U.S. patent application number 14/001795 was filed with the patent office on 2013-12-12 for therapeutic cancer vaccine.
This patent application is currently assigned to Cadila Pharmaceuticals Limited. The applicant listed for this patent is Avani Devenbhai Darji, Nirav Manojkumar Desai, Bakulesh Mafatlal Khamar, Indravadan Ambalal Modi, Chandreshwar Prasad Shukla. Invention is credited to Avani Devenbhai Darji, Nirav Manojkumar Desai, Bakulesh Mafatlal Khamar, Indravadan Ambalal Modi, Chandreshwar Prasad Shukla.
Application Number | 20130330375 14/001795 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 45888440 |
Filed Date | 2013-12-12 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130330375 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Khamar; Bakulesh Mafatlal ;
et al. |
December 12, 2013 |
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccine
Abstract
The present invention relates to vaccine(s) comprising cancer
cells expressing antigen(s), excipients, optionally adjuvant
wherein the said antigen(s) is expressed on contacting the said
cancer cell with p38 inducer, for use in treatment of Cancer. The
vaccine composition induces specific immune response against
homologous and heterologus cancer cells of the tissue/organ. The
invention also provides method of preparing the same.
Inventors: |
Khamar; Bakulesh Mafatlal;
(Ahmedabad, IN) ; Desai; Nirav Manojkumar;
(Ahmedabad, IN) ; Shukla; Chandreshwar Prasad;
(Ahmedabad, IN) ; Darji; Avani Devenbhai;
(Ahmedabad, IN) ; Modi; Indravadan Ambalal;
(Ahmedabad, IN) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Khamar; Bakulesh Mafatlal
Desai; Nirav Manojkumar
Shukla; Chandreshwar Prasad
Darji; Avani Devenbhai
Modi; Indravadan Ambalal |
Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad |
|
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN |
|
|
Assignee: |
Cadila Pharmaceuticals
Limited
Gujarat
IN
|
Family ID: |
45888440 |
Appl. No.: |
14/001795 |
Filed: |
February 27, 2012 |
PCT Filed: |
February 27, 2012 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/IB12/50876 |
371 Date: |
August 27, 2013 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
424/248.1 ;
424/277.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 2039/572 20130101;
A61P 37/04 20180101; A61K 9/0021 20130101; A61P 35/00 20180101;
A61K 2039/575 20130101; A61K 2039/80 20180801; A61K 39/0011
20130101; A61K 2039/5152 20130101; A61K 2039/54 20130101; A61K
2039/55594 20130101; A61K 39/04 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/248.1 ;
424/277.1 |
International
Class: |
A61K 39/04 20060101
A61K039/04; A61K 39/00 20060101 A61K039/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Feb 28, 2011 |
IN |
555/MUM/2011 |
Claims
1. Cancer vaccine composition comprising cancer cells expressing
antigen(s), excipients, optionally adjuvant wherein said antigen(s)
is expressed on contacting said cancer cells with a p38 inducer,
and where in said expressed antigen(s) are specific to allogenic
organ/tissue to which said cancer cells belong.
2. The composition as claimed in claim 1 comprises the antigen
expressing cells in the range of 10.sup.4 to 10.sup.9.
3. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein when administered
to a mammal, said composition elicits a cell mediated immune
response specific to said tissue/organ to which said cancer cells
belong.
4. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein when administered
to a mammal, said composition elicits a humoral immune response
specific to said tissue/organ to which said cancer cells
belong.
5. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the adjuvant is
Mycobacterium w.
6. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the cancer cells
are obtained from a patient and/or a cell repository.
7. A method of treating cancer in a mammal comprising administering
a to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the
composition as claimed in claim 1.
8. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the cancer comprises
homologous or heterologous cancer cells.
9. The method as claimed in claim 7 wherein the composition is a
therapeutic vaccine composition comprising said cancer cells
obtained from same or other mammal.
10. The method as claimed in claim 7 wherein said administration
comprises parental routs.
11. The method as claimed in claim 7 wherein said administration
comprises intradermal route.
Description
FIELD OF INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to therapeutic vaccines, for
use in treatment of malignant tumors, having immunogenicity against
heterogeneous cancer antigen/s specific to tissue/organ. The
invention also provides method of preparing the same.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Malignant tumors are known to have many different types of
cells in it. These cells have genes and proteins that are very
different from one another. And they grow at different rates. This
is known as heterogeneity. The heterogeneity is also responsible
for combining chemotherapy with radiotherapy and/or various kind of
chemotherapy in combination for effective treatment of malignant
tumors.
[0003] There is a lack of well defined antigens for organ/tissue
specific cancer. To overcome this problem cancer cells are used as
an antigen. The use of cancer cells provides benefit of repertoires
of the antigens present on cancer cells.
[0004] The cancer cells can be sourced from the same patients
(autologus) or from a different patient (allogenic).
[0005] Use of autologus cancer cell in vaccines is personalized
therapy and is associated with practical difficulties. The
autologus cells may not be available in ail patients. When
available it may not be of the desired quality and/or quantity. The
approach is also time consuming. The approach is also associated
with regulatory hurdles.
[0006] Use of allogenic cancer cells is attractive as an antigen in
therapeutic vaccine. However it suffers from lack of common
antigen/s as cancer cells from a tissue/organ are heterogeneous in
nature. The allogenic cancer cells fail to elicit immune response
against heterogeneous cancer cells specific to a tissue/organ. e.g.
Allogenic cell lines of pancreatic cancer Mia-paca-2 and Panc-1
produce immune response against themselves. However Mia-paca-2 cell
line fails to elicit immune response against Panc-1 and Panc-1
fails to elicit immune response against Mia-paca-2
[0007] This can be overcome by use of multiple heterogeneous
allogenic cancer cells in a vaccine or identifying antigen present
in a cancer tissue and using specific vaccine against it.
[0008] The heterogeneity of tumor makes it difficult to have a
therapeutic vaccine with a single antigen to provide immune
response against all the cells/majority of cells contained in the
tumor. For this reason one need to combine allogenic cells/antigens
for therapeutic vaccine to make it effective against the tumor as a
whole.
[0009] To overcome the problem of heterogeneity of the
cancer/tumors, it is demonstrated to use more then one cell as
antigen. Emens et al demonstrated use of more then one allogenic
cell line to cover the antigen repertoire of the heterogenic
tumor/cancer. (Emens LA et al; J Olin Oncol. 2009 Dec. 10;
27(35):5911-8). While Laheru D et al demonstrated use of GM CSF to
improve immunogenicity of the allogenic cancer cells vaccine for
treatment of cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Mar. 1;
14(5)1455-63).
[0010] Formalin-fixed tumor cells effectively induce anti-tumor
immunity both in prophylactic and therapeutic conditions was
explained by Chikage Obata, in Journal of dermatological science,
Volume 34, issue 2, Pages 209-219 (May 2004) while a Clinical trial
of autologous formalin-fixed tumor vaccine for glioblastoma
multiform patients studied by Ishikawa E, in Cancer Sci. 2007
Aug;98(8):1226-33. Epub 2007 May 22. In both the studies the
efficacy is against the homologous cancer cells/tumors but none
have demonstrated the killing of hetrogenous cancer cells specific
to tissue/organ are killed by the vaccine.
[0011] Thus there is a need to have therapeutic vaccine using
allogenic cells as antigen for use in treatment of cancers which
elicits immune response against heterogeneous cancer antigen/s
specific to tissue/organ. E.g. therapeutic vaccine for pancreatic
cancer using Mia-paca-2 cell line elicits immune response against
Panc-1 and other pancreatic cancer cells.
[0012] Heterogeneous cancer cells specific to tissue/organ are
those cancer cells which are present/originate from the same
tissue/organ but fail to elicit and/or react to immune response
generated by cancer cells which are present/originate from the same
tissue/organ.
[0013] The methods for harvesting cancer cells and preserving them
or propagating them are well known. The methods can be used for
autologus as well as allogenic cells, Some of the allogenic cancer
cell lines which are available for various type of tumors are
listed below. The cell lines can be procured from various
repositories like American Type Culture Collection, USA; Cell bank
Australia, Australia; Coriell Cell Repositories, New Jersey USA;
European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC), UK; German Collection
of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Germany; Japanese Collection
of Research Bioresources (JCRB), Japan; German Collection of
Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Germany; Korean Cell bank, Korea;
RIKEN Biresource Centre, Japan; Human Genetics Resource Center,
USA; National Centre for Cell Science, India; MMRRC: Mutant Mouse
Regional Resource Centers, USA; National Human Neural Stem Cell
Resource, USA; UK Stem Cell Bank, UK and NCCS in India.
[0014] Also these or new cell lines or specific cancer cells can be
isolated as described by Eton O, et al. Active immunotherapy with B
irradiated Autologous whole Melanoma cells plus DETOX in patients
with metastatic melanoma. In clinical cancer research, March 1998,
Vol. 4, 619-627. Fresh tumor was collected at the time of surgery
from frozen section laboratory and fragmented by slicing, to
maximize the yield of viable tumor cells for vaccine preparation,
the bulk of tumor was dissociated using collagenase type 1 (2
mg/ml) and type IV DNase (0.4 mg/ml) Sigma chemical Co., St Loius,
Mo.; ref 25. These enzymes can alter the immunogenicity of the
resulting cell preparation. The dissociated cells were washed in
HBSS and gentamycin and resuspended in equal volumes of HBSS and
chilled 10% DMSO +4% human serum albumin. Aliquots containing
1.5-2.times.10 7 viable tumor cells stored under liquid
Nitrogen.
[0015] Robert O et al. described Irradiated Cells from Autologous
Tumor Cell Lines as Patient-Specific Vaccine Therapy in 125
Patients with Metastatic Cancer: Induction of Delayed-Type
Hypersensitivity to Autologous Tumor is Associated with Improved
Survival in Cancer biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals Volume 17,
Number 1, 2002. They established short-term cultures of pure tumor
cells for use as autologous tumor cell vaccines in an effort to
study the effects of patient-specific immunotherapy. Surgically
resected fresh tumor was obtained from patients with metastatic
cancer. Successful tumor cell lines (5.times.10.sup.7) were
expanded to 10.sup.8 cells, irradiated, and cryopreserved for
clinical use. Following a baseline test of delayed-type
hypersensitivity (DTH) to an i.d. injection of 10.sup.6 irradiated
autologous tumor cells, patients received 3 weekly s.c. injections
of 10.sup.7 cells, had a repeat DTH test at week-4, then received
monthly vaccinations for 5 months. A positive DTH test was defined
as 10 mm induration; survival was determined from the first DTH
test.
[0016] Dillman R O et al described Establishing in vitro cultures
of autologous tumor cells for use in active specific immunotherapy
in emphasis Tumor Immunol. 1993 July; 14(1): 65-9F They harvested
fresh tumors and attempted to establish short-term cultures of
tumor cells to obtain 10(8) cells which could subsequently be used
in autologous tumor cell vaccine programs. Fresh tumors were
mechanically processed to initiate primary cultures in RPMI-164(
)containing 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 2 mM glutamine, 10 mM
N-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-N'-(2-ethanesulfonic acid), 15% fetal
bovine serum, and antibiotics, incubated at 37 degrees C. in 5%
CO2. We were successful in growing 87 of 142 [61%, (95% confidence
limits [55-68%]) of all tumors] including 39 of 58 (67%) melanomas,
10 of 10 (100%) renal cell carcinomas, 14 of 14 (100%) sarcomas,
and 23 of 54 (43%) various adenocarcinomas.
[0017] Jaffee EM described Development and characterization of a
cytokine secreting pancreatic adenocarcinoma vaccine from primary
tumors for use in clinical trials in Cancer journal from scientific
American, Vol.4, Issue 3, PP: 194. Freshly digested tumor cells
were plated in duplicate at 2*10 6 cells per 25 cm2 flasks. Each
growth condition was evaluated both separately and in combination
with other growth supplements. Different media including RPMI,
DMEM, Ham's and Aim V preparation, and lots of FBS were the initial
components of growth media screened. After identification of the
optimal medium and serum, additional additives were systematically
evaluated. Each supplement was evaluated until either epithelial or
fibroblastic like cells predominated in the cultures.
[0018] The book "Culture of animal cells--A manual of Basic
technique", Fifth edition, Protocol-24.3, pp: 429-430 also
describes the methods of growing primary cells and tumors and
establishing them as cell lines.
[0019] List of Cancer Cells Available from Various
Respositories.
[0020] Cervical cancer: HeLa S3, HeLa 229, H1HeLa, Hs 588.T, GH329,
GH354, HeLa NR1, C-4I, C-4 II, DoTc2 4510, C-33 A, SW756 SiHa
[0021] Colon cancer: NCl-H548, Hs 255.T, HCT-8 (HRT-18), Hs
675.T
[0022] Bladder cancer: Hs 195.T, Hs 228.T, Hs 172.T5637, HT-1376
HT-1197, UM-UC-3, SW 780, J82 SCaBER, T24, TCCSUP, Hs 789.T, Hs
769.T, RT4
[0023] Renal Cancer: A704, A-704, NCl-H1373, NCl-H1395, Hs 618.T,
SK-LU-1, HCC2935, HCC4006, HCC827, ACHN 786-O769-P, Caki-2, HTB-47,
A-498 A549, A-427, SW 156, G-402, Hs 926.T, G-401
[0024] Breast Cancer Hs 274,1, Hs 280.T, Hs 281.T, Hs 343.T, Hs
362.T, Hs 739.T, Hs 741.T, Hs 742.T, Hs 190.T Hs 319.T Hs 329.T Hs
344.T Hs 350.T Hs 371.T Hs 748.T Hs 841.T Hs 849.T Hs 851.T Hs
861.T Hs 905.T Hs 479.T, Hs 540.T, Hs 566(B).T, Hs 605.T, Hs 606
BT-20, HT 762.T, UACC-812, HCC1954 Hs 574.T BT-483 BT-549, DU4475,
Hs 578T, BT-474, HCC1806, UACC-893, HCC38, HCC70, HCC202, HCC1143,
HCC1187, HCC1395, HCC1419, HCC1500, HCC1599, HCC1937, HCC2157,
HCC2218, HCC1569
[0025] Ovarian Cancer: Caov-3, TOV-21 G, Hs 38.T, Hs 571.T, ES-2,
TE 84.T
[0026] Pancreatic Cancer: BxPC-3, HPAF-II, HPAC, Panc 03.27, Panc
08.13, Panc 02.03, Pane 02.13, Pane 04.03, Panc 05.04, Capan-2,
CFPAC-1, PL45, Pane 10.05, MIA PaCa-2, PANC-1
[0027] Lung Cancer: Hs 2293, NCl-H2135, NCl-H2172, NCl-H2444,
NCl-H835, UMC-11,NCl-H727, NCl-H720, Hs 573.T, NCl-H596 NCl-H1688,
NCl-H1417, NCl-H1836, NCl-H1672, HLF-a, NCl-H292, NCl-H2126,
Calu-6, NCl-H2170, NCl-H520, SW 900, Hs 57.T
[0028] Colorectal cancer: NCl-H716, NCl-H747, NCl-H508, NCl-H498,
SNU-C2B, SNU-C2A, LS513, LS1034, LS411N, WiDr, COLO 320DM, COLO
320HSR, OLD-1, HCT-15, SW480, SW403, SW48, SW1116, SW948, SW1417,
LS123, LS 180, LS 174T, C2BBe1, Hs 257.T, Hs 587.Int, Caco-2,
HT-29, HCT 116, ATRFLOX, SW1463, Hs 200.T, Hs 219.T, Hs 722.T.
[0029] Non-small cell lung cancer: NCl-H1581 NCl-H23, NCl-H522,
NCl-H1435, NCl-H1563, NCl-H1651, NCl-H1734, NCl-H1793, NCl-H1838,
NCl-H1975, NCl-H2073, NCl-H2085, NCl-H2228, NCl-H2342, NCl-H2347,
NCl-H2066, NCl-H2286, NCl-H1703, SW 1573, NCl-H358, NCl-H810, DMS
79, DMS 53, DMS 114, SW 1271, NCl-H2227, NCl-H1963, SHP-77,
H69AR
[0030] Skin Cancer: 182-PF, SK 166-ME, SK, TE 354.T, A-431, A431NS,
A253*, Hs 357.T, Hs 941.T, Hs 295.T, Hs 63.T, Hs 892.T Hs 898.T, Hs
416.T, Hs 925.T, Hs 156.T, WM-115, Hs 600.T, Hs 688(A).T, Hs 839.T
Hs 852.T, Hs 906(A).T, Hs 906(B).T, Hs 908.Sk, Hs 936.T, Hs 936.T
(C1), Hs 939.T, A101D CHL-1, HMCB (Human Melanoma Cell Bowles),
C32TG, C32, G-361, A-375, A375.S2, COLO 829, Hs 940.T, HT-144,
Malme-3M RPMI-7951, SK-MEL-5 SK-MEL-24 SK-MEL-28 SK-MEL-31,
WM278,451Lu, WM1552C, WM35, WM793B, 1205Lu, WM39, A7
[0031] Liver Cancer: C3A, SNU-398, SNU-449, SNU-182, SNU-475, Hop
382.1-7, Hep G2, SNU-387, SNU-423, PLC/PRF/5
[0032] Brain cancer: A172, U-138 MG, DBTRG-05MG, LN-18, LN-229,
U-87 MG, U-118 MG, M059K, M059J, LNZTA3WT4, LNZTA3WT11, Hs 683,
PFSK-1, CHP-212, IMR-32, H4 Bone/Bone Marrow cancer: Hs 819.T, SW
1353, TF-1, TF-1a, TF-1.CN5a.1, HEL 92.1.7, KG-1, Hs 709.T, Hs
454.T, NCl-H929, 143.98.2, G-292, clone A141B1, MG-63, HOS, KHOS/NP
(R-970-5), KHOS-240S, KHOS-321H, MNNG/HOS (Cl#5), Hs 3.T,Hs 39.T,
Hs 184.T, Hs 188.T, Hs 387.T, Hs 704.T,Hs 707(A).T, Hs 735.T, Hs
755(B).T, Hs 781.T, Hs 792(B).T, Hs 805, T, Hs 811.T, Hs 866.T, Hs
870.T, Hs 871.T, Hs 889.T Hs 890.T, R-970-5, TE 417.T, TE 418.T, TO
203.T, HT 728.T, Hs 14.T, 11-73, 143B, 143B PML BK TK Saes-2, U-2
OS, Hs 88.T, Hs 864.T, SJSA-1, Hs 900.T, Hs 903.T, Hs 919.T,
SK-ES-1, Hs 706.T, Hs 737.T, Hs 821.T, Hs 846.T, Hs 883.T Hs 822.T,
Hs 863.T, RD-ES, TE 76.T, TE 130.T, Hs 814.T, Hs 324.T, SW 982,
MEG-01
[0033] Blood cancer: SUP-B15, CCRF-SB, 8E5, TALL-104, MOLT-4,
CCRF-CEM, CCRF-HSB-2, MOLT-3, CEM1C2, OEM/C1, THP-1 TIB-202,
AML-193, Kasumi-1 Kasumi-3, BDCM, AML14.3D10/CCCKR3 Clone 16,
Kasumi-6, HL-60, Clone 15 HL-60, HL-60/MX2, HL-60/MX1, J.CaM1,6,
Jurkat, Clone E6-1, J.RT3-T3.5, D1.1, J45.01, MV-4-11, Kasumi-4,
KU812, KU812E, KU812F, RPMI 6666, U266B1, RPMI 8226, Mo, Mo-B,
SUP-T1, JM1, GDM-1, CESS, ARH-77,1A2, H9/HTLV-HIB, HuT 78, JSC-1,
BCP-1,2B8, Daudi, EB-3, Raji, Jiyoye, NAMALWA, HS-Sultan, CA46,
GA-10, GA-10 (Clone 4), GA-10 (Clone 20), NC-37,20B8, HKB-11,1G2,
HH, H9, MJ, BC-1, BC-2, Toledo, U-937, TUR, DB, BC-3
[0034] Sarcoma: TE 441.T, TE 617.T, Hs 729.T, TE 381.T, RD, A-673,
Hs 729, A-204, Hs 94.T, Hs 132.T, Hs 127.T, Hs 701.T, HT-1080, Hs
778(A).T, Hs 778(B),T, Hs 15.T SW 684, TE 1153, Hs 93.T, Hs 934.T,
Hs 935.T
[0035] Lymph node Cancer: 604.T, Hs 751.T Hs 445, Hs 611.T, Hs
616., Hs 505.T, Hs 491.T
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0036] The object of present invention is to alter immunogenic
profile of cancer cells in such a way that they become better
immunogen.
[0037] The object of present invention is to alter immunogenic
profile of cancer cells in such a way that they are immunogenic
against heterogeneous cancer antigen's specific to tissue/organ
[0038] The object of present invention is to provide therapeutic
vaccine for use in treatment of malignant tumor/s having
immunogenicity against heterogeneous cancer antigen/s specific to
tissue/organ.
[0039] It is yet another object of invention is to provide method
of preparing the therapeutic vaccine for use in treatment of
malignant tumor/s having immunogenicity against heterogeneous
cancer antigen/s specific to tissue/organ.
[0040] It is another object of invention is to provide an antigen
for therapeutic vaccine for use in treatment of malignant tumor/s
which elicits immune response against heterogeneous cancer cells
specific to tissue/organ.
[0041] It is another object of invention to provide allogenic
cancer vaccine without inducing carcinogenicity.
[0042] It is yet another objective to provide therapeutic vaccines
for malignant tumor/s that stimulate the cell mediated immune
response specific to homologous as well as hetrologous cancer cells
specific to tissue/organ.
[0043] It is yet another objective to provide therapeutic vaccines
for malignant tumor/s that stimulate humoral immune response
specific to homologous as well as hetrologous cancer cells specific
to tissue/organ.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0044] FIG. 1: Immune reactivity of cancer vaccine preparation to
homologous cancer cells of pancreatic origin as determined by
antibody detection using western blot as per present invention.
[0045] FIG. 2: Immune reactivity of cancer vaccine preparation as
per present invention to homologous as well as heterogeneous cancer
cells of pancreatic origin determined by the number of IFN-g
secreting cells
[0046] FIG. 3: Immune reactivity of cancer vaccine preparation as
per present invention to homologous as well as heterogeneous cancer
cells of pancreatic origin as determined by killing of homologous
as well as heterogeneous cancer cell.
[0047] FIG. 4: Immune reactivity of cancer vaccine preparation as
per present invention to homologous as well as heterogeneous cancer
cells of pancreatic origin as determined by killing of homologous
as well as heterogeneous cancer cell.
[0048] FIG. 5: Immune reactivity of cancer vaccine preparation to
homologous as well as heterogeneous cancer cells of pancreatic
origin as determined by antibody detection using western blot of
homologous as well as heterogeneous cancer cell as per present
invention.
[0049] FIG. 6: Addition of "Mycobacterium W" improves effector
function of heat killed cancer cells as therapeutic cancer
vaccine.
[0050] FIG. 7: Addition of "Mycobacterium W" improves effector
function of formaldehyde treated cancer cells as therapeutic cancer
vaccine.
[0051] FIG. 8: Addition of different adjuvant(s) improves efficacy
of therapeutic cancer vaccine, using killed cancer cells, for use
in treatment of malignant tumor(s)
[0052] FIG. 9: In vivo Melanoma Tumor regression: treatment of
cancer in a mammal as per present invention without limiting the
scope of invention
[0053] FIG. 10: In vivo pancreatic tumor regression: treatment of
cancer in a mammal as per present invention without limiting the
scope of invention
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0054] Surprisingly it is observed that cancer cells change their
immunological characteristics in presence of Mycobacterium w. After
change in immunological characteristics, Cancer cells possess
immunogen, which are shared by heterogeneous cancer cells specific
to tissue/organ. However immunogen so acquired do not react to
normal cells as well as tumor arising from other organ/tissue.
[0055] Thus according to present invention the immunogenic profile
of cancer cells originating from an organ in presence of
Mycobacterium w (Mw) gets altered. Due to the altered immunogenic
profile the cancer cells generates immune response against
homogenous cells as well as heterogeneous cells present in/arising
form same organ/tissue. The generation of immune response against
heterogeneous cell is typically not seen with cancer cells.
[0056] The cancer cells as per present invention changes
immunogenic profile when the intracellular p38 levels. The cancer
cells of present invention can be live, killed, or in the state of
senescence
[0057] The cancer cells of the present invention can be killed by
but not restricted to physical treatment, and/or chemical
treatment.
[0058] The cancer cells of the present invention killed by heating
or boiling or treated with steam.
[0059] The cancer cells of the present invention killed by
treatment with chemicals/substances such as aldehyde, keton, acid,
alkali, salt, ether, ester etc.
[0060] The ratio of cancer cells to Mycobacterium w for the present
invention is in range from 10:1 to 1:10000 which results in change
in immunological characteristics of cancer cells.
[0061] The ratio of cancer cells to Mycobacterium w for the present
invention is preferably in range of 1:10 to 1:1000.
[0062] The most preferred ratio of cancer cells to Mycobacterium w
for the present invention is in range of 1:10 to 1:100.
[0063] As per the present invention it is not necessary that cancer
cells to be inside the body to acquire this novel immunogenic
profile.
[0064] The time for which the presence of Mycobacterium w is
required to alter immunogenic profile of cancer cells is one minute
or more. It can be till administration of cancer cells into the
body.
[0065] The temperature at which the change in immune profile cancer
cells takes place ranges from 1.degree. to 60.degree. C.
[0066] The media environment required for change in immune profile
of cancer cells is selected from saline, buffer, nutrition media or
combination thereof. The nutrition media is a media in which cancer
cells are propagated and/or kept alive.
[0067] As per present invention cancer cells die in presence of
Mycobacterium w.
[0068] As per present invention the death induced by Mycobacterium
W is more than 10% of total cells, preferably more than 30% and
most preferably 60 to 80% of total cancer cells.
[0069] The cancer cell/s for the purpose of the invention can be
live cancer cell/s or killed cancer cell/s.
[0070] As per present invention cancer cells having achieved the
immunological profile, retain the same even when they are killed.
The cancer cells prepared as per present invention induce immune
response.
[0071] The cancer cell used in the invention can be allogenic
cancer cells or autologous cancer cells. The allogenic cancer cells
are isolated, purified, derived and/or modified from the other
organism/mammal/human/patient of same species. The allogenic cancer
cells can also be established and/or immortalized cell line
produced or purchased from repositories.
[0072] The autologus cancer cells are isolated, purified, derived
and/or modified from the same organism/mammal/human/patient.
[0073] Mycobacterium w is a non-pathogenic strain of Mycobacterium
spps that was isolated from soil. Genome wide comparisons together
with molecular phylogenetic analyses by fluorescent amplified
fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP), enterobacterial repetitive
intergenic consensus (ERIC) based genotyping and candidate
orthologues sequencing revealed that Mw has been the predecessor of
highly pathogenic Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAIC)
that did not resort to parasitic adaptation by reductional gene
evolution and therefore, preferred a free living life-style.
Further analysis suggested a shared aquatic phase of MAIC bacilli
with the early pathogenic forms of Mycobacterium, well before the
latter diverged as `specialists` (Ahmed N, et al (2007) Molecular
Analysis of a Leprosy lmmunotherapeutic Bacillus Provides Insights
into Mycobacterium Evolution. PLoS ONE 2(10): e968) The organism
gives negative results when tested with urease, tween 80 hydrolysis
and niacin. It gives positive result with nitrate reduction
test.
[0074] The altered immunologic profile of cells manifests into
altered immune response by the immune system of the host
administered with the vaccine. The altered immune response can be
determined by determining cell mediated immune response or/and
humoral response. The common methods deployed for the purpose are
ELISPOT, Effector function, Western blot etc.
[0075] The efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccine is determined by
its ability of inducing immune response against the specific
antigen and also its ability to react to the antigen. For the
current invention the antigens are the cancer cells with altered
immunological properties by co-incubating cancer cells with
Mycobacterium W.
[0076] The efficacy of these cancer cells was determined for both
ability to induce and react to the antigen by immune system of
suitable host. The efficacy of the therapeutic vaccine to induce
immune response was studied by determining increase in number of
cells producing interferon gamma in response to antigen by ELISPOT.
The technique provided indication of inducing cell mediated immune
response. The humoral immune response was studied using sera of
mice to detect presence of specific antibody response to the
vaccine.
[0077] Similarly the ability to induce heterogeneous immune
response but specific to tissue/organ was also determined by
specific immune response in response to stimulus of non-homologous
tissue/organ specific cancer cell lines (heterogeneous). The
heterogeneous response was also evaluated for both cell mediated
using interferon gamma ELISPOT and humoral response using western
blot.
[0078] The ability to react to the target cells was determined
using effector function. The effector function is the method by
which it is determined that whether the target cell (cancer) is
killed by the cells of immune system stimulated/activated by
administration of vaccine. The therapeutic cancer vaccine showed
killing of target cancer cells of both types i.e. homologous and
heterogeneous cancer cells of same tissue/organ.
EXAMPLE 1
Process of Altering the Immunogenic Profile of Cancer Cells in such
a Way that they are Immunogenic Against Heterogeneous Cancer
Antigen/s Specific to Tissue/Organ
[0079] A) Allogenic Mia-paca-2 cancer cells are harvested and
washed with Dulbelco's
[0080] Phosphate buffer saline (DPBS) to remove traces of serum.
Viable cells are counted and "Mycobacterium W" is added to the
cells at a cell: "Mycobacterium W" ratio of 1:100. This cell
suspension is incubated at 37.degree. C. for 6 hrs. The cell
suspension is centrifuged at 350 g for 10 minutes to separate and
remove "Mycobacterium W". The intracellular p38 levels are
measured. The cells with increased p38 levels are used as a vaccine
or may be further formulated. The adjutant/s may be added to it if
desired. [0081] B) Allogenic B16 melanoma cancer cells are
harvested and washed with DPBS to remove traces of serum. Viable
cells are counted and "Mycobacterium W" is added to the cells at a
cell: "Mycobacterium W" ratio of 1:100. This cell suspension is
incubated at temperature 10.degree. C. till it is administered
preferably for 4-6 hrs. The intracellular p38 levels are measured.
The cells with increased p38 levels are used as a vaccine or may be
further formulated. The adjutant/s may be added to it if desired.
[0082] C) Allogenic cancer cells NFS60 (leukemic cells) are
harvested and washed with Dulbelco's Phosphate buffer saline (DPBS)
to remove traces of serum. Viable cells are counted and
"Mycobacterium W" is added to the cells at a cell: "Mycobacterium
W" ratio of 1:10. This cell suspension is incubated at temperature
at 60.degree. C. for 10 minutes. The cells ate centrifuged at 350 g
for 10 minutes to separate "Mycobacterium Wpl ". The intracellular
p38 levels are measured. The cells with increased p38 levels are
used as a vaccine or may be further formulated. The adjutant/s may
be added to it if desired. [0083] D) Allogenic cancer cells
(Pane-1) are harvested and washed with DPBS to remove traces of
serum. Viable cells are counted and "Mycobacterium W" is added to
the cells at a cell: "Mycobacterium W" ratio of 1:10. This cell
suspension is incubated at temperature at 37.degree. C. for 4-6
hrs. The intracellular p38 levels are measured. The cells with
increased p38 levels are used as a vaccine or may be further
formulated. The adjutant/s may be added to it if desired. [0084] E)
Allogenic cancer cells A549 (Lung cancer) are harvested and washed
with Dulbelco's Phosphate buffer saline (DPBS) to remove traces of
serum. Viable cells are counted and "Mycobacterium W" is added to
the cells at a cell: "Mycobacterium W" ratio of 1:1000. This cell
suspension is incubated at temperature 37.degree. C. for 4-6 hrs.
The cells are centrifuged at 350g for 10 minutes to separate
"Mycobacterium W". The intracellular p38 levels are measured. The
cells with increased p38 levels are used as a vaccine or may be
further formulated. The adjutant/s may be added to it if desired.
[0085] F) Allogenic cancer cells PC-3 (prostate cancer) are
harvested and washed with DPBS to remove traces of serum. Viable
cells are counted and "Mycobacterium W" is added to the cells at a
cell: "Mycobacterium W" ratio of 1:1000. This cell suspension is
incubated at temperature 25.degree. C. for 24 hrs. The
intracellular p38 levels are measured. The cells with increased p38
levels are used as a vaccine or may be further formulated. The
adjutant/s may be added to it if desired. [0086] G) Allogenic
cancer cells AsPC are harvested and washed with Dulbelco's
Phosphate buffer saline (DPBS) to remove traces of serum. Viable
cells are counted and "Mycobacterium W" is added to the cells at a
cell: "Mycobacterium W" ratio of 1:10000. This cell suspension is
incubated at temperature at 30.degree. C. for 6 hrs. The cells ate
centrifuged at 350 g for 10 minutes to separate "Mycobacterium W".
The intracellular p38 levels are measured. The cells with increased
p38 levels are used as a vaccine or may be further formulated. The
adjutant/s may be added to it if desired. [0087] H) Allogenic
cancer cells Mia-paca-2 are harvested and washed with DPBS to
remove traces of serum. Viable cells are counted and "Mycobacterium
W" is added to the cells at a cell: "Mycobacterium W" ratio of
1:10000. This cell suspension is incubated at temperature
37.degree. C. for 120 minutes. The intracellular p38 levels are
measured. The cells with increased p38 levels are used as a vaccine
or may be further formulated. The adjutant's may be added to it if
desired. [0088] I) Allogenic cancer cells MCF 1 (Breast Cancer) are
harvested and washed with Dulbelco's Phosphate buffer saline (DPBS)
to remove traces of serum. Viable cells are counted and
"Mycobacterium W" is added to the cells at a cell: "Mycobacterium
W" ratio of 1:1. This cell suspension is incubated at temperature
40.degree. C. for 5 hrs. The cells ate centrifuged at 350 g for 10
minutes to separate "Mycobacterium W". The intracellular p38 levels
are measured. The cells with increased p38 levels are used as a
vaccine or may be further formulated. The adjutant/s may be added
to it if desired. [0089] J) Allogenic cancer cells isolated from
patient suffering from melanoma are cultured in laboratory are
harvested and washed with DPBS to remove traces of serum. Viable
cells are counted and "Mycobacterium W" is added to the cells at a
cell: "Mycobacterium W" ratio of 1:1. This cell suspension is
incubated at temperature 50.degree. C. for 4-6 hrs. The
intracellular p38 levels are measured. The cells with increased p38
levels are used as a vaccine or may be further formulated. The
adjutant/s may be added to it if desired. [0090] K) Allogenic
cancer cells (Panc-1) are harvested and washed with DPBS to remove
traces of serum. Viable cells are counted and "Mycobacterium W" is
added to the cells at a cell: "Mycobacterium W" ratio of 1:10. This
cell suspension is incubated at temperature at 37.degree. C. for
4-6 hrs. The Mw added are separated by centrifuged at 350 g for 10
minutes. The intracellular p38 levels are measured. The cells with
increased p38 levels are used as a vaccine or may be further
formulated. The adjutant/s may be added to it if desired. [0091] L)
Allogenic cancer cells isolated from patient suffering from
melanoma are cultured in laboratory are harvested and washed with
DPBS to remove traces of serum. Viable cells are counted and
"Mycobacterium W" is added to the cells at a cell: "Mycobacterium
W" ratio of 1:1. This cell suspension is incubated at temperature
50.degree. C. for 4-6 hrs. The Mw added are separated by
centrifugation at 350 g for 10 minutes. The intracellular p38
levels are measured. The cells with increased p38 levels are used
as a vaccine or may be further formulated. The adjutant/s may be
added to it if desired.
EXAMPLE 2
Following Example Illustrates Improved Immune Response as per
Present Invention without Limiting the Scope of Invention
A. Therapeutic Vaccine Elicits Cell Mediated Immune Response
Against Homologous Cancer Cells as Demonstrated by Interferon Gamma
ELISPOT.
[0092] Therapeutic Cancer vaccines prepared by the method described
in example 1 are immunogenic and elicit a Th1 type of immune
response as demonstrated by immunogenicity studies in mouse model.
Briefly, mice were immunized intra-dermally with vehicle control or
vaccine formulation containing 2.times.10 6 cells on day 0 and 21.
The animals were euthanized by CO2 over exposure on day 28 and
immune status was determined as studied by the number of IFN-g
secreting cells amongst splenocytes. A significant increase (8.4
fold) was found in the number of IFN-g secreting cells in the Group
immunized with vaccine formulation compared to Vehicle Control as
depicted in Table: 1
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Immunogenicity of Cancer Vaccine determined
by the number of IFN-g secreting-cells Interferon gamma producing
cells Group per 0.1 million splenocytes Vehicle control 15 cells
Cancer vaccine 126 cells
B. Therapeutic Vaccine Elicits Humoral Immune Response Against
Homologous Cancer Cells as Demonstrated by Antibody Reactivity to
Lysates of Homologous Cancer Cells by Western Blot.
[0093] Mice were randomized in two groups. First group of mice were
immunized intradermally at 0 and 21 day with therapeutic cancer
vaccine prepared as per example 1-6 while second group i.e. control
group were immunized with PBS. Serum samples from all of the mice
were isolated at 28.sup.th day of study to detect the generation of
antibody against vaccine.
[0094] Western blot of homologous cancer cell (Miapaca-2) lysate
was performed with sera samples of mouse from either group. The
detection of antibody bound with lysate protein, HRP conjugated
goat Anti-mouse IgG antibody was used with DAB (Diamino Benzidine)
as coloring agent and H.sub.2O.sub.2 as substrate.
[0095] From western blot analysis as shown in FIG. 1 it is found
that therapeutic cancer vaccine immunization generates antibody
response against Homologous cell lysate.
EXAMPLE 3
Following Example Illustrates Immune Response Against Heterogeneous
Cancer Cells Specific to Tissue/Organ as per Present Invention
without Limiting the Scope of Invention
A. Therapeutic Vaccine Elicits Cell Mediated Immune Response
Against Heterogeneous Cancer Cells Specific to Tissue/Organ as
Demonstrated by ELISPOT-rise in Interferon Gamma Producing
Cells
[0096] Mice were immunized intra-dermally with control or
2.times.10.sup.6 Mia-para-2 cells for cancer vaccine formulation
prepared as in example 1 on day 0 and 21. On day 28 mice were
euthanized by over-exposure of CO2. The spleen from each mouse was
collected and splenocytes isolated. 5.times.10.sup.5 splenocytes
from each mice were seeded in ELISPOT plates from R & D Systems
coated with capture antibody for IFN-g. The cells were stimulated
in-vitro with 10 ug/ml of lysates of Mia-PaCa-2, Panc-1 and AsPC-1
and incubated at 37.degree. C. and 6% CO2 for .about.36 hrs. At the
end of the incubation period the plates were developed as per the
manufactures instructions. Briefly, the cells were washed off and
detection antibody was added. The plate was incubated for 2 hrs at
room temperature. Streptavidin-ALP conjugated enzyme was then added
followed by addition of precipitating substrate BCIP-NBT. The spots
were counted using an automated immunospot reader. Immune
reactivity of cancer vaccine preparation to homologous (Mia-paca-2
cells) as well as heterogeneous cancer cells (Panc-1 and AsPC-1) of
pancreatic origin was determined by the number of IFN-g secreting
cells as depicted in the FIG. 2. The finding suggest that cancer
vaccine prepared as per present invention using mia-paca-2 cells is
able to generate immune response not only against Mia-paca-2 cells
(homologous) but also against Panc-1 and AsPC-1 cells
(heterogeneous). There is no significant difference in immune
response generated against various cell types.
B. Therapeutic Vaccine Elicits Cell Mediated Immune Response
Against Heterogeneous Cancer Cells Specific to Tissue/Organ as
Demonstrated by Effector Function-Killing of Target Cancer
Cells
[0097] Balb/c mice were immunized with either cancer cells
(Mia-Paca-2) or therapeutic cancer vaccine prepared as per example
1-6 on day 0 and 21. The mice were sacrificed and Splenocytes
isolated were used as effector cells against Mia-paca2 and Panc-1
cell line. The results depicted in FIG. 3 shows therapeutic cancer
vaccine is able to produce cross immunization in cancer cells. The
therapeutic cancer vaccine shows effector function against both the
cell lines that is to homologous (Mia-paca-2 cells) as well as
heterogeneous cancer cells (Panc-1 and AsPC-1) of pancreatic
origin.
C. "Mycobacterium W" Treatment Increases the Cross Presentation of
Cancer Cells to Provide Heterogeneous Immunity
[0098] First group of mice were immunized intradermally on 0 and 21
day with MiaPaCa-2 cells while second group with therapeutic cancer
vaccine as prepared in example 1-6. The splenocyte suspension
(10.sup.7 cells/mL) from all of the mice was prepared at day 28 of
study to estimate IFN-g secreting cells by ELISPOT.
[0099] The splenocyte cells of both control and test groups were
added to ELISPOT plate in different wells at a density of
1.times.10.sup.6 cells/well. The plates were incubated at
37.degree. C. and 6% CO2 for 36-48 hrs. After the incubation period
was completed, the cells were decanted off from the plate and
washed with DPBS. 100ul of 1:100 diluted detection antibodies was
added to each well. The plate was incubated at 4.degree. C.
overnight following which it was washed and tapped dry.
Streptavidin-ALP conjugate was diluted 1:1000 in PBS-0.5% FBS. 100
.mu.l of 1:1000 diluted streptavidin-ALP conjugate was added in
each well followed by incubation at room temperature for 1 hour in
dark. The plate was washed and tapped dry. 100 .mu.l of the
BCIP-NBT substrate was added to each well. Again the plate was
incubated at room temperature in dark until distinct spots emerged.
The reaction was stopped by washing the plate with water. The plate
was the kept for drying overnight at 37.degree. C. From the result
as shown in FIG. 4 it was apparent that therapeutic cancer vaccine
prepared by current invention increases the immune reactivity of
mice to hetrogenous cancer cell.
D. Therapeutic Vaccine Elicits Humoral Immune Response Against
Hetrologous Cancer Cells of Same Tissue/Organ as Demonstrated by
Antibody Reactivity to Lysates of Hetrologous Cancer Cells by
Western Blot.
[0100] Mice were immunized intradermally at 0 and 21 day with
therapeutic cancer vaccine. Serum samples from mice were isolated
at 28.sup.th day of study to detect the generation of antibody
against vaccine and the Heterogeneous reactivity of the mouse
cancer vaccine antibody with other cells (heterogeneous) pancreatic
origin viz. SW1990 and AsPC,
[0101] Western blot with lysates of MiaPaCa-2, AsPC-1, SW-1990 and
cancers of different origin like HEK-293 (Kidney), PC-3 (Prostate),
MCF-7 (Breast), A549 (Lung), PA-1 (Ovary) was performed with
primary antibody generated in mouse against therapeutic cancer
vaccine. For the detection of primary antibody bound with lysate
antigen/s, HRP conjugated goat Anti-mouse IgG antibody was used
with DAB (Diamino Benzidine) as coloring/detection agent.
[0102] Western blot analysis shows (FIG. 5) that Mouse anti-cancer
vaccine antibody has heterogeneous reactivity with lysates other
cancer cells of pancreatic origin (heterogeneous) while it is non
reactive with cancer cell lysates of different tissue/organ.
E. Heat Killed Cancer Cells when Adjuvanted with "Mycobacterium W"
Generates Immune Response Against Homologous and Herologous Cancer
Cells of Same Tissue/Organ as Determined by Effetor Function
[0103] Balb/c mice were immunized with heat killed cancer cells
(Mia-paca-2 pancreatic cancer) cells, heat killed cancer cells
(Mia-paca-2 pancreatic cancer) cells mixed in ratio 1:100 with
"Mycobacterium W", administered on day 0 and 21. The mice were
sacrificed and Splenocytes isolated on day 28 and were used as
effector cells against homologous cancer cell line.
[0104] The results depicted in figure: 6 indicate addition of
"Mycobacterium W" improves efficacy of therapeutic vaccine, using
heat killed cells, for use in treatment of malignant tumor/s which
elicits immune response against heterogeneous cancer cells specific
to tissue/organ as demonstrated by Effector function-Killing of
target cancer cells.
F. Formaldehyde Treated Killed Cancer Cells when Adjuvanted with
"Mycobacterium W" Generates Immune Response Against Homologous and
Herologous Cancer Cells of Same Tissue/Organ As Determined by
Effctor Function
[0105] Balb/c mice were immunized with formaldehyde treated cancer
cells (Mia-paca-2 pancreatic cancer) cells, formaldehyde treated
cancer cells (Mia-paca-2 pancreatic cancer) cells mixed in
different ratios with "Mycobacterium W", on day 0 and 21. The mice
were sacrificed and Splenocytes isolated were used as effector
cells against homologous cancer cell line.
[0106] The results depicted in figure: 7 indicate addition of
"Mycobacterium W" improves efficacy of therapeutic vaccine, using
heat killed cells, for use in treatment of malignant tumor/s which
elicits immune response against heterogeneous cancer cells specific
to tissue/organ as demonstrated by Effector function-Killing of
target cancer cells.
G. Killed Cancer Cells when Adjuvanted with Otheradjuvants
Generates Immune Response Against Homologous Cancer Cells of Same
Tissue/Organ as Determined by Elispot Assay
[0107] Balb/c mice were immunized with killed cancer cells
(Mia-paca-2 pancreatic cancer) cells mixed with different adjuvants
namely "Mycobacterium W", BB2, G1, Cadi OFF 10, and combinations
thereof; on day 0 and 21. The mice were sacrificed and Splenocytes
isolated were used for IFN-gamma ELISPOT homologous cancer cell
lysate (FIG. 8).
[0108] The results depicted in FIG. 8 indicate addition of adjuvant
improves efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccine, using killed
cancer cells, for use in treatment of malignant tumor/s.
EXAMPLE 4
Following Examples Illustrates Treatment of Cancer in Mammals as
per Present Invention without Limiting the Scope of Invention
[0109] A. In vivo Tumor Regression: Treatment of Cancer in a Mammal
as per Present Invention without Limiting the Scope of
Invention
[0110] Male Balb/C mice (6-8week), 30 in numbers were used for the
study. The animals were randomized on the basis of body weight. The
tumor induction was done by injecting 1.times.10.sup.5 B16-F1 cells
in hind limb of the mice subcutaneously. Mice were allowed to
develop average tumor size of .about.100-150mm3 and randomized in 2
groups 15 mice each on basis of tumor size. First group of mice
were immunized intradermally with melanoma vaccine (Prepared as per
example 1) on 0 and 10 day post randomization while second group
i.e. control mice were kept un-immunized (no treatment). Tumor size
was recorded twice a week till the tumor size reached the 10% of
animal body weight.
[0111] The tumor volume in treatment group did not rise as compared
to the untreated group (FIG. 9). The Treatment group in fact showed
tumor size reduction indicating the resolution of disease
condition. Over all the survival was Improved and tumor size in
mice reduced in treatment group.
[0112] The treatment group showed delayed progression as well as
regression of tumor mass compared to animals with No treatment.
B. In vivo Tumor Regression: Treatment of Cancer in a Mammal as per
Present Invention without Limiting the Scope of Invention
[0113] Male C57 mice (6-8week), 20 in numbers were used for the
study. The animals were randomized on the basis of body weight. The
tumor induction was done by injecting 1.times.10.sup.5 Pan 02 cells
in hind limb of the mice subcutaneously. Mice were allowed to
develop average tumor size of .about.200 mm3 and randomized in 2
groups 10 mice each on basis of tumor size. First group of mice
were immunized intradermally with pancreatic cancer vaccine
(Prepared as per example 1) on 0 and 10 day post randomization
while second group i.e. control mice were kept un-immunized (no
treatment). Tumor size was recorded twice a week till the tumor
size reached the 10% of animal body weight.
[0114] The tumor volume in treatment group did not rise as compared
to the untreated group (FIG. 10). The Treatment group in fact
showed tumor size reduction indicating the resolution of disease
condition. Over all the survival was Improved and tumor size in
mice reduced in treatment group.
[0115] The treatment group showed delayed progression as well as
regression of tumor mass compared to animals with No treatment.
[0116] These examples clearly demonstrate that the cancer cell
vaccine using "Mycobacterium W" in preparation enhances its
immunogenicity and reactivity against heterogeneous cancer
antigen's specific to tissue/organ.
[0117] The other experiments with mice and ex vivo immuno analysis
shows that the Cancer cell vaccine is able generate an effector
function--meaning the immune system and part there off are able to
kill the target cancer cells of heterogeneous nature specific to
tissue/organ effectively. The vaccine also shows the efficacy in
vivo in treatment of cancer(s).
[0118] Thus cancer vaccine used for the management of cancer, in
terms of retarding, elevating, or curing cancers. The vaccine can
also be used to regresses existing tumors and cancer cell
burden.
* * * * *