U.S. patent application number 13/969994 was filed with the patent office on 2013-12-12 for electrode using three-dimensional network aluminum porous body, and nonaqueous electrolyte battery, capacitor and lithium-ion capacitor with nonaqueous electrolytic solution, each using the electrode.
This patent application is currently assigned to SUMITOMO ELECTRIC TOYAMA CO., LTD.. The applicant listed for this patent is SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, LTD., SUMITOMO ELECTRIC TOYAMA CO., LTD.. Invention is credited to Kengo GOTO, Akihisa HOSOE, Koutarou KIMURA, Junichi NISHIMURA, Kazuki OKUNO, Hajime OTA, Hideaki SAKAIDA.
Application Number | 20130330614 13/969994 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 46672614 |
Filed Date | 2013-12-12 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130330614 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
HOSOE; Akihisa ; et
al. |
December 12, 2013 |
ELECTRODE USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL NETWORK ALUMINUM POROUS BODY, AND
NONAQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE BATTERY, CAPACITOR AND LITHIUM-ION CAPACITOR
WITH NONAQUEOUS ELECTROLYTIC SOLUTION, EACH USING THE ELECTRODE
Abstract
In an electrode according to the present invention including a
three-dimensional network aluminum porous body as a base material,
the electrode is a sheet-shaped electrode, and a cell of the
three-dimensional network aluminum porous body has an elliptic
shape having a minor axis in the thickness direction of the
electrode in a cross section parallel to the longitudinal direction
and thickness direction of the electrode, and a cell of the
three-dimensional network aluminum porous body has an elliptic
shape having a minor axis in the thickness direction of the
electrode in a cross section parallel to the width direction and
thickness direction of the electrode. The electrode is preferably
obtained by subjecting the three-dimensional network aluminum
porous body to at least a current collecting lead welding step, an
active material filling step and a compressing step.
Inventors: |
HOSOE; Akihisa; (Osaka,
JP) ; OKUNO; Kazuki; (Osaka, JP) ; OTA;
Hajime; (Osaka, JP) ; KIMURA; Koutarou;
(Osaka, JP) ; GOTO; Kengo; (Osaka, JP) ;
SAKAIDA; Hideaki; (Osaka, JP) ; NISHIMURA;
Junichi; (Imizu-shi, JP) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
SUMITOMO ELECTRIC TOYAMA CO., LTD.
SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, LTD. |
Imizu-shi
Osaka |
|
JP
JP |
|
|
Assignee: |
SUMITOMO ELECTRIC TOYAMA CO.,
LTD.
Imizu-shi
JP
SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, LTD.
Osaka
JP
|
Family ID: |
46672614 |
Appl. No.: |
13/969994 |
Filed: |
August 19, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13569300 |
Aug 8, 2012 |
8541134 |
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13969994 |
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PCT/JP2012/053514 |
Feb 15, 2012 |
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13569300 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
429/211 ;
361/523; 429/242 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01G 11/06 20130101;
Y02E 60/10 20130101; H01M 4/13 20130101; H01M 4/04 20130101; H01G
11/70 20130101; H01G 9/045 20130101; H01G 11/28 20130101; H01M 4/80
20130101; H01M 4/661 20130101; H01G 9/048 20130101; H01M 10/052
20130101; Y02E 60/13 20130101; H01M 4/043 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
429/211 ;
429/242; 361/523 |
International
Class: |
H01G 9/045 20060101
H01G009/045; H01G 9/048 20060101 H01G009/048; H01M 10/052 20060101
H01M010/052; H01M 4/66 20060101 H01M004/66; H01M 4/80 20060101
H01M004/80 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Feb 18, 2011 |
JP |
2011-032999 |
Dec 21, 2011 |
JP |
2011-279393 |
Claims
1. An electrode comprising a base material, wherein the base
material is a three-dimensional network aluminum porous body, the
three-dimensional network aluminum porous body consisting
essentially of an aluminum, the electrode is a sheet-shaped
electrode, and the three-dimensional network aluminum porous body
has an elliptic shaped cell in a cross section parallel to a
longitudinal direction and the thickness direction of the
electrode, and the three-dimensional network aluminum porous body
has an elliptic shaped cell in a cross section parallel to a width
direction and the thickness direction of the electrode.
2. The electrode according to claim 1, which is obtained by
subjecting the three-dimensional network aluminum porous body to at
least a current collecting lead welding step, an active material
filling step and a compressing step.
3. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein when a cross section
in the thickness direction of the electrode is divided into three
regions of a region 1, a region 2 and a region 3 in this order, a
ratio of the number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in
the region 1 to the number of cross sections of an aluminum
skeleton in the region 2 is 0.8 or more and 1.2 or less, and a
ratio of the number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in
the region 3 to the number of cross sections of an aluminum
skeleton in the region 2 is 0.8 or more and 1.2 or less.
4. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein when a cross section
in the thickness direction of the electrode is divided into three
regions of a region 1, a region 2 and a region 3 in this order, a
ratio of the average of the number of cross sections of an aluminum
skeleton in the region 1 and the region 3 to the number of cross
sections of an aluminum skeleton in the region 2 is larger than
1.2.
5. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein when a cross section
in the thickness direction of the electrode is divided into three
regions of a region 1, a region 2 and a region 3 in this order, a
ratio of the average of the number of cross sections of an aluminum
skeleton in the region 1 and the region 3 to the number of cross
sections of an aluminum skeleton in the region 2 is smaller than
0.8.
6. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the outermost
surface of the three-dimensional network aluminum porous body is
covered with an active material, and the three-dimensional network
aluminum porous body is not exposed from the active material.
7. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the active material
is not present in a portion from the outermost surface to a depth
of 0.02 mm of the three-dimensional network aluminum porous
body.
8. An electrode comprising a base material, wherein the base
material is a three-dimensional network aluminum porous body, the
three-dimensional network aluminum porous body consisting
essentially of an aluminum, the electrode is a sheet-shaped
electrode, and the three-dimensional network aluminum porous body
has an elliptic shaped cell in a cross section parallel to a
thickness direction of the electrode.
9. The electrode according to claim 8, wherein when a cross section
in the thickness direction of the electrode is divided into three
regions of a region 1, a region 2 and a region 3 in this order, a
ratio of the number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in
the region 1 to the number of cross sections of an aluminum
skeleton in the region 2 is 0.8 or more and 1.2 or less, and a
ratio of the number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in
the region 3 to the number of cross sections of an aluminum
skeleton in the region 2 is 0.8 or more and 1.2 or less.
10. The electrode according to claim 8, wherein when a cross
section in the thickness direction of the electrode is divided into
three regions of a region 1, a region 2 and a region 3 in this
order, a ratio of the average of the number of cross sections of an
aluminum skeleton in the region 1 and the region 3 to the number of
cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in the region 2 is larger
than 1.2.
11. The electrode according to claim 8, wherein when a cross
section in the thickness direction of the electrode is divided into
three regions of a region 1, a region 2 and a region 3 in this
order, a ratio of the average of the number of cross sections of an
aluminum skeleton in the region 1 and the region 3 to the number of
cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in the region 2 is smaller
than 0.8.
12. The electrode according to claim 8, wherein the outermost
surface of the three-dimensional network aluminum porous body is
covered with an active material, and the three-dimensional network
aluminum porous body is not exposed from the active material.
13. The electrode according to claim 8, wherein the active material
is not present in a portion from the outermost surface to a depth
of 0.02 mm of the three-dimensional network aluminum porous
body.
14. An electrode comprising a three-dimensional network aluminum
porous body as a base material, wherein the electrode is a
sheet-shaped electrode, and the three-dimensional network aluminum
porous body has a circular shaped cell in a cross section parallel
to a thickness direction of the electrode.
15. The electrode according to claim 14, wherein when a cross
section in the thickness direction of the electrode is divided into
three regions of a region 1, a region 2 and a region 3 in this
order, a ratio of the number of cross sections of an aluminum
skeleton in the region 1 to the number of cross sections of an
aluminum skeleton in the region 2 is 0.8 or more and 1.2 or less,
and a ratio of the number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton
in the region 3 to the number of cross sections of an aluminum
skeleton in the region 2 is 0.8 or more and 1.2 or less.
16. The electrode according to claim 14, wherein when a cross
section in the thickness direction of the electrode is divided into
three regions of a region 1, a region 2 and a region 3 in this
order, a ratio of the average of the number of cross sections of an
aluminum skeleton in the region 1 and the region 3 to the number of
cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in the region 2 is larger
than 1.2.
17. The electrode according to claim 14, wherein when a cross
section in the thickness direction of the electrode is divided into
three regions of a region 1, a region 2 and a region 3 in this
order, a ratio of the average of the number of cross sections of an
aluminum skeleton in the region 1 and the region 3 to the number of
cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in the region 2 is smaller
than 0.8.
18. The electrode according to claim 14, wherein the outermost
surface of the three-dimensional network aluminum porous body is
covered with an active material, and the three-dimensional network
aluminum porous body is not exposed from the active material.
19. The electrode according to claim 14, wherein the active
material is not present in a portion from the outermost surface to
a depth of 0.02 mm of the three-dimensional network aluminum porous
body.
20. A nonaqueous electrolyte battery, comprising using the
electrode according to claim 1.
21. A capacitor with a nonaqueous electrolytic solution, comprising
using the electrode according to claim 1.
22. A lithium-ion capacitor with a nonaqueous electrolytic
solution, comprising using the electrode according to claim 1.
23. A nonaqueous electrolyte battery, comprising using the
electrode according to claim 8.
24. A capacitor with a nonaqueous electrolytic solution, comprising
using the electrode according to claim 8.
25. A lithium-ion capacitor with a nonaqueous electrolytic
solution, comprising using the electrode according to claim 8.
26. A nonaqueous electrolyte battery, comprising using the
electrode according to claim 14.
27. A capacitor with a nonaqueous electrolytic solution, comprising
using the electrode according to claim 14.
28. A lithium-ion capacitor with a nonaqueous electrolytic
solution, comprising using the electrode according to claim 14.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to a three-dimensional network
aluminum porous body which is used as an electrode for a nonaqueous
electrolyte battery (lithium battery, etc.), a capacitor with a
nonaqueous electrolytic solution (hereinafter, also referred to as
a "capacitor"), a lithium-ion capacitor with a nonaqueous
electrolytic solution and the like.
BACKGROUND ART
[0002] Metal porous bodies having a three-dimensional network
structure have been used in a wide range of applications, such as
various filters, catalyst supports and battery electrodes. For
example, Celmet (manufactured by Sumitomo Electric Industries,
Ltd., registered trademark) composed of three-dimensional network
nickel porous body (hereinafter, referred to as a "nickel porous
body") has been used as an electrode material for batteries, such
as nickel-metal hydride batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries.
Celmet is a metal porous body having continuous pores and
characteristically has a higher porosity (90% or more) than other
porous bodies such as metallic nonwoven fabrics. Celmet can be
obtained by forming a nickel layer on the surface of the skeleton
of a porous resin molded body having continuous pores such as
urethane foam, then decomposing the resin molded body by heat
treatment, and reducing the nickel. The nickel layer is formed by
performing a conductive treatment of applying a carbon powder or
the like to the surface of the skeleton of the resin molded body
and then depositing nickel by electroplating.
[0003] On the other hand, as with nickel, aluminum has excellent
characteristics such as a conductive property, corrosion resistance
and lightweight, and for applications in batteries, for example, an
aluminum foil in which an active material, such as lithium cobalt
oxide, is applied onto the surface thereof has been used as a
positive electrode of a lithium battery. In order to increase the
capacity of a positive electrode, it is considered that a
three-dimensional network aluminum porous body (hereinafter,
referred to as an "aluminum porous body") in which the surface area
of aluminum is increased is used and the inside of the aluminum is
filled with an active material. The reason for this is that this
allows the active material to be utilized even in an electrode
having a large thickness and improves the active material
availability ratio per unit area.
[0004] As a method for producing an aluminum porous body, Patent
Literature 1 describes a method of subjecting a three-dimensional
network plastic substrate having an inner continuous space to an
aluminum vapor deposition process by an arc ion plating method to
form a metallic aluminum layer having a thickness of 2 to 20
.mu.m.
[0005] It is said that in accordance with this method, an aluminum
porous body having a thickness of 2 to 20 .mu.m is obtained, but
since this method is based on a vapor-phase process, it is
difficult to produce a large-area porous body, and it is difficult
to form a layer which is internally uniform depend on the thickness
or porosity of the substrate. Further, this method has problems
that a formation rate of the aluminum layer is low and production
cost is high since equipment for production is expensive. Moreover,
when a thick film is formed, there is a possibility that cracks may
be produced in the film or aluminum may exfoliate.
[0006] Patent Literature 2 describes a method of obtaining an
aluminum porous body, including forming a film made of a metal
(such as copper) on the skeleton of a resin foam molded body having
a three-dimensional network structure, the metal having an ability
to form a eutectic alloy at a temperature equal to or below the
melting point of aluminum, then applying an aluminum paste to the
film, and performing a heat treatment in a non-oxidizing atmosphere
at a temperature of 550.degree. C. or higher and 750.degree. C. or
lower to remove an organic constituent (resin foam) and sinter an
aluminum powder.
[0007] However, in accordance with this method, a layer which forms
a eutectic alloy of the above-mentioned metal and aluminum is
produced and an aluminum layer of high purity cannot be formed.
[0008] As other methods, it is considered that a resin molded body
having a three-dimensional network structure is subjected to
aluminum plating. An electroplating process of aluminum itself is
known, but since aluminum has high chemical affinity to oxygen and
a lower electric potential than hydrogen, the electroplating in a
plating bath containing an aqueous solution system is difficult.
Thus, conventionally, aluminum electroplating has been studied in a
plating bath containing a nonaqueous solution system. For example,
as a technique for plating a metal surface with aluminum for the
purpose of antioxidation of the metal surface, Patent Literature 3
discloses an aluminum electroplating method wherein a low melting
composition, which is a blend melt of an onium halide and an
aluminum halide, is used as a plating bath, and aluminum is
deposited on a cathode while the water content of the plating bath
is maintained at 2 mass % or less.
[0009] However, in the aluminum electroplating, plating of only a
metal surface is possible, and there is no known method of
electroplating on the surface of a resin molded body, in particular
electroplating on the surface of a resin molded body having a
three-dimensional network structure.
[0010] The present inventors have made earnest investigations
concerning a method of electroplating the surface of a resin molded
body made of polyurethane having a three-dimensional network
structure with aluminum, and have found that it is possible to
electroplate the surface of a resin molded body made of
polyurethane by plating the resin molded body made of polyurethane,
in which at least the surface is made electrically conductive, with
aluminum in a molten salt bath. These findings have led to
completion of a method for producing an aluminum porous body. In
accordance with this production method, an aluminum structure
having a resin molded body made of polyurethane as the core of its
skeleton can be obtained. For some applications such as various
filters and catalyst supports, the aluminum structure may be used
as a resin-metal composite as it is, but when the aluminum
structure is used as a metal structure without resin because of
constraints resulting from the usage environment, an aluminum
porous body needs to be formed by removing the resin.
[0011] Removal of the resin can be performed by any method,
including decomposition (dissolution) with an organic solvent, a
molten salt or supercritical water, decomposition by heating or the
like.
[0012] Here, a method of decomposition by heating at high
temperature or the like is convenient, but it involves oxidation of
aluminum. Since aluminum is difficult to reduce after being
oxidized once as distinct from nickel, if being used in, for
example, an electrode material of a battery or the like, the
electrode loses a conductive property due to oxidation, and
therefore aluminum cannot be used as the electrode material. Thus,
the present inventors have completed a method for producing an
aluminum porous body, in which an aluminum structure obtained by
forming an aluminum layer on the surface of a resin molded body is
heated to a temperature equal to or below the melting point of
aluminum in a state of being dipped in a molten salt while applying
a negative potential to the aluminum layer to remove the resin
molded body through thermal decomposition to obtain an aluminum
porous body, as a method of removing a resin without causing the
oxidation of aluminum.
[0013] Incidentally, in order to use the aluminum porous body thus
obtained as an electrode, it is necessary to attach a lead wire to
the aluminum porous body to form a current collector, fill the
aluminum porous body serving as the current collector with an
active material, and subject the resulting aluminum porous body to
treatments such as compressing and cutting by a process shown in
FIG. 1, but a technology for practical use for industrially
producing electrodes for nonaqueous electrolyte batteries, and
capacitors and lithium-ion capacitors each using a nonaqueous
electrolytic solution, and the like from an aluminum porous body
has not yet been known.
CITATION LIST
Patent Literatures
[0014] Patent Literature 1: Japanese Patent No. 3413662 [0015]
Patent Literature 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No.
8-170126 [0016] Patent Literature 3: Japanese Patent No. 3202072
[0017] Patent Literature 4: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication
No. 56-86459
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
Technical Problem
[0018] It is an object of the present invention to provide a
technology for practical use for industrially producing an
electrode from an aluminum porous body, and to provide an electrode
using a three-dimensional network aluminum porous body, and a
nonaqueous electrolyte battery, a capacitor and a lithium-ion
capacitor, each using the electrode.
Solution to Problem
[0019] The constitution of the present invention is as follows.
[0020] (1) An electrode comprising a three-dimensional network
aluminum porous body as a base material, wherein the electrode is a
sheet-shaped electrode; and the three-dimensional network aluminum
porous body has an elliptic shaped cell having a minor axis in a
thickness direction of the electrode in a cross section parallel to
a longitudinal direction and the thickness direction of the
electrode; and the three-dimensional network aluminum porous body
has an elliptic shaped cell having a minor axis in the thickness
direction of the electrode in a cross section parallel to a width
direction and the thickness direction of the electrode.
[0021] (2) The electrode according to (1), which is obtained by
subjecting the three-dimensional network aluminum porous body to at
least a current collecting lead welding step, an active material
filling step and a compressing step.
[0022] (3) An electrode comprising a three-dimensional network
aluminum porous body as a base material, wherein the electrode is a
sheet-shaped electrode; and the three-dimensional network aluminum
porous body has an elliptic shaped cell having a minor axis in a
width direction of the electrode in a cross section parallel to a
thickness direction of the electrode.
[0023] (4) An electrode comprising a three-dimensional network
aluminum porous body as a base material, wherein the electrode is a
sheet-shaped electrode; and the three-dimensional network aluminum
porous body has a circular shaped cell in a cross section parallel
to a thickness direction of the electrode.
[0024] (5) The electrode according to any one of (1) to (4),
wherein when a cross section in the thickness direction of the
electrode is divided into three regions of a region 1, a region 2
and a region 3 in this order, a ratio of the number of cross
sections of an aluminum skeleton in the region 1 to the number of
cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in the region 2 is 0.8 or
more and 1.2 or less, and a ratio of the number of cross sections
of an aluminum skeleton in the region 3 to the number of cross
sections of an aluminum skeleton in the region 2 is 0.8 or more and
1.2 or less.
[0025] (6) The electrode according to any one of (1) to (4),
wherein when a cross section in the thickness direction of the
electrode is divided into three regions of a region 1, a region 2
and a region 3 in this order, a ratio of the average of the number
of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in the region 1 and the
region 3 to the number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in
the region 2 is larger than 1.2.
[0026] (7) The electrode according to any one of (1) to (4),
wherein when a cross section in the thickness direction of the
electrode is divided into three regions of a region 1, a region 2
and a region 3 in this order, a ratio of the average of the number
of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in the region 1 and the
region 3 to the number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in
the region 2 is smaller than 0.8.
[0027] (8) The electrode according to any one of (1) to (7),
wherein the outermost surface of the three-dimensional network
aluminum porous body is covered with an active material, and the
three-dimensional network aluminum porous body is not exposed from
the active material.
[0028] (9) The electrode according to any one of (1) to (7),
wherein the active material is not present in a portion from the
outermost surface to a depth of 0.02 mm of the three-dimensional
network aluminum porous body.
[0029] (10) A nonaqueous electrolyte battery, comprising using the
electrode according to any one of (1) to (9).
[0030] (11) A capacitor with a nonaqueous electrolytic solution,
comprising using the electrode according to any one of (1) to
(9).
[0031] (12) A lithium-ion capacitor with a nonaqueous electrolytic
solution, comprising using the electrode according to any one of
(1) to (9).
Advantageous Effects of Invention
[0032] The electrode of the present invention can be produced by a
process of continuous production and can reduce industrial
production cost.
[0033] Further, the electrode of the present invention can be used
for a nonaqueous electrolyte battery, and a capacitor and a
lithium-ion capacitor each using a nonaqueous electrolytic solution
and the like, and can improve the output characteristics of such a
battery, a capacitor and a lithium-ion capacitor or can lengthen
its life.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0034] FIG. 1 is a view showing a process for producing an
electrode material from an aluminum porous body.
[0035] FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view showing an aluminum
porous body in which in a cross section in the thickness direction
of an electrode, the number of cross sections of an aluminum
skeleton in outer surface portions (surface and rear surface) is
larger than the number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in
an inner portion (central portion).
[0036] FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view showing an aluminum
porous body in which in a cross section in the thickness direction
of an electrode, the number of cross sections of an aluminum
skeleton in an inner portion (central portion) is larger than the
number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in outer surface
portions (surface and rear surface).
[0037] FIG. 4 is a schematic sectional view showing two types of
aluminum porous bodies each having the different number of cross
sections of an aluminum skeleton in a cross section in the
thickness direction of an electrode.
[0038] FIG. 5 is a schematic sectional view showing a state in
which the surface of an aluminum porous body is covered with an
active material.
[0039] FIG. 6 is a schematic sectional view showing a state in
which an active material is not exposed from the surface of an
active material.
[0040] FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing a step of producing an
aluminum structure according to the present invention.
[0041] FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C and 8D are schematic sectional views
illustrating a step of producing an aluminum structure according to
the present invention.
[0042] FIG. 9 is an enlarged photograph of the surface of the
structure of a resin molded body made of polyurethane.
[0043] FIG. 10 is a view illustrating an example of a step of
continuous aluminum plating utilizing molten salt plating.
[0044] FIG. 11 is a view showing a step of compressing an end part
of an aluminum porous body to form a compressed part.
[0045] FIG. 12 is a view showing a step of compressing the central
part of an aluminum porous body to form a compressed part.
[0046] FIG. 13 is a view showing a step of filling a porous part of
an aluminum porous body with an active material slurry.
[0047] FIG. 14 is a schematic view showing an example of a
structure in which an aluminum porous body is applied to a lithium
battery.
[0048] FIG. 15 is a schematic view showing an example of a
structure in which an aluminum porous body is applied to a
capacitor with a nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
[0049] FIG. 16 is a schematic view showing an example of a
structure in which an aluminum porous body is applied to a
lithium-ion capacitor.
[0050] FIG. 17 is a schematic sectional view showing an example of
a structure in which an aluminum porous body is applied to a molten
salt battery.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0051] An electrode according to the present invention can achieve
various effects by using a sheet-shaped three-dimensional network
aluminum porous body as a base material of the electrode.
[0052] The electrode of the present invention preferably has the
following configurations.
[0053] [1] In a cross section in the thickness direction of the
electrode, the shape of a cell is brought into a specific
state.
[0054] [2] In the thickness direction of the electrode, the
distribution of the amount of aluminum forming a skeleton is
brought into a specific state.
[0055] [3] The state of filling an active material into an aluminum
porous body is brought into a specific state.
[0056] Hereinafter, each configuration will be described.
[0057] --Constitution of [1]--
[0058] When adding the constitution of [1] to the electrode of the
present invention, the following aspects <1-1> to <1-3>
are conceivable.
[0059] <1-1> An aspect in which in a cross section in the
thickness direction of the electrode, the shape of the cell is
brought into an elliptic shape having a minor axis in the thickness
direction.
[0060] <1-2> An aspect in which in a cross section in the
thickness direction of the electrode, the shape of the cell is
brought into an elliptic shape having a minor axis in the width
direction.
[0061] <1-3> An aspect in which in a cross section in the
thickness direction of the electrode, the shape of the cell is
brought into a circular shape.
[0062] Hereinafter, each aspect will be described.
--Aspect of <1-1>--
[0063] In order to increase the output characteristics of the
electrode, it is effective to enhance the availability ratio of an
active material. Examples of a method of enhancing the availability
ratio of the active material include methods of shortening the
distance between the skeleton of the electrode and the active
material.
[0064] From this viewpoint, in the electrode of the present
invention, it is preferred that a cell of the three-dimensional
network aluminum porous body has an elliptic shape having a minor
axis in the thickness direction of the electrode in a cross section
parallel to the longitudinal direction and thickness direction of
the sheet-shaped electrode, and a cell of the three-dimensional
network aluminum porous body has an elliptic shape having a minor
axis in the thickness direction of the electrode in a cross section
parallel to the width direction and thickness direction of the
electrode. Thereby, since the distance between the active material
and the skeleton of the base material is shortened, the electrode
of the present invention becomes an electrode capable of providing
a battery, a capacitor and a lithium-ion capacitor, each having a
small current collecting distance and a high output.
[0065] In order to prepare such an electrode, it is effective to
press an electrode by applying sufficient pressure in the
compressing step of the electrode shown, for example, in F of FIG.
1. Further, for example, it is also effective to be subjected to
compression prior to the preparation of the electrode.
[0066] Therefore, the electrode of the present invention is
preferably obtained by subjecting the three-dimensional network
aluminum porous body to at least a current collecting lead welding
step, an active material filling step and a compressing step.
--Aspect of <1-2>--
[0067] From the same viewpoint as in the aspect of <1-1>, in
the electrode of the present invention, it is also preferred that a
cell of the three-dimensional network aluminum porous body, a base
material, has an elliptic shape having a minor axis in the width
direction of the electrode in a cross section parallel to the
thickness direction of the sheet-shaped electrode. Thereby, since
the distance between the active material and the skeleton of the
base material is shortened, the electrode of the present invention
becomes an electrode capable of providing a battery, a capacitor
and a lithium-ion capacitor, each having a small current collecting
distance and a high output.
[0068] In order to prepare such an electrode, it is effective to
prepare an electrode while applying a tensile force of, for
example, 0.5 MPa or more and 2 MPa or less in the production step
of the electrode.
--Aspect of <1-3>--
[0069] When there are variations of the distance between the active
material and the skeleton of the base material within the
electrode, since there are variations of a current collecting
distance of the active material, a current distribution is large
and a life is shortened.
[0070] From this viewpoint, in the electrode of the present
invention, it is preferred that a cell of the three-dimensional
network aluminum porous body, a base material, has a circular shape
in a cross section parallel to the thickness direction of the
sheet-shaped electrode. Thereby, since there is no variation of the
distance between the active material and the skeleton of the base
material, a current collecting distance becomes uniform, and
therefore the electrode of the present invention becomes an
electrode capable of providing a battery, a capacitor and a
lithium-ion capacitor, each having a small current distribution and
a long life.
[0071] Examples of a method of preparing such an electrode include
methods for producing an electrode without compressing in the
production step of the electrode.
[0072] --Constitution of [2]--
[0073] When adding the constitution of [2] to the electrode of the
present invention, the following aspects <2-1> to <2-3>
are conceivable.
[0074] <2-1> An aspect in which in a cross section in the
thickness direction of the electrode, the number of cross sections
of an aluminum skeleton is maintained uniformly in the aluminum
direction and does not have a distribution.
[0075] <2-2> As shown in FIG. 2, an aspect in which in a
cross section in the thickness direction of the electrode, the
number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in outer surface
portions (surface and rear surface) is increased and the number of
cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in an inner portion (central
portion) is decreased.
[0076] <2-3> As shown in FIG. 3, an aspect in which in a
cross section in the thickness direction of the electrode, the
number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in an inner
portion (central portion) is increased and the number of cross
sections of an aluminum skeleton in outer surface portions (surface
and rear surface) is decreased.
[0077] Hereinafter, each aspect will be described.
--Aspect of <2-1>--
[0078] In the aluminum porous body, when the number of cross
sections of the aluminum skeleton in the cross section in the
thickness direction is uniform in the thickness direction, a
current is flown uniformly in the porous body in applying a voltage
to the aluminum porous body. Thus, when such an aluminum porous
body is used as a base material of the electrode, current
collecting is uniformly performed and a long life of the electrode
can be realized.
[0079] Therefore, in the electrode of the present invention, when a
cross section in the thickness direction of the electrode is
divided into three regions of a region 1, a region 2 and a region 3
in this order, a ratio of the number of cross sections of an
aluminum skeleton in the region 1 to the number of cross sections
of an aluminum skeleton in the region 2 is preferably 0.8 or more
and 1.2 or less, and a ratio of the number of cross sections of an
aluminum skeleton in the region 3 to the number of cross sections
of an aluminum skeleton in the region 2 is preferably 0.8 or more
and 1.2 or less. Moreover, the ratio of the number of cross
sections of the aluminum skeleton in the region 1 to the number of
cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in the region 2 is more
preferably 0.9 or more and 1.1 or less, and the ratio of the number
of cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in the region 3 to the
number of cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in the region 2
is preferably 0.9 or more and 1.1 or less.
[0080] In the present invention, the number of cross sections of
the aluminum skeleton in each region in a cross section in the
thickness direction of the electrode can be measured by the
following manner.
[0081] First, a cross section of the electrode is exposed by
polishing, and the cross section is observed with a microscope and
a photograph of the cross section is taken. Subsequently, the
photograph is divided into three regions in the thickness direction
of the electrode, and these regions are defined as a region 1, a
region 2 and a region 3. Then, a sum of the number of cross
sections of the aluminum skeleton (i.e., the number of metal
portions of the porous body skeleton) contained in the respective
region in the photograph is calculated. This measurement is
performed five times at different cross sections and an average
value thereof is calculated.
[0082] In addition, this measurement method can be similarly
applied to the aluminum porous body, and in this case, a resin is
filled into an opening portion of the aluminum porous body, and
after the resin is cured, a cross section of the resin may be
exposed by polishing. Examples of the resin to be filled include an
epoxy resin, an acrylic resin, and a polyester resin.
[0083] In order to prepare the above-mentioned electrode of the
present invention, an aluminum porous body may be used, as a base
material, in which when a cross section in the thickness direction
of the aluminum porous body is divided into three regions of a
region 1, a region 2 and a region 3 in this order, a ratio of the
number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in the region 1 to
the number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in the region
2 is 0.8 or more and 1.2 or less, and a ratio of the number of
cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in the region 3 to the
number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in the region 2 is
0.8 or more and 1.2 or less.
[0084] In order to prepare such an aluminum porous body, a common
resin molded body made of polyurethane, which is used as a starting
material of a metal porous body for an electrode in the production
step of an aluminum porous body described later, may be used.
--Aspect of <2-2>--
[0085] When an active material is filled into an opening part of
the aluminum porous body, in a portion where the number of the
skeleton is large, a region where the active material is in contact
with the skeleton is increased. That is, in a portion where the
number of the skeleton is large, the active material is hardly
exfoliated and the holding performance of the active material is
increased. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the exfoliation
of the active material and to enhance the holding performance of
the active material by using, as a base material of the electrode
of the present invention, an aluminum porous body in which in a
cross section in the thickness direction of the electrode, the
number of cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in outer surface
portions (surface and rear surface) is large and the number of
cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in an inner portion
(central portion) is small.
[0086] Therefore, in the electrode of the present invention, when a
cross section in the thickness direction of the electrode is
divided into three regions of a region 1, a region 2 and a region 3
in this order, a ratio of the average of the number of cross
sections of an aluminum skeleton in the region 1 and the region 3
to the number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in the
region 2 is preferably larger than 1.2, and more preferably larger
than 1.5. When the ratio of the average of the number of cross
sections of the aluminum skeletons in the region 1 and the region 3
to the number of cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in the
region 2 is 1.2 or less, the holding performance of the active
material described above is hardly exerted.
[0087] The ratio of the number of cross sections of the aluminum
skeleton can be determined by measuring the number of cross
sections of the aluminum skeleton in each region in the same manner
as in the number of cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in each
region described above, and calculating a ratio of the number of
cross sections. That is, the average of the number of cross
sections of the aluminum skeleton in the region 1 and the number of
cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in the region 3 may be
calculated, and the average may be divided by the number of cross
sections of the aluminum skeleton in the region 2.
[0088] In order to prepare the above-mentioned electrode of the
present invention, an aluminum porous body may be used, as a base
material, in which when a cross section in the thickness direction
of the aluminum porous body is divided into three regions of a
region 1, a region 2 and a region 3 in this order, a ratio of the
average of the number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in
the region 1 and the region 3 to the number of cross sections of an
aluminum skeleton in the region 2 is larger than 1.2.
[0089] Such an aluminum porous body can be obtained, for example,
by laminating aluminum porous bodies each having the different
number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in a cross section
in the thickness direction and then unifying these aluminum porous
bodies.
[0090] That is, in the electrode of the present invention, it is
also effective to use a three-dimensional network aluminum porous
body formed by laminating three sheets of aluminum porous bodies A,
B and C in this order in the thickness direction to be unified,
wherein a ratio of the average of the number of cross sections of
aluminum skeletons in the cross sections in the thickness direction
of the aluminum porous bodies A and C to the number of cross
sections of an aluminum skeleton in the cross section in the
thickness direction of the aluminum porous body B is larger than
1.2.
[0091] Specifically, as shown in FIG. 4, two kinds of aluminum
porous bodies, an aluminum porous body in which the number of cross
sections of the aluminum skeleton in a cross section in the
thickness direction is large and an aluminum porous body in which
the number of cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in a cross
section in the thickness direction is small, are prepared. Then,
two sheets of the aluminum porous bodies A and C in which the
number of cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in a cross
section in the thickness direction is large, and the aluminum
porous body B in which the number of cross sections of the skeleton
is small are laminated with the aluminum porous body B sandwiched
between the aluminum porous bodies A and C to be unified.
[0092] Thereby, a three-dimensional network aluminum porous body,
in which the number of cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in
outer surface layer portions (surface and rear surface) in the
thickness direction is large, and conversely the number of cross
sections of the aluminum skeleton in an inner portion (central
portion) in the thickness direction is small, can be prepared.
Further, the thickness of the three-dimensional network aluminum
porous body can be larger than those of conventional
three-dimensional network aluminum porous bodies by laminating a
plurality of aluminum porous bodies to unify them.
[0093] Further, when the aluminum porous bodies A, B and C are
selected so that the ratio of the average of the number of cross
sections of the aluminum skeletons in the cross sections in the
thickness direction of the aluminum porous bodies A and C to the
number of cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in the cross
section in the thickness direction of the aluminum porous body B is
larger than 1.2, it is possible to improve the holding performance
of the active material as described above. Further, the ratio is
more preferably larger than 1.5.
[0094] Examples of a method of unifying the laminated aluminum
porous bodies A to C include methods of overlaying the aluminum
porous bodies and compressing them. Among the methods, a method in
which the aluminum porous bodies are overlaid and roll-pressed, and
then partially welded in order to obtain an electrical contact is
preferred. For example, by raising the temperature of the sheet of
the laminated aluminum porous bodies up to around the melting point
of aluminum in a state of applying pressure to the sheet of the
laminated aluminum porous bodies, skeletons in contact with each
other can be fused with each other to be unified.
--Aspect of <2-3>--
[0095] As described above, when the active material is filled into
the opening part of the aluminum porous body, in a portion where
the number of the skeletons is large, a region where the active
material is in contact with the skeleton is increased, and the
distance between the active material and the skeleton is shortened.
Therefore, in a portion where the number of the skeletons is large,
the holding performance of the active material is increased, and at
the same time, the current collecting performance of the active
material is increased. Accordingly, it is possible to enhance the
current collecting performance within the electrode and utilize the
active material within the electrode 100% by using, as a base
material of the electrode of the present invention, an aluminum
porous body in which in a cross section in the thickness direction
of the electrode, the number of cross sections of the aluminum
skeleton in outer surface portions (surface and rear surface) is
small and the number of cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in
an inner portion (central portion) is large.
[0096] Therefore, in the electrode of the present invention, when a
cross section in the thickness direction of the electrode is
divided into three regions of a region 1, a region 2 and a region 3
in this order, a ratio of the average of the number of cross
sections of an aluminum skeleton in the region 1 and the region 3
to the number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in the
region 2 is preferably smaller than 0.8, and more preferably
smaller than 0.7. When the ratio of the average of the number of
cross sections of the aluminum skeletons in the region 1 and the
region 3 to the number of cross sections of the aluminum skeleton
in the region 2 is 0.8 or more, the effect of improving current
collecting performance within the electrode as described above is
hardly exerted.
[0097] The ratio of the number of cross sections of the aluminum
skeleton can be determined by measuring the number of cross
sections of the aluminum skeleton in each region in the same manner
as in the number of cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in each
region described above, and calculating a ratio of the number of
cross sections. That is, the average of the number of cross
sections of the aluminum skeleton in the region 1 and the number of
cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in the region 3 may be
calculated, and the average may be divided by the number of cross
sections of the aluminum skeleton in the region 2.
[0098] In order to prepare the above-mentioned electrode of the
present invention, an aluminum porous body may be used, as a base
material, in which when a cross section in the thickness direction
of the aluminum porous body is divided into three regions of a
region 1, a region 2 and a region 3 in this order, a ratio of the
average of the number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in
the region 1 and the region 3 to the number of cross sections of an
aluminum skeleton in the region 2 is smaller than 0.8.
[0099] Such an aluminum porous body can be obtained, for example,
by laminating aluminum porous bodies each having the different
number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in a cross section
in the thickness direction and then unifying these aluminum porous
bodies.
[0100] That is, in the electrode of the present invention, it is
also effective to use a three-dimensional network aluminum porous
body formed by laminating three sheets of aluminum porous bodies D,
E and F in this order in the thickness direction to be unified,
wherein a ratio of the average of the number of cross sections of
aluminum skeletons in the cross sections in the thickness direction
of the aluminum porous bodies D and F to the number of cross
sections of the aluminum skeleton in the cross section in the
thickness direction of the aluminum porous body E is smaller than
0.8.
[0101] Specifically, as shown in FIG. 4, two kinds of aluminum
porous bodies, an aluminum porous body in which the number of cross
sections of the aluminum skeleton in a cross section in the
thickness direction is large and an aluminum porous body in which
the number of cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in a cross
section in the thickness direction is small, are prepared. Then,
two sheets of the aluminum porous bodies D and F in which the
number of cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in a cross
section in the thickness direction is small, and the aluminum
porous body E in which the number of cross sections of the skeleton
is large are laminated with the aluminum porous body E sandwiched
between the aluminum porous bodies D and F to be unified.
[0102] Thereby, a three-dimensional network aluminum porous body,
in which the number of cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in
outer surface layer portions (surface and rear surface) in the
thickness direction is small, and conversely the number of cross
sections of the aluminum skeleton in an inner portion (central
portion) in the thickness direction is large, can be prepared.
Further, the thickness of the three-dimensional network aluminum
porous body can be larger than those of conventional
three-dimensional network aluminum porous bodies by laminating a
plurality of aluminum porous bodies to unify them.
[0103] Further, when the aluminum porous bodies D, E and F are
selected so that the ratio of the average of the number of cross
sections of the aluminum skeletons in the cross sections in the
thickness direction of the aluminum porous bodies D and F to the
number of cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in the cross
section in the thickness direction of the aluminum porous body E is
smaller than 0.8, it is possible to improve the holding performance
of the active material as described above. Further, the ratio is
more preferably smaller than 0.7.
[0104] Examples of a method of unifying the laminated aluminum
porous bodies D to F include methods of overlaying the aluminum
porous bodies and compressing them. Among the methods, a method in
which the aluminum porous bodies are overlaid and roll-pressed, and
then partially welded in order to obtain an electrical contact is
preferred. For example, by raising the temperature of the sheet of
the laminated aluminum porous bodies up to around the melting point
of aluminum in a state of applying pressure to the sheet of the
laminated aluminum porous bodies, skeletons in contact with each
other can be fused with each other to be unified.
[0105] --Constitution of [3]--
[0106] When adding the constitution of [3] to the electrode of the
present invention, the following aspects <3-1> to <3-2>
are conceivable.
[0107] <3-1> The outermost surface of an aluminum porous body
is fully covered with an active material.
[0108] <3-2> The active material is not exposed to the out
side of the outermost surface of the aluminum porous body.
[0109] Hereinafter, each aspect will be described.
--Aspect of <3-1>--
[0110] As shown in FIG. 1, in order to prepare an electrode from
the aluminum porous body, filling of the active material (shown as
a slurry filling step D in FIG. 1) is performed. Then, the aluminum
porous body is formed into an electrode undergoing a drying step
and a compressing step, but when the skeleton portion of the
aluminum porous body as a current collector is exposed from the
surface of the electrode after completion of the electrode,
problems that a micro short-circuit and electro-current
constriction easily tend to occur, and a life is shortened may
arise. Further, a separator needs to be thickened in order to avoid
these problems.
[0111] Therefore, in the electrode of the present invention, as
shown in FIG. 5, it is preferred that the outermost surface of a
three-dimensional network aluminum porous body as a base material
is covered with an active material, and the skeleton of the
three-dimensional network aluminum porous body is not exposed from
the active material. Thereby, a battery having no micro
short-circuit and electro-current constriction, and having a long
life can be provided. Further, since the thickness of the separator
can be reduced, a battery, a capacitor and a lithium-ion capacitor
can be downsized.
[0112] In addition, in the present invention, the outermost surface
of the aluminum porous body, as shown in FIG. 5, refers to a plane
obtained by passing through each apex of the skeleton in the
outermost portion of the aluminum porous body. Since FIG. 5 is a
conceptional view, the outermost surface of the aluminum porous
body is shown in only an upper portion in FIG. 5, but in an actual
sheet-shaped aluminum porous body, the respective surfaces are
thought to be similar.
[0113] In order to prepare such an electrode of the present
invention, it is preferred to supply an enough amount of the active
material for covering the skeleton of the aluminum porous body in
the slurry filling step shown in FIG. 1.
--Aspect of <3-2>--
[0114] As shown in FIG. 1, in order to prepare an electrode from
the aluminum porous body, filling of the active material (shown as
a slurry filling step D in FIG. 1) is performed, and then the
aluminum porous body is formed into an electrode undergoing a
drying step and a compressing step. In this case, when the ability
of a binder filled into the aluminum porous body together with the
active material is insufficient, the active material tends to be
easily exfoliated from the surface of the electrode and a micro
short circuit easily tends to occur after completion of the
electrode.
[0115] Therefore, in the electrode of the present invention, as
shown in FIG. 6, it is preferred that the active material is not
present in a portion from the outermost surface to a depth of 0.02
mm of the three-dimensional network aluminum porous body as a base
material. Thereby, an electrode, in which the active material is
adequately held within the electrode and is not exfoliated from the
surface of the electrode, and a micro short circuit does not occur,
can be provided.
[0116] In addition, the outermost surface of the aluminum porous
body, as described above, refers to a plane obtained by passing
through each apex of the skeleton in the outermost portion of the
aluminum porous body. Since FIG. 6 is a conceptional view, the
outermost surface of the aluminum porous body is shown in only an
upper portion in FIG. 6 and other portions are covered with the
active material, but in an actual sheet-shaped aluminum porous
body, the respective surfaces are thought to be similar.
[0117] In order to prepare such an electrode of the present
invention, a method of scooping the active material out from the
surface of the electrode with a brush after the compressing step F
shown in FIG. 1 can be exemplified.
[0118] Hereinafter, a method for producing the three-dimensional
network aluminum porous body of the present invention will be
described. Hereinafter, the production method will be described
with reference to the drawings if necessary, taking an example in
which an aluminum plating method is applied as a method of forming
an aluminum film on the surface of a resin molded body made of
polyurethane for a representative example. Throughout the reference
figures hereinafter, the parts assigned the same number are the
same parts or the corresponding parts. The present invention is not
limited thereto but is defined by the claims, and all modifications
which fall within the scope of the claims and the equivalents
thereof are intended to be embraced by the claims.
(Step of Producing Aluminum Structure)
[0119] FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing a step of producing an
aluminum structure. FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C and 8D show schematic views of
the formation of an aluminum plating film using a resin molded body
as a core material corresponding to the flow chart. The overall
flow of the production step will be described with reference to
both figures. First, preparation 101 of a resin molded body serving
as a base material is performed. FIG. 8A is an enlarged schematic
view of the surface of a resin molded body having continuous pores
as an example of a resin molded body serving as a base material.
Pores are formed in the skeleton of a resin molded body 1. Next, a
conductive treatment 102 of the surface of the resin molded body is
performed. As illustrated in FIG. 8B, through this step, a thin
conductive layer 2 made of an electric conductor is formed on the
surface of the resin molded body 1.
[0120] Subsequently, aluminum plating 103 in a molten salt is
performed to form an aluminum plated layer 3 on the surface of the
conductive layer of the resin molded body (FIG. 8C). Thereby, an
aluminum structure is obtained in which the aluminum plated layer 3
is formed on the surface of the resin molded body serving as a base
material. Removal 104 of the resin molded body serving as the base
material is performed.
[0121] The resin molded body 1 can be removed by decomposition or
the like to obtain an aluminum structure (porous body) containing
only a remaining metal layer (FIG. 8D). Hereinafter, each of these
steps will be described in turn.
(Preparation of Resin Molded Body)
[0122] A resin molded body having a three-dimensional network
structure and continuous pores is prepared. A material of the resin
molded body may be any resin. As the material, a resin foam molded
body made of polyurethane, melamine resins, polypropylene or
polyethylene can be exemplified. Though the resin foam molded body
has been exemplified, a resin molded body having any shape may be
selected as long as the resin molded body has continuous pores. For
example, a resin molded body having a shape like a nonwoven fabric
formed by tangling fibrous resin can be used in place of the resin
foam molded body. The resin foam molded body preferably has a
porosity of 80% to 98% and a pore diameter of 50 .mu.m to 500
.mu.m. Urethane foams and melamine resin foams have a high
porosity, continuity of pores, and excellent thermal decomposition
properties and therefore they can be preferably used as the resin
foam molded body.
[0123] Urethane foams are preferred in points of uniformity of
pores, easiness of availability and the like, and preferred in that
urethane foams with a small pore diameter can be available.
[0124] Resin molded bodies often contain residue materials such as
a foaming agent and an unreacted monomer in the production of the
foam, and are therefore preferably subjected to a washing treatment
for the sake of the subsequent steps. As an example of the resin
molded body, a urethane foam subjected to a washing treatment as a
preliminary treatment is shown in FIG. 9. In the resin molded body,
a three-dimensional network is configured as a skeleton, and
therefore continuous pores are configured as a whole. The skeleton
of the urethane foam has an almost triangular shape in a cross
section perpendicular to its extending direction. Herein, the
porosity is defined by the following equation:
Porosity=(1-(mass of porous material[g]/(volume of porous material
[cm.sup.3].times.material density))).times.100[%]
[0125] Further, the pore diameter is determined by magnifying the
surface of the resin molded body in a photomicrograph or the like,
counting the number of pores per inch (25.4 mm) as the number of
cells, and calculating an average pore diameter by the following
equation: average pore diameter=25.4 mm/the number of cells.
(Conductive Treatment of Surface of Resin Molded Body)
[0126] In order to perform electroplating, the surface of the resin
foam is previously subjected to a conductive treatment. A method of
the conductive treatment is not particularly limited as long as it
is a treatment by which a layer having a conductive property can be
disposed on the surface of the resin molded body, and any method,
including electroless plating of a conductive metal such as nickel,
vapor deposition and sputtering of aluminum or the like, and
application of a conductive coating material containing conductive
particles such as carbon, may be selected.
(Formation of Aluminum Layer: Molten Salt Plating)
[0127] Next, an aluminum-plated layer is formed on the surface of
the resin molded body by electroplating in a molten salt. By
plating aluminum in the molten salt bath, a thick aluminum layer
can be uniformly formed particularly on the surface of a
complicated skeleton structure like the resin molded body having a
three-dimensional network structure. A direct current is applied
between a cathode of the resin molded body having a surface
subjected to the conductive treatment and an anode of an aluminum
plate with a purity of 99.0% in the molten salt. As the molten
salt, an organic molten salt which is a eutectic salt of an organic
halide and an aluminum halide or an inorganic molten salt which is
a eutectic salt of an alkaline metal halide and an aluminum halide
may be used. Use of an organic molten salt bath which melts at a
relatively low temperature is preferred because it allows plating
without the decomposition of the resin molded body, a base
material. As the organic halide, an imidazolium salt, a pyridinium
salt or the like may be used, and specifically,
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIC) and butylpyridinium
chloride (BPC) are preferred. Since the contamination of the molten
salt with water or oxygen causes degradation of the molten salt,
plating is preferably performed in an atmosphere of an inert gas,
such as nitrogen or argon, and in a sealed environment.
[0128] The molten salt bath is preferably a molten salt bath
containing nitrogen, and particularly an imidazolium salt bath is
preferably used. In the case where a salt which melts at a high
temperature is used as the molten salt, the dissolution or
decomposition of the resin in the molten salt is faster than the
growth of a plated layer, and therefore, a plated layer cannot be
formed on the surface of the resin molded body. The imidazolium
salt bath can be used without having any affect on the resin even
at relatively low temperatures. As the imidazolium salt, a salt
which contains an imidazolium cation having alkyl groups at
1,3-position is preferably used, and particularly, aluminum
chloride+1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
(AlCl.sub.3+EMIC)-based molten salts are most preferably used
because of their high stability and resistance to decomposition.
The imidazolium salt bath allows plating of urethane resin foams
and melamine resin foams, and the temperature of the molten salt
bath ranges from 10.degree. C. to 65.degree. C., and preferably
25.degree. C. to 65.degree. C. With a decrease in temperature, the
current density range where plating is possible is narrowed, and
plating of the entire surface of a porous body becomes difficult.
The failure that a shape of a base resin is impaired tends to occur
at a high temperature higher than 65.degree. C.
[0129] With respect to molten salt aluminum plating on a metal
surface, it is reported that an additive, such as xylene, benzene,
toluene or 1,10-phenanthroline, is added to AlCl.sub.3-EMIC for the
purpose of improving the smoothness of the plated surface. The
present inventors have found that particularly in aluminum plating
of a resin molded body having a three-dimensional network
structure, the addition of 1,10-phenanthroline has characteristic
effects on the formation of an aluminum porous body. That is, it
provides a first characteristic that the aluminum skeleton forming
the porous body is hardly broken, and a second characteristic that
uniform plating can be achieved with a small difference in plating
thickness between the surface and the interior of the porous
body.
[0130] In the case of pressing the completed aluminum porous body
or the like, the above-mentioned two characteristics of the
hard-to-break skeleton and the uniform plating thickness in the
interior and exterior can provide a porous body which has a
hard-to-break skeleton as a whole and is uniformly pressed. When
the aluminum porous body is used as an electrode material for
batteries or the like, it is performed that an electrode is filled
with an electrode active material and is pressed to increase its
density. However, since the skeleton is often broken in the step of
filling the active material or pressing, the two characteristics
are extremely effective in such an application.
[0131] According to the above description, the addition of an
organic solvent to the molten salt bath is preferred, and
particularly 1,10-phenanthroline is preferably used. The amount of
the organic solvent added to the plating bath preferably ranges
from 0.2 to 7 g/L. When the amount is 0.2 g/L or less, the
resulting plating is poor in smoothness and brittle, and it is
difficult to achieve an effect of decreasing a difference in
thickness between the surface layer and the interior. When the
amount is 7 g/L or more, plating efficiency is decreased and it is
difficult to achieve a predetermined plating thickness.
[0132] FIG. 10 is a view schematically showing the configuration of
an apparatus for continuously plating the above-mentioned
strip-shaped resin with aluminum. This view shows a configuration
in which a strip-shaped resin 22 having a surface subjected to a
conductive treatment is transferred from the left to the right in
the figure. A first plating bath 21a is configured by a cylindrical
electrode 24, an aluminum anode 25 disposed on the inner wall of a
container, and a plating bath 23. The strip-shaped resin 22 passes
through the plating bath 23 along the cylindrical electrode 24, and
thereby a uniform electric current can easily flow through the
entire resin molded body, and uniform plating can be achieved. A
plating bath 21b is a bath for further performing thick uniform
plating and is configured by a plurality of baths so that plating
can be performed multiple times. The strip-shaped resin 22 having a
surface subjected to a conductive treatment passes through a
plating bath 28 while being transferred by electrode rollers 26,
which function as feed rollers and power feeding cathodes on the
outside of the bath, to thereby perform plating. The plurality of
baths include anodes 27 made of aluminum facing both faces of the
resin molded body via the plating bath 28, which allows more
uniform plating on both faces of the resin molded body. A plating
liquid is adequately removed from the plated aluminum porous body
by nitrogen gas blowing and then the plated aluminum porous body is
washed with water to obtain an aluminum porous body.
[0133] On the other hand, an inorganic salt bath can also be used
as a molten salt to an extent to which a resin is not melted or the
like. The inorganic salt bath is a salt of a two-component system,
typically AlCl.sub.3--XCl (X: alkali metal), or a multi-component
system. Such an inorganic salt bath usually has a higher molten
temperature than that in an organic salt bath like an imidazolium
salt bath, but it has less environmental constraints such as water
content or oxygen and can be put to practical use at low cost as a
whole. When the resin is a melamine resin foam, an inorganic salt
bath at 60.degree. C. to 150.degree. C. is employed because the
resin can be used at a higher temperature than a urethane resin
foam.
[0134] An aluminum structure having a resin molded body as the core
of its skeleton is obtained through the above-mentioned steps. For
some applications such as various filters and a catalyst support,
the aluminum structure may be used as a resin-metal composite as it
is, but when the aluminum structure is used as a metal porous body
without a resin because of constraints resulting from the usage
environment, the resin is removed. In the present invention, in
order to avoid causing the oxidation of aluminum, the resin is
removed through decomposition in a molten salt described below.
(Removal of Resin: Treatment by Molten Salt)
[0135] The decomposition in a molten salt is performed in the
following manner. A porous resin molded body having an aluminum
plated layer formed on the surface thereof is dipped in a molten
salt, and is heated while applying a negative potential (potential
lower than a standard electrode potential of aluminum) to the
aluminum layer to remove the resin molded body. When the negative
potential is applied to the aluminum layer with the resin molded
body dipped in the molten salt, the resin molded body can be
decomposed without oxidizing aluminum. A heating temperature can be
appropriately selected in accordance with the type of the resin
molded body. When the resin molded body is urethane, a temperature
of the molten salt bath needs to be 380.degree. C. or higher since
decomposition of urethane occurs at about 380.degree. C., but the
treatment needs to be performed at a temperature equal to or lower
than the melting point (660.degree. C.) of aluminum in order to
avoid melting aluminum. A preferred temperature range is
500.degree. C. or higher and 600.degree. C. or lower. A negative
potential to be applied is on the minus side of the reduction
potential of aluminum and on the plus side of the reduction
potential of the cation in the molten salt. In this manner, an
aluminum porous body which has continuous pores, and has a thin
oxide layer on the surface and a low oxygen content can be
obtained.
[0136] The molten salt used in the decomposition of the resin may
be a halide salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal such
that the aluminum electrode potential is lower. More specifically,
the molten salt preferably contains one or more salts selected from
the group consisting of lithium chloride (LiCl), potassium chloride
(KCl), and sodium chloride (NaCl). In this manner, an aluminum
porous body which has continuous pores, and has a thin oxide layer
on the surface and a low oxygen content can be obtained.
[0137] Next, a process for producing an electrode from the aluminum
porous body thus obtained will be described.
[0138] FIG. 1 is a view illustrating an example of a process for
continuously producing an electrode from an aluminum porous body.
The process includes a porous body sheet winding off step A of
winding off a porous body sheet from a winding off roller 41, a
thickness adjustment step B using a compressing roller 42, a lead
welding step C using a compressing/welding roller 43 and a lead
supply roller 49, a slurry filling step D using a filling roller
44, a slurry supply nozzle 50 and a slurry 51, a drying step E
using a drying machine 45, a compressing step F using a compressing
roller 46, a cutting step G using a cutting roller 47, and a
wind-up step H using a wind-up roller 48. Hereinafter, these steps
will be described specifically.
(Thickness Adjustment Step)
[0139] An aluminum porous body sheet is wound off from a raw sheet
roll around which the sheet of an aluminum porous body has been
wound and is adjusted so as to have an optimum thickness and a flat
surface by roller pressing in the thickness adjustment step. The
final thickness of the aluminum porous body is appropriately
determined in accordance with an application of an electrode, and
this thickness adjustment step is a precompressing step of a
compressing step for achieving the final thickness and compresses
the aluminum porous body to a level of thickness at which a
treatment in the following step is easily performed. A flat-plate
press or a roller press is used as a pressing machine. The
flat-plate press is preferable for suppressing the elongation of a
current collector, but is not suitable for mass production, and
therefore roller press capable of continuous treatment is
preferably used.
(Lead Welding Step)
--Compression of End Part of Aluminum Porous Body--
[0140] When the aluminum porous body is used as an electrode
current collector of a secondary battery or the like, a tab lead
for external extraction needs to be welded to the aluminum porous
body. In the case of an electrode using the aluminum porous body,
since a robust metal part is not present in the aluminum porous
body, it is impossible to weld a lead piece directly to the
aluminum porous body. Therefore, an end part of the aluminum porous
body is processed into the form of foil by compressing to impart
mechanical strength thereto, and a tab lead is welded to the
part.
[0141] An example of a method of processing the end part of the
aluminum porous body will be described.
[0142] FIG. 11 is a view schematically showing the compressing
step.
[0143] A rotating roller can be used as a compressing jig.
[0144] When the compressed part has a thickness of 0.05 mm or more
and 0.2 mm or less (for example, about 0.1 mm), predetermined
mechanical strength can be achieved.
[0145] In FIG. 12, the central part of an aluminum porous body 34
having a width of two aluminum porous bodies is compressed by a
rotating roller 35 as a compressing jig to form a compressed part
33. After compression, the compressed part 33 is cut along the
center line of the central part to obtain two sheets of electrode
current collectors having a compressed part at the end of the
current collector.
[0146] Further, a plurality of current collectors can be obtained
by forming a plurality of strip-shaped compressed end parts at the
central part of the aluminum porous body by using a plurality of
rotating rollers, and cutting along the respective center lines of
these strip-shaped compressed parts.
--Bonding of Tab Lead to Peripheral Portion of Electrode--
[0147] A tab lead is bonded to the compressed end part of the
current collector thus obtained. It is preferred that a metal foil
is used as a tab lead in order to reduce electric resistance of an
electrode and the metal foil is bonded to the surface of at least
one side of peripheries of the electrode. Further, in order to
reduce electric resistance, welding is preferably employed as a
bonding method. A width for welding a metal foil is preferably 10
mm or less since a too wide metal foil causes wasted space to
increase in a battery and a capacity density of the battery is
decreased. When the width for welding is too narrow, since welding
becomes difficult and the effect of collecting a current is
deteriorated, the width is preferably 1 mm or more.
[0148] As a method of welding, a method of resistance welding or
ultrasonic welding can be used, but the ultrasonic welding is
preferred because of its larger bonding area.
--Metal Foil--
[0149] A material of the metal foil is preferably aluminum in
consideration of electric resistance and tolerance for an
electrolytic solution. Further, since impurities in the metal foil
causes the elution or reaction of the impurities in a battery, a
capacitor or a lithium-ion capacitor, an aluminum foil having a
purity of 99.99% or more is preferably used. The thickness of the
welded part is preferably smaller than that of the electrode
itself.
[0150] The aluminum foil is preferably made to have a thickness of
20 to 500 .mu.m.
[0151] Welding of the metal foil may be performed before filling
the current collector with an active material, or may be performed
after the filling, but when the welding is performed before
filling, the active material can be prevented from exfoliating.
Particularly, in the case of ultrasonic welding, welding is
preferably performed before filling. Moreover, an activated carbon
paste may adhere to a welded portion, but since there is a
possibility that the paste can be peeled off during the step, the
welded portion is preferably masked in order to avoid filling the
paste.
[0152] In addition, though in the above description, the
compressing step of the end part and the bonding step of the tab
lead have been described as separate steps, the compressing step
and the bonding step may be performed simultaneously. In this case,
a roller, in which a roller part to be brought into contact, as a
compressing roller, with an end part for bonding a tab lead of the
aluminum porous body sheet can perform resistance welding, is used,
and the aluminum porous body sheet and the metal foil can be
simultaneously supplied to the roller to perform compressing of the
end part and metal foil welding to the compressed part
simultaneously.
(Step of Filling Active Material)
[0153] An electrode is obtained by filling the current collector
prepared as described above with an active material. The active
material is appropriately selected in accordance with the purpose
of use of the electrode.
[0154] For filling the active material, publicly known methods such
as a method of filling by immersion and a coating method can be
employed. Examples of the coating method include a roll coating
method, an applicator coating method, an electrostatic coating
method, a powder coating method, a spray coating method, a spray
coater coating method, a bar coater coating method, a roll coater
coating method, a dip coater coating method, a doctor blade coating
method, a wire bar coating method, a knife coater coating method, a
blade coating method, and a screen printing method.
[0155] When the active material is filled, a conduction aid or a
binder is added as required, and an organic solvent is mixed
therewith to prepare a slurry, and the prepared slurry is filled
into the aluminum porous body by using the above-mentioned filling
method.
[0156] FIG. 13 shows a method of filling a porous body with a
slurry by a roll coating method. As shown in the figure, the slurry
is supplied onto a porous body sheet and this sheet is passed
between a pair of rotating rollers opposed to each other at a
predetermined interval. The slurry is pressed and filled into the
porous body when passing between the rotating rollers.
(Drying Step)
[0157] The porous body filled with the active material is
transferred to a drying machine and heated to evaporate/remove the
organic solvent and thereby an electrode material having the active
material fixed in the porous body is obtained.
(Compressing Step)
[0158] The dried electrode material is compressed to a final
thickness in the compressing step. A flat-plate press or a roller
press is used as a pressing machine. The flat-plate press is
preferable for suppressing the elongation of a current collector,
but is not suitable for mass production, and therefore roller press
capable of continuous treatment is preferably used.
[0159] A case of compressing by roller pressing is shown in the
compressing step F of FIG. 1.
(Cutting Step)
[0160] In order to improve the ability of mass production of the
electrode material, it is preferred that the width of a sheet of
the aluminum porous body is set to the width of a plurality of
final products and the sheet is cut along its traveling direction
with a plurality of blades to form a plurality of long sheets of
electrode materials. This cutting step is a step of dividing a long
length of electrode material into a plurality of long lengths of
electrode materials.
(Winding-Up Step)
[0161] This step is a step of winding up the plurality of long
sheets of electrode materials obtained in the above-mentioned
cutting step around a wind-up roller.
[0162] Next, applications of the electrode material obtained in the
above-mentioned step will be described.
[0163] Examples of main applications of the electrode material in
which the aluminum porous body is used as a current collector
include electrodes for nonaqueous electrolyte batteries such as a
lithium battery and a molten salt battery, an electrode for a
capacitor with a nonaqueous electrolytic solution, and a
lithium-ion capacitor with a nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
Hereinafter, these applications will be described.
(Lithium Battery)
[0164] Next, an electrode material for batteries using an aluminum
porous body and a battery will be described below. For example,
when an aluminum porous body is used in a positive electrode of a
lithium battery (including a lithium-ion secondary battery),
lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO.sub.2), lithium manganese oxide
(LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4), lithium nickel dioxide (LiNiO.sub.2) or the
like is used as an active material. The active material is used in
combination with a conduction aid and a binder.
[0165] In a conventional positive electrode material for lithium
batteries, an electrode formed by applying an active material to
the surface of an aluminum foil is used. Though a lithium battery
has a higher capacity than a nickel-metal hydride battery or a
capacitor, a further increase in capacity is required in automobile
applications. Therefore, in order to increase a battery capacity
per unit area, the application thickness of the active material is
increased. Further, in order to effectively utilize the active
material, the active material needs to be in electrical contact
with the aluminum foil, a current collector, and therefore, the
active material is mixed with a conduction aid to be used.
[0166] In contrast, the aluminum porous body according to the
present invention has a high porosity and a large surface area per
unit area. Thus, a contact area between the current collector and
the active material is increased, and therefore, the active
material can be effectively utilized, the battery capacity can be
improved, and the amount of the conduction aid to be mixed can be
decreased. In a lithium battery, the above-mentioned positive
electrode materials are used for a positive electrode, and for a
negative electrode, a foil, a punched metal or a porous body of
copper or nickel is used as a current collector and a negative
electrode active material such as graphite, lithium titanium oxide
(Li.sub.4Ti.sub.5O.sub.12), an alloy of Sn or Si, lithium metal or
the like is used. The negative electrode active material is also
used in combination with a conduction aid and a binder.
[0167] Such a lithium battery can have an increased capacity even
with a small electrode area and accordingly have a higher energy
density than a conventional lithium battery using an aluminum foil.
The effects of the present invention in a secondary battery has
been mainly described above, but the effects of the present
invention in a primary battery is the same as that in the secondary
battery, and a contact area is increased when the aluminum porous
body is filled with the active material and a capacity of the
primary battery can be improved.
(Configuration of Lithium Battery)
[0168] An electrolyte used in a lithium battery includes a
nonaqueous electrolytic solution and a solid electrolyte.
[0169] FIG. 14 is a vertical sectional view of a solid-state
lithium battery using a solid electrolyte. A solid-state lithium
battery 60 includes a positive electrode 61, a negative electrode
62, and a solid electrolyte layer (SE layer) 63 disposed between
both electrodes. The positive electrode 61 includes a positive
electrode layer (positive electrode body) 64 and a current
collector 65 of positive electrode, and the negative electrode 62
includes a negative electrode layer 66 and a current collector 67
of negative electrode.
[0170] As the electrolyte, a nonaqueous electrolytic solution
described later is used besides the solid electrolyte. In this
case, a separator (porous polymer film, nonwoven fabric, paper or
the like) is disposed between both electrodes, and both electrodes
and separator are impregnated with the nonaqueous electrolytic
solution.
(Active Material Filled into Aluminum Porous Body)
[0171] When an aluminum porous body is used in a positive electrode
of a lithium battery, a material that can extract/insert lithium
can be used as an active material, and an aluminum porous body
filled with such a material can provide an electrode suitable for a
lithium secondary battery. As the material of the positive
electrode active material, for example, lithium cobalt oxide
(LiCoO.sub.2), lithium nickel dioxide (LiNiO.sub.2), lithium cobalt
nickel oxide (LiCo.sub.0.3Ni.sub.0.7O.sub.2), lithium manganese
oxide (LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4), lithium titanium oxide
(Li.sub.4Ti.sub.5O.sub.12), lithium manganese oxide compound
(LiM.sub.yMn.sub.2-yO.sub.4); M=Cr, Co, Ni) or lithium acid is
used. The active material is used in combination with a conduction
aid and a binder. Examples of the material of the positive
electrode active material include transition metal oxides such as
conventional lithium iron phosphate and olivine compounds which are
compounds (LiFePO.sub.4, LiFe.sub.0.5Mn.sub.0.5PO.sub.4) of the
lithium iron phosphate. Further, the transition metal elements
contained in these materials may be partially substituted with
another transition metal element.
[0172] Moreover, examples of other positive electrode active
material include lithium metals in which the skeleton is a
sulfide-based chalcogenide such as TiS.sub.2, V.sub.2S.sub.3, FeS,
FeS.sub.2 or LiMS.sub.x (M is a transition metal element such as
Mo, Ti, Cu, Ni, or Fe, or Sb, Sn or Pb), and a metal oxide such as
TiO.sub.2, Cr.sub.3O.sub.8, V.sub.2O.sub.5 or MnO.sub.2. Herein,
the above-mentioned lithium titanium oxide
(Li.sub.4Ti.sub.5O.sub.12) can also be used as a negative electrode
active material.
(Electrolytic Solution Used in Lithium Battery)
[0173] A nonaqueous electrolytic solution is used in a polar
aprotic organic solvent, and specific examples of the nonaqueous
electrolytic solution include ethylene carbonate, diethyl
carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate,
.gamma.-butyrolactone and sulfolane. As a supporting salt, lithium
tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, an imide salt or
the like is used. The concentration of the supporting salt serving
as an electrolyte is preferably higher, but a supporting salt
having a concentration of about 1 mol/L is generally used since
there is a limit of dissolution.
(Solid Electrolyte Filled into Aluminum Porous Body)
[0174] The aluminum porous body may be additionally filled with a
solid electrolyte besides the active material. The aluminum porous
body can be suitable for an electrode of a solid-state lithium
battery by filling the aluminum porous body with the active
material and the solid electrolyte. However, the ratio of the
active material to materials filled into the aluminum porous body
is preferably adjusted to 50 mass % or more and more preferably 70
mass % or more from the viewpoint of ensuring a discharge
capacity.
[0175] A sulfide-based solid electrolyte having high lithium ion
conductivity is preferably used for the solid electrolyte, and
examples of the sulfide-based solid electrolyte include
sulfide-based solid electrolytes containing lithium, phosphorus and
sulfur. The sulfide-based solid electrolyte may further contain an
element such as O, Al, B, Si or Ge.
[0176] Such a sulfide-based solid electrolyte can be obtained by a
publicly known method. Examples of a method of forming the
sulfide-based solid electrolyte include a method in which lithium
sulfide (Li.sub.2S) and diphosphorus pentasulfide (P.sub.2S.sub.5)
are prepared as starting materials, Li.sub.2S and P.sub.2S.sub.5
are mixed in proportions of about 50:50 to about 80:20 in terms of
mole ratio, and the resulting mixture is fused and quenched
(melting and rapid quenching method) and a method of mechanically
milling the quenched product (mechanical milling method).
[0177] The sulfide-based solid electrolyte obtained by the
above-mentioned method is amorphous. The sulfide-based solid
electrolyte can also be utilized in this amorphous state, but it
may be subjected to a heat treatment to form a crystalline
sulfide-based solid electrolyte. It can be expected to improve
lithium ion conductivity by this crystallization.
(Filling of Active Material into Aluminum Porous Body)
[0178] For filling the active material (active material and solid
electrolyte), publicly known methods such as a method of filling by
immersion and a coating method can be employed. Examples of the
coating method include a roll coating method, an applicator coating
method, an electrostatic coating method, a powder coating method, a
spray coating method, a spray coater coating method, a bar coater
coating method, a roll coater coating method, a dip coater coating
method, a doctor blade coating method, a wire bar coating method, a
knife coater coating method, a blade coating method, and a screen
printing method.
[0179] When the active material (active material and solid
electrolyte) is filled, for example, a conduction aid or a binder
is added as required, and an organic solvent or water is mixed
therewith to prepare a slurry of a positive electrode mixture. An
aluminum porous body is filled with this slurry by the
above-mentioned method. As the conduction aid, for example, carbon
black such as acetylene black (AB) or Ketjen Black (KB), or carbon
fibers such as carbon nano tubes (CNT) may be used. As the binder,
for example, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF),
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA),
carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), xanthan gum and the like can be
used.
[0180] The organic solvent used in preparing the slurry of a
positive electrode mixture can be appropriately selected as long as
it does not adversely affect materials (i.e., an active material, a
conduction aid, a binder, and a solid electrolyte as required) to
be filled into the aluminum porous body. Examples of the organic
solvent include n-hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, toluene, xylene,
trimethylbenzene, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl
methyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene
carbonate, vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate,
tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, ethylene glycol, and
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Further, when water is used as a solvent, a
surfactant may be used for enhancing filling performance.
[0181] In addition, in a conventional positive electrode material
for lithium batteries, an electrode is formed by applying an active
material onto the surface of an aluminum foil. In order to increase
a battery capacity per unit area, the application thickness of the
active material is increased. Further, in order to effectively
utilize the active material, the active material needs to be in
electrical contact with the aluminum foil, and therefore, the
active material is mixed with a conduction aid to be used. In
contrast, the aluminum porous body according to the present
invention has a high porosity and a large surface area per unit
area. Thus, a contact area between the current collector and the
active material is increased, and therefore, the active material
can be effectively utilized, the battery capacity can be improved,
and the amount of the conduction aid to be mixed can be
decreased.
(Electrode for Capacitor)
[0182] FIG. 15 is a schematic sectional view showing an example of
a capacitor produced by using the electrode material for a
capacitor. An electrode material formed by supporting an electrode
active material on an aluminum porous body is disposed as a
polarizable electrode 141 in an organic electrolyte 143 partitioned
with a separator 142. The polarizable electrode 141 is connected to
a lead wire 144, and all these components are housed in a case 145.
When the aluminum porous body is used as a current collector, the
surface area of the current collector is increased and a contact
area between the current collector and activated carbon as an
active material is increased, and therefore, a capacitor that can
realize a high output and a high capacity can be obtained.
[0183] In order to produce an electrode for a capacitor, a current
collector of the aluminum porous body is filled with the activated
carbon as an active material. The activated carbon is used in
combination with a conduction aid or a binder.
[0184] In order to increase the capacity of the capacitor, the
amount of the activated carbon as a main component is preferably in
a large amount, and the amount of the activated carbon is
preferably 90% or more in terms of the composition ratio after
drying (after removing a solvent). The conduction aid and the
binder are necessary, but the amounts thereof are preferably as
small as possible because they are causes of a reduction in
capacity and further the binder is a cause of an increase in
internal resistance. Preferably, the amount of the conduction aid
is 10 mass % or less and the amount of the binder is 10 mass % or
less.
[0185] When the surface area of the activated carbon is larger, the
capacity of the capacitor is larger, and therefore, the activated
carbon preferably has a specific surface area of 1000 m.sup.2/g or
more. As a material of the activated carbon, a plant-derived palm
shell, a petroleum-based material or the like may be used. In order
to increase the surface area of the activated carbon, the material
is preferably activated by use of steam or alkali.
[0186] The electrode material predominantly composed of the
activated carbon is mixed and stirred to obtain an activated carbon
paste. This activated carbon paste is filled into the
above-mentioned current collector and dried, and its density is
increased by compressing with a roller press or the like as
required to obtain an electrode for a capacitor.
(Filling of Activated Carbon into Aluminum Porous Body)
[0187] For filling of the activated carbon, publicly known methods
such as a method of filling by immersion and a coating method can
be employed. Examples of the coating method include a roll coating
method, an applicator coating method, an electrostatic coating
method, a powder coating method, a spray coating method, a spray
coater coating method, a bar coater coating method, a roll coater
coating method, a dip coater coating method, a doctor blade coating
method, a wire bar coating method, a knife coater coating method, a
blade coating method, and a screen printing method.
[0188] When the activated carbon is filled, for example, a
conduction aid or a binder is added as required, and an organic
solvent or water is mixed therewith to prepare a slurry of a
positive electrode mixture. An aluminum porous body is filled with
this slurry by the above-mentioned method. As the conduction aid,
for example, carbon black such as acetylene black (AB) or Ketjen
Black (KB), or carbon fibers such as carbon nano tubes (CNT) may be
used. As the binder, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF),
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA),
carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), xanthan gum and the like can be
used.
[0189] The organic solvent used in preparing the slurry of a
positive electrode mixture can be appropriately selected as long as
it does not adversely affect materials (i.e., an active material, a
conduction aid, a binder, and a solid electrolyte as required) to
be filled into the aluminum porous body. Examples of the organic
solvent include n-hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, toluene, xylene,
trimethylbenzene, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl
methyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene
carbonate, vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate,
tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, ethylene glycol, and
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Further, when water is used as a solvent, a
surfactant may be used for enhancing filling performance.
(Preparation of Capacitor)
[0190] The electrode obtained in the above-mentioned manner is
punched out into an appropriate size to prepare two sheets, and
these two electrodes are opposed to each other with a separator
interposed therebetween. A porous film or nonwoven fabric made of
cellulose or a polyolefin resin is preferably used for the
separator. Then, the electrodes are housed in a cell case by use of
required spacers, and impregnated with an electrolytic solution.
Finally, a lid is put on the case with an insulating gasket
interposed between the lid and the case and is sealed, and thereby
an electric double layer capacitor can be prepared. When a
nonaqueous material is used, materials of the electrode and the
like are preferably adequately dried for decreasing the water
content in the capacitor as much as possible. Preparation of the
capacitor is performed in low-moisture environments, and sealing
may be performed in reduced-pressure environments. In addition, the
capacitor is not particularly limited as long as the current
collector and the electrode of the present invention are used, and
capacitors may be used which are prepared by a method other than
this method.
[0191] Though as the electrolytic solution, both an aqueous system
and a nonaqueous system can be used, the nonaqueous system is
preferably used since its voltage can be set at a higher level than
that of the aqueous system. In the aqueous system, potassium
hydroxide or the like can be used as an electrolyte. Examples of
the nonaqueous system include many ionic liquids in combination of
a cation and an anion. As the cation, lower aliphatic quaternary
ammonium, lower aliphatic quaternary phosphonium, imidazolium or
the like is used, and as the anion, ions of metal chlorides, ions
of metal fluorides, and imide compounds such as
bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide and the like are known. Further, as the
nonaqueous system, there is a polar aprotic organic solvent, and
specific examples thereof include ethylene carbonate, diethyl
carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate,
.gamma.-butyrolactone and sulfolane. As a supporting salt in the
nonaqueous electrolytic solution, lithium tetrafluoroborate,
lithium hexafluorophosphate or the like is used.
(Lithium-Ion Capacitor)
[0192] FIG. 16 is a schematic sectional view showing an example of
a lithium-ion capacitor produced by using the electrode material
for a lithium-ion capacitor. In an organic electrolytic solution
143 partitioned with a separator 142, an electrode material formed
by supporting a positive electrode active material on an aluminum
porous body is disposed as a positive electrode 146 and an
electrode material formed by supporting a negative electrode active
material on a current collector is disposed as a negative electrode
147. The positive electrode 146 and the negative electrode 147 are
connected to a lead wire 148 and a lead wire 149, respectively, and
all these components are housed in a case 145. When the aluminum
porous body is used as a current collector, the surface area of the
current collector is increased, and therefore, even when activated
carbon as an active material is applied onto the aluminum porous
body in a thin manner, a lithium-ion capacitor that can realize a
high output and a high capacity can be obtained.
(Positive Electrode)
[0193] In order to produce an electrode for a lithium-ion
capacitor, a current collector of the aluminum porous body is
filled with activated carbon as an active material. The activated
carbon is used in combination with a conduction aid or a
binder.
[0194] In order to increase the capacity of the lithium-ion
capacitor, the amount of the activated carbon as a main component
is preferably in a large amount, and the amount of the activated
carbon is preferably 90% or more in terms of the composition ratio
after drying (after removing a solvent). The conduction aid and the
binder are necessary, but the amounts thereof are preferably as
small as possible because they are causes of a reduction in
capacity and further the binder is a cause of an increase in
internal resistance. Preferably, the amount of the conduction aid
is 10 mass % or less and the amount of the binder is 10 mass % or
less.
[0195] When the surface area of the activated carbon is larger, the
capacity of the lithium-ion capacitor is larger, and therefore, the
activated carbon preferably has a specific surface area of 1000
m.sup.2/g or more. As a material of the activated carbon, a
plant-derived palm shell, a petroleum-based material or the like
may be used. In order to increase the surface area of the activated
carbon, the material is preferably activated by use of steam or
alkali. As the conduction aid, Ketjen Black, acetylene black,
carbon fibers or composite materials thereof may be used. As the
binder, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl
alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, xanthan gum and the like can be
used. A solvent may be appropriately selected from water and an
organic solvent depending on the type of the binder. In the organic
solvent, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is often used. Further, when water
is used as a solvent, a surfactant may be used for enhancing
filling performance.
[0196] The electrode material predominantly composed of the
activated carbon is mixed and stirred to obtain an activated carbon
paste. This activated carbon paste is filled into the
above-mentioned current collector and dried, and its density is
increased by compressing with a roller press or the like as
required to obtain an electrode for a lithium-ion capacitor.
(Filling of Activated Carbon into Aluminum Porous Body)
[0197] For filling of the activated carbon, publicly known methods
such as a method of filling by immersion and a coating method can
be employed. Examples of the coating method include a roll coating
method, an applicator coating method, an electrostatic coating
method, a powder coating method, a spray coating method, a spray
coater coating method, a bar coater coating method, a roll coater
coating method, a dip coater coating method, a doctor blade coating
method, a wire bar coating method, a knife coater coating method, a
blade coating method, and a screen printing method.
[0198] When the activated carbon is filled, for example, a
conduction aid or a binder is added as required, and an organic
solvent or water is mixed therewith to prepare a slurry of a
positive electrode mixture. An aluminum porous body is filled with
this slurry by the above-mentioned method. As the conduction aid,
for example, carbon black such as acetylene black (AB) or Ketjen
Black (KB), or carbon fibers such as carbon nano tubes (CNT) may be
used. As the binder, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF),
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA),
carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), xanthan gum and the like can be
used.
[0199] The organic solvent used in preparing the slurry of a
positive electrode mixture can be appropriately selected as long as
it does not adversely affect materials (i.e., an active material, a
conduction aid, a binder, and a solid electrolyte as required) to
be filled into the aluminum porous body. Examples of the organic
solvent include n-hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, toluene, xylene,
trimethylbenzene, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl
methyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene
carbonate, vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate,
tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, ethylene glycol, and
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Further, when water is used as a solvent, a
surfactant may be used for enhancing filling performance.
(Negative Electrode)
[0200] A negative electrode is not particularly limited and a
conventional negative electrode for lithium batteries can be used,
but an electrode, in which an active material is filled into a
porous body made of copper or nickel like the foamed nickel
described above, is preferable because a conventional electrode, in
which a copper foil is used for a current collector, has a small
capacity. Further, in order to perform the operations as a
lithium-ion capacitor, the negative electrode is preferably doped
with lithium ions in advance. As a doping method, publicly known
methods can be employed. Examples of the doping methods include a
method in which a lithium metal foil is affixed to the surface of a
negative electrode and this is dipped into an electrolytic solution
to dope it, a method in which an electrode having lithium metal
fixed thereto is arranged in a lithium-ion capacitor, and after
assembling a cell, an electric current is passed between the
negative electrode and the lithium metal electrode to electrically
dope the electrode, and a method in which an electrochemical cell
is assembled from a negative electrode and lithium metal, and a
negative electrode electrically doped with lithium is taken out and
used.
[0201] In any method, it is preferred that the amount of
lithium-doping is large in order to adequately decrease the
potential of the negative electrode, but the negative electrode is
preferably left without being doped by the capacity of the positive
electrode because when the residual capacity of the negative
electrode is smaller than that of the positive electrode, the
capacity of the lithium-ion capacitor becomes small.
(Electrolytic Solution Used in Lithium-Ion Capacitor)
[0202] The same nonaqueous electrolytic solution as that used in a
lithium battery is used for an electrolytic solution. A nonaqueous
electrolytic solution is used in a polar aprotic organic solvent,
and specific examples of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution
include ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate,
propylene carbonate, .gamma.-butyrolactone and sulfolane. As a
supporting salt, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium
hexafluorophosphate, an imide salt or the like is used.
(Preparation of Lithium-Ion Capacitor)
[0203] The electrode obtained in the above-mentioned manner is
punched out into an appropriate size, and is opposed to the
negative electrode with a separator interposed between the punched
out electrode and the negative electrode. The negative electrode
may be an electrode doped with lithium ions by the above-mentioned
method, and when the method of doping the negative electrode after
assembling a cell is employed, an electrode having lithium metal
connected thereto may be arranged in the cell. A porous film or
nonwoven fabric made of cellulose or a polyolefin resin is
preferably used for the separator. Then, the electrodes are housed
in a cell case by use of required spacers, and impregnated with an
electrolytic solution. Finally, a lid is put on the case with an
insulating gasket interposed between the lid and the case and is
sealed, and thereby a lithium-ion capacitor can be prepared.
Materials of the electrode and the like are preferably adequately
dried for decreasing the water content in the lithium-ion capacitor
as much as possible. Preparation of the lithium-ion capacitor is
performed in low-moisture environments, and sealing may be
performed in reduced-pressure environments. In addition, the
lithium-ion capacitor is not particularly limited as long as the
current collector and the electrode of the present invention are
used, and capacitors may be used which are prepared by a method
other than this method.
(Electrode for Molten Salt Battery)
[0204] The aluminum porous body can also be used as an electrode
material for molten salt batteries. When the aluminum porous body
is used as a positive electrode material, a metal compound such as
sodium chromite (N.sub.aCrO.sub.2) or titanium disulfide
(TiS.sub.2) into which a cation of a molten salt serving as an
electrolyte can be intercalated is used as an active material. The
active material is used in combination with a conduction aid and a
binder. As the conduction aid, acetylene black or the like may be
used. As the binder, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and the like
may be used. When sodium chromite is used as the active material
and acetylene black is used as the conduction aid, the binder is
preferably PTFE because PTFE can tightly bind sodium chromite and
acetylene black.
[0205] The aluminum porous body can also be used as a negative
electrode material for molten salt batteries. When the aluminum
porous body is used as a negative electrode material, sodium alone,
an alloy of sodium and another metal, carbon, or the like may be
used as an active material. Sodium has a melting point of about
98.degree. C. and a metal becomes softer with an increase in
temperature. Thus, it is preferable to alloy sodium with another
metal (Si, Sn, In, etc.). In particular, an alloy of sodium and Sn
is preferred because of its easiness of handleability. Sodium or a
sodium alloy can be supported on the surface of the aluminum porous
body by electroplating, hot dipping, or another method.
Alternatively, a metal (Si, etc.) to be alloyed with sodium may be
deposited on the aluminum porous body by plating and then converted
into a sodium alloy by charging in a molten salt battery.
[0206] FIG. 17 is a schematic sectional view showing an example of
a molten salt battery in which the above-mentioned electrode
material for batteries is used. The molten salt battery includes a
positive electrode 121 in which a positive electrode active
material is supported on the surface of an aluminum skeleton of an
aluminum porous body, a negative electrode 122 in which a negative
electrode active material is supported on the surface of an
aluminum skeleton of an aluminum porous body, and a separator 123
impregnated with a molten salt of an electrolyte, which are housed
in a case 127. A pressing member 126 including a presser plate 124
and a spring 125 for pressing the presser plate is arranged between
the top surface of the case 127 and the negative electrode. By
providing the pressing member, the positive electrode 121, the
negative electrode 122 and the separator 123 can be evenly pressed
to be brought into contact with one another even when their volumes
have been changed. A current collector (aluminum porous body) of
the positive electrode 121 and a current collector (aluminum porous
body) of the negative electrode 122 are connected to a positive
electrode terminal 128 and a negative electrode terminal 129,
respectively, through a lead wire 130.
[0207] The molten salt serving as an electrolyte may be various
inorganic salts or organic salts which melt at the operating
temperature. As a cation of the molten salt, one or more cations
selected from alkali metals such as lithium (Li), sodium (Na),
potassium (K), rubidium (Rb) and cesium (Cs), and alkaline earth
metals such as beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca),
strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) may be used.
[0208] In order to decrease the melting point of the molten salt,
it is preferable to use a mixture of at least two salts. For
example, use of potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide
(K--N(SO.sub.2F).sub.2; KFSA) and sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide
(Na--N(SO.sub.2F).sub.2; NaFSA) in combination can decrease the
battery operating temperature to 90.degree. C. or lower.
[0209] The molten salt is used in the form of a separator
impregnated with the molten salt. The separator prevents the
contact between the positive electrode and the negative electrode,
and may be a glass nonwoven fabric, a porous resin molded body or
the like. A laminate of the positive electrode, the negative
electrode, and the separator impregnated with the molten salt
housed in a case is used as a battery.
EXAMPLES
[0210] Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more
detail based on examples, but the present invention is not limited
thereto.
Example 1
Formation of Conductive Layer
[0211] A urethane foam having a porosity of 95%, about 46 pores
(cells) per inch, a pore diameter of about 552 .mu.m, and a
thickness of 1 mm was prepared as a resin molded body and was cut
into a 100 mm.times.30 mm square. A film of aluminum was formed on
the surface of the polyurethane foam in a weight per unit area of
10 g/m.sup.2 by the sputtering method to perform a conductive
treatment.
(Molten Salt Plating)
[0212] The urethane foam having a conductive layer formed on the
surface thereof was loaded as a piece of work in a jig having an
electricity supply function, and then the jig was placed in a glove
box, the interior of which was adjusted to an argon atmosphere and
low moisture (a dew point of -30.degree. C. or lower), and was
dipped in a molten salt aluminum plating bath (33 mol % EMIC-67 mol
% AlCl.sub.3) at a temperature of 40.degree. C. The jig holding the
piece of work was connected to the cathode of a rectifier, and an
aluminum plate (purity 99.99%) of the counter electrode was
connected to the anode. The piece of work was plated by applying a
direct current at a current density of 3.6 A/dm.sup.2 for 90
minutes to obtain an aluminum structure in which 150 g/m.sup.2 of
an aluminum plated layer was formed on the surface of the urethane
foam. Stirring was performed with a stirrer using a Teflon
(registered trademark) rotor. Here, the current density was
calculated based on the apparent area of the urethane foam.
(Decomposition of Resin Molded Body)
[0213] Each of the above-mentioned aluminum structures was dipped
in a LiCl--KCl eutectic molten salt at a temperature of 500.degree.
C., and a negative potential of -1 V was applied to the aluminum
structure for 30 minutes. Air bubbles resulting from the
decomposition reaction of the polyurethane were generated in the
molten salt. Then, the aluminum structure was cooled to room
temperature in the atmosphere and was washed with water to remove
the molten salt, to thereby obtain an aluminum porous body from
which the resin had been removed. The obtained aluminum porous body
had continuous pores and a high porosity as with the urethane foam
used as a core material.
(Processing of End Part of Aluminum Porous Body)
[0214] The thickness of the obtained aluminum porous body was
adjusted to 0.96 mm by roller pressing, and the aluminum porous
body was cut into a piece of 5 cm square.
[0215] As preparation of welding, a SUS block (rod) having a width
of 5 mm and a hammer were used as a compressing jig, and the SUS
block was placed at a location 5 mm from one end of the aluminum
porous body and the porous body was compressed by beating the SUS
block with the hammer to form a compressed part having a thickness
of 100 .mu.m.
[0216] Thereafter, a tab lead was welded by spot welding under the
following conditions.
<Welding Condition>
[0217] Welding apparatus: Hi-Max 100 manufactured by Panasonic
Corporation, model No. YG-101 UD [0218] (Voltage can be applied up
to 250 V) [0219] Capacity: 100 Ws, 0.6 kVA
[0220] Electrode: Copper electrode of 2 mm in diameter
[0221] Load: 8 kgf
[0222] Voltage: 140 V
<Tab Lead>
[0223] Material: aluminum
[0224] Dimension: width 5 mm, length 7 cm, thickness 100 .mu.m
[0225] Surface condition: boehmite treatment
(Filling of Slurry into Aluminum Porous Body)
[0226] A lithium cobalt oxide powder (positive electrode active
material) having an average particle diameter of 5 .mu.m was
prepared as an active material, and the lithium cobalt oxide
powder, acetylene black (conduction aid) and PVDF (binder) were
mixed in proportions of 90:5:5 in terms of mass %.
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (organic solvent) was added dropwise to the
mixture, and the resulting mixture was mixed to prepare a
paste-like slurry of a positive electrode mixture. Next, the slurry
of a positive electrode mixture was filled into the aluminum porous
body. Thereafter, the slurry was dried at 100.degree. C. for 40
minutes to remove the organic solvent, to thereby obtain an
electrode 1 for a positive electrode.
[0227] The obtained electrode 1 for a positive electrode was
polished to expose a cross section thereof. Then, a cross section
of the electrode was observed with SEM, and consequently it was
confirmed that a cell of the aluminum porous body has an elliptic
shape having a minor axis in the thickness direction of the
electrode in the width direction and longitudinal direction of the
electrode.
Example 2
[0228] An electrode 2 for a positive electrode was prepared in the
same manner as in Example 1 except for preparing an electrode while
applying a tensile force. A cross section of the obtained aluminum
porous body was observed in the same manner as in Example 1, and
consequently it was confirmed that a cell of the aluminum porous
body has an elliptic shape having a minor axis in the width
direction of the electrode.
Example 3
[0229] An electrode 3 for a positive electrode was prepared in the
same manner as in Example 1 except for using the aluminum porous
body without compression.
[0230] A cross section of the obtained aluminum porous body was
observed in the same manner as in Example 1, and consequently it
was confirmed that a cell of the aluminum porous body has a
circular shape.
Example 4
[0231] An electrode 4 for a positive electrode having a thickness
of 1 mm and a weight per unit area of 140 g/m.sup.2 was obtained in
the same manner as in Example 1 except for using, as a starting
material, a urethane foam having a porosity of 95%, 58 pores
(cells) per inch, a pore diameter of about 438 .mu.m and a
thickness of 1 mm as a resin molded body made of polyurethane.
[0232] The obtained electrode 4 for a positive electrode was
polished to expose a cross section thereof. Then, the cross section
of the electrode was observed with SEM and a photograph of the
cross section was taken. The photograph was divided into three
regions in the thickness direction of the electrode, and these
regions were defined as a region 1, a region 2 and a region 3.
Then, the number of cross sections of an aluminum skeleton in each
region was measured by image processing.
[0233] As a result, the number of cross sections was 41 in the
region 1, 40 in the region 2 and 42 in the region 3. A ratio of the
number of cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in the region 1
to the number of cross sections of the aluminum skeleton in the
region 2 was 1.03. A ratio of the number of cross sections of the
aluminum skeleton in the region 3 to the number of cross sections
of the aluminum skeleton in the region 2 was 1.05.
Example 5
[0234] An aluminum porous body A having a thickness of 1 mm and a
weight per unit area of 140 g/m.sup.2 and an aluminum porous body C
having a thickness of 1 mm and a weight per unit area of 140
g/m.sup.2 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except
for using, as a starting material, a urethane foam having a
porosity of 95%, 58 pores (cells) per inch, a pore diameter of
about 438 .mu.m and a thickness of 1 mm as a resin molded body made
of polyurethane.
[0235] Similarly, an aluminum porous body B having a thickness of 1
mm and a weight per unit area of 140 g/m.sup.2 was obtained in the
same manner as in Example 1 except for using, as a starting
material, a urethane foam having a porosity of 95%, 40 pores
(cells) per inch, a cell diameter of about 635 .mu.m and a
thickness of 1 mm as a resin molded body made of polyurethane.
[0236] Then, the aluminum porous bodies A, B and C were unified by
laminating the aluminum porous bodies A, B and C in this order,
roll-pressing them prior to the preparation of an electrode, and
then being subjected to partial welding.
[0237] Thereafter, an electrode 5 for a positive electrode was
obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
[0238] A cross section of the obtained electrode 5 for a positive
electrode was observed in the same manner as in Example 4.
[0239] As a result, the number of cross sections was 40 in the
region 1, 30 in the region 2 and 42 in the region 3. A ratio of the
average of the number of cross sections of the aluminum skeletons
in the region 1 and the region 3 to the number of cross sections of
the aluminum skeleton in the region 2 was 1.37.
Example 6
[0240] An aluminum porous body D having a thickness of 1 mm and a
weight per unit area of 140 g/m.sup.2 and an aluminum porous body F
having a thickness of 1 mm and a weight per unit area of 140
g/m.sup.2 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except
for using, as a starting material, a urethane foam having a
porosity of 95%, 40 pores (cells) per inch, a pore diameter of
about 635 .mu.m and a thickness of 1 mm as a resin molded body made
of polyurethane.
[0241] Similarly, an aluminum porous body E having a thickness of 1
mm and a weight per unit area of 140 g/m.sup.2 was obtained in the
same manner as in Example 1 except for using, as a starting
material, a urethane foam having a porosity of 95%, about 58 pores
(cells) per inch, a cell diameter of about 438 .mu.m and a
thickness of 1 mm as a resin molded body made of polyurethane.
[0242] Then, the aluminum porous bodies D, E and F were unified by
laminating the aluminum porous bodies D, E and F in this order,
roll-pressing them prior to the preparation of an electrode, and
then being subjected to partial welding.
[0243] Thereafter, an electrode 6 for a positive electrode was
obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
[0244] A cross section of the obtained electrode 6 for a positive
electrode was observed in the same manner as in Example 4.
[0245] As a result, the number of cross sections was 31 in the
region 1, 41 in the region 2 and 32 in the region 3. A ratio of the
average of the number of cross sections of the aluminum skeletons
in the region 1 and the region 3 to the number of cross sections of
the aluminum skeleton in the region 2 was 1.3.
Example 7
[0246] An electrode 7 for a positive electrode having a thickness
of 1 mm and a weight per unit area of 140 g/m.sup.2 was obtained in
the same manner as in Example 1 except for using, as a starting
material, a urethane foam having a porosity of 95%, about 50 pores
(cells) per inch, a pore diameter of about 508 .mu.m and a
thickness of 1 mm as a resin molded body made of polyurethane.
[0247] A cross section of the obtained electrode 7 for a positive
electrode was observed in the same manner as in Example 1.
[0248] As a result, the outermost surface of the aluminum porous
body was covered with an active material, and a skeleton of the
aluminum porous body was not exposed from the surface of the
electrode.
Example 8
[0249] As a starting material, a urethane foam having a porosity of
95%, about 50 pores (cells) per inch, a pore diameter of about 508
.mu.m and a thickness of 1 mm was used as a resin molded body made
of polyurethane. Then, an electrode was prepared in the same manner
as in Example 1, and finally, the active material remaining on the
surface of the electrode was removed with a brush to obtain a
current collector 8 for a positive electrode. The obtained
electrode had a thickness of 1 mm and a weight per unit area of 140
g/m.sup.2.
[0250] A cross section of the obtained electrode 8 for a positive
electrode was observed in the same manner as in Example 1.
[0251] As a result, the active material was not present in a
portion from the outermost surface to a depth of 0.02 mm of the
aluminum porous body.
[0252] The present invention has been described based on
embodiments, but it is not limited to the above-mentioned
embodiments. Variations to these embodiments may be made within the
scope of identity and equivalence of the present invention.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
[0253] The electrode of the present invention can be suitably used
for nonaqueous electrolyte batteries (lithium battery and the
like), a nonaqueous electrolyte capacitor and a nonaqueous
electrolyte lithium-ion capacitor.
REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
[0254] 1 Resin molded body [0255] 2 Conductive layer [0256] 3
Aluminum-plated layer [0257] 21a, 21b Plating bath [0258] 22
Strip-shaped resin [0259] 23, 28 Plating bath [0260] 24 Cylindrical
electrode [0261] 25, 27 Anode [0262] 26 Electrode roller [0263] 32
Compressing jig [0264] 33 Compressed part [0265] 34 Aluminum porous
body [0266] 35 Rotating roller [0267] 36 Rotation axis of roller
[0268] 37 Tab lead [0269] 38 Insulating/sealing tape [0270] 41
Winding off roller [0271] 42 Compressing roller [0272] 43
Compressing-welding roller [0273] 44 Filling roller [0274] 45
Drying machine [0275] 46 Compressing roller [0276] 47 Cutting
roller [0277] 48 Wind-up roller [0278] 49 Lead supply roller [0279]
50 Slurry supply nozzle [0280] 51 Slurry [0281] 60 Lithium battery
[0282] 61 Positive electrode [0283] 62 Negative electrode [0284] 63
Electrolyte layer [0285] 64 Positive electrode layer (positive
electrode body) [0286] 65 Current collector of positive electrode
[0287] 66 Negative electrode layer [0288] 67 Current collector of
negative electrode [0289] 121 Positive electrode [0290] 122
Negative electrode [0291] 123 Separator [0292] 124 Presser plate
[0293] 125 Spring [0294] 126 Pressing member [0295] 127 Case [0296]
128 Positive electrode terminal [0297] 129 Negative electrode
terminal [0298] 130 Lead wire [0299] 141 Polarizable electrode
[0300] 142 Separator [0301] 143 Organic electrolytic solution
[0302] 144 Lead wire [0303] 145 Case [0304] 146 Positive electrode
[0305] 147 Negative electrode [0306] 148 Lead wire [0307] 149 Lead
wire
* * * * *