and non-scheduled grants, and/or is less than a
number of bits of data in a buffer ready for transmission. In this
case, it may be said that the E-TFC selection process for the UE
210 is power-limited.
[0113] Furthermore, it may be the case that the number of data bits
in a buffer ready for transmission is less than the number of bits
that the power available for transmission could support, and/or is
less than a number of bits allowed for that stream in scheduled and
non-scheduled grants. In this case it may be said that the E-TFC
selection process for the UE 210 is buffer-limited (or
data-limited). Together, it may be said that the E-TFC selection
process for the UE 210 is power- or buffer-limited.
[0114] If, at step 714 the UE 210 determines that it is not power-
or buffer-limited, then the process may continue a conventional
E-TFC selection process. However, in the case of power and/or
buffer limitations, the E-TFC selection rules are applied just as
in the case when there are no non-scheduled grants, and the
scheduled grants correspond to the TBS on the two streams that are
selected as above. That is, the UE data buffers are used first to
fill the primary stream transport block, and then the secondary
stream transport block, with certain constraints on the filling of
the primary stream transport block. For example, non-scheduled data
bits can only be carried on the primary stream. Thus, at step 716,
the UE 210 may allocate non-scheduled data to the primary stream
only. Here, the allocation of non-scheduled data to the primary
stream may be limited to times when the primary stream is not
carrying a retransmission; otherwise, non-the scheduled data may be
delayed until the following TTI.
[0115] At step 718, the UE may allocate scheduled data to the
primary stream in an amount that does not exceed the TBS
corresponding to the primary stream's serving grant. Still further,
at step 720, the UE 210 may ensure that the number of bits of
non-scheduled data for each MAC-d flow does not exceed the
corresponding non-scheduled grant. Here, there is no additional
constraint on the number of bits on the secondary stream, and thus,
at step 722, the UE 210 may utilize the UE buffers to fill the
secondary stream transport block such that this number may
accordingly equal the TBS selected on this stream based on the
above rules.
Power Limitation Contingency: Fall-Back to Rank 1
[0116] In a further aspect of the disclosure, the UE may be enabled
to fall back from a Rank 2 transmission to a Rank 1 transmission in
the presence of non-scheduled flows in the case that the UE 210 is
power-limited.
[0117] FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary process
800, which may be implemented as a part of an E-TFC selection
procedure in accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure
wherein a UE is configured for a Rank 2 transmission in the
presence of non-scheduled data. In various examples, the process
800 may be implemented by the UE 210. In another example, the
process 800 may be implemented as a part of one or both HARQ
processes 402 and/or 452 illustrated in FIG. 4. In another example,
the process 800 may be implemented by the E-TFC selection entity
504 illustrated in FIG. 5. In another example, the process 800 may
be implemented by an apparatus 900 including a processing system
914. In other examples, the process 800 may be implemented by any
suitable apparatus or means for performing the below-described
functions.
[0118] When the UE 210 is power-limited, it may not be capable of
utilizing the selected packet size (TBS), and accordingly the TBS
on both streams may be reduced. However, as indicated above,
non-scheduled data is constrained only to be carried on the primary
stream. If this TBS reduction is to such an extent that it hinders
the transmission of the non-scheduled data, this can present a
problem, since these non-scheduled flows may carry information
having a high priority. Therefore, in certain circumstances, the UE
210 may be enabled to fall back to rank 1, transmitting a
single-stream uplink. For example, in the case that the UE 210 is
power-limited, and the secondary stream is not carrying a
retransmission, the UE 210 may fall back from a rank 2 transmission
to a rank 1 transmission if the primary stream's TBS is less than
the sum of all the non-scheduled flows. When the UE is
power-limited, such a fall-back can increase the number of bits
from these non-scheduled flows that can be transmitted.
[0119] Referring now to FIG. 8, at step 802, the UE 210 may
determine whether the UL MIMO transmission is power-limited, as
described above. If yes, then at step 804, the UE 210 may determine
whether the secondary stream is carrying a packet retransmission
(e.g., a HARQ retransmission). If the secondary stream is carrying
a retransmission, then the process may fall back from Rank 2 to
Rank 1, and re-transmit the data from the primary stream in Rank 1.
If the secondary stream is not carrying a retransmission, then at
step 806 the UE 210 may determine whether the primary stream's TBS
is less than the sum of all the non-scheduled flows. That is, the
UE 210 may determine, for each non-scheduled flow, which is less:
the non-scheduled grant for that flow, or the current buffer level
of that flow. This determination may be expressed as follows:
min (B.sub.i, NSG.sub.i)
[0120] where B.sub.i is the buffer level, and NSG.sub.i is the
non-scheduled grant for the i-th flow.
[0121] Once this is determined for each non-scheduled flow, the UE
210 may then add up these minimums across all non-scheduled flows,
and at step 808, if the primary stream TBS chosen with Rank 2 is
less than this sum the UE 210 may fall back to Rank 1, and
accordingly perform an E-TFC selection procedure for Rank 1
transmission. Upon selecting an E-TFC for Rank 1, the UE 210 may
transmit the uplink including the non-scheduled data as a Rank 1
transmission.
[0122] In accordance with various aspects of the disclosure, an
element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of
elements may be implemented with a "processing system" that
includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include
microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors
(DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic
devices (PLDs), state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware
circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the
various functionality described throughout this disclosure.
[0123] One or more processors in the processing system may execute
software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions,
instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs,
subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications,
software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables,
threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred
to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware
description language, or otherwise. The software may reside on a
computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium may be a
non-transitory computer-readable medium. A non-transitory
computer-readable medium includes, by way of example, a magnetic
storage device (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strip), an
optical disk (e.g., compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk
(DVD)), a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., card, stick, key
drive), random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM),
programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically
erasable PROM (EEPROM), a register, a removable disk, and any other
suitable medium for storing software and/or instructions that may
be accessed and read by a computer. The computer-readable medium
may also include, by way of example, a carrier wave, a transmission
line, and any other suitable medium for transmitting software
and/or instructions that may be accessed and read by a computer.
The computer-readable medium may be resident in the processing
system, external to the processing system, or distributed across
multiple entities including the processing system. The
computer-readable medium may be embodied in a computer-program
product. By way of example, a computer-program product may include
a computer-readable medium in packaging materials. Those skilled in
the art will recognize how best to implement the described
functionality presented throughout this disclosure depending on the
particular application and the overall design constraints imposed
on the overall system.
[0124] FIG. 9 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of a
hardware implementation for an apparatus 900 employing a processing
system 914. In this example, the processing system 914 may be
implemented with a bus architecture, represented generally by the
bus 902. The bus 902 may include any number of interconnecting
buses and bridges depending on the specific application of the
processing system 914 and the overall design constraints. The bus
902 links together various circuits including one or more
processors, represented generally by the processor 904, a memory
905, and computer-readable media, represented generally by the
computer-readable medium 906. The bus 902 may also link various
other circuits such as timing sources, peripherals, voltage
regulators, and power management circuits, which are well known in
the art, and therefore, will not be described any further. A bus
interface 108 provides an interface between the bus 902 and a
transceiver 910. The transceiver 910 provides a means for
communicating with various other apparatus over a transmission
medium. Depending upon the nature of the apparatus, a user
interface 912 (e.g., keypad, display, speaker, microphone,
joystick) may also be provided.
[0125] The processor 904 is responsible for managing the bus 902
and general processing, including the execution of software stored
on the computer-readable medium 906. The software, when executed by
the processor 904, causes the processing system 914 to perform the
various functions described infra for any particular apparatus. The
computer-readable medium 906 may also be used for storing data that
is manipulated by the processor 104 when executing software.
[0126] In various examples within the scope of the present
disclosure, the processing system 914 may reside within, and/or
include, the UE 210 or 1050 (described below). Furthermore, the
processing system 914 be configured to perform or employ one or
more of the methods, features, parameters, and/or steps described
in FIGS. 6, 7, and/or 8. The novel algorithms described herein may
also be efficiently implemented in software and/or embedded in
hardware.
[0127] FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an exemplary Node B 1010 in
communication with an exemplary UE 1050, where the Node B 1010 may
be the Node B 208 in FIG. 2, and the UE 1050 may be the UE 210 in
FIG. 2. In the downlink communication, a controller or processor
1040 may receive data from a data source 1012. Channel estimates
may be used by a controller/processor 1040 to determine the coding,
modulation, spreading, and/or scrambling schemes for the transmit
processor 1020. These channel estimates may be derived from a
reference signal transmitted by the UE 1050 or from feedback from
the UE 1050. A transmitter 1032 may provide various signal
conditioning functions including amplifying, filtering, and
modulating frames onto a carrier for downlink transmission over a
wireless medium through one or more antennas 1034. The antennas
1034 may include one or more antennas, for example, including beam
steering bidirectional adaptive antenna arrays, MIMO arrays, or any
other suitable transmission/reception technologies.
[0128] At the UE 1050, a receiver 1054 receives the downlink
transmission through one or more antennas 1052 and processes the
transmission to recover the information modulated onto the carrier.
The information recovered by the receiver 1054 is provided to a
controller/processor 1090. The processor 1090 descrambles and
despreads the symbols, and determines the most likely signal
constellation points transmitted by the Node B 1010 based on the
modulation scheme. These soft decisions may be based on channel
estimates computed by the processor 1090. The soft decisions are
then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data, control, and
reference signals. The CRC codes are then checked to determine
whether the frames were successfully decoded. The data carried by
the successfully decoded frames will then be provided to a data
sink 1072, which represents applications running in the UE 1050
and/or various user interfaces (e.g., display). Control signals
carried by successfully decoded frames will be provided to a
controller/processor 1090. When frames are unsuccessfully decoded,
the controller/processor 1090 may also use an acknowledgement (ACK)
and/or negative acknowledgement (NACK) protocol to support
retransmission requests for those frames.
[0129] In the uplink, data from a data source 1078 and control
signals from the controller/processor 1090 are provided. The data
source 1078 may represent applications running in the UE 1050 and
various user interfaces (e.g., keyboard).
[0130] Similar to the functionality described in connection with
the downlink transmission by the Node B 1010, the processor 1090
provides various signal processing functions including CRC codes,
coding and interleaving to facilitate FEC, mapping to signal
constellations, spreading with OVSFs, and scrambling to produce a
series of symbols. Channel estimates, derived by the processor 1090
from a reference signal transmitted by the Node B 1010 or from
feedback contained in a midamble transmitted by the Node B 1010,
may be used to select the appropriate coding, modulation,
spreading, and/or scrambling schemes. The symbols produced by the
processor 1090 will be utilized to create a frame structure. The
processor 1090 creates this frame structure by multiplexing the
symbols with additional information, resulting in a series of
frames. The frames are then provided to a transmitter 1056, which
provides various signal conditioning functions including
amplification, filtering, and modulating the frames onto a carrier
for uplink transmission over the wireless medium through the one or
more antennas 1052.
[0131] The uplink transmission is processed at the Node B 1010 in a
manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver
function at the UE 1050. A receiver 1035 receives the uplink
transmission through the one or more antennas 1034 and processes
the transmission to recover the information modulated onto the
carrier. The information recovered by the receiver 1035 is provided
to the processor 1040, which parses each frame. The processor 1040
performs the inverse of the processing performed by the processor
1090 in the UE 1050. The data and control signals carried by the
successfully decoded frames may then be provided to a data sink
1039. If some of the frames were unsuccessfully decoded by the
receive processor, the controller/processor 1040 may also use an
acknowledgement (ACK) and/or negative acknowledgement (NACK)
protocol to support retransmission requests for those frames.
[0132] The controller/processors 1040 and 1090 may be used to
direct the operation at the Node B 1010 and the UE 1050,
respectively. For example, the controller/processors 1040 and 1090
may provide various functions including timing, peripheral
interfaces, voltage regulation, power management, and other control
functions. The computer readable media of memories 1042 and 1092
may store data and software for the Node B 1010 and the UE 1050,
respectively.
[0133] Several aspects of a telecommunications system have been
presented with reference to a W-CDMA system. As those skilled in
the art will readily appreciate, various aspects described
throughout this disclosure may be extended to other
telecommunication systems, network architectures and communication
standards.
[0134] By way of example, various aspects may be extended to other
UMTS systems such as TD-SCDMA and TD-CDMA. Various aspects may also
be extended to systems employing Long Term Evolution (LTE) (in FDD,
TDD, or both modes), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) (in FDD, TDD, or both
modes), CDMA2000, Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO), Ultra Mobile
Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE
802.20, Ultra-Wideband (UWB), Bluetooth, and/or other suitable
systems. The actual telecommunication standard, network
architecture, and/or communication standard employed will depend on
the specific application and the overall design constraints imposed
on the system.
[0135] The previous description is provided to enable any person
skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described
herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily
apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles
defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims
are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are
to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the
claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not
intended to mean "one and only one" unless specifically so stated,
but rather "one or more." Unless specifically stated otherwise, the
term "some" refers to one or more. A phrase referring to "at least
one of" a list of items refers to any combination of those items,
including single members. As an example, "at least one of: a, b, or
c" is intended to cover: a; b; c; a and b; a and c; b and c; and a,
b and c. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements
of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that
are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in
the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are
intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing
disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public
regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the
claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of
35 U.S.C. .sctn.112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is
expressly recited using the phrase "means for" or, in the case of a
method claim, the element is recited using the phrase "step
for."
* * * * *