U.S. patent application number 13/947977 was filed with the patent office on 2013-11-21 for virtual hard media imaging.
This patent application is currently assigned to COREL CORPORATION. The applicant listed for this patent is COREL CORPORATION. Invention is credited to Christopher Jason TREMBLAY.
Application Number | 20130307802 13/947977 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 42336048 |
Filed Date | 2013-11-21 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130307802 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
TREMBLAY; Christopher
Jason |
November 21, 2013 |
VIRTUAL HARD MEDIA IMAGING
Abstract
The presently disclosed technology teaches using a
tilt-sensitive virtual marking implement to render an impression on
an electronic presentation device. Further, a bearing measurement
and a tilt measurement of the virtual marking implement are made
with respect to the surface. The tilt and bearing are then used to
vary geometry of an impression profile associated with the physical
marking implement as well as an intensity of the rendering. A user
may actively vary the impression profile while he or she produces
strokes of the virtual marking implement across the surface without
changing the physical marking implement selection or switching to a
different virtual marking implement. When creating a rendering on a
virtual canvas using the virtual marking implement and the surface,
a user may wish to vary an orientation of the virtual marking
implement so that a corresponding impression profile mimics an
impression of a selected physical marking implement.
Inventors: |
TREMBLAY; Christopher Jason;
(Cantley, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
COREL CORPORATION |
Ottawa |
|
CA |
|
|
Assignee: |
COREL CORPORATION
Ottawa
CA
|
Family ID: |
42336048 |
Appl. No.: |
13/947977 |
Filed: |
July 22, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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12464943 |
May 13, 2009 |
8493340 |
|
|
13947977 |
|
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61145470 |
Jan 16, 2009 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
345/173 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G06F 3/038 20130101;
G06F 3/03545 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
345/173 |
International
Class: |
G06F 3/0354 20060101
G06F003/0354 |
Claims
1. A method of presenting on a presentation device a mark modeling
a contact area between an implement surface and a marking surface,
the method comprising: receiving a marking event that specifies a
bearing and a tilt measurement of a tilt sensitive input device;
determining a geometry of the mark and an intensity distribution
within the mark based on the bearing and the tilt measurement,
wherein determining includes determining an offset between a center
of intensity of the mark and a dimensional center of the mark based
on the tilt measurement; and presenting the mark via the
presentation device.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the marking event further
specifies a pressure measurement of the tilt sensitive input device
and one or both of the geometry of the mark and intensity
distribution within the mark are further based on the pressure
measurement.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: selecting a tip
geometry corresponding to a physical marking implement, wherein one
or both of the geometry of the mark and the intensity distribution
of the mark are based on the selected tip geometry.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: mapping the geometry
of the mark to an impression bitmap with a bitmap size, wherein the
bitmap size is a maximum bitmap size multiplied by a scale factor
corresponding to the tilt measurement.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the implement surface is
customizable by a user.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the implement surface is defined
by a combination of user defined tip geometry properties.
7. A system for presenting a mark modeling a contact area between
an implement surface and a marking surface, the system comprising:
a tilt sensitive input device configured to input a marking event
that indicates a bearing and a tilt measurement of the tilt
sensitive input device; a determining module configured to
determine a geometry of the mark and an intensity distribution
within the mark based on the bearing and the tilt measurement,
wherein determining includes determining an offset between a center
of intensity of the mark and a dimensional center of the mark based
on the tilt measurement; and a presentation device configured to
present the mark.
8. The system of claim 7, further comprising: rendering circuitry
configured to render the mark on the presentation device.
9. The system of claim 7, wherein the marking event further
specifies a pressure measurement of the tilt sensitive input device
and one or both of the geometry of the mark and intensity
distribution within the mark are further based on the pressure
measurement.
10. The system of claim 7, wherein the tilt sensitive input device
is further configured to select a tip geometry corresponding to a
physical marking implement, and wherein one or both of the geometry
of the mark and the intensity distribution of the mark are based on
the selected tip geometry.
11. The system of claim 7, further comprising: a mapping module
configured to map the geometry of the mark to an impression bitmap
with a bitmap size, wherein the bitmap size is a maximum bitmap
size multiplied by a scale factor corresponding to the tilt
measurement.
12. The system of claim 7, wherein the implement surface is
customizable by a user.
13. The system of claim 7, wherein the implement surface is defined
by a combination of user defined tip geometry properties.
14. A method of presenting on a presentation device a mark modeling
a contact area between an implement surface and a marking surface,
the method comprising: receiving a marking event that specifies a
bearing and a tilt measurement of a tilt sensitive input device;
finding a bitmap that corresponds to the tilt measurement in a
look-up table, wherein a geometry of the bitmap and an intensity
distribution within the bitmap are based on the tilt measurement,
the bitmap including an offset between a center of intensity of the
bitmap and a dimensional center of the bitmap; adjusting the bitmap
based on the tilt measurement and the bearing to produce a mark;
and presenting the mark via the presentation device.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the marking event further
specifies a pressure measurement of the tilt sensitive input device
and the bitmap is further adjusted based on the pressure
measurement.
16. The method of claim 14, further comprising: selecting a tip
geometry corresponding to a physical marking implement, wherein the
selected bitmap further corresponds to the selected tip geometry in
the look-up table.
17. The method of claim 14, wherein the implement surface is
customizable by a user.
18. The method of claim 14, wherein the implement surface is
defined by a combination of user defined tip geometry properties.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 12/464,943, filed May 13, 2009, now U.S. Pat.
No. 8,493,340, which claims the benefit under 35 USC 119(e) of
prior co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.
61/145,470, filed Jan. 16, 2009, the disclosure of which is hereby
incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0002] This application is also related to U.S. Non-provisional
application Ser. No. 12/684,612, entitled "Virtual Faceted Hard
Media Imaging" filed Jan. 8, 2010, and U.S. Non-provisional
application Ser. No. 12/684,653, entitled "Temporal Hard Media
Imaging" filed Jan. 8, 2010.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Various software and hardware tools provide users the
ability to create computer rendered images using techniques that
replicate physical techniques of creating physical images. These
software tools include virtual marking implements that model tip
geometries associated with various physical marking implements
(e.g. pencils, felt pens, crayons, markers, chalk, erasers,
charcoal, pastels, colored pencils, scraperboard tools (i.e.
knives, cutters, gauges), conte crayons, and silverpoint). Further,
these hardware tools include an electronic stylus combined with an
electronic tablet that can approximate the physical feel of the
various marking implements and enable the user to emulate movements
of a physical marking implement on a surface (e.g. paper, canvas,
whiteboard, and chalkboard).
[0004] In order to change the tip geometry, the user is typically
required to select a different virtual marking implement or modify
the tip geometry of the selected virtual marking implement within
the software tools. However, in other implementations, the user
physically utilizes different electronic styluses that correspond
to different tip geometries.
[0005] Other implementations have used angle, pressure, tilt,
velocity, and other motions of the electronic stylus to vary the
size and/or overall opacity of an impression profile associated
with the selected physical marking implement. However, past
software tools do not vary the geometry and/or intensity of the
impression profile (e.g. intensity distribution) based on an angle
of the electronic stylus applied to the electronic tablet to model
a physical marking implement oriented at the angle.
SUMMARY
[0006] The presently disclosed technology teaches a virtual marking
implement (e.g. an electronic stylus) with an accelerometer or
other way of determining a tilt angle of the virtual marking
implement with respect to a surface. Further, the presently
disclosed technology teaches determining a bearing of the virtual
marking implement with respect to the surface. The angle and
bearing are then used to vary geometry of an impression profile
associated with a selected physical marking implement as well as
the intensity of a rendering on an electronic presentation
device.
[0007] This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of
concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in
the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify
key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter,
nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed
subject matter. Other features, details, utilities, and advantages
of the claimed subject matter will be apparent from the following
more particular written Detailed Description of various
implementations and implementations as further illustrated in the
accompanying drawings and defined in the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] The presently disclosed technology is best understood from
the following Detailed Description describing various
implementations read in connection with the accompanying
drawings.
[0009] FIG. 1A shows an example physical marking implement with a
conical tip oriented vertically with respect to a horizontal tablet
surface and a corresponding impression profile on the tablet
surface.
[0010] FIG. 1B shows an example physical marking implement with a
conical tip oriented at 40 degrees from vertical with respect to a
horizontal tablet surface and a corresponding impression profile on
the tablet surface.
[0011] FIG. 1C shows an example physical marking implement with a
conical tip oriented at 80 degrees from vertical with respect to a
horizontal tablet surface and a corresponding impression profile on
the tablet surface.
[0012] FIG. 2A shows an example physical marking implement with a
flat tip oriented vertically with respect to a horizontal tablet
surface and a corresponding impression profile on the tablet
surface.
[0013] FIG. 2B shows an example physical marking implement with a
flat tip oriented at 45 degrees from vertical with respect to a
horizontal tablet surface and a corresponding impression profile on
the tablet surface.
[0014] FIG. 2C shows an example physical marking implement with a
flat tip oriented horizontally with respect to a horizontal tablet
surface and a corresponding impression profile on the tablet
surface.
[0015] FIG. 3A shows an example virtual marking implement with a
round tip oriented vertically with respect to a horizontal tablet
surface and a corresponding impression profile on the tablet
surface.
[0016] FIG. 3B shows an example virtual marking implement with a
round tip oriented 45 degrees from vertical with respect to a
horizontal tablet surface and a corresponding impression profile on
the tablet surface.
[0017] FIG. 3C shows an example virtual marking implement with a
round tip oriented horizontally with respect to a horizontal tablet
surface and a corresponding impression profile on the tablet
surface.
[0018] FIG. 4A is a plan view of an example virtual marking system
with a virtual tablet and a virtual marking implement with a point
of contact position measured in an x-direction and a
y-direction.
[0019] FIG. 4B is an elevation view of the example virtual marking
system of FIG. 4 illustrating a tilt of the virtual marking
implement in the x-direction.
[0020] FIG. 4C is an elevation view of the example virtual marking
system of FIG. 4 illustrating a tilt of the virtual marking
implement in the y-direction.
[0021] FIG. 5A is an elevation view of a conical tip of an example
physical marking implement oriented vertically, at 40 degrees, and
at 80 degrees, successively.
[0022] FIG. 5B is an example graph illustrating relationships
between tilt angle and scale factor of a corresponding bitmap of
the conical tip of FIG. 5A.
[0023] FIG. 5C is an example graph illustrating relationships
between tilt angle and offset of a center of intensity of the
conical tip of FIG. 5A.
[0024] FIG. 6A is an elevation view of a flat tip of an example
physical marking implement oriented vertically, at 45 degrees, and
at 90 degrees, successively.
[0025] FIG. 6B is an example graph illustrating relationships
between tilt angle and scale factor of a corresponding bitmap of
the flat tip of FIG. 6A.
[0026] FIG. 6C is an example graph illustrating relationships
between tilt angle and offset of a center of intensity of the flat
tip of FIG. 6A.
[0027] FIG. 7A is an elevation view of a round tip of an example
physical marking implement oriented vertically, at 45 degrees, and
at 90 degrees, successively.
[0028] FIG. 7B is an example graph illustrating relationships
between tilt angle and scale factor of a corresponding bitmap of
the round tip of FIG. 7A.
[0029] FIG. 7C is an example graph illustrating relationships
between tilt angle and offset of a center of intensity of the round
tip of FIG. 7A.
[0030] FIG. 8A shows an example physical marking implement with a
conical tip oriented vertically with respect to a horizontal tablet
surface and a corresponding bitmap.
[0031] FIG. 8B shows an example physical marking implement with a
conical tip oriented at 40 degrees from vertical with respect to a
horizontal tablet surface and a corresponding bitmap.
[0032] FIG. 8C shows an example physical marking implement with a
conical tip oriented at 80 degrees from vertical with respect to a
horizontal tablet surface and a corresponding bitmap.
[0033] FIG. 9 shows an example look-up table for impression
profiles indexed by tilt, bearing, and type of physical marking
implement.
[0034] FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating an example process for
creating impression bitmaps based on impression profiles defined by
tilt and bearing of a selected physical marking tool.
[0035] FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating an example process for
rendering an impression profile based on tilt and bearing of a
selected physical marking tool.
[0036] FIG. 12 illustrates an example computing system that can be
used to implement the described technology.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS
[0037] Current electronic styluses fail to adequately model the
effect of altering an angle of the electronic stylus with respect
to a tablet on an intensity distribution of a selected physical
marking implement. Thus, the presently disclosed technology teaches
an virtual marking implement or a tilt sensitive input device (e.g.
an electronic stylus) with an accelerometer or other way of
determining a tilt angle and/or a bearing of the virtual marking
implement when applied to a tablet surface (e.g. an electronic
tablet). Further, the presently disclosed technology teaches
determining bearing of the virtual marking implement with respect
to the tablet surface. The angle and bearing are then used to vary
geometry of an impression profile associated with the selected
physical marking implement as well as the intensity distribution of
a rendering on an electronic presentation device.
[0038] In a further implementation, an accelerometer based virtual
marking implement that does not utilize tablet surface or other
surface (e.g. wiimote for Nintendo Wii.RTM.) may be used to model
the effect of altering an angle and/or bearing of the virtual
marking implement on an intensity distribution of a selected
physical marking implement. In another implementation, a haptic
device (e.g. a virtual marking implement connected to an arm that
provides a user force, vibration, and/or motion feedback) may be
used to model the effect of altering an angle and/or bearing of the
haptic device on an intensity distribution of a selected physical
marking implement.
[0039] As a result, a user may actively vary the impression profile
while he or she produces strokes of the virtual marking implement
across the tablet surface without the need to change the physical
marking implement selection or switch to a different virtual
marking implement. Physical marking implements are described below
in varying levels of detail and include, but are not limited to,
chalk, markers, pencils, charcoal, erasers, crayons, pastels, felt
pens, colored pencils, scraperboard tools (i.e. knives, cutters,
gauges), conte crayons, silverpoint, and any solid marking
implement that doesn't have hairs (i.e. non-brushes).
[0040] When creating a rendering on a virtual canvas using the
virtual marking implement and the tablet surface, a user may wish
to vary the tip geometry of the virtual marking implement so that a
corresponding impression profile mimics an impression of a
corresponding physical marking implement at a corresponding
orientation. The user may tilt the virtual marking implement with
respect to the tablet surface at a variety of tilt angles to
achieve a desired impression. FIGS. 1A-1C (described in detail
below) illustrate three example tilt angles (0.degree., 30.degree.,
and 60.degree. with respect to a vertical axis) of the virtual
marking implement 104 and three corresponding impression profiles
112, 116, 120 that are detail plan views of contact areas 128 (i.e.
areas where conical tip 140 of the virtual marking implement 104 is
in contact with the tablet surface 108). In some implementations,
the tilt angle of the virtual marking implement 104 equals the tilt
angle of a corresponding physical marking implement 124.
[0041] However, in the implementations shown in FIGS. 1A-1C, the
corresponding physical marking implement 124 has a tilt angle that
exceeds the tilt angle of the virtual marking implement 104. In
FIG. 1A, the virtual marking implement 104 has zero tilt angle and
mimics a physical marking implement 124 also with zero tilt angle.
In FIG. 1B, however, the virtual marking implement 104 has a 30
degree tilt angle, while the corresponding physical marking
implement 124 has a 40 degree tilt angle. Further, in FIG. 1C, the
virtual marking implement 104 has a 60 degree tilt angle, while the
corresponding physical marking implement 124 has an 80 degree tilt
angle.
[0042] This enables the user to achieve a wide range of impression
profiles even when the ability to detect tilt angles of the virtual
marking implement 104 is limited. Further, the user may want to
model an impression profile of the physical marking implement 124
without having to tilt the virtual marking implement 104 as much as
would be required with the physical marking implement 124. In
another implementation, once the tilt angle of the virtual marking
implement 104 reaches the limit of tilt angle detection, a maximum
tilt angle impression profile may be selected (e.g., an 80.degree.
to 90.degree. tilt angle).
[0043] Conversely, the user may wish the tilt angle of the virtual
marking implement 104 to exceed the corresponding tilt angle of the
physical marking implement 124. The user may desire this option to
improve his or her accuracy in selecting a desired impression
profile based on tilt angle of the virtual marking implement 104.
More specifically, greater hand movements of the virtual marking
implement 104 mimic smaller hand movements of a corresponding
physical marking implement 124.
[0044] In other implementations, the impression profile may change
at user perceptible tilt angle steps (e.g., an impression profile
change for every 5 degrees of tilt). In another implementation, the
tilt angle steps may be so small that the impression profile may
appear to change uniformly (i.e. imperceptible tilt angle
steps).
[0045] FIG. 1A shows an example physical marking implement 124 with
a conical tip 140 oriented vertically with respect to a horizontal
tablet surface 108 and a corresponding impression profile 112 on
the tablet surface 108. When the virtual marking implement 104 has
zero tilt, as in FIG. 1A, the resulting impression profile 112 is
circular with an area of greater intensity 132 in the center of the
impression profile 112 and a uniformly fading intensity with
distance from the center of the impression profile 112 to an outer
edge, here an outer diameter, of the impression profile 112. This
impression profile 112 is intended to model a contact area between
an implement surface of a pointed physical marking implement tip
140 (e.g., a pencil) and a marking surface where the mark is
strongest where the pressure is the greatest, at a center of a
point of the physical marking implement 124 contacting a surface
and the intensity quickly fades to zero as the pressure fades to
zero away from the center of pressure.
[0046] FIG. 1B shows an example physical marking implement 124 with
a conical tip 140 oriented at 40 degrees from vertical with respect
to a horizontal tablet surface 108 and a corresponding impression
profile 116 on the tablet surface 108. When the virtual marking
implement 104 has some tilt (e.g., 30 degrees as shown in FIG. 1B),
the resulting impression profile 116 becomes oblong in a direction
of the tilt with the area of greater intensity 132 becoming offset
from the center of the impression profile 116 away from the
direction of tilt. The impression 116 remains symmetrical about an
axis parallel to the tablet surface 108 oriented in the direction
of the tilt of the virtual marking implement 104. Similar to
impression profile 112, impression profile 116 fades in intensity
with distance from the area of greater intensity 132 of the
impression profile 116 to an outer edge of the impression profile
116. However, since impression profile 116 is oblong and the area
of greater intensity 132 has been offset away from direction of
tilt, the fade in intensity to the outer edge of the impression
profile 116 is more gradual in the direction of tilt and more rapid
in a direction away from the tilt.
[0047] FIG. 1C shows an example physical marking implement 124 with
a conical tip 140 oriented at 80 degrees from vertical with respect
to a horizontal tablet surface 108 and a corresponding impression
profile 120 on the tablet surface 108. When the virtual marking
implement 104 has even greater tilt (e.g., 60 degrees as shown in
FIG. 1C), the resulting impression profile 120 becomes more oblong
in the direction of tilt with the area of greater intensity 132
offset very close to the outer edge of the impression profile 120
in the direction away from the tilt. The impression profile 120
remains symmetrical about an axis parallel to the tablet surface
108 oriented in the direction of the tilt of the virtual marking
implement 104. Similar to impression profiles 112 and 116,
impression profile 120 fades in intensity with distance from the
area of greater intensity 132 of the impression profile 120 to an
outer edge of the impression profile 120. However, since impression
profile 120 is more oblong and the area of greater intensity 132 is
offset further away from direction of tilt and close to the outer
edge of the impression profile 120, the fade in intensity to the
outer edge of the impression 116 is even more gradual in the
direction of tilt and even more rapid in the direction away from
the tilt.
[0048] Impression profiles 112, 116, and 120 are specific to
physical marking implements with a conical marking tip 140 such as
pencils, markers, crayons, and felt pens. Other impression profiles
consistent with other physical marking implements are contemplated
herein and discussed below.
[0049] FIG. 2A shows an example physical marking implement 224 with
a flat tip 244 oriented vertically with respect to a horizontal
tablet surface 208 and a corresponding impression profile 212 on
the tablet surface 208. When the virtual marking implement 204 has
zero tilt, as in FIG. 2A, the resulting impression profile 212 is
circular with a uniform intensity 232 across the impression profile
212 and an abruptly fading intensity near the outer edge, here an
outer diameter, of the impression profile 212. This impression
profile 212 is intended to model an implement surface of a flat
physical marking implement tip 244 (e.g., a pencil eraser) against
a marking surface. The mark intensity is uniform across the
cross-section of the physical marking implement 224 contacting the
marking surface (contact area) and the intensity abruptly fades to
zero near the edge of the point of contact with the surface. This
is because the pressure of the implement surface against the
marking surface is generally uniform.
[0050] FIG. 2B shows an example physical marking implement 224 with
a flat tip 244 oriented at 45 degrees from vertical with respect to
a horizontal tablet surface 208 and a corresponding impression
profile 216 on the tablet surface 208. When the virtual marking
implement 204 has some tilt (e.g., 30 degrees as shown in FIG. 2B),
the resulting impression profile 216 becomes oblong in a direction
perpendicular to the direction of tilt with an area of greater
intensity 232 at the center of the impression profile 216. The
impression profile 216 remains symmetrical about axes parallel to
the tablet surface 208 oriented in the direction of the tilt of the
virtual marking implement 204 and perpendicular to the direction of
tilt. Impression profile 216 fades in intensity with distance from
the area of greater intensity 232 of the impression profile 216 to
an outer edge of the impression profile 216.
[0051] FIG. 2C shows an example physical marking implement 224 with
a flat tip 244 oriented horizontally with respect to a horizontal
tablet surface 208 and a corresponding impression profile 220 on
the tablet surface 208. When the virtual marking implement 204 has
even greater tilt (e.g., 60 degrees as shown in FIG. 2C), the
resulting impression profile 220 rapidly becomes oblong in the
direction of tilt as the modeled physical marking implement 224 is
laid flat on the tablet surface 208. The resulting impression
profile 220 of a 90 degree tilt is an oblong shape with a length
equal to nearly equal to a length of a marking portion of the
modeled physical marking implement 224. The impression profile 220
remains symmetrical about axes parallel to the tablet surface 208
and oriented in the direction of the tilt and direction
perpendicular to the tilt of the virtual marking implement 204. The
uniform area of greater intensity fades rapidly in directions
perpendicular to the tilt direction.
[0052] Impression profiles 212, 216, and 220 are specific to
physical marking implements with a flat marking end 244 such as
erasers. Other impression profiles consistent with other physical
marking implements are contemplated and discussed herein.
[0053] FIG. 3A shows an example virtual marking implement 324 with
a round tip 348 oriented vertically with respect to a horizontal
tablet surface 308 and a corresponding impression profile 312 on
the tablet surface 308. When the virtual marking implement 304 has
zero tilt, as in FIG. 3A, the resulting impression profile 312 is
circular with an area of greater intensity 332 at the center of the
impression profile 312 and a uniformly fading intensity with
distance from the center of the impression to an outer edge, here
an outer diameter, of the impression profile 312. This impression
profile 312 is intended to model an implement surface of a rounded
physical marking implement tip 348 (e.g., a rounded piece of chalk)
contacting a marking surface. The mark is the strongest at a center
of a contact area of the physical marking implement 324 and the
intensity quickly fades to zero away from the center of the point
of contact. The fading of intensity parallels the reduction of
pressure away from the center of the contact area for the rounded
physical marking implement tip 348 against the marking surface.
[0054] FIG. 3B shows an example virtual marking implement 324 with
a round tip 348 oriented 45 degrees from vertical with respect to a
horizontal tablet surface 308 and a corresponding impression
profile 316 on the tablet surface 308. When the virtual marking
implement 304 has some tilt (e.g., 30 degrees as shown in FIG. 3B),
the resulting impression profile 316 remains the same as impression
profile 312. The impression profile 316 remains symmetrical about
axes parallel to the tablet surface 308 oriented in the direction
of the tilt of the virtual marking implement 304 and perpendicular
to the direction of tilt. Impression profile 316 fades in intensity
with distance from the area of greater intensity 332 of the
impression profile 316 to an outer edge of the impression profile
316.
[0055] FIG. 3C shows an example virtual marking implement 324 with
a round tip 348 oriented horizontally with respect to a horizontal
tablet surface 308 and a corresponding impression profile 320 on
the tablet surface 308. When the virtual marking implement 304 has
even greater tilt (e.g., 60 degrees as shown in FIG. 3C), the
resulting impression profile 320 rapidly becomes oblong in the
direction of tilt as the modeled physical marking implement 324 is
laid flat on the surface. The resulting impression profile 320 of a
90 degree tilt is an oblong shape with a length equal to nearly
equal to a length of the modeled physical marking implement 324.
The impression profile 320 remains symmetrical about an axis
parallel to the tablet surface 308 and oriented in the direction of
the tilt of the virtual marking implement 304. The uniform area of
greater intensity fades rapidly in directions perpendicular to the
tilt direction.
[0056] Impression profiles 312, 316, and 320 are specific to
physical marking implements with a round marking end 348 such as
rounded chalk. Other impression profiles consistent with other
physical marking implements are contemplated and discussed
herein.
[0057] Referring to FIGS. 4A-AC, a user may utilize an electronic
tablet 436 and a virtual marking implement 424 to input changes in
tilt as described above with respect to FIGS. 1A-3C. The user
orients the virtual marking implement 424 at the desired tilt in x
and y directions and contacts the tablet surface 408 at a contact
area 428.
[0058] In one implementation, virtual marking implement 424 may
measure tilt angle and/or direction directly and send that
information to a computer. In other implementations, the computer
may collect various position data from the virtual marking
implement 424 and calculate the tilt of the virtual marking
implement 424 based on the collected position data. Further, the
x-direction tilt and y-direction tilt may be collected as a tilt
angle and directional bearing of the tilt. Alternatively, the
x-direction tilt and y-direction may be collected directly and
subsequently converted to a tilt angle and directional bearing of
the tilt.
[0059] In still further implementations, tilt angle and/or
direction are determined when the virtual marking implement 424
contacts or comes in close contact with the electronic tablet 436.
In other implementations, the computer may monitor the tilt and/or
position data sent from the virtual marking implement 424 so long
as the virtual marking implement 424 is within range of the
computer. Further, the virtual marking implement 424 may utilize
accelerometers to determine tilt angle, however, other means for
measuring and/or calculating tilt angle and direction are
contemplated.
[0060] FIG. 4A is a plan view of an example virtual marking system
400 with a virtual tablet 436 and a virtual marking implement 424
with an area of contact position 428 measured in an x-direction and
a y-direction. Side edges of the electronic tablet 436 are aligned
with coordinate axes x and y. The virtual marking implement 424 is
contacting the tablet surface 408 at a contact area 428 defined by
distance a in the x-direction and distance b in the y-direction.
Further, the virtual marking implement 424 is shown with a tilt
angle in the positive x-direction and negative y-direction.
[0061] FIG. 4B is an elevation view of the example virtual marking
system 400 of FIG. 4 illustrating a tilt of the virtual marking
implement 424 in the x-direction. Coordinate axis x is aligned with
a side edge of the electronic tablet 436 and coordinate axis z is
perpendicular to the tablet surface 408. The virtual marking
implement 424 is contacting the tablet surface 408 at the contact
area 428 defined by distance a in the x-direction. Further, the
virtual marking implement 424 is shown with a tilt angle in the
positive x-direction.
[0062] FIG. 4C is an elevation view of the example virtual marking
system 400 of FIG. 4 illustrating a tilt of the virtual marking
implement 424 in the y-direction. Coordinate axis y is aligned with
another side edge of the electronic tablet 436 and coordinate axis
z is perpendicular to the tablet surface 408. The virtual marking
implement 424 is contacting the tablet surface 408 at the contact
area 428 defined by distance b in the y-direction. Further, the
virtual marking implement 424 is shown with a tilt angle in the
negative y-direction.
[0063] The generation of an impression profile is based on
information received from the user including: selection of a
physical marking implement and dimensional information of the
physical marking implement. In some implementations, the
dimensional information of the physical marking implement is
predefined based on common attributes of the selected physical
marking implement. In other implementations, the dimensional
information of the selected physical marking implement is
customizable by the user. For example, the user may specify the
physical marking implement's length, diameter, x-sectional profile,
and tip angle, and other properties specific to the physical
marking implement that the user wishes to model. Further, the
generation of an impression profile is based on information
received from the virtual marking implement including tilt angle
and tilt bearing (or alternatively x-direction tilt and y-direction
tilt).
[0064] In one implementation, impression profiles are created using
bitmaps with bits having varying intensities corresponding to a
modeled physical mark. A series of bitmaps are rendered on an
electronic presentation device in real-time corresponding to
dimensional information and physical properties of the physical
marking implement as the tilt angle changes. Further, the maximum
size of the bitmap is defined by a dimension of the modeled
physical marking implement. In one implementation, the dimension is
the greater of the length and width of a marking portion of the
physical marking implement. Therefore, the height and width of the
maximum bitmap are equal to the greater of the length and width of
the marking portion of the physical marking implement. However, the
actual size of each rendered bitmap varies according to the tilt
angle.
[0065] Further, in some implementations, the orientation of each
rendered bitmap varies according to bearing of the tilt. More
specifically, the height and width of each rendered bitmap is
defined by the tilt angle and the orientation of height and width
with respect to an x-direction and a y-direction is defined by the
bearing of the tilt. This calculation is commonly performed by an
affine transform.
[0066] The affine transform may be used to scale each rendered
bitmap in the direction of the tilt and in directions orthogonal to
the tilt. More specifically, the affine transform allows the
rendered bitmap to be scaled in two separate directions with
distinct scaling ratios. In other implementations, the orientation
of height and width with respect to the x-direction and the
y-direction may also be calculated using formulae specific to the
modeled physical marking implement.
[0067] In some implementations, the rendered bitmap is smooth
(e.g., a marker). In other implementations, the rendered bitmap is
grainy (e.g., chalk). The visual appearance of the bitmap on the
electronic presentation device mimics the appearance of the
selected physical marking implement on a surface.
[0068] FIG. 5A is an elevation view of a conical tip 540 of an
example physical marking implement oriented vertically, at 40
degrees, and at 80 degrees, successively. FIG. 5B is an example
graph illustrating relationships between tilt angle and scale
factor of a corresponding bitmap of the conical tip 540 of FIG. 5A.
The size of the corresponding bitmap is expressed as two scale
factors of a maximum dimension (discussed above). Referring
specifically to the scale factor in the direction of tilt 552, when
the physical marking implement is oriented at zero degrees of tilt,
the scale factor 552 is very low (here 0.1) because the modeled
physical mark is very small. As the physical marking implement is
tilted, the scale factor 552 increases, gradually at first because
tilt of the conical tip 540 does not initially increase the size of
a resulting mark significantly. However, as the conical tip 540
approaches 80 degrees, which is the orientation where the modeled
conical tip 540 is flat against a surface 560, the scale factor 552
rapidly increases to 1.
[0069] Referring specifically to the scale factor orthogonal to the
direction of tilt 556, when the physical marking implement is
oriented at zero degrees of tilt, the scale factor 556 is very low,
similar to scale factor 552. As the physical marking implement is
tilted, the scale factor 556 increases, mirroring scale factor 552,
but with much less magnitude.
[0070] In one implementation (e.g., a pencil, felt pen, and
marker), the dimension of the physical marking implement that
defines the maximum bitmap size is a length of the exposed lead or
felt 554 along a portion of the conical tip 540 (i.e. a marking
portion 564). In other implementations (e.g., crayons, chalk,
charcoal, and pastels), the length of the entire conical tip 558
along the portion of the conical tip 540 defines the maximum bitmap
size.
[0071] FIG. 5C is an example graph illustrating relationships
between tilt angle and offset of a center of intensity of the
conical tip 540 of FIG. 5A. When the physical marking implement is
oriented at zero degrees of tilt, the offset is zero because the
center of intensity of the modeled physical mark is in the middle
of the modeled physical mark. As the physical marking implement is
tilted, the center of intensity becomes offset from the center of
the modeled physical mark in the direction opposite the direction
of tilt. However, as the conical tip 540 approaches 80 degrees,
which is the orientation where the modeled conical tip 540 is flat
against the surface 560, the offset rapidly drops to zero because
the center of intensity is uniform across the modeled physical mark
in the direction of the tilt. In the implementation shown, there is
no offset in the direction orthogonal to the tilt because the
center of intensity of the modeled physical mark remains in the
middle of the modeled physical mark in the direction orthogonal
from the direction of tilt.
[0072] FIG. 6A is an elevation view of a flat tip 644 of an example
physical marking implement oriented vertically, at 45 degrees, and
at 90 degrees, successively. FIG. 6B is an example graph
illustrating relationships between tilt angle and scale factor of a
corresponding bitmap of the flat tip 644 of FIG. 6A. Referring
specifically to the scale factor in the direction of tilt 652, when
the physical marking implement is oriented at zero degrees of tilt,
the scale factor 652 is fairly low (here 0.3) because the modeled
physical mark is the cross-section of the physical marking
implement. As the physical marking implement is tilted, initially
the scale factor 652 decreases rapidly to 0.1 because only an edge
of the flat tip 644 is in contact with a surface 660. However, as
the flat tip 644 approaches 90 degrees, the orientation where a
side of the modeled physical marking implement is flat against the
surface 660, the scale factor 652 rapidly increases to 1.
[0073] Referring specifically to the scale factor orthogonal to the
direction of tilt 656, when the physical marking implement is
oriented at zero degrees of tilt, the scale factor 656 is fairly
low, similar to scale factor 652. As the physical marking implement
is tilted, the scale factor 656 decreases, mirroring scale factor
652, but decreasing less. However, unlike scale factor 652, scale
factor 656 remains constant as the flat tip 644 approaches 90
degrees.
[0074] In one implementation, the dimension of the physical marking
implement that defines the maximum bitmap size is the greater of a
diameter of the physical marking implement and a length of a
marking portion 664 of the physical marking implement. More
specifically, in an implementation where the marking portion 664
runs the entire length of the physical marking implement (e.g., a
crayon without a label, piece of chalk, piece of charcoal, and
pastel)), the greater dimension is the length rather than the
diameter of the physical marking implement. In another
implementation where the marking portion length 662 is only a
portion of the entire length of the physical marking implement
(e.g., a pencil eraser and a crayon with a label); the greater
dimension may be the diameter rather than the length of the
physical marking implement.
[0075] FIG. 6C is an example graph illustrating relationships
between tilt angle and offset of a center of intensity of the flat
tip 644 of FIG. 6A. The offset value for the flat physical marking
implement tip 644 is zero in all directions for tilt angles ranging
from zero degrees to ninety degrees because the center of intensity
of the modeled physical mark remains in the middle of the modeled
physical mark for all the shown tilt angles.
[0076] FIG. 7A is an elevation view of a round tip 748 of an
example physical marking implement oriented vertically, at 45
degrees, and at 90 degrees, successively. FIG. 7B is an example
graph illustrating relationships between tilt angle and scale
factor of a corresponding bitmap of the round tip 748 of FIG. 7A.
Referring specifically to the scale factor in the direction of tilt
752, when the physical marking implement is oriented at zero
degrees of tilt, the scale factor 752 is fairly low (here 0.3)
because the modeled physical mark is a point of contact of the
round tip 748 of the physical marking implement with a surface. As
the physical marking implement is tilted, initially the scale
factor 752 remains the same because the point of contact merely
moves to the side of the round tip 748 but does not significantly
change in size or shape. However, as the physical marking implement
approaches 90 degrees, which is the orientation where the modeled
physical marking implement is flat against a surface 760, the scale
factor 752 rapidly increases to 1 (assuming a marking portion 764
runs the entire length of the physical marking implement). In other
implementations where a marking portion length 766 is only the
rounded part of the round tip 748, not the remainder of the length
of the physical marking implement and/or rounded tip 748, as the
physical marking implement approaches 90 degrees, the scale factor
752 rapidly decreases to zero or near zero.
[0077] Referring specifically to the scale factor orthogonal to the
direction of tilt 756, the scale factor 756 initially mirrors scale
factor 752 because the point of contact merely moves to the side of
the round tip 748 but does not significantly change in size or
shape. However, as the physical marking implement approaches 90
degrees, scale factor 756 increases much less than scale factor 752
because the physical marking implement is relatively long in the
direction of scale factor 752 and relatively thin in the direction
of scale factor 756.
[0078] In one implementation, the dimension of the physical marking
implement that defines the maximum bitmap size is the greater of a
diameter of the physical marking implement and a length of the
marking portion 764 of the physical marking implement. More
specifically, in an implementation where the marking portion 764
runs the entire length of the physical marking implement (e.g., a
crayon without a label, piece of chalk, piece of charcoal, and
pastel)), the greater dimension is the length rather than the
diameter of the physical marking implement. In another
implementation where the marking portion length 766 is only a
portion of the entire length of the physical marking implement
(e.g., a pencil eraser and a crayon with a label); the greater
dimension may be the diameter rather than the length of the
physical marking implement.
[0079] FIG. 7C is an example graph illustrating relationships
between tilt angle and offset of a center of intensity of the round
tip 748 of FIG. 7A. An offset value in all directions is zero for
tilt angles ranging from zero degrees to ninety degrees because the
center of intensity of the modeled physical mark remains in the
middle of the modeled physical mark for all the shown tilt
angles.
[0080] In some implementations, the relationship between tilt angle
and size of a corresponding bitmap in a direction perpendicular to
the tilt is the same as in the direction of the tilt. In other
implementations, the relationship between tilt angle and size of a
corresponding bitmap in a direction perpendicular to the tilt is
different from the relationship between tilt angle and size of a
corresponding bitmap in the direction of the tilt.
[0081] FIG. 7 shows an example virtual marking implement 704 at
three orientations (A, B, and C) with respect to a tablet surface
708 and three corresponding bitmaps 740, 744, and 748. Bitmaps 740,
744, and 748 are constrained to a bit number corresponding to a
maximum dimension of the modeled physical marking implement
(discussed above). The modeled physical marking implement 724 has a
conical tip 740, similar to that of FIG. 1 and Graphs A of FIG.
5.
[0082] FIG. 8A shows an example physical marking implement 824 with
a conical tip 840 oriented vertically with respect to a horizontal
tablet surface 808 and a corresponding bitmap 870. Bitmap 870 is
square with a relatively small scale factor (e.g., four bits by
four bits).
[0083] FIG. 8B shows an example physical marking implement 824 with
a conical tip 840 oriented at 40 degrees from vertical with respect
to a horizontal tablet surface 808 and a corresponding bitmap 874.
Bitmap 874 becomes larger and oblong in a direction of tilt when
compared to bitmap 870 (e.g., eight bits by twenty bits).
[0084] FIG. 8C shows an example physical marking implement 824 with
a conical tip 840 oriented at 80 degrees from vertical with respect
to a horizontal tablet surface 808 and a corresponding bitmap 878.
Bitmap 878 becomes even larger and more oblong in the direction of
tilt when compares to bitmap 870 and bitmap 874 (e.g., twelve bits
by forty bits). In one implementation, forty bits corresponds to
the maximum dimension of the modeled physical marking implement
824.
[0085] Similarly, bitmaps may be generated for tip orientations
other than conical tips (e.g., flat tips and round tips). Such
bitmaps will still be constrained to a bit number corresponding to
a maximum dimension of the modeled physical marking implement.
Bitmaps for each tip orientation will depend on the form factor of
the impression profile at each tilt angle.
[0086] Once a bitmap size is determined, an intensity value is
determined for each of the bits in the bitmap. The intensity value
for each bit mimics an intensity of the corresponding location in a
mark made by a physical marking implement on a surface. The
resulting bitmap with intensities is the impression profile
discussed above with respect to FIGS. 1A-3C.
[0087] FIG. 9 shows an example look-up table 900 for impression
profiles indexed by tilt, bearing, and type of physical marking
implement. More specifically, the example look-up table 900 is for
a pencil and shows example impression profiles for the pencil at 0
degrees tilt and 0 degrees bearing; 20 degrees tilt and 30 degrees
bearing; and 40 degrees tilt and 60 degrees bearing. The selected
tilt and bearing combinations shown in example look-up table 900
are examples only. There may be many more combinations of tilt,
bearing, and type of physical marking implement indexed in look-up
tables. Further, additional properties may be included in the
look-up tables. In one implementation, all possible bearings and
types of physical marking implements are tabulated for each tilt
angle.
[0088] In another implementation, at least one tip geometry for
each available physical marking implement oriented at each
available tilt angle and bearing is saved in a database associated
with a drawing application. Further, multiple tip geometries for
each physical marking implement may be stored in the database
corresponding to multiple lengths, widths, or other variable
properties of the selected physical marking implement. In one
implementation, a user selects a physical marking implement in the
drawing application. In another implementation, the user modifies
default tip geometry associated with the selected physical marking
implement thereby creating a custom tip geometry. In still other
implementations, the user creates a tip geometry from scratch using
dimensional and marking characteristics of the physical marking
implement that the user wishes to model.
[0089] All bitmaps for a selected tip geometry are generated based
on the look-up tables. The drawing application monitors a tablet
surface for contact by a virtual marking implement. Once the
virtual marking implement makes contact with the tablet surface,
the computer application reads tilt and bearing information (or
alternatively tilt in x-direction and y-direction) and selects the
bitmap that corresponds best to the measured tilt and bearing
information. The drawing application then adjusts the bitmap and
renders the appropriate mark on a presentation device. In one
implementation, the drawing application repeatedly monitors the
tablet surface for tilt and bearing information at a high rate and
adjusts the rendering as the user changes tilt and bearing of the
virtual marking implement. This may be done rapidly and/or at a
high rate to render the marking for the user in real-time.
[0090] In an alternative implementation, the look-up tables may not
contain impression profiles for all available bearing and tilt
angles. The drawing application can calculate in real-time changes
in impression profile based on changes in tilt and/or angle by
applying a function that modifies a stored impression profile to
the appropriate tilt and bearing.
[0091] In yet another implementation, the drawing application
renders marks on a presentation device without the use of the one
or more look-up tables. Here, the drawing application reads tilt
and bearing information and generates bitmaps in real-time that
correspond best to the measured tilt and bearing information based
on a combination of physical marking implement settings, curves,
and measurements. The drawing application then adjusts the bitmaps
and renders the appropriate impression profiles on the presentation
device.
[0092] In still another implementation, bitmaps are generated in
real-time and stored in a cache. While rendering marks on the
presentation device, the drawing application retrieves bitmaps from
the cache corresponding to measured tilt and bearing information.
If an appropriate bitmap does not exist in the cache for the
measured tilt and bearing information, the drawing application
generates a new bitmap for that combination of tilt and bearing and
stores the new bitmap in the cache.
[0093] FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating an example process for
creating impression bitmaps based on impression profiles defined by
tilt and bearing of a selected physical marking tool. A drawing
application detects a profile change event input from the user
1010. The profile change event is any input that results in a
modification of the impression profile. For example, the user may
create a new tip geometry, select a different physical marking
implement, or modify the selected physical marking implement.
Further, the user may change the orientation of a virtual marking
implement resulting in a different tilt and/or bearing of the
virtual marking implement.
[0094] Next, the drawing application determines the maximum bitmap
size of the selected physical marking implement 1020. The drawing
application then determines tip geometry based on the selected
physical marking implement and/or user created tip geometry 1030.
Using the selected tip geometry and determined maximum bitmap size,
the drawing application then retrieves tip parameter sets that
define properties of the selected physical marking implement 1040.
These properties include, but are not limited to, scaling factors,
intensity curves or functions, and impression profile look-up
tables.
[0095] The drawing application then determines bitmap sizes by
applying scale factors based on tilt angles to the maximum bitmap
size of the selected physical marking implement 1050. There may be
separate scale factors for tilt in the x-direction and the
y-direction, or alternatively each scale factor may apply to tilt
in both the x-direction and the y-direction. The drawing
application then determines an offset dimension based on the tilt
of the virtual marking implement 1060. The offset dimension defines
the direction and magnitude of an offset between the center of
intensity of each bitmap with respect to the dimensional center of
each bitmap. Generally, at zero degrees of tilt, the offset
dimension is zero. The offset dimension may increase when the
virtual marking implement is tilted.
[0096] An intensity profile is generated based on the tip parameter
set, the bitmap size, and the offset dimension 1070. The intensity
profile is applied to the bitmap size to generate a bitmap unique
to a specific combination of tip geometry, tilt, and bearing
1080.
[0097] FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating an example process for
rendering an impression profile based on tilt and bearing of a
selected physical marking tool. A set of bitmaps unique to a
specific combination of tip geometry, tilt, and bearing are created
1110. See FIG. 10 for example. A drawing application detects a
marking event input from a user 1120. The marking event is an input
that is intended to result in a rendering of an impression profile
on an electronic presentation device. For example, the user may
contact a surface of an electronic tablet with a virtual marking
implement and drag the virtual marking implement across the
electronic tablet.
[0098] Once the drawing application detects a marking event, the
drawing application reads a tilt measurement and a bearing
measurement from the virtual marking implement 1130. Then, the
drawing application selects a bitmap from the set of bitmaps that
best corresponds to the tilt and bearing measurement 1140. Finally,
utilizing the geometry and intensity distribution of the selected
bitmap, the drawing application renders the impression profile on
the electronic display 1150. In another implementation, the "create
bitmaps" operation 1110 is performed in real-time by the drawing
application based on the "read a tilt and bearing measurement"
operation 1130.
[0099] FIG. 12 illustrates an example computing system that can be
used to implement the described technology. A general purpose
computer system 1200 is capable of executing a computer program
product to execute a computer process. Data and program files may
be input to the computer system 1200, which reads the files and
executes the programs therein. Some of the elements of a general
purpose computer system 1200 are shown in FIG. 12 wherein a
processor 1202 is shown having an input/output (I/O) section 1204,
a Central Processing Unit (CPU) 1206, and a memory section 1208.
There may be one or more processors 1202, such that the processor
1202 of the computer system 1200 comprises a single
central-processing unit 1206, or a plurality of processing units,
commonly referred to as a parallel processing environment. The
computer system 1200 may be a conventional computer, a distributed
computer, or any other type of computer. The described technology
is optionally implemented in software devices loaded in memory
1208, stored on a configured DVD/CD-ROM 1210 or storage unit 1212,
and/or communicated via a wired or wireless network link 1214 on a
carrier signal, thereby transforming the computer system 1200 in
FIG. 12 to a special purpose machine for implementing the described
operations.
[0100] The I/O section 1204 is connected to one or more
user-interface devices (e.g., a keyboard 1216 and a display unit
1218), a disk storage unit 1212, and a disk drive unit 1220.
Display unit 1218 may be any presentation device adapted to present
information to a user. Generally, in contemporary systems, the disk
drive unit 1220 is a DVD/CD-ROM drive unit capable of reading the
DVD/CD-ROM medium 1210, which typically contains programs and data
1222. Computer program products containing mechanisms to effectuate
the systems and methods in accordance with the described technology
may reside in the memory section 1204, on a disk storage unit 1212,
or on the DVD/CD-ROM medium 1210 of such a system 1200.
Alternatively, a disk drive unit 1220 may be replaced or
supplemented by a floppy drive unit, a tape drive unit, or other
storage medium drive unit. The network adapter 1224 is capable of
connecting the computer system to a network via the network link
1214, through which the computer system can receive instructions
and data embodied in a carrier wave. Examples of such systems
include Intel and PowerPC systems offered by Apple Computer, Inc.,
personal computers offered by Dell Corporation and by other
manufacturers of Intel-compatible personal computers, AMD-based
computing systems and other systems running a Windows-based,
UNIX-based, or other operating system. It should be understood that
computing systems may also embody devices such as Personal Digital
Assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, gaming consoles, set top boxes,
etc.
[0101] When used in a LAN-networking environment, the computer
system 1200 is connected (by wired connection or wirelessly) to a
local network through the network interface or adapter 1224, which
is one type of communications device. When used in a WAN-networking
environment, the computer system 1200 typically includes a modem, a
network adapter, or any other type of communications device for
establishing communications over the wide area network. In a
networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the
computer system 1200 or portions thereof, may be stored in a remote
memory storage device. It is appreciated that the network
connections shown are exemplary and other means of and
communications devices for establishing a communications link
between the computers may be used.
[0102] In an example implementation, a drawing module that performs
operations described herein may be incorporated as part of the
operating system, application programs, or other program modules.
Further, a database containing impression profile look-up tables
may be stored as program data in memory 1208 or other storage
systems, such as disk storage unit 1212 or DVD/CD-ROM medium
1210.
[0103] The present specification provides a complete description of
the methodologies, systems and/or structures and uses thereof in
example implementations of the presently-described technology.
Although various implementations of this technology have been
described above with a certain degree of particularity, or with
reference to one or more individual implementations, those skilled
in the art could make numerous alterations to the disclosed
implementations without departing from the spirit or scope of the
technology hereof. Since many implementations can be made without
departing from the spirit and scope of the presently described
technology, the appropriate scope resides in the claims hereinafter
appended. Other implementations are therefore contemplated.
Furthermore, it should be understood that any operations may be
performed in any order, unless explicitly claimed otherwise or a
specific order is inherently necessitated by the claim language. It
is intended that all matter contained in the above description and
shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as
illustrative only of particular implementations and are not
limiting to the embodiments shown. Changes in detail or structure
may be made without departing from the basic elements of the
present technology as defined in the following claims.
* * * * *