U.S. patent application number 14/040800 was filed with the patent office on 2014-01-30 for nanoparticle compositions providing enhanced color for cosmetic formulations.
This patent application is currently assigned to Avon Products, Inc.. Invention is credited to Steven Carlo, Prithwiraj Maitra, Rahul A. Ranade.
Application Number | 20140030300 14/040800 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 40844757 |
Filed Date | 2014-01-30 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140030300 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Maitra; Prithwiraj ; et
al. |
January 30, 2014 |
Nanoparticle Compositions Providing Enhanced Color for Cosmetic
Formulations
Abstract
The present invention relates to cosmetic, dermatological, and
pharmaceutical compositions that deliver, in an acceptable vehicle
or carrier comprising a film former or wax and an effective amount
of nanoparticles and one or more pigments and methods for improving
the appearance of a biological surface by altering the optical
properties of the biological surface. The compositions of the
invention enhance color and may be topically applied to the
biological surface in an amount effective in improving the
aesthetic and natural appearance of the biological surface.
Inventors: |
Maitra; Prithwiraj;
(Hillsborough, NJ) ; Carlo; Steven; (Bowie,
MD) ; Ranade; Rahul A.; (Morristown, NJ) |
Assignee: |
Avon Products, Inc.
Suffern
NY
|
Family ID: |
40844757 |
Appl. No.: |
14/040800 |
Filed: |
September 30, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11970882 |
Jan 8, 2008 |
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14040800 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/401 ;
424/63 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 8/8117 20130101;
A61K 8/25 20130101; A61K 8/0241 20130101; A61K 8/26 20130101; A61K
2800/43 20130101; A61Q 19/08 20130101; A61Q 17/04 20130101; A61K
8/8123 20130101; B82Y 5/00 20130101; A61K 8/731 20130101; A61K 8/27
20130101; A61K 8/8152 20130101; A61K 8/89 20130101; A61Q 1/02
20130101; A61K 8/29 20130101; A61K 2800/412 20130101; A61K 8/8111
20130101; A61Q 1/10 20130101; A61K 8/28 20130101; A61K 8/19
20130101; A61K 8/88 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/401 ;
424/63 |
International
Class: |
A61K 8/25 20060101
A61K008/25; A61K 8/19 20060101 A61K008/19 |
Claims
1. A composition comprising: (a) a plurality of fumed silica
nanoparticles, the fumed silica nanoparticles having a particle
size less than the wavelength of visible light; (b) a combination
of iron oxide and carbon black pigments; and (c) a cosmetically or
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprising one or more of a
film former or wax; wherein the weight ratio of fumed silica
nanoparticles to pigment is between about 1.0:1.0 and about
1.0:4.0.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein mean particle size of the
iron oxide pigment is in the range of from about 100 nm to about 2
microns.
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fumed silica
nanoparticles range in size from about 10 nm to about 500 nm.
4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fumed silica
nanoparticles range in size from about 100 nm to about 300 nm.
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the mean particle size of
the fumed silica nanoparticles is about 200 nm.
6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of silica
to pigment is about 1:0 to about 1.3.
7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the film former is selected
from the group consisting of sulfopolyester resins,
polyvinylacetate, polyvinyl alcohol polymers, acrylic resins,
silicone acrylate polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidones, high molecular
weight silicones, organosiloxanes, polyurethanes, and hydrophobic
acrylate copolymers or a mixture thereof.
8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the film former is silicone
acrylate copolymer.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention generally relates to cosmetic,
dermatological, and pharmaceutical compositions and their use. More
particularly the present invention relates to cosmetic compositions
and their use in improving the appearance of biological
surfaces.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Modern skin care formulations must meet high standards of
efficacy, skin compatibility and aesthetic appeal. Consumers are
interested in mitigating or delaying the dermatological signs of
chronologically-aged, hormonally-aged or photo-aged skin, such as
fine lines, wrinkles, drying, and sagging skin, and other
conditions due to a progressive degradation of the skin matrix.
Consumers are interested in improving the appearance of, for
example, skin, lips, nails, and hair by imparting to these
biological surfaces a certain color, which would ideally produce an
appearance of a uniform, lively, smooth and even surface, with no
apparent imperfections. Therefore, there is a need for cosmetics
that assist in creating a flawless, long lasting, lively coloring
to improve the appearance of the biological surfaces.
[0003] Presently, make-up compositions that are applied to
biological surfaces to impart a certain color such as foundations,
face powders, eyeshadows, lipsticks, concealers, blushers,
mascaras, eyeliners, lip pencils, eye pencils, or nail varnishes
have difficulty achieving a perfect, flawless lively color because
cosmetic ingredients such as coloring agents, which provide the
desired color and coverage, generally have many limitations.
[0004] The coloring agents employed in such make-up compositions
can be lakes, inorganic or organic pigments and/or pearlescent
pigments, and alternatively dyes. Inorganic pigments, and in
particular inorganic oxides, have the advantage of being relatively
stable, but have the drawback of imparting rather dull, pale colors
to the material being colored. Organic lakes have the advantage of
imparting lively colors to the compositions, but are relatively
unstable with respect to light, temperature or pH. Some of these
coloring agents also have the drawback of leaving unsightly marks
on the skin or the nails after application. Pearlescent pigments
allow varied, but not intense, colors to be obtained with
iridescent effects. Moreover, certain coloring agents have the
drawback of generating free radicals in make-up formulations, which
modify the color of the applied make-up and the stability of the
compositions. Free radicals, when present on the skin promote
ageing of the skin such as the appearance of wrinkles, fine lines
and yellowing of the skin.
[0005] Therefore, there remains a need for cosmetic formulations
and preparations that provide the increased color chroma of organic
lakes while having the stability of inorganic pigments.
[0006] The compound eyes of insects are composed of ommatidia. The
ommatidia have smooth surfaces, but some, such as those of moths
and butterflies, are covered with tiny, slightly tapered
protuberances. These structures are approximately 200 nanometers in
both height and diameter at their base, and are arrayed across the
surface of the ommatidia in a regular hexagonal pattern. These
structures were first observed in nocturnal moths by W. H. Miller
and colleagues in 1962 (Bernhard C. G. and Miller W. H. "A corneal
nipple pattern in insect compound eyes," Acta Physiol. Scand. 1962;
56:385-386). Such structures are shown and described in Vukusic, et
al., Nature 2003, 424:852-856, for example, FIG. 7.
[0007] Because the species that possess these structures tend to be
active at night or in the dark, it is important that they absorb as
much of the available light as possible. The function of such
protuberances seems to be to reduce reflection of light from the
surface of the ommatidia and thereby increase light's absorption by
the receptor cells underneath. Like much of the exoskeleton of
insects, the surface of each ommatidium is made of chitin, which
has a refractive index (1.55) higher than that of air (1.00).
[0008] The protuberances work by providing a gradual transition in
refractive index from air to ommatidium. Each individual photon
that is incident on the ommatidia first encounters the thinner tops
of the protuberances, making the effective refractive index only
slightly higher than the refractive index of air. As the
protuberance widens closer to the bottom, the refractive index of
the surface approaches that of pure chitin. Because the size and
periodicity of the protuberances are smaller than those of the
optical wavelengths absorbed (<.about.500 nm), each individual
photon encounters this gradual transition, and reflection from the
surface is minimized. This is known as the "moth-eye principle" or
the "moth-eye effect".
[0009] The moth-eye structure is well suited for many
antireflective tasks. In the present application, the inventive
cosmetic formulations permit increased light absorption and provide
increased color chroma while being relatively stable.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] It is an object of the present invention to provide a
composition that delivers in an acceptable carrier comprising a
film former and/or wax, an effective amount of a nanoparticle
material and one or more pigments sufficient to alter the
appearance of a biological surface, where the composition controls
light transmission, absorption and scattering. It is a further
object to provide cosmetic formulations that provide high color
chroma. When the inventive formulations are black, it is a further
object permit increased light transmission and absorption and
reduced light reflection.
[0011] It is another object of the present invention to provide a
method of making a composition of nanoparticle material and pigment
in acceptable vehicle or carrier.
[0012] A further object of the invention is to provide a
composition comprising an effective amount of nanoparticles to
produce the optical effects observed in the moth eye along with one
or more pigments in a carrier which further produce unique optical
effects on skin. In yet another object, a method of improving the
aesthetic or natural appearance of a biological surface by applying
to the biological surface a composition comprising an effective
amount of nanoparticles to produce optical effects observed in the
moth eye and one or more pigments in a carrier in an amount
effective to improve the aesthetic or natural appearance of the
biological surface. The composition is applied such that the
appearance of dermatological signs of damaged or
chronologically-aged, hormonally-aged, or photo-aged skin, such as
fine lines, wrinkles, and sagging skin, surface imperfections, and
discoloration is diminished.
[0013] It is another object of the present invention to provide a
method of beautifying and decorating a biological surface by
applying to the biological surface a composition comprising a
carrier having a film former and/or wax with an effective amount of
nanoparticles and one or more pigments to produce the optical
effects observed in the moth eye. The composition is applied to a
biological surface to add color, hide surface flaws, act as a
photoprotectant, and make the surface appear smoother.
[0014] These and other objects and advantages of the present
invention, and equivalents thereof, are achieved by compositions
having an effective amount of nanoparticles along with pigments and
combinations thereof, and methods of using such compositions for
topical application in order to improve the aesthetic appearance of
a biological surface.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
[0015] FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of the
anti-reflective "moth-eye" surface with the size of the moth-eye
structure between 180 nm and 240 nm. This sub-visible light
wavelength surface relief profile is a low reflectance interface
for light. As a result, the moth's eye appears black and may absorb
light from any direction.
[0016] FIG. 2 shows the reflectance (total reflection (SCI) and
scattering reflection (SCE)) of four systems: (1) 6.94% carbon
black plus 2.78% hydrophobic silica; (2) 6.94% carbon black plus
2.78% hydrophobic fumed silica; (3) 6.94% carbon black plus 2.78%
fumed silica and (4) 7.14% carbon black. The full composition of
each system is disclosed in Table 2. The figure shows that the
addition of silica of any kind reduces total reflection
(SCI--specular component included).
[0017] FIG. 3 shows absorbance of the four (4) systems used in FIG.
2. The figure shows that the addition of silica of any kind
increases absorption. The reflection and absorption values for each
system disclosed in Table 2 are shown in Table 3.
[0018] FIG. 4 shows the reflectance (total reflection (SCI) and
scattering reflection (SCE)) of five systems: (5) 6.94% carbon
black plus 5.00% fumed silica; (6) 6.94% carbon black plus 7.00%
fumed silica; (9) 9.00% carbon black plus 2.78% fumed silica; (11)
9.00% carbon black plus 5.00% fumed silica; and (4) 7.14% carbon
black. (The full composition of each system is disclosed in Table
2). The figure shows that the addition of fumed silica to carbon
black causes a decrease in total reflection.
[0019] FIG. 5 shows absorbance of the five systems used in FIG. 4.
The figure shows that the addition of fumed silica to carbon black
increases absorption.
[0020] FIG. 6a shows the absorbance and FIG. 6b shows the
luminescence (L*) data for three (3) systems: 4.00% carbon black
control with no nanoparticles, 4.00% carbon black with 4% silica
shell nanoparticles, and 4.00% carbon black with 4.00% fumed silica
nanoparticles. The figures shows that the addition of either 4.00%
fumed silica nanoparticles or 4.00% silica shell nanoparticles
results in increased absorbance and reduced luminescence resulting
in enhanced contrast (darker) in comparison to the carbon black
control (no nanoparticles). The full composition of each system is
disclosed in Table 5.
[0021] FIG. 7a shows the total transmission and FIG. 7b shows the
total reflectance and scattered reflectance data for three (3)
systems: 4.00% carbon black control with no nanoparticles, 4.00%
carbon black with 4.00% silica shell nanoparticles, and 4.00%
carbon black with 4.00% fumed silica nanoparticles. The figures
show that addition of 4.00% fumed silica nanoparticles results in
increased transmission, reduced total reflectance and reduced
scattered reflectance. The full composition of each system is
disclosed in Table 5. The reflection and absorption values for each
system disclosed in Table 5 are shown in Table 6.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0022] In accordance with the foregoing objectives and others
detailed herein, the invention provides compositions comprising an
effective amount of nanoparticles in combination with a pigment in
an acceptable vehicle having a film former and/or wax to create
optical effects observed in the moth eye which improve the
aesthetic appearance of biological surfaces. The compositions, for
example, improve the appearance of biological surfaces damaged by
the chronological aging process, the environment, or natural
imperfections. The compositions also serve to beautify and decorate
the biological surfaces. When applied to a surface, for example, a
biological surface, the compositions enhance the appearance of the
surface by enhancing absorbance, enhancing transmittance and
reducing reflective properties. Enhancing the aesthetic appearance
of the biological surfaces may be achieved by topical application
of the inventive compositions to the biological surfaces on a daily
basis or when a natural appearance or added color is desired.
Biological surfaces include, but are not limited to, keratinous
tissues, skin, hair, lips, eyelashes, eyebrows and nails.
[0023] The compositions of the invention alter the manner in which
light reaches a biological surface so as to provide hiding,
opacity, and coverage. The inventive compositions comprise
transparent or translucent nanoparticles along with a cosmetic
pigment. The nanoparticles in combination with pigment present in a
cosmetic composition are suitable for application to biological
surfaces.
[0024] The term "nanoparticle" as used herein refers to a
nanometer-sized particle, having a diameter of between about 1
nanometer and about 999 nanometers; the term "nanoparticles" as
used herein refers to nanometer-sized particles, nanoclusters,
clusters, particles, small particles, and nanostructured
materials.
[0025] An effective amount of nanoparticle material in an
acceptable carrier depends on factors including the weight ratio of
nanoparticles plus pigment to film former and/or wax in the
carrier, the surface area of each nanoparticle, the physical
properties of the nanoparticles and the weight ratio of
nanoparticles to the pigment. The pigment, carrier and nanoparticle
material may each have a different refractive index so as to
control light diffusion properties. The refractive index of the
pigment is greater than the nanoparticle material to obtain optimal
lateral light diffusion. The size of each nanoparticle is
preferably less than the wavelength of visible light to enhance
light absorption and reduce reflectance.
[0026] Pigments suitable in this invention range in particle size
from about 100 nanometers to about 10 microns. More preferably,
pigment particle sizes range from about 100 nanometers to about 2
microns. Preferred inorganic pigments for use in this invention are
those typically used in the personal care or cosmetic industry to
provide hiding, coverage and/or color. In one embodiment of the
invention, the pigment material is about 0.5 microns; in another
embodiment of the invention, pigment material is about 1.0 microns.
Reference to the size of a pigment or nanoparticle means the length
of the largest straight dimension of the pigment or nanoparticle.
By way of example, the size of a spherical pigment is its diameter,
and the size of a spherical nanoparticle is its diameter.
[0027] The refractive index of the pigments can be from about 1.38
to about 3.52; more preferably about 1.40 to about 3.50; more
preferably about 1.42 to about 3.40; more preferably about 1.60 to
about 3.40. Pigments having refractive indices of about 1.38 to
about 3.52 include, but are not limited to, titanium dioxide
(rutile or anatase), zinc oxide and iron oxide. The refractive
indices of various materials may be evaluated using a
refractometer. Details with respect to the principles of refraction
can be found in Optics by Eugene Hecht (Fourth Edition), 2002.
Details with respect to refractive indices of materials can be
found in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th Edition,
2005-2006, which is herein incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
[0028] In one embodiment, the composition is comprised of a
combination of pigments of different refractive indices. In another
embodiment of the invention, the composition is comprised of a
single pigment.
[0029] Suitable inorganic pigments include, but are not limited to,
titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide and cerium oxide, as well as zinc
oxide, iron oxide, chromium oxide and ferric blue. Suitable organic
pigments include, but are not limited to, barium, strontium,
calcium, and aluminum lakes and carbon black. Any pigment material
of the inventive composition producing the desired effects may be
used, non-limiting examples of which include a metal oxide, for
example, titanium dioxide, iron oxide, and aluminum oxide. For
typical pigments used in cosmetic industry, refer to the Cosmetic
Ingredient Dictionary (INCI) and Handbook, 10th Edition (2004),
published by the Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association
(CTFA).
[0030] In one embodiment, the composition comprises titanium
dioxide. In another embodiment, the composition comprises iron
oxide. In another embodiment, the composition comprises carbon
black.
[0031] Organic and inorganic pigments suitable for use in this
invention may be substantially solid or porous. In one embodiment,
the outer surface of the pigment is substantially solid and of
uniform contour.
[0032] Nanoparticles suitable to create the desired optical effects
observed in the moth eye of this invention range in size from about
1 nm to about 900 nm; more preferably from about 7 nm to about 700
nm; more preferably from about 10 nm to about 500 nm. Mean particle
sizes of nanoparticles of this invention range in size from about
10 nm to about 700 nm; more preferably from about 20 nm to about
500 nm; more preferably from about 30 nm to about 500 nm. In
various embodiments of the invention, the mean particle size of the
nanoparticles may be about 10 nm, about 20 nm, about 50 nm, about
75 nm, about 100 nm, about 125 nm, about 150 nm, about 175 nm,
about 200 nm, about 225 nm, about 250 nm, about 275 nm, about 300
nm, about 325 nm, about 350 nm, about 375 nm, about 400 nm, about
425 nm, about 450 nm, about 475 nm, or about 500 nm. Preferably,
the nanoparticles have a diameter below the wavelength of light
they are interacting with, thereby producing the desired
effects.
[0033] In one embodiment of the invention, the nanoparticles are
smaller than the size of the pigment. In another embodiment of the
invention, the nanoparticles are about the same size as the
pigment. In yet another embodiment of the invention, the
nanoparticles are larger than the size of the pigment.
[0034] Nanoparticles suitable for this invention include, but are
not limited to, nanoparticles made of fumed silica, metal oxides
such as aluminum oxide, fumed alumina, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide
or zirconium oxide, or polymeric nanoparticles such as poly(methyl
methacrylate) (PMMA), nylon, polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS),
polytetrafluoroethylene, or cellulosics. The refractive index of
the nanoparticles can be from about 1.30 to about 3.50. In one
embodiment of the invention, the nanoparticle is fumed silica
having a refractive index of about 1.46. In one embodiment, the
composition is comprised of a combination of nanoparticles of
different refractive indices.
[0035] The nanoparticles in the composition are capable of
enhancing the absorption and/or altering the scattering behavior of
visible light. The difference between the refractive indices of the
cosmetic pigment and nanoparticle material may range from about
0.01 to about 2.0. In one embodiment of the invention, the
difference between the refractive indices of the cosmetic pigment
and nanoparticle material is about 2.0. In another embodiment of
the invention, the difference between the refractive indices of the
cosmetic pigment and nanoparticle material is about 1.0. In another
embodiment of the invention, the difference between the refractive
indices of the cosmetic pigment and nanoparticle material is about
0.7. In another embodiment of the invention, the difference between
the refractive indices of the cosmetic pigment and nanoparticle
material is about 0.5.
[0036] Compositions comprising a pigment having a high refractive
index along with nanoparticles having a low refractive index permit
a change in the direction of light at the surface interface to
occur thus enhancing light absorption and diffusion, and reducing
light reflection and scattering which results in high coverage
along with reduced glossiness, enhanced natural or added color
contrast and a blurring effect. In one embodiment of the invention,
the refractive index of the cosmetic pigment is about 2.02; in
another embodiment of the invention, the refractive index of the
pigment is about 2.19.
[0037] Weight ratio of the nanoparticles to the pigment particles
in the inventive compositions may range from about 10.0:1.0 to
about 1.0:10.0. Weight ratios determine the relative percentage of
nanoparticles to the pigment particles, thereby affecting the
refractive index of the composition. In one embodiment of the
invention, the composition has a weight ratio of nanoparticles to
pigment particles of about 4.0:1.0; in another embodiment of the
invention, the composition has a weight ration of nanoparticles to
pigment particles of about 1.0:4.0; in another embodiment of the
invention, the composition has a weight ration of nanoparticles to
pigment particles of about 1.0:1.0; in another embodiment of the
invention, the composition has a weight ratio of nanoparticles to
pigment particles of about 1.0:1.4; in yet another embodiment of
the invention, the composition has a weight ratio of nanoparticles
to pigment particles of about 1.0:1.8; in another embodiment of the
invention, the composition has a weight ratio of nanoparticles to
pigment particles of about 1.0:3.0. In a preferred embodiment of
the invention the composition has a weight ratio of nanoparticles
to pigment particles of about 1.0:1.4.
[0038] The weight ratio of nanoparticles plus pigment particles to
film former and/or wax present in the carrier may range from about
100.0:1.0 to 1.0:5.0, more preferably from about 100.0:1.0 to about
1.0:1.75, more preferably from about 100.0:1.0 to about 1.05:1.0,
more preferably from about 20.0:1.0 to about 1.05:1.0, more
preferably from about 10.0:1.0 to about 1.05:1.0, more preferably
from about 2.0:1.0 to about 1.05:1.0. The weight ratio of
nanoparticles plus pigment particles to film former and/or wax
present in the carrier determines the relative percentage of
nanoparticles within the composition that are responsible for
creating the optical effects observed in the moth eye, that is,
increasing the light absorbance.
[0039] In the L* a* b* color space (also known as CIELAB), L*
indicates lightness and a* and b* are the color directions. L* is
measured from 0 (black) to 100 (white). The values of a* and b* are
plotted in the xy coordinate plane such that +a is red, -a is
green, +b is yellow, and -b is blue. The origin (center) of the a*
b* plane is achromatic, and an increase in (+/-) a* or (+/-) b*
results in an increase of the color chroma. When the inventive
formulations have colored pigments, the formulations have increased
color chroma, that is, increased (+/-) a* or (+/-) b* values. When
the inventive formulations are black, the formulations have
increased light absorption and decreased light reflection, that is,
a decreased L* value (i.e., a more intense black). Table 1 shows
examples of mascara formulations and their respective L* values.
The mascara formula with the hydrophobic amorphous fumed silica
shows the lowest L*.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Examples of mascara formulations
demonstrating their respective L* values 1 2 3 Kobo Black iron
oxide pigment 4.00 4.00 4.00 Aeroxide LE 3 (deGussa) 0 4.00 0 Cadre
Hydrophobic Amorphous Fumed 4.00 0 0 Silica # 79684 KP-550 (Shin
Etsu) 5.60 5.60 5.60 Versagel MD 1600 (Panerco) 56.00 56.00 56.00
Isododecane 30.40 30.40 30.40 (TOTAL) 100 100 100 L* Value 15.40
19.00 25.00
[0040] In one embodiment of the invention, the weight ratio of
nanoparticles plus pigment particles to film former and/or wax
present in the carrier is about 1.0:1.0; in another embodiment of
the invention, the weight ratio of nanoparticles plus pigment
particles to film former and/or wax present in the carrier is about
1.4:1.0. In one embodiment of the invention, the weight ratio of
nanoparticles plus pigment particles to film former and/or wax
present in the carrier is about 1.7:1.0; in another embodiment of
the invention, the weight ratio of nanoparticles plus pigment
particles to film former and/or wax present in the carrier is about
2.0:1.0
[0041] Suitable film formers for use in the inventive compositions
include, but are not limited to, sulfopolyester resins,
polyvinylacetate, polyvinyl alcohol polymers, acrylic resins,
silicone acrylate polymers (such as those available from Shin
Etsu), polyvinylpyrrolidones, high molecular weight silicones,
organosiloxanes, polyurethanes, hydrophobic acrylate copolymers, as
well as others known in the art (for example those listed in WO
03/105790, incorporated herein). The film former is preferably
present from about 0.01 weight % to about 20 weight % of the total
weight of the composition. In one embodiment, the film former is a
polymer. In one embodiment, the film former is silicone acrylate
copolymer.
[0042] In one embodiment of the invention, the composition includes
one or more waxes, gums, or mixtures thereof. Suitable waxes
include hydrocarbon-based waxes, fluoro waxes and/or silicone waxes
and can be of plant, mineral, animal and/or synthetic origin. In
particular, the waxes have a melting point of greater than
25.degree. C., preferably greater than 45.degree. C. The
compositions of the present invention may contain from about 0.1
weight % to about 20 weight % waxes, based upon the total weight of
the composition. The gums are generally high molecular weight
polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMSs), cellulose gums or polysaccharides,
and the semi-solid materials are generally hydrocarbon-based
compounds, such as, but not limited to, lanolins and derivatives
thereof, or alternatively PDMSs. The compositions of the present
invention may contain from about 0.1 weight % to about 20 weight %
gums, based upon the total weight of the composition, typically
from about 0.5 weight % to about 10 weight %.
[0043] The surface area of the nanoparticles of the inventive
compositions may range from about 20 m.sup.2/g to about 700
m.sup.2/g; more preferably about 50 m.sup.2/g to about 500
m.sup.2/g; more preferably about 70 m.sup.2/g to about 400
m.sup.2/g. Surface area of the nanoparticles governs the multiple
scattering of light in the composition.
[0044] The compositions of the present invention can be prepared by
combining a specific amount of pigment, nanoparticles, and a
carrier with already premixed solvents, one or more film-formers
and/or waxes and other desired ingredients. The components are to
be mixed with very high shear blade mixers for a sufficient period
of time to make a homogeneous mixture. It will be recognized that
the time and the sequence of adding compounds may vary depending on
the components of the desired composition.
[0045] The compositions of the present invention provide increased
color chroma of the pigment used, regardless of the type of pigment
employed. Accordingly, the inventive compositions can provide color
chroma from organic pigments that is similar to color chroma of
organic lakes. Such compositions would then have the benefit of
high color chroma usually associated with organic pigments but with
the stability associated with inorganic pigments.
[0046] In situations where the inventive compositions lack a
pigment it is believed that the compositions will increase light
transmission and provide increased color chroma of a biological
surface to which the compositions are applied. Such inventive
compositions are useful for enhancing the natural color of a
biological surface. In situations where the inventive composition
lacks a pigment, the weight ratio of nanoparticles to film former
and/or wax present in the carrier may range from about 100.0:1.0 to
1.0:5.0, more preferably from about 20.0:1.0 to about 1.05:1.0,
more preferably from about 10.0:1.0 to about 1.05:1.0, more
preferably from about 2.0:1.0 to about 1.05:1.0.
[0047] In the moth's eye, the light enters the crevices between
conical protrusions that are less than 500 nm in diameter (FIG. 1).
The inventive compositions may contain nanoparticles having a low
refractive index; the inventive compositions have nanoparticles
that are preferably of sub-visible light wavelength size to create
the optical effects observed in the moth eye.
[0048] Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory or
mechanism, it is believed that when a composition of the invention
is applied as a layer to a biological surface, the nanoparticles
aggregate on the layer's outer surface (that is, the surface
opposite to the surface adjacent to the biological surface). If
such aggregation occurs, then the layer's outer surface would have
a morphology similar to that of a moth's eye. The nanoparticle
aggregation on the layer's outer surface would be dependent on the
weight ratio of nanoparticles plus pigment to film former in the
carrier. At specific weight ratios disclosed herein, the
nanoparticles of the inventive compositions are exposed to incident
light. It is believed that when incident light strikes the
nanoparticles, light is absorbed and scattered which decreases
light reflectance.
[0049] Design and choice of nanoparticles may increase the angle of
incidence to greater than the critical angle for total internal
reflection, thus enhancing the light diffusion along the interface
of nanoparticles and pigment. By using nanoparticles having a low
reflective index, one can obtain high coverage along with enhanced
color. A composition comprising nanoparticles having a low
refractive index along with a pigment having a high index of
refraction enables the composition to produce a more natural
appearance when applied to skin by enhancing transmittance.
[0050] The advantages of the inventive composition include, but are
not limited to, the simplicity of providing enhanced color and
while employing cosmetically acceptable pigments and carriers.
[0051] If the nanoparticles in the inventive compositions are
small, for example, about 100 nanometers or less, then films and
coatings may be produced that, in addition to creating optical
effects observed in the moth eye, may also provide ultraviolet (UV)
protection. Another advantage of the nanoparticles is that they may
absorb oil, sebum, and moisture. These properties provide
additional benefits in cosmetic and dermatological formulations or
compositions, and enhance the aesthetic and natural appearance of
biological surfaces.
[0052] Compositions of the present invention have optical
properties which enhance the aesthetic and natural appearance of a
biological surface by enhancing the color of the pigments or dyes.
When applied to a biological surface, the inventive compositions
result in optical blurring and increased light transmittance, light
scattering and reduced, thereby reducing the appearance of
dermatological signs of chronological-aging, photo-aging,
hormonal-aging, and/or actinic-aging; reducing the appearance of
lines and/or wrinkles; reducing the noticeability of facial lines
and wrinkles, facial wrinkles on the cheeks, forehead,
perpendicular wrinkles between the eyes, horizontal wrinkles above
the eyes, and around the mouth, marionette lines, and particularly
deep wrinkles or creases; reducing the appearance and/or depth of
lines and/or wrinkles; improving the appearance of suborbital lines
and/or periorbital lines; reducing the appearance of crow's feet;
improving the appearance of rejuvenating and/or revitalizing skin,
decreasing the appearance of aging skin; reducing the appearance of
skin fragility; reducing the appearance of a loss of
glycosaminoglycans and/or collagen; reducing the appearance of
estrogen imbalance; reducing the appearance of skin atrophy;
reducing the appearance of hyperpigmentation; reducing the
appearance of skin discoloration; improving the appearance of skin
tone, radiance, clarity and/or tautness; reducing the appearance of
sagging skin; improving the appearance of skin firmness, plumpness,
suppleness and/or softness; improving the appearance of procollagen
and/or collagen production; improving the appearance of skin
texture and/or retexturization; improving the appearance of skin
barrier repair and/or function; improving the appearance of skin
contours; improving the appearance of decreased skin luster and/or
brightness; improving the appearance of dermatological signs of
fatigue and/or stress; improving the appearance of environmental
stress; improving the appearance of cellular aging; improving the
appearance of skin dehydration; improving the appearance of elastic
and/or resilient skin; improving the appearance of
microcirculation; decreasing the appearance of cellulite formation;
or any combinations thereof.
[0053] Another embodiment of the invention relates to a method of
improving the aesthetic or natural appearance of a biological
surface comprising applying to the biological surface, including
but not limited to, keratinous tissue, skin, hair and nails, the
inventive composition having the characteristics and properties
described herein, in an amount effective to improve the aesthetic
or natural appearance of the biological surface.
[0054] The biological surface may be any surface to which
cosmetics, personal care products, dermatological, and
pharmaceutical compositions are typically applied, including but
not limited to skin, lips, hair, nails, and the like. The
composition that is applied to skin improves or enhances the
aesthetic appearance of skin by camouflaging the natural aging
process, discoloration, chronic and cumulative damage to biological
surfaces, and imperfections on the surface. The composition that is
applied to keratinous surface or a mucous membrane improves or
enhances the aesthetic appearance of the surface by enhancing the
natural color and color added in the form of the pigment.
[0055] Embodiments of the invention relate to the discovery that
nanoparticles in a composition that produces optical effects
observed in the moth eye can camouflage biological surface flaws
and add color with increased chroma to the biological surface.
Thus, the optical properties of the inventive compositions enable
one to camouflage imperfections of biological surfaces and add
colors and shades with increased chroma, thereby improving the
aesthetic and natural appearance of biological surfaces. The
optical properties of the inventive compositions also allow one to
beautify and decorate a biological surface.
[0056] One embodiment of the invention relates to methods of
applying the claimed composition to an affected area of the skin.
The composition is preferably applied topically as desired by the
user any number of times during the day, and remains on the
affected area of the skin, where the affected area of the skin
includes, but is not limited to, the face, neck, legs and thighs,
scalp, and overall body. Topical compositions preferably have the
aforementioned nanoparticles in combination with pigments which
improves the cosmetic and/or aesthetic appearance of skin,
particularly of aging and/or inflamed skin.
[0057] The inventive compositions are useful in improving the
natural and aesthetic appearance of biological surfaces including
skin, lips, hair, and nails, when applied, preferably topically as
many times as desired by the user to the biological surface. The
compositions of the invention may also include, in addition to a
carrier or vehicle, non-limiting examples of active ingredients
useful in reducing, diminishing, or camouflaging medical and/or
cosmetic conditions associated with aging, inflammation, and
degeneration of the biological surface. Such conditions, as used
herein, commonly include, but are not limited to, dermatological
aging (chronological aging, hormonal aging and/or actinic aging),
dermatitis, skin and hair fragility, hirsutism, rosacea, skin
blemishes, sensitive skin, hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation,
thinning skin, roughness, keratosis, skin atrophy, wrinkles, lines,
hyperplasia, fibrosis, and any combinations thereof. The active
components of the present invention may also be useful in enhancing
the general health, vitality, condition, and aesthetic appearance
of the skin.
[0058] In accordance with the invention, compositions having the
desired properties may be useful in topically applied formulations,
anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatories, sunscreens, cosmetics,
including makeup, and formulations for reducing dermatological
signs of aging, including wrinkles, fine lines, and sagging skin,
and the like. Also in accordance with this invention, compositions
may be formulated in a variety of product forms. The compositions
may be prepared in targeted delivery systems, e.g. creams, lotions,
moisturizers, gels, toners, serums, sprays, foams, powders, and the
like, particularly for topical application and administration.
[0059] The inventive compositions are preferably for topical
administration or for targeted delivery without inducing
significant irritation. The inventive compositions are suitable for
all skin types, such as sensitive, normal, dry, or oily, preferably
sensitive to dry skin, as well as mature skin. In particular
embodiments, the compositions may be suitable for dry skin. The
compositions are applied to the skin for a period of time
sufficient to enhance the natural and aesthetic appearance of skin.
The compositions may be applied topically once, twice, or more
daily to biological surfaces, including but not limited to skin,
lips, and hair.
[0060] The topical compositions may be formulated into liposomes
which may comprise other additives or substances, and/or which may
be modified to more specifically reach or remain at a site
following administration. The compositions of embodiments of the
present invention yield improvements to the aesthetic appearance of
skin by camouflaging or improving upon at least one of the
previously described conditions, or combinations thereof.
[0061] The inventive compositions may be topically applied as
described herein according to the routine technique for
administering such compositions. The topical cosmetic,
dermatological, or pharmaceutical composition preferably is applied
once or multiple times daily. The cosmetic composition is
preferably applied to the face and neck, but may be applied to any
area of skin in need of aesthetic improvement, where the cosmetic
composition remains on the affected area of skin, and preferably
not removed or rinsed off the skin. Routine and commonly practiced
techniques encompass the application of creams, lotions, gels,
sera, ointments, makeup, sunscreen compositions, or the like, to
the skin. Preferably the cosmetic composition is a topical leave on
formulation, where spraying as a form of application is also
envisioned.
[0062] The inventive compositions are suitable for contact with
living mammalian tissue, including human tissue, or synthetic
equivalents thereof, with virtually no adverse physiological effect
to the user. Compositions embraced by this invention can be
provided in any cosmetically and/or dermatologically suitable form,
preferably as a lotion or cream, but also in an anhydrous or
aqueous base, as well as in a sprayable liquid form. Other suitable
cosmetic product forms for the compositions of this invention
include but are not limited to, for example, an emulsion, a cream,
a balm, a gloss, a lotion, a foam, a mask, a serum, a toner, an
ointment, a mousse, a patch, a pomade, a solution, a spray, a
wax-based stick, or a towelette. In addition, the compositions
contemplated by this invention can include one or more compatible
cosmetically acceptable adjuvants commonly used and known by the
skilled practitioner, such as fragrances, emollients, humectants,
preservatives, vitamins, chelators, thickeners, perilla oil or
perilla seed oil (WO 01/66067 to a "Method of Treating a Skin
Condition," incorporated herewith) and the like, as well as other
botanicals such as aloe, chamomile, and the like, and as further
described below.
[0063] The nanoparticles in combination with pigment of the present
invention may be contained in a cosmetically, dematologically,
physiologically, and pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, medium,
diluent or carrier, for use in reducing, ameliorating, or
preventing the dermatological signs associated with aging and
inflammation of biological surfaces. In an embodiment embracing
topical applications, the compositions of this invention comprise a
medium (vehicle, diluent or carrier) that is compatible with
mammalian biological surfaces, including skin, lips, hair and
nails. The compositions can be formulated as an aqueous phase, an
oil phase, alcohol, or aqueous/alcohol-based solutions, ointments,
creams, lotions, gels, a wax-in-water emulsion, or water-in-oil,
oil-in-water, of water-oil-water triple emulsions having the
appearance of a cream or gel, microemulsions, or aerosols.
[0064] The aqueous phase is a mixture of one or more water soluble
or water dispersible ingredient, which can be liquid, semi-solid or
solid at room temperature (25.degree. C.). The vehicle comprises or
can be in the form of a suspension, dispersion or solution in water
or an aqueous-alcoholic vehicle, which may contain a thickener or
gellant. A person skilled in the art can select the appropriate
cosmetic form, the ingredients contained therein, as well as the
method for preparing it, on the basis of the knowledge that the
skilled artisan possesses.
[0065] In one embodiment, the composition may include an aqueous
phase which may contain water or a mixture of water and at least
one hydrophilic organic solvent in particular an alcohol,
especially a linear or branched lower monoalcohol containing from 2
to 5 carbon atoms, e.g., ethanol or propanol; a polyol, e.g.,
propylene glycol, sorbitol, glycerol, diglycerol, panthenol, or
polyethylene glycol, and mixtures thereof. This aqueous phase may
represent from about 0.5 weight % to about 99.99 weight %, based
upon the total weight of the composition.
[0066] In another embodiment when the composition of the invention
is in the form of an emulsion, the composition may also optionally
comprise a surfactant, preferably in an amount of from about 0.1
weight % to about 30 weight %, and in particular, from about 1
weight % to about 20 weight %, based upon the total weight of the
composition.
[0067] In a further embodiment of the invention, the composition
may also comprise a thickening polymer such as an amphiphilic
polyurethane, a polyacrylic homopolymer or copolymer, a polyester,
or a hydrocarbon-based resin. Other non-limiting polymers include,
homopolymers or copolymers of: vinyl esters of an aliphatic aid
having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, such as vinyl acetate; acrylic acid
esters and methacrylic acid esters of an alcohol having 1 to 18
carbon atoms, such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl
acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl
methacrylate and butyl methacrylate; and mono and di-ethylenically
unsaturated hydrocarbons, including ethylene iso-butylene, styrene
and aliphatic dunes, including butadiene, isoprene and
chloroprene.
[0068] One embodiment of the invention further relates to a
composition of the invention which may also comprise an oil phase
containing oil soluble or oil dispersible ingredients that are
liquid at room temperature (25.degree. C.) and/or oily or waxy
substances that are solid at room temperature, such as waxes,
semi-solids, gums, and mixtures thereof. This oily phase may also
contain organic solvents.
[0069] Suitable oily materials that are liquid at room temperature,
often referred to as oils, include hydrocarbon-based oils of animal
origin such as perhydrosqualene; hydrocarbon-based plant oils such
as liquid triglycerides of fatty acids of 4 to 10 carbon atoms, for
instance, heptanoic or octanoic acid triglycerides, or oils such as
sunflower oil, corn oil, soybean oil, grapeseed oil, castor oil,
avocado oil, caprylic/capric acid triglycerides, jojoba oil; linear
or branched hydrocarbons of mineral or synthetic origin such as
liquid paraffins and derivatives thereof, petroleum jelly;
synthetic esters and ethers, in particular esters of fatty
alcohols, namely; for example, isopropyl myristate, 2-ethylhexyl
palmitate, 2-octyldodecyl stearate, isostearyl isostearate;
hydroxylated esters such as isostearyl lactate, octyl
hydroxystearate, octyldodecyl hydroxystearate, heptanoates,
octanoates and decanoates of fatty alcohols; polyol esters such as
propylene glycol dioctanoate, neopentyl glycol diheptanoate,
diethylene glycol diisononanoate, and pentaerythritol esters; fatty
alcohols containing from 12 to 26 carbon atoms such as
octyldodecanol, 2-butyloctanol, 2-hexyldecanol,
2-undecylpentadecanol, oleyl alcohol; partially hydrocarbon-based
fluoro oils and/or fluorosilicone oils; silicone oils such as
volatile or non-volatile, linear or cyclic polydimethylsiloxanes
(PDMS) that are liquid or semisolid at room temperature such as
cyclomethicones and dimethicones, optionally comprising a phenyl
group, for instance phenyl trimethicones, siloxanes, and mixtures
thereof. These oils are usually present in an amount of about 0
weight % to about 90 weight %, preferably from about 1 weight % to
about 80 weight % by weight of the oil phase.
[0070] The oil phase of the composition of the invention may also
comprise one or more cosmetically acceptable organic solvents.
These solvents are present in an amount of about 0.1 weight % to
about 80 weight %, preferably about 1 weight % to about 50 weight
%, based on the total weight of the composition, and may be
selected from the group consisting of lipophilic organic solvents,
amphiphilic organic solvents and mixtures thereof. Suitable
solvents which may be used in the composition of the invention
include acetic acid esters such as methyl, ethyl, butyl, amyl or
2-methoxyethyl acetate; isopropyl acetate; hydrocarbons such as
toluene, xylene, p-xylene, hexane or heptane; ethers containing at
least 3 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof.
[0071] The composition of the invention may further comprise any
ingredient conventionally used in the cosmetics field. These
ingredients include preserving agents, aqueous phase thickeners
(polysaccharide biopolymers, synthetic polymers) and fatty-phase
thickeners, fragrances, hydrophilic and lipophilic active agents,
and mixtures thereof. The amounts of these various ingredients are
those conventionally used in the cosmetics field to achieve their
intended purpose, and range typically from about 0.1 weight % to
about 20 weight %, based upon the total weight of the composition.
The nature of these ingredients and their amounts must be
compatible with the production of the compositions of the
invention.
[0072] The composition of the invention may also comprise an
additional particulate phase, typically present in an amount of
about 0.1 weight % to about 30 weight %, based upon the total
weight of the composition, preferably from about 0.5 weight % to
about 20 weight %, and which can comprise pearlescent agents and/or
fillers used in cosmetic compositions. Suitable pearlescent agents
include mica coated with titanium dioxide or with iron oxide.
[0073] Fillers are normally present in an amount of about 0.1
weight % to about 30 weight %, based on the total weight of the
composition, preferably about 0.5 weight % to about 15 weight %.
Suitable fillers include talc, silica, zinc stearate, mica, kaolin,
nylon (in particular orgasol) powder, polyethylene powder,
Teflon.RTM., starch, boron nitride, copolymer microspheres such as
Expancel.RTM. (Nobel Industrie; Sweden), Polytrap.RTM. (Dow
Corning, Inc.; Midland, Mich.), and silicone resin microbeads
(Tospearl.RTM.; GE Toshiba Silicones; Japan).
[0074] More particularly, the compositions for topical application
can be in the form of a protective care composition for the skin,
preferably for the face, the neck, the hands, the feet, or other
areas of the body. Non-limiting examples include day creams or
lotions, night creams or lotions, moisturizer, salves, sunscreen
creams, lotions, or oils, ointments, gels, body milks, makeup (a
foundation, a bronzer), artificial tanning compositions,
depilatories, patches, emulsifiers, or a solid which is poured or
cast as a stick or a dish, for example. The inventive compositions
are ideal for use in a foundation product because it may achieve
high camouflage and blurring effects to result in the perception of
a natural appearance.
[0075] In another embodiment, the topical compositions of the
present invention may also include one or more of the following: a
skin penetration enhancer, an emollient, a skin plumper, an optical
diffuser, a sunscreen, an exfoliation promoter, and an antioxidant.
Details with respect to these and other suitable cosmetic
ingredients can be found in the International Cosmetic Ingredient
Dictionary (INCI) and Handbook, 10th Edition (2004), published by
the Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association (CTFA), at pp.
2177-2299, which is herein incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
[0076] An emollient provides the functional benefits of enhancing
skin smoothness, reducing the appearance of fine lines and coarse
wrinkles, and moisturizing. Non-limiting examples include isopropyl
myristate, petrolatum, isopropyl lanolate, silicones (e.g.,
methicone, dimethicone), oils, mineral oils, fatty acid esters, or
any mixtures thereof. The emollient is preferably present from
about 0.1 weight % to about 50 weight % of the total weight of the
composition.
[0077] A skin plumper serves as a collagen enhancer to the skin. An
example of a suitable, and preferred, skin plumper is palmitoyl
oligopeptide. Other skin plumpers are collagen and/or
glycosaminoglycan (GAG) enhancing agents. The skin plumper is
preferably present from about 0.1 weight % to about 20 weight % of
the total weight of the composition.
[0078] In addition to the nanoparticles and pigment, optical
diffusers or soft focus materials that change the surface optical
properties of skin, resulting in a visual blurring and softening
of, for example, lines and wrinkles are contemplated. Examples of
optical diffusers that can be used in the present invention
include, but are not limited to, boron nitride, mica, nylon,
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyurethane powder, sericite,
silica, silicone powder, talc, Teflon.RTM., titanium dioxide, zinc
oxide, or any mixtures thereof. The optical diffuser is preferably
present from about 0.01 weight % to about 20 weight % of the total
weight of the composition.
[0079] A sunscreen protects the skin from damaging ultraviolet
rays. In an illustrative embodiment of the invention, the sunscreen
would provide both UVA and UVB protection, by using either a single
sunscreen or a combination of sunscreens. Among the sunscreens that
can be employed in the present compositions are avobenzone,
cinnamic acid derivatives (such as octylmethoxy cinnamate), octyl
salicylate, oxybenzone, non-mesoporous titanium dioxide, zinc
oxide, or any mixtures thereof. The sunscreen may be present from
about 1 weight % to about 30 weight % of the total weight of the
composition. The addition of a sunscreen may protect the skin from
ultraviolet radiation. As explained above, UV protection may also
be achieved by utilizing nanoparticles of about 100 nanometers or
less.
[0080] The inventive compositions having sunscreen bring about
additional improvements to the aesthetic appearance of skin,
including at least one of the following: minimizes sunburning,
minimizes tanning, and reduces redness.
[0081] In an embodiment of the invention, compositions may also
have one or more exfoliation promoters. Suitable examples of an
exfoliation promoter that can be used in the present compositions
include alpha hydroxy acids (AHA); benzoyl peroxide; beta hydroxy
acids; keto acids, such as pyruvic acid, 2-oxopropanoic acid,
2-oxobutanoic acid, and 2-oxopentanoic acid; oxa acids as disclosed
in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,847,003 and 5,834,513 (the disclosures of which
are incorporated herein by reference); salicylic acid; urea; or any
mixtures thereof. One preferred exfoliation promoters are
3,6,9-trioxaundecanedioic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, or any
mixtures thereof (See also, INCI at p. 2205).
[0082] When an embodiment of the invention includes an exfoliation
promoter, the composition has about 0.1 weight % to 30 weight %,
preferably about 1 weight % to about 15 weight % and more
preferably about 1 weight % to about 10 weight %, of the
exfoliation promoter based on the total weight of the
composition.
[0083] An antioxidant functions, among other things, to scavenge
free radicals from skin to protect the skin from environmental
aggressors. Examples of antioxidants that may be used in the
present compositions include compounds having phenolic hydroxy
functions, such as ascorbic acid and its derivatives/esters;
beta-carotene; catechins; curcumin; ferulic acid derivatives (e.g.
ethyl ferulate, sodium ferulate); gallic acid derivatives (e.g.
propyl gallate); lycopene; reductic acid; rosmarinic acid; tannic
acid; tetrahydrocurcumin; tocopherol and its derivatives; uric
acid; or any mixtures thereof. Other suitable antioxidants are
those that have one or more thiol functions (--SH), in either
reduced or non-reduced form, such as glutathione, lipoic acid,
thioglycolic acid, and other sulfhydryl compounds. The antioxidant
may be inorganic, such as bisulfites, metabisulfites, sulfites, or
other inorganic salts and acids containing sulfur. Compositions of
the present invention may have an antioxidant preferably from about
0.001 weight % to about 10 weight %, and more preferably from about
0.01 weight % to about 5 weight %, of the total weight of the
composition. (See also, INCI at p. 2184).
[0084] In one embodiment of the invention, the composition may also
have one or more of the following cosmetic and pharmaceutical
active agents, excipients, ingredients, or adjuvants: anesthetics,
antibiotics, e.g., erythromycins and tetracyclines, salicylic
acids, anti-allergenics, antifungals, antiseptics, anti-irritants,
anti-inflammatory agents, antimicrobials, analgesics, nitric oxide
synthase inhibitors, insect repellents, self-tanning agents, skin
penetration enhancers, skin cooling agents, chelating agents,
colorants including dyes, lakes and pigments that may be untreated
or chemically surface treated to improve wettability or some other
property, demulcents, emollients, emulsifiers, fragrances,
humectants, lubricants, skin protectants, moisturizers, pH
adjusters, preservatives, stabilizers, surfactants, thickeners,
plasticizers, viscosity modifiers, vitamins, or any mixtures
thereof. The amounts of these various substances are those that are
conventionally used in the cosmetic or pharmaceutical fields to
achieve their intended purposes, for example, they may constitute
from about 0.01% to 20% of the total weight of the composition.
[0085] Non-limiting examples of active agents for formulating into
the compositions of the invention include those reagents having an
effect on the treatment of wrinkles and/or fine lines, in addition
to the actives as described, such as keratolytic agents, i.e., an
active agent having desquamating, exfoliant, or scrubbing
properties, or an active agent which can soften the horny layer of
the skin. Other examples of anti-wrinkle or anti-fine line active
agents include hydroxy acids and retinoids. These agents can be
formulated, for example, in amounts of from about 0.01% to 5% by
weight relative to the total weight of the composition.
[0086] Suitable hydroxy acids include, for example, glycolic acid,
lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid,
2-hydroxyalkanoic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid and alkyl
derivatives thereof, including 5-n-octanoylsalicylic acid,
5-n-dodecanoylsalicylic acid, 5-n-decanoylsalicylic acid,
5-n-octylsalicylic acid, 5-n-heptyloxysalicylic acid,
4-n-heptyloxysalicylic acid and 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid or
alkoxy derivatives thereof, such as 2-hydroxy-3-methyoxybenzoic
acid.
[0087] Emulsifiers are typically present in the compositions of the
invention in an amount of about 0.01 weight % to 30 weight %, by
weight and preferably from about 0.1 weight % to 30 weight % by
weight relative to the total weight of the composition. However,
not all compositions will necessarily include emulsifiers. (See
e.g., INCI at p. 2276-2285).
[0088] Non-limiting examples of suitable thickening agents include
xanthan gum, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose,
carbomer, gum acacia, Sepigel 305 (available from Seppic Co.,
France), and clays such as magnesium aluminum silicate. (See, e.g.,
INCI at p. 2293-2299).
[0089] The topical compositions of the present invention may
include, and their utility can be enhanced by, one or more
humectants, such as ureas, pyrrolidone carboxylic acids, amino
acids, sodium hyaluronates, certain polyols and other compounds
with hygroscopic properties. (See INCI at p. 2244).
[0090] The general activity and mildness to skin of the present
topical compositions can also be enhanced by neutralization to pH
about 3.5 to about 7.0, most preferably from pH about 3.7 to about
5.6. This neutralization is preferably accomplished with one or
more of ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide,
arginine or other amino acids, and/or triethanolamine.
[0091] Exemplary retinoids include, without limitation, retinoic
acid (e.g., all-trans or 13-cis) and derivatives thereof, retinol
(Vitamin A) and esters thereof, such as retinol palmitate, retinol
acetate and retinol propionate, and salts thereof.
[0092] The nanoparticles and pigment of the present invention may
be contained in a cosmetically or dermatologically acceptable
vehicle, medium, diluent or carrier. The inventive compositions may
be further formulated according to procedures known in the art to
provide cosmetic compositions such as emulsions, gels, creams,
lotions, masks, toners, serums, oils, water-in-oil, oil-in-water,
water-oil-water triple emulsions having the appearance of a cream
or gel, microemulsions, ointments, pastes, sticks, cakes, pencils,
aerosol, and essences, as well as other topical cosmetic vehicles.
It is also contemplated that topical compositions of the present
invention can be incorporated into delivery systems such as
liposomes and topical patches, tapes, and sprays.
[0093] In addition, the compositions may be in the form of
vesicular dispersions containing ionic and/or nonionic lipids, as
described above. Dosage units suitable for such compositions are
formulated according to the conventional knowledge and techniques
used in the art.
EXAMPLE
[0094] The following example describes specific aspects of the
invention to illustrate the invention and provide a description of
the present methods for those skilled in the art. The example
should not be construed as limiting the invention, as the example
merely provides specific methodology useful in the understanding
and practice of the invention and its various aspects.
[0095] This example examines the effect of adding nanoparticles to
a composition comprising a color pigment in the concentration
enough to effectively create optical effects observed in the moth
eye. A Gretag MacBeth Color Eye 7000A Spectrophotometer was used to
quantify transmittance, reflection and absorbance
(Absorbance=100-(Total Transmittance+SCI Reflection)).
[0096] Physical blends of compositions comprising nanoparticles
were prepared using a speed mixer with silicone acrylate copolymer
(KP 550 from Shin Etsu)--which is 40% polymer in isododecane (IDD).
Solutions were cast on clean (optically transparent/colorless)
glass plates to give a wet film thickness of approximately 125
microns and dried overnight to form dry films with a resulting dry
film thickness of 21-25 microns based on solid content. Samples
were prepared in duplicate. Average luminescence (L*) was collected
directly using the same sample area for total reflection (specular
component included--SCI) and scattered reflection (specular
component excluded--SCE). Data was collected in two distinct areas
for each sample, resulting in four data points per sample. The
Q-test was used to remove erroneous data points. All error bars
shown are .+-.one standard deviation. The summary of prepared
samples is shown below in Tables 1 and 2. For the samples reported
in Tables 1 and 2, the color pigment is carbon black (D&C Black
#2) and values are reported as weight % of the whole
composition.
[0097] FIG. 2 shows the reflectance (total reflection (SCI) and
scattering reflection (SCE)) of compositions 1, 2, 3, and 4
(control) which were prepared as shown in Table 2. The figure shows
that the addition of silica nanoparticles of any kind reduces total
reflection (SCI--specular component included) without changing
diffuse reflection (SCE--specular component excluded), within error
limits.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Physical blends of compositions comprising
nanoparticles Cadre Carbon Hydrophobic Degussa Black, Hydrophobic
Amorphous Aeroxide D&C Silica Shells- Fumed LE 3 KP-550, Black
SH (Kobo Silica Fumed Film IDD, Total Batch # #2 Products) #79684
Silica former Solvent (parts) 1 6.94 2.78 0 0 6.94 83.34 100 2 6.94
0 2.78 0 6.94 83.34 100 3 6.94 0 0 2.78 6.94 83.34 100 4 7.14 0 0 0
7.14 85.72 100 5 6.94 0 0 5.00 6.94 81.12 100 6 6.94 0 0 7.00 6.94
79.12 100 7 6.94 0 5.00 0 6.94 81.12 100 8 6.94 0 7.00 0 6.94 79.12
100 9 9.00 0 0 2.78 6.94 81.28 100 10 11.0 0 0 2.78 6.94 79.28 100
11 9.00 0 0 5.00 6.94 79.06 100 12 0 0 7.14 0 7.14 85.72 100 13 0 0
0 7.14 7.14 85.72 100
[0098] FIG. 3 shows the absorbance of compositions 1, 2, 3, and 4
(control) which were prepared as shown in Table 2. The figure shows
that the addition of silica of any kind increases absorption as
compared to a pigment alone (composition 4).
[0099] FIG. 4 shows the reflectance (total reflection (SCI) and
scattering reflection (SCE)) of compositions 5, 6, 9, 11, and 4
(control) which were prepared as shown in Table 2. The figure shows
that the addition of fumed silica to carbon black causes a decrease
in total reflection and scattered reflection.
[0100] FIG. 5 shows the absorbance of compositions 5, 6, 9, 11, and
4 (control) which were prepared as shown in Table 2. The figure
shows that the addition of fumed silica to carbon black causes a
decrease in total reflection.
[0101] Table 3 summarizes the reflectance and absorbance of all
compositions which were prepared as shown in Table 2.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Absorbance and total reflectance of
compositions disclosed in Table 2 Average Average L* STDEV L* L*
(ref- STDEV L* STD Dev Batch (ref-SCI) (ref-SCI) SCE) (ref-SCE)
Absorbance (Abs) 1 20.50 0.69 20.26 0.62 93.95 0.89 2 21.88 0.92
16.91 1.14 96.41 0.24 3 21.80 0.82 16.94 1.02 96.49 0.21 4 31.94
0.08 18.68 4.47 92.79 1.04 5 20.30 0.88 14.87 0.19 96.63 0.20 6
17.92 0.49 14.19 0.44 96.01 1.13 7 16.98 0.28 14.37 0.47 96.77 0.50
8 16.11 0.22 14.97 0.03 95.05 1.00 9 22.65 1.11 17.72 1.53 96.06
0.34 10 20.53 0.81 16.49 0.77 96.80 0.16 11 19.89 1.37 15.37 0.69
95.51 1.55 12 56.63 4.51 54.11 5.64 3.37 5.88 13 66.24 2.64 65.84
2.67 7.17 4.49
[0102] FIGS. 2-5 show that while the efficiency of color chroma and
reduction of glossiness is dependent on the nanoparticle loading
(wt %) and is effective for the types of silica tested, the
greatest increase in absorbance was obtained when the silica
(nanoparticle) to carbon-black (pigment) ratio is approximately
1.0:1.4.
[0103] Table 4 lists properties of three batches of compositions of
this invention with fumed silica (Degussa Aeroxide LE 3, fumed
silica) nanoparticles along with a control batch without any
nanoparticles (the full compositions of which are disclosed in
Table 2). Table 4 shows that the presence of nanoparticles in a
composition enhances the absorbance. In addition, Table 4 shows
that as the weight ratio of nanoparticles plus pigment to film
former increases, the percent total reflectance decreases.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Absorbance and reflectance of compositions
with and without fumed silica (Aeroxide LE 3) nanoparticles. Weight
% Weight % Weight ratio of carbon Weight % KP-550 pigment plus
black Aeroxide LE 3 (film nanoparticles to film % % Total Batch#
(pigment) (nanoparticles) former) former Absorbance Reflectance 4
7.14 0 7.14 1.0:1.0 92.8 7.0 (Control) 3 6.94 2.78 6.94 1.4:1.0
96.5 3.5 5 6.94 5.00 6.94 1.7:1.0 96.6 3.1 6 6.94 7.00 6.94 2.0:1.0
96.0 2.5
[0104] FIG. 6a shows the absorbance for three (3) systems: 4.00%
carbon black control with no nanoparticles (batch 14), 4.00% carbon
black with 4.00% silica shell nanoparticles (batch 15), and 4.00%
carbon black with 4.00% fumed silica nanoparticles (batch 16) which
were prepared as shown in Table 5. FIG. 6b shows the luminescence
(L*) data for the three systems in FIG. 6a. The figures shows that
the addition of either 4.00% fumed silica nanoparticles or 4.00%
silica shell nanoparticles results in increased absorbance and
reduced luminescence resulting in enhanced contrast (darker) in
comparison to the carbon black control (no nanoparticles).
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Physical blends of compositions comprising
nanoparticles Carbon Degussa Black, Hydrophobic Aeroxide D&C
Silica Shells- LE 3 KP-550, Black SH (Kobo Fumed Film IDD, Total
Batch # #2 Products) Silica former Solvent (parts) 14 4.00 0 0 7.00
89.00 100 15 4.00 4.00 0 7.00 85.00 100 16 4.00 0 4.00 7.00 85.00
100
[0105] Table 6 summarizes the reflectance and absorbance of all
compositions which were prepared as shown in Table 5.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Absorbance and total reflectance of
compositions disclosed in Table 5 Average L* Average L* Average
Trans- Total L* Batch (ref-SCI) (ref-SCE) Absorbance mission (SCI)
14 29.91 3.28 93.73 0.08 6.2 15 27.04 5.03 94.86 0.03 5.1 16 21.32
2.98 95.15 1.51 3.3
[0106] FIG. 7a shows the total transmission for three (3) systems:
4.00% carbon black control with no nanoparticles (batch 14), 4.00%
carbon black with 4.00% silica shell nanoparticles (batch 15), and
4.00% carbon black with 4.00% fumed silica nanoparticles (batch
16). FIG. 7b shows the total reflectance and scattered reflectance
data for the three systems in FIG. 7a. The figures show that
addition of 4.00% fumed silica nanoparticles results in increased
transmission, reduced total reflectance and reduced scattered
reflectance.
[0107] The content of all patents, patent applications, published
articles, abstracts, books, reference manuals and abstracts, as
cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their
entireties to more fully describe the state of the art to which the
invention pertains. All concentrations recited in the specification
and claims are reported as weight percents, unless otherwise
indicated.
[0108] It should be understood that the foregoing description is
only illustrative of the present invention. Various alternatives
and modifications can be devised by those skilled in the art
without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the present
invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives,
modifications and variations that fall within the scope of the
appended claims.
* * * * *