U.S. patent application number 13/978645 was filed with the patent office on 2013-11-07 for circuit integrity detection system for detecting the integrity of a sensing wire in electrically heated textiles.
The applicant listed for this patent is Leonard Horey, Gabriel Kohn, William G. McCoy. Invention is credited to Leonard Horey, Gabriel Kohn, William G. McCoy.
Application Number | 20130293242 13/978645 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 48168287 |
Filed Date | 2013-11-07 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130293242 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Kohn; Gabriel ; et
al. |
November 7, 2013 |
Circuit Integrity Detection System for Detecting The Integrity of A
Sensing Wire in Electrically Heated Textiles
Abstract
A circuit integrity detection system for use in detecting the
integrity of a sensing wire in a heating pad wherein the integrity
of the sensing wire is determined by first driving one end of the
sensing wire with a low voltage electrical test signal from a
microcontroller, and then checking whether the test signal is
present on the other end of the sensing wire, in order to
distinguish the test signal from the standard AC line voltage
present on the sensing wire, the electrical test signal is
preferably of a different frequency than the standard 50-60 Hz AC
line voltage. In one embodiment, the test signal frequency is
approximately 30 kHz.
Inventors: |
Kohn; Gabriel; (Boca Raton,
FL) ; Horey; Leonard; (Fort. Lauderdale, FL) ;
McCoy; William G.; (Spokane, WA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Kohn; Gabriel
Horey; Leonard
McCoy; William G. |
Boca Raton
Fort. Lauderdale
Spokane |
FL
FL
WA |
US
US
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
48168287 |
Appl. No.: |
13/978645 |
Filed: |
August 30, 2012 |
PCT Filed: |
August 30, 2012 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US12/53144 |
371 Date: |
July 8, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61551512 |
Oct 26, 2011 |
|
|
|
61640341 |
Apr 30, 2012 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
324/511 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01L 2221/00 20130101;
H05B 2203/019 20130101; G01K 15/007 20130101; G01K 13/00 20130101;
G01R 31/54 20200101; G01N 2201/00 20130101; H05B 1/0272 20130101;
G01R 31/50 20200101; G01N 1/00 20130101; G01R 31/58 20200101; G01K
7/16 20130101; H05B 2203/02 20130101; G01R 31/52 20200101; G01R
31/2829 20130101; H05B 3/342 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
324/511 |
International
Class: |
G01R 31/02 20060101
G01R031/02 |
Claims
1. An electrically heated textile comprising: a heating element in
communication with an NTC material, wherein a first signal is
generated through the heating element at a first frequency; a
sensing wire for detecting a hotspot created by the heating
element; a test signal generator electrically connected to the
sensing wire for generating a second signal on a first end of the
sensing wire, wherein the test signal has a second frequency; and a
signal detector for detecting the second signal on a second end of
the sensing wire
2. The electrically heated textile as set forth in claim 1 further
including: a layer having a negative temperature coefficient (NTC)
positioned between the heating element and the sensing wire.
3. The electrically heated textile as set forth in claim 2 where
the NTC layer is wrapped around the heating element, and the
sensing wire is wrapped around the NTC layer.
4. The electrically heated textile as set forth in claim 1, wherein
said detecting occurs in the presence of the first signal.
5. The electrically heated textile as set forth in claim 4, wherein
the first frequency is different from the second frequency.
6. The electrically heated textile as set forth in claim 5, wherein
the first signal is an AC line voltage with the first frequency of
approximately 50-60 Hz.
7. The electrically heated textile as set forth in claim 6, wherein
the second frequency is at a frequency of approximately 30 kHz.
8. The electrically heated textile as set forth in claim 1, wherein
said detecting occurs when the first signal is turned off.
9. The electrically heated textile as set forth in claim 8, wherein
the first frequency is different from the second frequency.
10. The electrically heated textile as set forth in claim 8,
wherein the first frequency is the same as the second
frequency.
11. A circuit integrity detection system for use in detecting the
integrity of a sensing wire in an electrically heated textile, the
system comprising: a sensing wire for detecting a hotspot created
by a heating element of the electrically heated textile, wherein a
first signal is generated through the heating element at a first
frequency; a test signal generator electrically connected to the
sensing wire for generating a test signal at a second frequency on
a first end of the sensing wire; a signal detector for detecting
the second frequency on a second end of the sensing wire.
12. The electrically heated textile as set forth in claim 11,
wherein said detecting occurs in the presence of the first
signal.
13. The electrically heated textile as set forth in claim 11,
wherein said detecting occurs when the first signal is turned
off.
14. A method for detecting the integrity of a sensing wire in an
electrically heated textile having a heating element, the method
comprising the steps of: providing a sensing wire to monitor the
electrically heated textile for hot spots; applying a first signal
having a first frequency to the heating element; applying a second
signal having a second frequency to a first end of the sensing
wire; and monitoring a second end of the sensing wire for a return
signal corresponding to the second signal.
15. The method as set forth in claim 14 wherein the step of
monitoring the second end of the sensing wire for a return signal
corresponding to the second signal includes the steps of: comparing
the return signal to a threshold voltage; counting transitions of
the return signal above and below the threshold voltage;
determining whether the sensing wire is intact based on the number
of counted transitions.
16. The method as set forth in claim 14, wherein monitoring of the
second signal occurs in the presence of the first signal.
17. A The method as set forth in claim 14 further comprising the
steps of: disengaging power to the heating element of the
electrically heated textile prior to applying the second signal to
the first end of the sensing wire;
18. The method as set forth in claim 14 wherein the second
frequency is different from the first frequency.
19. The method as set forth in claim 14 wherein the second
frequency is the same as the first frequency.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to electrically heated
textiles hot spot detector and, more particularly, to a system and
apparatus for detecting a break in a wire designed to detect hot
spots in an electrically heated textile such as a heating pad,
electric blanket, electric throw or electric mattress pad.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] In general, an electrically heated textile is a structure
having an electric heating element. The heating element may, for
example, be heated by resistance via electricity, and may be
provided as one or more metallic wires threaded throughout the pad.
The shape and size of the metallic wires may vary, and in some
cases the wires may actually be small metallic threads. The heating
element typically includes a center heating element constructed of
metallic wires having Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC)
characteristics. Around the center PTC wire is a layer of Negative
Temperature Coefficient (NTC) material. An electric heating pad is
typically plugged into a power outlet so that power may be supplied
to the heating element, causing the production of heat. In this
manner, the electrically heated textile may be used to warm a
desired area of the body. Contemporary heating pads usually include
a controller and/or microprocessor which control the amount of heat
output from the heating pad.
[0003] Some electrically heated textiles also include circuitry
designed to detect hot spots. A hot spot occurs when the
temperature of any portion of an electrically heated textile
exceeds limits designed to prevent a thermal injury to an
unsuspecting user. A sensing wire is of low resistance and is
typically wound around the NTC layer and it is used provide a path
for leakage current and monitor increases in leakage current in the
NTC layer caused by heating. However, a break in the sensing wire
may result in the inability of the controller to detect hot
spots.
[0004] One known way to help detect a sensing wire break is to
check the voltage of the sensing wire as power is initially applied
to the product. When power is first applied, the wire is cold,
relatively speaking. As the heating pad gets warmer, the NTC
resistance will decrease. This change in resistance can be used to
determine if the sensing wire is broken at or in close proximity to
the end of the wire, at the point where it is attached to the
controller connector. While this may validate the integrity of the
sensing wire when the unit is first powered up, it does not work as
a continuous "broken sensing wire" detector once the heating pad
reaches operating temperatures. Nor, is it capable of detecting a
break in the sensing wire that is not close to the end of the
NTC/PTC wire where it connects to the controller connector,
[0005] Another sensing wire method involves connecting together the
two ends of the sensing wire. In this case, compensation is made
for a single brake anywhere along the NTC/PTC wire, and continuous
detection of hot spots is not affected. However, it is not possible
to know that a break in the sensing wire has occurred.
Additionally, if a second wire break occurs, loss of hot spot
detection is very possible. Specifically hot spot detection is lost
between the two wire breaks.
[0006] It is therefore desirable to provide a detection system that
will continuously check the integrity of the sensing wire. If the
sensing wire breaks at any time during use and for any reason, the
system will shut down and prevent the use of the product.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The present invention includes a system and apparatus for
monitoring the condition of a electrically heating textile sensing
wire to determine whether a break in the sensing wire has occurred.
In one embodiment, the condition of the sensing wire can be
determined without disengaging the heating circuitry within the
electrically heating textile. The heating circuitry may operate at
a generally standard 50-60 Hz AC line voltage, such that the
sensing wire may normally operate at a corresponding frequency. In
addition to this signal, integrity of the sensing wire may be
determined by first driving one end of the sensing wire with a low
voltage electrical test signal from a microcontroller, and then
checking whether the test signal is present on the other end of the
sensing wire. In order to distinguish the test signal from the
standard AC line voltage present on the sensing wire, the
electrical test signal is preferably of a different frequency than
the standard 50-60 Hz AC line voltage. In one embodiment, the test
signal frequency is approximately 30 kHz. Other frequencies and
voltages for the test signal may also be used.
[0008] In one embodiment, a sensing wire is positioned to detect
and/or measure heating of a electrically heating textile.
Preferably, the sensing wire is wrapped around a negative
temperature coefficient (NTC) material, and each end of the sensing
wire is connected to a microcontroller. At one end of the sensing
wire, a pulse width modulator within the microcontroller creates a
low voltage electrical test signal. So that the test signal may be
distinguished from the 50-60 Hz AC line voltage at which
temperature monitoring on the sensing wire occurs, the test signal
is preferably at a very different frequency, and more preferably at
about 30 kHz. This test signal is passed through a low-pass filter
to reduce undesirable higher frequency signal components, and
becomes the signal "DRIVE." The DRIVE signal is then passed through
a high pass filter to isolate the DRIVE test signal generation
circuit from the AC line voltage.
[0009] The test signal then passes through the wound sensing wire.
Before connecting back to the microcontroller, the sensing wire and
signals preferably split. One prong continues to the
microcontroller's analogue/digital converter for standard sensing
purposes, while the other prong preferably passes through a
high-pass filter to filter out the lower frequency AC line voltage,
resulting in a "RETURN" signal. The RETURN signal may then enter
the microcontroller. If the sensing wire is unbroken, the RETURN
signal will generally vary in magnitude, but will be at the same
frequency as the DRIVE signal.
[0010] Within the microcontroller, the RETURN signal is sent to a
comparator which will output a transition at each transition of the
RETURN test signal. A counter counts the number of transitions over
a period of time. If the microcontroller detects at least a
predetermined threshold number of transitions of the comparator,
the sensing wire is determined to be intact. However, where fewer
than the threshold number of transitions is counted, the sensing
wire is determined to be broken. The microcontroller then
preferably disables the heating elements of the heating pad for
safety purposes.
[0011] As will be understood, other frequencies may be used for the
DRIVE test signal. However, changes in DRIVE test signal
frequencies may necessitate different filters, such as a specific
band-pass filter, to ensure that the DRIVE test signal frequency is
properly applied to and extracted from the sensing wire.
Additionally, some or all of the filters, comparator, counter,
modulator and A/D converter may be present on the microcontroller
or may be separate from the microcontroller.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art heating pad.
[0013] FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a prior art sensing
wire configuration.
[0014] FIG. 3A is a block diagram of another prior art sensing wire
configuration, in which the sensing wire is intact.
[0015] FIG. 3B is a block diagram of the sensing wire configuration
of FIG. 3A, in which the sensing wire has one break.
[0016] FIG. 3C is a block diagram of the sensing wire configuration
of FIG. 3A, in which the sensing wire has two breaks,
[0017] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a microcontroller and sensing
wire configuration according to the teachings of the present
invention.
[0018] FIG. 5 is an exemplary schematic circuit diagram according
to the block diagram of FIG. 4.
[0019] FIG. 6 is a flow chart of a method for determining the
integrity of a sensing wire according to the teachings of the
present invention.
[0020] FIG. 7 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a sensing
wire integrity detection system according to the teachings of the
present invention.
[0021] FIG. 8 7 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a sensing
wire integrity detection system according to the teachings of the
present invention.
[0022] It should be understood that the present drawings are not
necessarily to scale and that the embodiments disclosed herein are
sometimes illustrated by fragmentary views. In certain instances,
details which are not necessary for an understanding of the present
invention or which render other details difficult to perceive may
have been omitted. It should also be understood that the invention
is not necessarily limited to the particular embodiments
illustrated herein. Like numbers utilized throughout the various
figures designate like or similar parts or structure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0023] Referring now to the drawings and, more particularly, to
FIG. 1, a block diagram of a prior art electrically heating
textile, such as a heating pad 1 is shown. Heating pad I includes a
heating pad controller 2, which may include a microprocessor or
microcontroller, for controlling the operation of the heating pad
1. Microcontroller 2 is in electrical communication with a heating
element 4, and supplies power to the heating element 4 to heat the
heating pad 1. Alternatively, microcontroller 2 may be located
outside of the heating pad. Microcontroller 2 is also in electrical
communication with sensing element 6. Sensing element 6 is a safety
feature designed to detect hot spots in heating pad 1. Upon
detection of a hot spot, microcontroller 2 generally deactivates or
reduces power to heating element 4 until the hot spot is no longer
present. A power supply 8 is generally electrically connected to
microcontroller 2 to provide electrical power thereto. Power supply
8 is generally incorporated into the microcontroller 2, but may be
a plug connected to a standard wall outlet, or batteries, or
another source of electrical power.
[0024] FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a prior a sensing
wire configuration. Microcontroller 2 is connected to a heating
element 4 comprised of a resistor which generates heat as current
passes therethrough. Generally, the resistor of heating element 4
is comprised of a material with Positive Temperature Coefficient
(PTC) characteristics. A material (not shown in FIG. 2) having
Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) characteristics is then
wrapped around the heating dement 4, and a sensing element 6 (shown
as a sensing wire in FIG. 2) of relatively low resistance is
wrapped around the NTC material. The sensing element 6 is generally
connected at one end to the microcontroller 2, and the other end is
left open.
[0025] In operation, power is supplied by the microcontroller 2 to
the heating element 4, which causes the heating element 4 to emit
heat. The resistance of heating element 4 increases as its
temperature increases due to its PTC characteristics. In one prior
art embodiment, the microcontroller 2 can attempt to determine the
temperature of the heating element 4 based upon its resistance.
However, only average heating pad temperature information can be
extracted from the PTC heating element. The resistance of the NTC
material decreases as the temperature increases. This change in
resistance can be detected by the sensing element 6, providing
localized temperature information, and the microcontroller 2 can
thereby detect hot spots anywhere along the heating element 4.
Generally, when a hot spot exceeds a predetermined threshold
temperature, the microcontroller 2 deactivates the heating element
4 or reduces power as a safety mechanism. However, a break in the
sensing element 6 may result in the inability of the
microcontroller 2 to detect such hot spots.
[0026] FIG. 3A is a schematic block diagram of another prior art
sensing wire configuration. In this prior art embodiment, the two
ends of sensing element 6 are connected together. Although the
sensing element 6 can continue to detect hotspots largely anywhere
along the sensing element 6 even where a single break in the
sensing element 6 occurs (as is illustrated in FIG. 3B), the break
itself is not detectable in this configuration. Further, in FIG.
3C, there are two separate breaks in the sensing element 6. The
sensing element 6 is no longer capable of detecting a hot spot
between the two breaks in the sensing element 6.
[0027] FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of a sensing wire
integrity detection system according to one embodiment of the
present invention. As above, sensing element 6 detects hot spots
created by heating element 4 through an NTC material 7. Such
monitoring in the sensing element 6 occurs in the presence of an AC
line voltage of about 50-60 Hz in one embodiment. It is noted that
different frequencies may also occur instead of or in addition to
the 50-60 Hz range. Microcontroller 2 may include a test signal
generator which is shown in FIG. 4 as a pulse width modulator 10.
Such a test signal generator may alternatively be separate from the
microcontroller 2. Pulse width modulator 10 preferably generates a
signal which has a frequency different from that of the AC line
voltage. In an embodiment where the AC line voltage frequency is
about 50-60 Hz as described above, pulse width modulator may
generate a test signal at a frequency of about 30 kHz.
[0028] This test signal is then preferably passed through a low
pass filter 12 to reduce undesirable higher frequency signal
components, and the signal becomes the DRIVE signal 14. DRIVE
signal 14 is then preferably passed through a high pass filter 16
before encountering sensing element 6. High pass filter 16
preferably isolates the pulse width modulator 10 and low pass
filter 12 from the AC line voltage. The DRIVE signal 14 then passes
to one end of the sensing element 6. Either or both of the low pass
filter 12 and the high pass filter 16 may be components of
microcontroller 2 or may be separate therefrom.
[0029] Any signal passing through the sensing element 6 is
preferably passed through a high pass filter 18 to filter out the
AC line voltage. As above, the high pass filter 18 may be a
component of microcontroller 2, or may be separate therefrom. Any
signal which passes the high pass filter 18 is labeled RETURN
signal 20. The RETURN signal 20 is then passed to a signal detector
component, which includes comparator 22 as shown in FIG. 4.
Comparator 22 preferably compares the RETURN signal 20 to a
threshold voltage, which may be about one volt. Where the sensing
element 6 is intact, the RETURN signal 20 will vary in magnitude,
but will be at the same frequency and have generally the same wave
shape as the DRIVE signal 14 with, for example, a magnitude of
approximately two volts or more. Thus, the comparator 22 output
transitions at each transition of the RETURN signal 20. A counter
24 counts the number of transitions of comparator 22. The first,
second, or both ends of the sensing element 6 may pass directly to
an analogue to digital converter (A/D) 26 for standard hot spot
detection purposes. It is noted that, as above, any or all of the
high pass filter 18, comparator 22, counter 24 and/or A/D 26 may be
components of microcontroller 2 or may be separate therefrom.
[0030] Microcontroller 2, which may include firmware, or may
execute software, determines whether or not the electrical test
signal, RETURN Signal 20, is being returned (indicating whether or
not the integrity of the sensing wire is good) by looking for
comparator output transitions at the proper frequency. This is
accomplished by counting the number of comparator output
transitions over a fixed period of time. False counts from spurious
sources such as electrical noise and AC line voltage transitions
that might appear at the comparator input are eliminated by looking
for an expected number of transitions using a minimum value as a
threshold.
[0031] It is noted that comparator 22 may alternatively be an A/D
converter, such that the RETURN signal 20 could be converted to a
digital number whose value represents the amplitude of signal 20.
The presence of a digital number whose value exceeds a
predetermined threshold would indicate that signal 20 is of valid
amplitude. A predetermined number of valid amplitude pulses of
signal 20 during a period of time would indicate that the sense
wire is intact. The predetermined number of pulses is preferably
equal to the number of pulses present on the DRIVE signal 14.
[0032] FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic circuit diagram of one
possible configuration for a sensing wire integrity detection
system. Microcontroller 2 may be any suitable chip, but for the
purposes of this disclosure, microcontroller 2 will be discussed as
a PIC16F1827-I/SO chip. Pin three of microcontroller 2 preferably
outputs a 30,000 Hz low voltage signal. This 30 kHz signal then
passes through a low pass filter 12 formed by a 1-k.OMEGA. resistor
12A and a 2.2 nF capacitor 12B, as well as a high pass filter 16
formed by a 2.2 nF blocking capacitor 16B and a 2.4-k.OMEGA.
resistor 16A. The DRIVE signal then passes through the sensing
element 6, and thereafter the DRIVE signal is isolated from the
lower frequency line voltage signal by another high pass filter 18
formed by two 1-nF capacitors 18A and 18C, as well as two
100-k.OMEGA. resistors 18B and 18D. The filtered RETURN signal is
then input to pin one of microcontroller 2. As will be recognized,
other hardware configurations, resistances, capacitances, etc. may
alternatively be used.
[0033] FIG. 6 illustrates a method 30 for determining the integrity
of a sensing element. At step 32, the integrity test begins. At
step 34, the DRIVE signal is turned on, such that pulse wave
modulator 10 generates a signal at a different frequency from that
of the AC line voltage in the sensing element 6. At step 36 the
count in counter 24 is set to zero, and at step 38 the comparator
22 interrupt is enabled.
[0034] At step 40, microcontroller 2 determines whether a new
time-tick has occurred. Where no new time-tick has occurred, the
process reverts back to step 40. When a new time-tick occurs, the
process moves to step 42 where the microcontroller 2 determines
whether the test is at its end time. Where the test is not at its
end time, the microcontroller 2 determines whether the comparator
22 has transitioned. As discussed above, the comparator 22 compares
the RETURN signal to a threshold voltage which is in one embodiment
about one volt, and the comparator output transitions with each
transition of the RETURN signal at the proper frequency. Where
comparator 22 has transitioned at step 44, counter 24 increments
its count by one at step 46. The method then returns to step 40 to
await a new time-tick.
[0035] At step 42, if the test is at its end time, the method
proceeds to step 48 where the comparator 22 interrupt is disabled,
along with the DRIVE signal at step 50. At step 52, the
microcontroller 2 determines whether the count from counter 24 is
greater than or equal to a minimum threshold count. The minimum
threshold count is designed to compensate for any spurious sources
such as electrical noise and/or AC line voltage transitions that
may appear. If the count from counter 24 is greater than or equal
to the minimum threshold count, the microcontroller determines that
the test has been passed at step 54, and the sensing element 6 is
intact. However, where the count from counter 24 is less than the
minimum threshold count at step 52, the microcontroller 2
determines that the test has been failed at step 56. With a failed
test, microcontroller 2 preferably deactivates the heating element
4 to protect the user.
[0036] Pulse width modulator 10 may be selectively engaged to
generate DRIVE signal 14 intermittently, or may run continuously.
Similarly, microprocessor 2 may selectively check for the RETURN
signal 20 at preselected intervals or may constantly monitor for
RETURN signal 20 to continuously monitor the integrity of sensing
wire 6.
[0037] FIG. 7 illustrates an alternate embodiment of a sensing wire
integrity detection system 100, which includes a microcontroller
102, a heating element 104, an NTC layer 107, a sensing element
106, and an A/D converter 126, as in the above discussed
embodiments.
[0038] In this embodiment, in order to detect the integrity of
sensing wire 106, at fixed intervals, power to the heating element
104 is removed and/or disengaged while the test signal is being
applied to sensing wire 106. This cut in power to the heating
element 104 may be for a duration of, for example, one power line
cycle of 16.66 milliseconds, or any other fixed time period.
Microprocessor output U1 provides a series of square waves during
the periods that Triac D1 is forced to become inactive. Appropriate
filtering is used to separate the AC line frequency from the signal
the U1 provides and separate A/D inputs are used for detecting hot
spots and sense wire integrity signals.
[0039] In another embodiment, as show in FIG. 8, the integrity of
the sensing wire 106 can be determined by disconnecting the NTC
layer 107 from the AC power, at some intervals for a selected
period of time. Upon which the sensing wire integrity circuit is
engaged, providing a test signal through the sensing wire.
[0040] In the heating phase, triacs D1 and D2 are "on" and pin B is
in a high Z state. NTC 107 leakage is measured by the A/D 126 to
detect hot spots. In a testing phase, triacs D1 and D2 are shut
"off" and pin B outputs a signal, for example as square wave, that
passes through the sensing wire 106 to the A/D 126. The integrity
of the sensing wire is determined by checking the amplitude of the
signal received by the A/D 126 and counting the number of square
wave pulses that have been received versus how many were sent.
[0041] Once verification of the sensing wire 106 integrity is
complete (i.e., the appropriate amplitude of the signal and/or the
number of square wave pulses are detected by A/D 126), the power to
the heating element 104 is resumed, triacs D1 and D2 are "on" and
pin B is in a high Z state. Such a process may be repeated as
needed and the verification test cycle can be again initiated by
microcontroller 102.
[0042] Thus, there has been shown and described several embodiments
of a novel heating pad safety system and method. As is evident from
the foregoing description, certain aspects of the present invention
are not limited by the particular details of the examples
illustrated herein, and it is therefore contemplated that other
modifications and applications, or equivalents thereof, will occur
to those skilled in the art. The terms "having" and "including" and
similar terms as used in the foregoing specification are used in
the sense of "optional" or "may include" and not as "required".
Many changes, modifications, variations and other uses and
applications of the present invention will, however, become
apparent to those skilled in the art after considering the
specification and the accompanying drawings. All such changes,
modifications, variations and other uses and applications which do
not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention are deemed to
be covered by the invention which is limited only by the claims
which follow.
* * * * *