U.S. patent application number 13/839350 was filed with the patent office on 2013-10-10 for method of forming a web from fibrous material.
The applicant listed for this patent is Owens Corning Intellectual Capital, LLC. Invention is credited to David J. Gaul, Glenn Haley, Michael T. Pellegrin.
Application Number | 20130266784 13/839350 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 47992850 |
Filed Date | 2013-10-10 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130266784 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Haley; Glenn ; et
al. |
October 10, 2013 |
METHOD OF FORMING A WEB FROM FIBROUS MATERIAL
Abstract
Fibrous material webs and methods of making the fibrous material
webs. Binderless webs can be formed in a continuous process where
fiber material, such as glass is melted and formed into fibers. The
fibers are formed into a web of binderless glass fibers or a web
with a dry binder. The binderless web or the web with dry binder
can be layered and/or the fibers that make up the web can be
mechanically entangled, for example, by needling.
Inventors: |
Haley; Glenn; (Granville,
OH) ; Gaul; David J.; (Granville, OH) ;
Pellegrin; Michael T.; (Newark, OH) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Owens Corning Intellectual Capital, LLC |
Toledo |
OH |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
47992850 |
Appl. No.: |
13/839350 |
Filed: |
March 15, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13632895 |
Oct 1, 2012 |
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13839350 |
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61541162 |
Sep 30, 2011 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
428/219 ;
442/334; 65/470 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y10T 442/67 20150401;
Y10T 442/667 20150401; D04H 1/60 20130101; D04H 3/08 20130101; D04H
1/4374 20130101; D04H 1/488 20130101; Y10T 442/609 20150401; D04H
3/004 20130101; D04H 1/46 20130101; C03C 25/1095 20130101; C03B
37/04 20130101; D04H 13/008 20130101; Y10T 442/608 20150401; D04H
1/4218 20130101; D04H 1/498 20130101; D04H 1/724 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
428/219 ; 65/470;
442/334 |
International
Class: |
D04H 3/004 20060101
D04H003/004; D04H 3/08 20060101 D04H003/08 |
Claims
1. A continuous method for forming a pack of glass fibers
comprising: melting glass; processing the molten glass to form
glass fibers; accumulating the glass fibers to allow the glass
fibers to cool; forming a binderless web from the cooled glass
fibers; mechanically entangling the fibers of the web to form the
pack of glass fibers.
2. The continuous method of claim 1 wherein the fibers are
entangled by needling.
3. The continuous method of claim 1 wherein the binderless web of
glass fibers has an area weight of 0.10 to 0.38 pounds per square
foot and a thickness of 0.45 inches to 1.375.
4. The continuous method of claim 1 wherein the glass fibers have a
diameter range of in a range of from 15 HT to 19 HT.
5. The continuous method of claim 5 wherein the glass fibers have a
length range from about 0.25 inches to about 10.0 inches.
6. The continuous method of claim 1 wherein the pack of glass
fibers comprises 99% to 100% glass or 99% to 100% glass and inert
components that do not bind the glass fibers together.
7. A continuous method for forming a pack of glass fibers
comprising: melting glass; processing the molten glass to form
glass fibers; forming a binderless web from a first portion of the
glass fibers; mechanically entangling the fibers of the web to form
the pack of glass fibers; and diverting a second portion the glass
fibers for other uses.
8. The continuous method of claim 7 wherein the fibers are
entangled by needling.
9. The continuous method of claim 7 wherein the binderless web of
glass fibers has an area weight of 0.10 to 0.38 pounds per square
foot and a thickness of 0.45 inches to 1.375.
10. The continuous method of claim 7 wherein the glass fibers have
a diameter range of in a range of from 15 HT to 19 HT.
11. The continuous method of claim 10 wherein the glass fibers have
a length range from about 0.25 inches to about 10.0 inches.
12. The continuous method of claim 7 wherein the pack of glass
fibers comprises 99% to 100% glass or 99% to 100% glass and inert
components that do not bind the glass fibers together.
13. A binderless web of glass fibers comprising: glass fibers that
are mechanically entangled to form the web; wherein the web has an
area weight of 0.10 to 0.38 pounds per square foot; wherein the
glass fibers have a diameter range of from 15 HT to 19 HT; wherein
the glass fibers have a length range from about 0.25 inches to
about 10.0 inches.
14. The binderless web of glass fibers of claim 13 that comprises
99% to 100% glass or 99% to 100% glass and inert components that do
not bind the glass fibers together.
15. The binderless web of glass fibers of claim 13 wherein the
glass fibers used to form the have never been compressed for
packaging or shipping.
16. The binderless web of glass fibers of claim 13 wherein the
glass fibers are mechanically entangled by needling.
17. A continuous method for forming a pack of glass fibers
comprising: melting glass; processing the molten glass to form
glass fibers; accumulating the glass fibers to allow the glass
fibers to cool; forming a binderless web of the glass fibers;
layering the binderless web of glass fibers to form the pack.
18. The continuous method of claim 17 wherein the fibers are
entangled by needling.
19. The continuous method of claim 17 wherein the binderless web of
glass fibers has an area weight of 0.10 to 0.38 pounds per square
foot and a thickness of 0.45 inches to 1.375.
20. The continuous method of claim 17 wherein the glass fibers have
a diameter range of in a range of from 15 HT to 19 HT.
21. The continuous method of claim 20 wherein the glass fibers have
a length range from about 0.25 inches to about 10.0 inches.
22. The continuous method of claim 17 wherein the pack of glass
fibers comprises 99% to 100% glass or 99% to 100% glass and inert
components that do not bind the glass fibers together.
23. A layered binderless web of glass fibers comprising: a first
web of glass fibers; at least one additional web of glass fibers
disposed on the first web of glass fibers; wherein the first web
has an area weight of 0.05 to 0.2 pounds per square foot; wherein
the glass fibers have a diameter range of in a range of from 15 HT
to 19 HT; wherein the glass fibers have a length range from about
0.25 inches to about 10.0 inches.
24. The binderless web of glass fibers of claim 23 wherein the pack
of glass fibers comprises 99% to 100% glass or 99% to 100% glass
and inert components that do not bind the glass fibers
together.
25. The binderless web of glass fibers of claim 23 wherein the
glass fibers used to form the have never been compressed for
packaging or shipping.
26. The binderless web of glass fibers of claim 23 wherein the
glass fibers are mechanically entangled by needling.
27. A binderless web of glass fibers comprising: glass fibers that
are mechanically entangled to form the web; wherein the web has an
area weight of about 5 to about 50 grams per square foot; wherein
the glass fibers have a diameter range of in a range of from about
9 HT to about 35 HT; wherein the glass fibers have a length range
from about 0.25 inches to about 10.0 inches; wherein the binderless
web of glass fibers comprises 99% to 100% glass or 99% to 100%
glass and inert components that do not bind the glass fibers
together.
28. A layered binderless web of glass fibers comprising: a first
web of glass fibers; at least one additional web of glass fibers
disposed on the first web of glass fibers; wherein the first web
has an area weight of about 5 to about 50 grams per square foot;
wherein the glass fibers have a diameter range of in a range of
from about 9 HT to about 35 HT; wherein the glass fibers have a
length range from about 0.25 inches to about 10.0 inches; wherein
the layered web of glass fibers comprises 99% to 100% glass or 99%
to 100% glass and inert components that do not bind the glass
fibers together.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation in part of
non-provisional application Ser. No. 13/632,895 filed on Oct. 1,
2012, titled "Method of Forming a Pack from Fibrous Materials,"
which claims priority from provisional application No. 61/541,162
filed on Sep. 30, 2011, titled "Method of Forming a Pack from
Fibrous Materials." Non-provisional application Ser. No. 13/632,895
and provisional application No. 61/541,162 are incorporated herein
by reference in their entirety.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Fibrous material can be formed into various products
including webs, packs, baits and blankets. Packs of fibrous
material can be used in many applications, including the
non-limiting examples of insulation and sound-proofing for
buildings and building components, appliances and aircraft. Packs
of fibrous material are typically formed by processes that include
fiberizers, forming hoods, ovens, trimming and packaging machines.
Typical processes also include the use of wet binders, binder
reclaim water and washwater systems.
SUMMARY
[0003] The present application discloses multiple exemplary
embodiments of fibrous material webs and methods of making the
fibrous material webs. Binderless webs or webs with dry binder can
be formed in a continuous process where fiber material, such as
glass is melted and formed into fibers. The fibers are formed into
a web of binderless glass fibers or a web with a dry binder. The
binderless web or the web with dry binder can be layered and/or the
fibers that make up the web can be mechanically entangled, for
example, by needling.
[0004] Other advantages of the webs, batts, and methods of
producing the webs and batts will become apparent to those skilled
in the art from the following detailed description, when read in
view of the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0005] FIG. 1A is a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of method
for forming a binderless layered web or pack of glass fibers;
[0006] FIG. 1B is a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of a
method for forming a binderless entangled web of glass fibers;
[0007] FIG. 1C is a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of a
method for forming a binderless layered and entangled web or pack
of glass fibers;
[0008] FIG. 2A is a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of method
for forming a layered web or pack of glass fibers with dry
binder;
[0009] FIG. 2B is a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of a
method for forming a binderless entangled web of glass fibers with
dry binder;
[0010] FIG. 2C is a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of a
method for forming a binderless layered and entangled web or pack
of glass fibers with dry binder;
[0011] FIG. 2D is a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of a
method for forming a binderless layered and entangled web or pack
of glass fibers with dry binder;
[0012] FIG. 3A is a schematic illustration of an exemplary
apparatus for forming a binderless layered web or pack of glass
fibers;
[0013] FIG. 3B is a schematic illustration of an exemplary
apparatus for forming a binderless entangled web of glass
fibers;
[0014] FIG. 3C is a schematic illustration of an exemplary
apparatus for forming a binderless layered and entangled web or
pack of glass fibers;
[0015] FIG. 3D is a schematic illustration of an exemplary
apparatus for forming a binderless layered and entangled web or
pack of glass fibers;
[0016] FIG. 3E is a schematic illustration of an exemplary
accumulating arrangement;
[0017] FIG. 3F is a schematic illustration of an exemplary
diverting arrangement;
[0018] FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a forming apparatus
for forming a web of glass fibers;
[0019] FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary apparatus
for forming a web or pack of glass fibers with a dry binder;
[0020] FIG. 5A is a schematic illustration of an exemplary
apparatus for forming a web or pack of glass fibers with a dry
binder;
[0021] FIG. 5B is a schematic illustration of an exemplary
apparatus for forming a web or pack of glass fibers with a dry
binder;
[0022] FIG. 6 is a schematic representation, in elevation of a
process for forming a pack of fibrous materials;
[0023] FIG. 7 is a schematic representation, in plan view, of a
process for forming a pack from fibrous materials
[0024] FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary apparatus
for forming a web or pack of glass fibers with a dry binder;
[0025] FIG. 9A is a sectional illustration taken along lines 9A-9A
in FIG. 8;
[0026] FIG. 9B is a sectional illustration taken along lines 9A-9A
in FIG. 8;
[0027] FIG. 10A is a schematic illustration of an exemplary
embodiment of an insulation product;
[0028] FIG. 10B is a schematic illustration of an exemplary
embodiment of an insulation product;
[0029] FIG. 10C is a schematic illustration of an exemplary
embodiment of an insulation product;
[0030] FIG. 10D is a schematic illustration of an exemplary
embodiment of an insulation product;
[0031] FIG. 10E is a schematic illustration of an exemplary
embodiment of an insulation product;
[0032] FIG. 10F is a schematic illustration of an exemplary
embodiment of an insulation product;
[0033] FIG. 10G is a schematic illustration of an exemplary
embodiment of an insulation batt or pack;
[0034] FIG. 10H is a schematic illustration of an exemplary
embodiment of an insulation batt or pack;
[0035] FIG. 10I is a schematic illustration of an exemplary
embodiment of an insulation batt or pack;
[0036] FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of an arrangement for
producing staple fibers;
[0037] FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a cooking range;
[0038] FIG. 12A is a perspective view of a cooking range;
[0039] FIG. 13 is a front sectional view illustrating an exemplary
embodiment of fiberglass insulation in a range;
[0040] FIG. 13A is a front sectional view illustrating an exemplary
embodiment of fiberglass insulation in a range;
[0041] FIG. 14 is a side sectional view illustrating an exemplary
embodiment of fiberglass insulation in a range;
[0042] FIG. 14A is a side sectional view illustrating an exemplary
embodiment of fiberglass insulation in a range;
[0043] FIGS. 15A-15C illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a method
of making a compression molded fiberglass product from a binderless
or dry binder fiberglass batt; and
[0044] FIGS. 16A-16C illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a method
of making a vacuum molded fiberglass product from a binderless or
dry binder fiberglass batt.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0045] The present invention will now be described with occasional
reference to the specific exemplary embodiments of the invention.
This invention may, however, be embodied in different forms and
should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth
herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this
disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the
scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.
[0046] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms
used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of
ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The
terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for
describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be
limiting of the invention. As used in the description of the
invention and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an,"
and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless
the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0047] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing
quantities of dimensions such as length, width, height, and so
forth as used in the specification and claims are to be understood
as being modified in all instances by the term "about."
Accordingly, unless otherwise indicated, the numerical properties
set forth in the specification and claims are approximations that
may vary depending on the desired properties sought to be obtained
in embodiments of the present invention. Notwithstanding that the
numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of
the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in
the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any
numerical values, however, inherently contain certain errors
necessarily resulting from error found in their respective
measurements.
[0048] The description and figures disclose an improved method of
forming a pack from fibrous materials. Generally, the improved
continuous methods replace the traditional methods of applying a
wet binder to fiberized materials with new methods of making a batt
or pack of fibers without any binder (i.e. material that binds
fibers together) and/or new methods of making a batt or pack of
fibers with dry binders.
[0049] The term "fibrous materials", as used herein, is defined to
mean any material formed from drawing or attenuating molten
materials. The term "pack", as used herein, is defined to mean any
product formed by fibrous materials that are joined together by an
adhesive and/or by mechanical entanglement.
[0050] FIGS. 1A and 3A illustrate a first exemplary embodiment of a
continuous process or method 100 of forming a pack 300 (see FIG.
3A) from fibrous materials. The dashed line 101 around the steps of
the method 100 indicates that the method is a continuous method, as
will be described in more detail below. The methods and packs will
be described in terms of glass fibers, but the methods and packs
are applicable as well to the manufacture of fibrous products
formed from other mineral materials, such as the non-limiting
examples of rock, slag and basalt.
[0051] Referring to FIG. 1A, glass is melted 102. For example, FIG.
3A schematically illustrates a melter 314. The melter 314 may
supply molten glass 312 to a forehearth 316. Melters and
forehearths are known in the art and will not be described herein.
The molten glass 312 can be formed from various raw materials
combined in such proportions as to give the desired chemical
composition.
[0052] Referring back to FIG. 1A, the molten glass 312 is processed
to form 104 glass fibers 322. The molten glass 312 can be processed
in a variety of different ways to form the fibers 322. For example,
in the example illustrated by FIG. 3A, the molten glass 312 flows
from the forehearth 316 to one or more rotary fiberizers 318. The
rotary fiberizers 18 receive the molten glass 312 and subsequently
form veils 320 of glass fibers 322. As will be discussed in more
detail below, the glass fibers 322 formed by the rotary fiberizers
318 are long and thin. Accordingly, any desired fiberizer, rotary
or otherwise, sufficient to form long and thin glass fibers 322 can
be used. While the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3A shows one
rotary fiberizer 318, it should be appreciated that any desired
number of rotary fiberizers 318 can be used. In another exemplary
embodiment, the fibers 322 are formed by flame attenuation.
[0053] The long and thin fibers may take a wide variety of
different forms. In an exemplary embodiment, the long and thin
fibers have a length in a range of from about 0.25 inches to about
10.0 inches and a diameter dimension in a range of from about 9 HT
to about 35 HT. HT stands for hundred thousandths of an inch. In an
exemplary embodiment, the fibers 322 have a length in a range of
from about 1.0 inch to about 5.0 inches and a diameter dimension in
a range of from about 14 HT to about 25 HT. In an exemplary
embodiment, the fibers 322 have a length of about 3 inches and an
average diameter of about 16-17 HT. While not being bound by the
theory, it is believed the use of the relatively long and thin
fibers advantageously provides a pack having better thermal and
acoustic insulative performance, as well as better strength
properties, such as higher tensile strength and/or higher bond
strength, than a similar sized pack having shorter and thicker
fibers.
[0054] In exemplary embodiments where the fibers are glass fibers,
the term binderless means that the fibrous material, web, and/or
pack comprises 99% or 100% glass only or 99% or 100% glass plus
inert content. Inert content is any material that does not bind the
glass fibers together. For example, in exemplary binderless
embodiments described herein, the glass fibers 322 can optionally
be coated or partially coated with a lubricant after the glass
fibers are formed. For example, the glass fibers 322 can be coated
with any lubricating material that does not bind the glass fibers
together. In an exemplary embodiment, the lubricant can be a
silicone compound, such as siloxane, dimethyl siloxane and/or
silane. The lubricant can also be other materials or combinations
of materials, such as, oil or an oil emulsion. The oil or oil
emulsion may be a mineral oil or mineral oil emulsion and/or a
vegetable oil or vegetable oil emulsion.
[0055] The glass fibers can be coated or partially coated with a
lubricant in a wide variety of different ways. For example, the
lubricant can be sprayed onto the glass fibers 322. In an exemplary
embodiment, the lubricant is configured to prevent damage to the
glass fibers 322 as the glass fibers 322 move through the
manufacturing process and come into contact with various apparatus
as well as other glass fibers. The lubricant can also be useful to
reduce dust in the manufacturing process. The application of the
optional lubricant can be precisely controlled by any desired
structure, mechanism or device.
[0056] Referring to FIG. 1A, a web 321 of fibers without a binder
or other material that binds the fibers together is formed 106. The
web 321 can be formed in a wide variety of different ways. In the
example illustrated by FIG. 3A, the glass fibers 322 are gathered
by an optional gathering member 324. The gathering member 324 is
shaped and sized to receive the glass fibers 322. The gathering
member 324 is configured to divert the glass fibers 322 to a duct
330 for transfer to downstream processing stations, such as for
example forming apparatus 332, which forms the web 321. In other
embodiments, the glass fibers 322 can be gathered on a conveying
mechanism (not shown) to form the web.
[0057] The forming apparatus 332 can be configured to form a
continuous dry web 321 of fibrous material having a desired
thickness. In one exemplary embodiment, the dry webs 321 disclosed
in this application can have a thickness in the range of about 0.25
inches to about 4 inches thick and a density in the range of about
0.2 lb/ft.sup.3 to about 0.6 lb/ft.sup.3. In one exemplary
embodiment, the dry webs 321 disclosed in this application can have
a thickness in the range of about 1 inch to about 3 inches thick
and a density in the range of about 0.3 lb/ft.sup.3 to about 0.5
lb/ft.sup.3. In one exemplary embodiment, the dry webs 321
disclosed in this application can have a thickness of about 1.5
inches and a density of about 0.4 lb/ft.sup.3. The forming
apparatus 332 can take a wide variety of different forms. Any
arrangement for forming a dry web 321 of glass fibers can be
used.
[0058] In one exemplary embodiment, the forming apparatus 332
includes a rotating drum with forming surfaces and areas of higher
or lower pressure. Referring to FIG. 4, the pressure P1 on a side
460 of the forming surface 462 where the fibers 322 are collected
is higher than the pressure P2 on the opposite side 464. This
pressure drop .DELTA.P causes the fibers 322 to collect on the
forming surface 462 to form the dry web 321. In one exemplary
embodiment, the pressure drop .DELTA.P across the forming surface
462 is controlled to be a low pressure and produce a low area
weight web. For example, the pressure drop .DELTA.P can be from
about 0.5 inches of water and 30 inches of water. A velocity V of
the air traveling through the web being formed that results in this
low pressure drop .DELTA.P may be up to 1,000 feet per minute.
[0059] A low area weight web 321 having an area weight of about 5
to about 50 grams per square foot. The low area weight web may have
the density and thickness ranges mentioned above. The low area
weight web may have a thickness in the range of about 0.25 inches
to about 4 inches thick, about 1 inch to about 3 inches thick, or
about 1.5 inches. The low area weight web may have a density in the
range of about 0.2 lb/ft.sup.3 to about 0.6 lb/ft.sup.3, about 0.3
lb/ft.sup.3 to about 0.5 lb/ft.sup.3 or about 0.4 lb/ft.sup.3.
Referring to FIG. 3A, the dry web 321 leaves the Miming apparatus
332. In one exemplary embodiment, the low area weight web 321 has a
measured area weight distribution Coefficient of Variation=Sigma
(One Standard Deviation)/Mean (Average).times.100%=of between 0 and
40%. In exemplary embodiments, the weight distribution Coefficient
of Variation is less than 30%. Less than 20% or less than 10%. In
one exemplary embodiment, the weight distribution Coefficient of
Variation is between 25% and 30%, such as about 28%. In one
exemplary embodiment, the weight distribution Coefficient of
Variation is about 28%. The weight distribution Coefficient of
Variation is obtained by measuring multiple small sample area
sizes, for example, 2''.times.2'', of a large sample, for example a
6 ft by 10 ft sample with a light table.
[0060] In the example illustrated by FIG. 1A, the web 321 or
multiple webs are layered 108. For example, a single web 321 may be
lapped in the machine direction or cross-lapped at ninety degrees
to the machine direction to form a layered web 350. In another
embodiment, the web may be cut into portions and the portions are
stacked on top of one another to form the layered web. In yet
another exemplary embodiment, one or more duplicate fiberizers 318
and forming apparatus 332 can be implemented such that two or more
webs are continuously produced in parallel. The parallel webs are
then stacked on top of each other to form the layered web.
[0061] In one exemplary embodiment, the layering mechanism 332 is a
lapping mechanism or a cross-lapping mechanism that functions in
association with a conveyor 336. The conveyor 336 is configured to
move in a machine direction as indicated by the arrow D1. The
lapping or cross-lapping mechanism is configured to receive the
continuous web 321 and deposit alternating layers of the continuous
web on the first conveyer 336 as the first conveyor moves in
machine direction D1. In the deposition process, a lapping
mechanism 334 would form the alternating layers in a machine
direction as indicated by the arrows D1 or the cross-lapping
mechanism 334 would form the alternating layers in a cross-machine
direction. Additional webs 321 may be formed and lapped or
cross-lapped by additional lapping or cross-lapping mechanisms to
increase the number of layers and throughput capacity.
[0062] In one exemplary embodiment, a cross-lapping mechanism is
configured to precisely control the movement of the continuous web
321 and deposit the continuous web on the conveyor 336 such that
the continuous web is not damaged. The cross-lapping mechanism can
include any desired structure and can be configured to operate in
any desired manner. In one exemplary embodiment, the cross-lapping
mechanism includes a head (not shown) configured to move back and
forth at 90 degrees to the machine direction D1. In this
embodiment, the speed of the moving head is coordinated such that
the movement of the head in both cross-machine directions is
substantially the same, thereby providing uniformity of the
resulting layers of the fibrous body. In an exemplary embodiment,
the cross-lapping mechanism comprises vertical conveyors (not
shown) configured to be centered with a centerline of the conveyor
336. The vertical conveyors are further configured to swing from a
pivot mechanism above the conveyor 336 such as to deposit the
continuous web on the conveyor 336. While multiple examples of
cross lapping mechanisms have been described above, it should be
appreciated that the cross-lapping mechanism can be other
structures, mechanisms or devices or combinations thereof.
[0063] The layered web 350 can have any desired thickness. The
thickness of the layered web is a function of several variables.
First, the thickness of the layered web 350 is a function of the
thickness of the continuous web 321 formed by the forming apparatus
332. Second, the thickness of the layered web 350 is a function of
the speed at which the layering mechanism 334 deposits layers of
the continuous web 321 on the conveyer 336. Third, the thickness of
the layered web 334 is a function of the speed of the conveyor 336.
In the illustrated embodiment, the layered web 350 has a thickness
in a range of from about 0.1 inches to about 20.0 inches. In an
exemplary embodiment, a cross lapping mechanism 334 may form a
layered web 350 having from 1 layer to 60 layers. Optionally, a
cross-lapping mechanisms can be adjustable, thereby allowing the
cross-lapping mechanisms 334 to form a pack having any desired
width. In certain embodiments, the pack can have a general width in
a range of from about 98.0 inches to about 236.0 inches.
[0064] In one exemplary embodiment, the layered web 350 is produced
in a continuous process indicated by dashed box 101 in FIG. 1A. The
fibers produced by the fiberizer 318 are sent directly to the
forming apparatus 332 (i.e. the fibers are not collected and packed
and then unpacked for use at a remote forming apparatus). The web
321 is provided directly to the layering device 352 (i.e. the web
is not formed and rolled up and then unrolled for use at a remote
layering device 352). In an exemplary embodiment of the continuous
process, each of the processes (forming and layering in FIG. 1A)
are connected to the fiberizing process, such that fibers from the
fiberizer are used by the other processes without being stored for
later use. In another exemplary embodiment of the continuous
process, the fiberizer or fiberizers 318 may have more throughput
than is needed by the forming apparatus 332 and the layering device
352. As such, the fibers need not be continuously supplied by the
fiberizer 318 to the forming apparatus 332 for the process to be
continuous. For example, the fiberizer 318 can produce batches of
fibers that are accumulated and provided to the forming apparatus
332 in the same factory in the continuous process, but the fibers
are not compressed, shipped, and reopened in the continuous
process. As another example of continuous process, the fibers
produced by the fiberizer 318 can alternately be diverted to the
forming apparatus 332 and to another forming apparatus or for some
other use or product. In another example of continuous process, a
portion of the fibers produced by the fiberizer 318 are
continuously directed to the forming apparatus 332 and a remainder
of the fibers are directed to another forming apparatus or for some
other use or product.
[0065] FIG. 3E illustrates that the fibers 322 can be collected by
an accumulator 390 in any of the examples illustrated by FIGS.
3A-3D. Arrow 392 indicates that the fibers 322 are provided by the
accumulator 390 in a controlled manner to the forming apparatus
332. The fibers 322 may dwell in the accumulator 390 for a
predetermined period of time before being provided to the forming
apparatus 332 to allow the fibers to cool. In one exemplary
embodiment, the fibers 322 are provided by the accumulator 390 to
the forming apparatus 332 at the same rate the fibers 322 are
provided to the accumulator 390. As such, in this exemplary
embodiment, the time that the fibers dwell and cool in the
accumulator is determined by the amount of fibers 322 in the
accumulator. In this example, the dwell time is the amount of
fibers in the accumulator divided by the rate at which the fibers
are provided by the accumulator to the forming apparatus 332. In
another exemplary embodiment, the accumulator 390 can selectively
start and stop dispensing the fibers and/or adjust the rate at
which the fibers are dispensed.
[0066] FIG. 3F illustrates that fibers 322 can be selectively
diverted between the forming station 332 and a second forming
station 332' by a diverting mechanism 398 in any of the examples
illustrated by FIGS. 3A-3D. In one exemplary embodiment, the
embodiments illustrated by FIGS. 3A-3D may have both the
accumulator 390 and the diverting mechanism 398.
[0067] In one exemplary embodiment, the web 321 is relatively thick
and has a low area weight, yet the continuous process has a high
throughput and all of the fibers produced by the fiberizer are used
to make the web. For example, a single layer of the web 321 may
have an area weight of about 5 to about 50 grams per square foot.
The low area weight web may have the density and thickness ranges
mentioned above. The high output continuous process may produce
between about 750 lbs/hr and 1500 lbs/hr, such as at least 900
lbs/hr or at least 1250 lbs/hr. The layered web 350 can be used in
a wide variety of different applications.
[0068] FIGS. 1B and 3B illustrate a second exemplary embodiment of
a method 150 of forming a pack 300 (see FIG. 3B) from fibrous
materials without the use of a binder. The dashed line 151 around
the steps of the method 150 indicates that the method is a
continuous method. Referring to FIG. 1B, glass is melted 102. The
glass may be melted as described above with respect to FIG. 3A. The
molten glass 312 is processed to form 104 glass fibers 322. The
molten glass 312 can be processed as described above with respect
to FIG. 3A to form the fibers 322. A web 321 of fibers without a
binder or other material that binds the fibers together is formed
106. The web 321 can be formed as described above with respect to
FIG. 3A.
[0069] Referring to FIG. 1B, the fibers 322 of the web 321 are
mechanically entangled 202 to form an entangled web 352 (see FIG.
3B). Referring to FIG. 3B, the fibers of the web 321 can be
mechanically entangled by an entangling mechanism 345, such as a
needling device. The entanglement mechanism 345 is configured to
entangle the individual fibers 322 of the web 321. Entangling the
glass fibers 322 ties the fibers of the web together. The
entanglement causes mechanical properties of the web, such as for
example, tensile strength and shear strength, to be improved. In
the illustrated embodiment, the entanglement mechanism 345 is a
needling mechanism. In other embodiments, the entanglement
mechanism 345 can include other structures, mechanisms or devices
or combinations thereof, including the non-limiting example of
stitching mechanisms.
[0070] The entangled web 352 can have any desired thickness. The
thickness of the entangled web is a function of the thickness of
the continuous web 321 formed by the forming apparatus 332 and the
amount of compression of the continuous web 321 by the entanglement
mechanism 345. In an exemplary embodiment, the entangled web 352
has a thickness in a range of from about 0.1 inches to about 2.0
inches. In an exemplary embodiment, the entangled web 352 has a
thickness in a range of from about 0.5 inches to about 1.75 inches.
For example, in one exemplary embodiment, the thickness of the
entangled web is about 1/2''.
[0071] In one exemplary embodiment, the entangled web 352 is
produced in a continuous process 151. The fibers produced by the
fiberizer 318 are sent directly to the forming apparatus 332 (i.e.
the fibers are not collected and packed and then unpacked for use
at a remote forming apparatus). The web 321 is provided directly to
the entangling device 345 (i.e. the web is not formed and rolled up
and then unrolled for use at a remote entangling device 345). The
entangled web 352 can be used in a wide variety of different
applications. In an exemplary embodiment of the continuous process,
each of the processes (forming and entangling in FIG. 1B) are
connected to the fiberizing process, such that fibers from the
fiberizer are used by the other processes without being stored for
later use. In another exemplary embodiment of the continuous
process, the fiberizer or fiberizers 318 may have more throughput
than is needed by the conning apparatus 332 and/or the entangling
device 345. As such, the fibers need not be continuously supplied
by the fiberizer 318 to the forming apparatus 332 for the process
to be continuous. For example, the fiberizer 318 can produce
batches of fibers that are accumulated and provided to the forming
apparatus 332 in the same factory in the continuous process, but
the fibers are not compressed, shipped, and reopened in the
continuous process. As another example of continuous process, the
fibers produced by the fiberizer 318 can alternately be diverted to
the forming apparatus 332 and to another forming apparatus or for
some other use or product. In another example of continuous
process, a portion of the fibers produced by the fiberizer 318 are
continuously directed to the forming apparatus 332 and a remainder
of the fibers are directed to another forming apparatus or for some
other use or product.
[0072] FIG. 3D illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an apparatus
that is similar to the embodiment illustrated by FIG. 3B for
forming a single layer high density pack 300. For example, the
embodiment illustrated by FIG. 3D can produce packs 300 that are
more dense than the densest pack produced by the embodiment
illustrated by FIG. 3B. The apparatus of FIG. 3D corresponds to the
embodiment of FIG. 3B, except a compressing mechanism 375 is
provided between the forming station 332 and the entangling
mechanism 345 and/or the entangling mechanism 345 includes a
compressing mechanism. The compressing mechanism 375 compresses the
web 321 as indicated by arrows 377 before the web is provided to
the entangling mechanism 345 and/or the web 321 is compressed at
the inlet of the compressing mechanism. The entangled web 352 that
is formed has a high density. The compressing mechanism can take a
wide variety of different forms. Examples of compressing mechanisms
345 include, but are not limited to, rollers, belts, rotary
tackers, additional needling mechanisms, perforated belt(s) with
negative pressure applied to the side of the belt that is opposite
the entangled web 352 (see the similar example illustrated by FIG.
4), any mechanism that includes any combination of the listed
compression mechanisms, any mechanism that includes any combination
of any of the features of the listed compression mechanisms, and
the like. Any arrangement for compressing the web can be used. When
the entangling mechanism 345 includes a compressing mechanism, the
compressing mechanism 375 can be omitted in the single layer high
density pack 300 embodiment illustrated by FIG. 3D. The compressing
performed by the compressing mechanism 375 and/or the entangling
mechanism 345 can be any combination of compressing and/or
needling, which compresses the pack in addition to entangling the
fibers. Examples of compressing and needling sequences for
producing a high density pack include, but are not limited to,
compressing with rollers and then needling, needling twice,
compressing with rollers and then needling twice, needling three
times, pre-needling--needling from the top-needling from the
bottom, pre-needling--needling from the bottom--needling from the
top, compressing with rollers--needling from the top--needling from
the bottom, and compressing with rollers--needling from the
bottom--needling from the top.
[0073] The high density entangled web 352 of FIG. 3D can have any
desired thickness. The thickness of the entangled web is a function
of the thickness of the continuous web 321 formed by the forming
apparatus 332 and the amount of compression of the continuous web
321 by the compressing mechanism 375 and the entanglement mechanism
345. In an exemplary embodiment, the high density entangled web 352
of FIG. 3D has a thickness in a range of from about 0.1 inches to
about 5 inches. In an exemplary embodiment, the high density
entangled web 352 has a thickness in a range of from about 0.250
inches to about 3.0 inches. In an exemplary embodiment, the high
density entangled web has a density in a range from 0.4 lb/ft.sup.3
to about 12 lb/ft.sup.3. In one exemplary embodiment, the high
density entangled web 352 of FIG. 3D is produced in a continuous
process in a similar manner to that described with respect to FIG.
3B.
[0074] FIGS. 1C and 3C illustrate another exemplary embodiment of a
method 170 of forming a pack 370 (see FIG. 3C) from fibrous
materials without the use of a binder. Referring to FIG. 1C, glass
is melted 102. The dashed line 171 around the steps of the method
170 indicates that the method is a continuous method The glass may
be melted as described above with respect to FIG. 3A. Referring
back to FIG. 1C, the molten glass 312 is processed to form 104
glass fibers 322. The molten glass 312 can be processed as
described above with respect to FIG. 3A to form the fibers 322.
Referring to FIG. 1C, a web 321 of fibers without a binder or other
material that binds the fibers together is formed 106. The web 321
can be formed as described above with respect to FIG. 3A. Referring
to FIG. 1C, the web 321 or multiple webs are layered 108. The web
321 or multiple webs can be layered as described above with respect
to FIG. 3A. Referring to FIG. 1C, the fibers 322 of the layered
webs 350 are mechanically entangled 302 to form an entangled pack
370 of layered webs.
[0075] Referring to FIG. 3C, the fibers of the layered webs 350 can
be mechanically entangled by an entangling mechanism 345, such as a
needling device. The entanglement mechanism 345 is configured to
entangle the individual fibers 322 forming the layers of the
layered web. Entangling the glass fibers 322 ties the fibers of the
layered webs 350 together to form the pack. The mechanical
entanglement causes mechanical properties, such as for example,
tensile strength and shear strength, to be improved. In the
illustrated embodiment, the entanglement mechanism 345 is a
needling mechanism. In other embodiments, the entanglement
mechanism 345 can include other structures, mechanisms or devices
or combinations thereof, including the non-limiting example of
stitching mechanisms.
[0076] The entangled pack 370 of layered webs 350 can have any
desired thickness. The thickness of the entangled pack is a
function of several variables. First, the thickness of the
entangled pack is a function of the thickness of the continuous web
321 formed by the forming apparatus 332. Second, the thickness of
the entangled pack 370 is a function of the speed at which the
lapping or cross-lapping mechanism 334 deposits layers of the
continuous web 321 on the conveyer 336. Third, the thickness of the
entangled pack 370 is a function of the speed of the conveyor 336.
Fourth, the thickness of the entangled pack 370 is a function of
the amount of compression of the layered webs 350 by the
entanglement mechanism 345. The entangled pack 370 can have a
thickness in a range of from about 0.1 inches to about 20.0 inches.
In an exemplary embodiment, the entangled pack 370 may having from
1 layer to 60 layers. Each entangled web layer 352 may be from 0.1
to 2 inches thick. For example, each entangled web layer may be
about 0.5 inches thick.
[0077] In one exemplary embodiment, the entangled pack 370 is
produced in a continuous process. The fibers produced by the
fiberizer 318 are sent directly to the forming apparatus 332 (i.e.
the fibers are not collected and packed and then unpacked for use
at a remote forming apparatus). The web 321 is provided directly to
the layering device 352 (i.e. the web is not formed and rolled up
and then unrolled for use at a remote layering device 352). The
layered web 350 is provided directly to the entangling device 345
(i.e. the layered web is not formed and rolled up and then unrolled
for use at a remote entangling device 345). In an exemplary
embodiment of the continuous process, each of the processes
(forming, layering, and entangling in FIG. 1C) are connected to the
fiberizing process, such that fibers from the fiberizer are used by
the other processes without being stored for later use. In another
exemplary embodiment of the continuous process, the fiberizer or
fiberizers 318 may have more throughput than is needed by the
forming apparatus 332, the layering device 352, and/or the
entangling device. As such, the fibers need not be continuously
supplied by the fiberizer 318 to the forming apparatus 332 for the
process to be continuous. For example, the fiberizer 318 can
produce batches of fibers that are accumulated and provided to the
forming apparatus 332 in the same factory in the continuous
process, but the fibers are not compressed, shipped, and reopened
in the continuous process. As another example of continuous
process, the fibers produced by the fiberizer 318 can alternately
be diverted to the forming apparatus 332 and to another forming
apparatus or for some other use or product. In another example of
continuous process, a portion of the fibers produced by the
fiberizer 318 are continuously directed to the forming apparatus
332 and a remainder of the fibers are directed to another forming
apparatus or for some other use or product.
[0078] In one exemplary embodiment, the entangled pack 370 of
layered webs is made from a web 321 or webs that is relatively
thick and has a low area weight, yet the continuous process has a
high throughput and all of the fibers produced by the fiberizer are
used to make the entangled pack. For example, a single layer of the
web 321 may have the area weights, thicknesses, and densities
mentioned above. The high output continuous process may produce
between about 750 lbs/hr and 1500 lbs/hr, such as at least 900
lbs/hr or at least 1250 lbs/hr. In an exemplary embodiment, the
combination of high web throughput and mechanical entanglement,
such as needling, of a continuous process is facilitated by
layering of the web 321, such as lapping or cross-lapping of the
web. By layering the web 321, the linear speed of the material
moving through the layering device is slower than the speed at
which the web is formed. For example, in a continuous process, a
two layer web will travel through the entangling apparatus 345 at
1/4 the speed at which the web is formed (3 layers--1/3 the speed,
etc.). This reduction in speed allows for a continuous process
where a high throughput, low area weight web 321 is formed and
converted into a multiple layer, mechanically entangled pack 370.
The entangled pack 370 of layered webs can be used in a wide
variety of different applications.
[0079] In an exemplary embodiment, the layering and entangling of
the long, thin fibers results in a strong web 370. For example, the
entanglement of the long, thin glass fibers described in this
application results in a layered, entangled web with a high tensile
strength and a high bond strength. Tensile strength is the strength
of the web 370 when the web is pulled in the direction of the
length or width of the web. Bond strength is the strength of the
web when the web 370 is pulled apart in the direction of the
thickness of the web.
[0080] Tensile strength and bond strength may be tested in a wide
variety of different ways. In one exemplary embodiment, a machine,
such as an Instron machine, pulls the web 370 apart at a fixed
speed (12 inches per second in the examples described below) and
measures the amount of force required to pull the web apart. Forces
required to pull the web apart, including the peak force applied to
the web before the web rips or fails, are recorded.
[0081] In one method of testing tensile strength, the tensile
strength in the length direction is measured by clamping the ends
of the web along the width of the web, pulling the web 370 along
the length of the web with the machine at the fixed speed (12
inches per second in the examples provided below), and recording
the peak force applied in the direction of the length of the web.
The tensile strength in the width direction is measured by clamping
the sides of the web along the width of the web, pulling the web
370 along the width of the web at the fixed speed (12 inches per
second in the examples provided below), and recording the peak
force applied. The tensile strength in the length direction and the
tensile strength in the width direction are averaged to determine
the tensile strength of the sample.
[0082] In one method of testing bond strength, a sample of a
predetermined size (6'' by 6'' in the examples described below) is
provided. Each side of the sample is bonded to a substrate, for
example by gluing. The substrates on the opposite side of the
sample are pulled apart with the machine at the fixed speed (12
inches per second in the examples provided below), and recording
the peak force applied. The peak force applied is divided by the
area of the sample (6'' by 6'' in the examples described below) to
provide the bond strength in terms of force over area.
[0083] The following examples are provided to illustrate the
increased strength of the layered, entangled web 370. In these
examples, no binder is included. That is, no aqueous or dry binder
is included. These examples do not limit the scope of the present
invention, unless expressly recited in the claims. Examples of
layered, entangled webs having 4, 6, and 8 layers are provided.
However, the layered entangled web 370 may be provided with any
number of layers. The layered, entangled web 370 sample length,
width, thickness, number of laps, and weight may vary depending on
the application for the web 370. In the dense, single layer
embodiment illustrated by FIG. 3D, the single layer high density
pack 300 may have a weight per square foot that is higher, such as
two or more times higher, than in the examples in the following six
paragraphs for the same thicknesses listed.
[0084] In one exemplary embodiment, a web 370 sample that is 6
inches by 12 inches, has multiple layers, such as two laps (i.e.
four layers), is between 0.5 inches thick and 2.0 inches thick, has
a weight per square foot between 0.1 and 0.3 lbs/sq ft, has a
tensile strength that is greater than 3 lbf, and has a tensile
strength to weight ratio that is greater than 40 lbf/lbm, such as
from about 40 to about 120 lbf/lbm. In an exemplary embodiment, a
bond strength of this sample is greater than 0.1 lbs/sq ft. In an
exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described
in this paragraph is greater than 5 lbf. In an exemplary
embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 7.5 lbf. In an exemplary embodiment, the
tensile strength of the sample described in this paragraph is
greater than 10 lbf. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is greater than
12.5 lbf. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of the
sample described in this paragraph is greater than 13.75 lbf. In an
exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described
in this paragraph is between 3 and 15 lbf. In an exemplary
embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 2 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment,
the bond strength of the sample described in this paragraph is
greater than 5 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the bond
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is greater than
10 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the bond strength of the
sample described in this paragraph is greater than 15 lbs/sq ft. In
an exemplary embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described
in this paragraph is greater than 20 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 5 lbf and the bond strength is greater
than 2 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength
of the sample described in this paragraph is greater than 7.5 lbf
and the bond strength is greater than 7.5 lbs/sq ft. In an
exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described
in this paragraph is greater than 10 lbf and the bond strength is
greater than 10 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is greater than
12.5 lbf and the bond strength is greater than 15 lbs/sq ft. In an
exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described
in this paragraph is greater than 13.75 lbf and the bond strength
is greater than 20 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the
tensile strength of the sample described in this paragraph is
between 3 and 15 lbf and the bond strength is between 0.3 and 30
lbs/sq ft.
[0085] In one exemplary embodiment, a web 370 sample that is 6
inches by 12 inches, has multiple layers, such as two laps (i.e.
four layers), is between 0.5 inches thick and 1.75 inches thick,
has a weight per square foot between 0.12 and 0.27 lbs/sq ft, has a
tensile strength that is greater than 3 lbf, and has a tensile
strength to weight ratio that is greater than 40 lbf/lbm, such as
from about 40 to about 120 lbf/lbm, and a bond strength that is
greater than 1 lb/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is greater than
5 lbf. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of the
sample described in this paragraph is greater than 7.5 lbf. In an
exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described
in this paragraph is greater than 10 lbf. In an exemplary
embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 12.5 lbf. In an exemplary embodiment, the
tensile strength of the sample described in this paragraph is
greater than 13.75 lbf. In one exemplary embodiment, the tensile
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is between 3 and
15 lbf. In an exemplary embodiment, the bond strength of the sample
described in this paragraph is greater than 2 lbs/sq ft. In an
exemplary embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in
this paragraph is greater than 5 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 10 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment,
the bond strength of the sample described in this paragraph is
greater than 15 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the bond
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is greater than
20 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of
the sample described in this paragraph is greater than 5 lbf and
the bond strength is greater than 2 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 7.5 lbf and the bond strength is greater
than 7.5 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is greater than
10 lbf and the bond strength is greater than 10 lbs/sq ft. In an
exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described
in this paragraph is greater than 12.5 lbf and the bond strength is
greater than 15 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is greater than
13.75 lbf and the bond strength is greater than 20 lbs/sq ft. In an
exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described
in this paragraph is between 3 and 15 lbf and the bond strength is
between 0.3 and 30 lbs/sq ft.
[0086] In one exemplary embodiment, a web 370 sample that is 6
inches by 12 inches, has multiple layers, such as two laps (i.e.
four layers), is between 0.5 inches thick and 1.25 inches thick,
has a weight per square foot between 0.2 and 0.3 lbs/sq ft, has a
tensile strength that is greater than 10 lbf, and has a tensile
strength to weight ratio that is greater than 75 lbf/lbm, such as
from about 75 about 120 lbf/lbm. In an exemplary embodiment, the
tensile strength of the sample described in this paragraph is
greater than 12.5 lbf. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is greater than
13.75 lbf. In one exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of the
sample described in this paragraph is between 3 and 15 lbf. In one
exemplary embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in
this paragraph is greater than 3 lb/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 10 lb/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment,
the bond strength of the sample described in this paragraph is
greater than 15 lb/sq ft. In one exemplary embodiment, the tensile
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is greater than
10 lbf and the bond strength is greater than 3 lb/sq ft. In an
exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described
in this paragraph is greater than 12.5 lbf and the bond strength is
greater than 10 lb/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is greater than
13.75 lbf and the bond strength is greater than 15 lb/sq ft.
[0087] In one exemplary embodiment, a web 370 sample that is 6
inches by 12 inches, has multiple layers, such as three laps (i.e.
six layers), is between 1.0 inches thick and 2.25 inches thick, has
a weight per square foot between 0.15 and 0.4 lbs/sq ft, has a
tensile strength that is greater than 5 lbf, and has a tensile
strength to weight ratio that is greater than 40 lbf/lbm, such as
from about 40 to about 140 lbf/lbm. In an exemplary embodiment, the
bond strength of this sample is greater than 0.1 lbs/sq ft. In an
exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described
in this paragraph is greater than 7.5 lbf. In an exemplary
embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 10 lbf. In an exemplary embodiment, the
tensile strength of the sample described in this paragraph is
greater than 12.5 lbf. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is greater than
13.75 lbf. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of the
sample described in this paragraph is between 5 and 20 lbf. In an
exemplary embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in
this paragraph is greater than 0.5 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 1.0 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 1.5 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 2.0 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 2.5 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 3.0 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 7.5 lbf and the bond strength is greater
than 0.40 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is greater than
10 lbf and the bond strength is greater than 0.6 lbs/sq ft. In an
exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described
in this paragraph is greater than 12.5 lbf and the bond strength is
greater than 0.9 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is between 5 and
20 lbf and the bond strength is between 0.1 and 4 lbs/sq ft.
[0088] In one exemplary embodiment, a web 370 sample that is 6
inches by 12 inches, has multiple layers, such as three laps (i.e.
six layers), is between 1.0 inches thick and 1.50 inches thick, and
has a weight per square foot between 0.25 and 0.4 lbs/sq ft, has a
tensile strength that is greater than 9 lbf, and has a tensile
strength to weight ratio that is greater than 50 lbf/lbm, such as
from about 50 to about 140 lbf/lbm. In an exemplary embodiment, the
tensile strength of the sample described in this paragraph is
greater than 12.5 lbf. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is greater than
13.75 lbf. In one exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of the
sample described in this paragraph is between 9 and 15 lbf. In an
exemplary embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in
this paragraph is greater than 0.5 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 1.0 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 1.5 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 2.0 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 2.5 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 3.0 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 9 lbf and a bond strength that is greater
than 0.5 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is greater than
12.5 lbf and a bond strength that is greater than 1.0 lbs/sq ft. In
an exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample
described in this paragraph is greater than 13.75 lbf and a bond
strength that is greater than 2 lbs/sq ft.
[0089] In one exemplary embodiment, a web 370 sample that is 6
inches by 12 inches, has multiple layers, such as four laps (i.e.
eight layers), is between 0.875 inches thick and 2.0 inches thick,
and has a weight per square foot between 0.15 and 0.4 lbs/sq ft,
has a tensile strength that is greater than 3 lbf, and has a
tensile strength to weight ratio that is greater than 40 lbf/lbm,
such as from about 40 to about 130 lbf/lbm. In one exemplary
embodiment, the web has a bond strength that is greater than 0.3
lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the bond strength of this
sample is greater than 0.1 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment,
the tensile strength of the sample described in this paragraph is
greater than 7.5 lbf. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is greater than
10 lbf. In one exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of the
sample described in this paragraph is between 3 and 15 lbf. In an
exemplary embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in
this paragraph is greater than 0.5 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 1.0 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 2 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment,
the bond strength of the sample described in this paragraph is
greater than 3 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the bond
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is greater than
4 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the bond strength of the
sample described in this paragraph is greater than 5 lbs/sq ft. In
an exemplary embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described
in this paragraph is greater than 10 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 7.5 lbf and the bond strength is greater
than 0.5 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is greater than
10 lbf and the bond strength is greater than 1.0 lbs/sq ft. In one
exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described
in this paragraph is between 3 and 15 lbf and the bond strength is
between 0.3 and 15 lbs/sq ft.
[0090] In one exemplary embodiment, a web 370 sample that is 6
inches by 12 inches, has multiple layers, such as four laps (i.e.
eight layers), is between 1.0 inches thick and 2.0 inches thick,
and has a weight per square foot between 0.1 and 0.3 lbs/sq ft, has
a tensile strength that is greater than 9 lbf, and has a tensile
strength to weight ratio that is greater than 70 lbf/lbm. In an
exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described
in this paragraph is greater than 10 lbf. In an exemplary
embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 0.5 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 1.0 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 2 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment,
the bond strength of the sample described in this paragraph is
greater than 3 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the bond
strength of the sample described in this paragraph is greater than
4 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary embodiment, the bond strength of the
sample described in this paragraph is greater than 5 lbs/sq ft. In
an exemplary embodiment, the bond strength of the sample described
in this paragraph is greater than 10 lbs/sq ft. In an exemplary
embodiment, the tensile strength of the sample described in this
paragraph is greater than 10 lbf and the bond strength is greater
than 5 lbs/sq ft.
[0091] In one exemplary embodiment, an entangled web made in
accordance FIGS. 1A-1C and FIGS. 3A-3C have combined physical
properties in the ranges set forth in following Table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Property Min Max Fiber Composition
Conventional glass compositions, for example the glass compositions
disclosed by US Published Application Pub. No. 2010/0151223; and/or
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,527,014; 5,932,499; 5,523,264; and/or 5,055,428.
Diameter 15 HT 19 HT (Hundred Thousanth of an inch) LOI LOI (loss
on ignition) due to binder loss will not be present, since the
entangled web is binderless. Measured LOI is related to small
amounts of processing aids. Laps (1 Lap = 2 Layers) 1 4 Square Foot
Weight 0.11 lb/ft.sup.2 0.38 lb/ft.sup.2 (total pack) Square Foot
Weight 0.10 lb/ft.sup.2 0.15 lb/ft.sup.2 (single lap) Thickness
(total pack) 0.375 in 1.5 in Thickness (single lap) 0.375 in 0.85
in. Density 0.9 lb/ft.sup.3 4.2 lb/ft.sup.3 k-value @ 75 F. 0.333
btu-in/ 0.203 btu-in/ [hr ft.sup.2 .degree. F.] [hr ft.sup.2
.degree. F.] k-value @ 500 F. 0.634 btu-in/ 0.387 btu-in/ [hr
ft.sup.2 .degree. F.] [hr ft.sup.2 .degree. F.] Tensile (total
pack) 3.0 lb-f 20.0 lb-f Tensile (single lap) 3.0 lb-f 15.0 lb-f
Bond (total pack) 0.1 lb/ft.sup.2 45 lb/ft.sup.2 Bond (single lap)
0.1 lb/ft.sup.2 15 lb/ft.sup.2
[0092] US Published Application Pub. No. 2010/0151223; and/or U.S.
Pat. Nos. 6,527,014; 5,932,499; 5523264; and 5055428 are
incorporated by reference in their entirety. In one exemplary
embodiment, the fiber diameters and fiber lengths identified in
this application refer to a majority of the fibers of a group of
fibers that are provided by a fiberizer or other fiber forming
apparatus, but are not otherwise processed after formation of the
fibers. In another exemplary embodiment, the fiber diameters and
fiber lengths identified in this application refer a group of
fibers that are provided by a fiberizer or other fiber forming
apparatus, but are not otherwise processed after formation of the
fibers, where a minority or any number of the fibers have the fiber
diameter and/or fiber length.
[0093] FIGS. 2A-2C illustrate exemplary embodiments of methods that
are similar to the embodiments of FIGS. 1A-1C, except the web 521
(see FIG. 5) is formed 260 with a dry or non-aqueous binder. The
method 200 of FIG. 2A generally corresponds to the method 100 of
FIG. 1A. The method 250 of FIG. 2B generally corresponds to the
method 150 of FIG. 1B. The method 270 of FIG. 2C generally
corresponds to the method 170 of FIG. 1C.
[0094] FIG. 2D illustrates a method 290 that is similar to the
method 270 of FIG. 2C. In FIG. 2D, the steps in boxes with dashed
lines are optional. In the exemplary embodiment illustrated by FIG.
2D, the dry binder can optionally be added to the web step 292
and/or the layered web at step 294, instead of (or in addition to)
before the web is formed. For example, if step 292 is included, the
web may be formed without a dry binder, and then the dry binder is
added to the web before layering and/or during layering. If step
294 is included, the web may be formed and layered without a dry
binder, and then the dry binder is added to the layered web.
[0095] Referring to FIG. 5, the dry binder (indicated by the large
arrows) can be added to the fibers 322 and/or the web 521 at a
variety of different points in the process. Arrow 525 indicates
that the dry binder can be added to the fibers 322 at or above the
collecting member. Arrow 527 indicates that the dry binder can be
added to the fibers 322 in the duct 330. Arrow 529 indicates that
the dry binder can be added to the fibers 322 in the forming
apparatus 332. Arrow 531 indicates that the dry binder can be added
to the web 321 after the web leaves the forming apparatus 332.
Arrow 533 indicates that the dry binder can be added to the web 321
as the web is layered by the layering apparatus 334. Arrow 535
indicates that the dry binder can be added to the web 321 after the
web is layered. Arrow 537 indicates that the dry binder can be
added to the web 321 or layered web in the oven 550. Referring to
FIG. 8, arrow 827 indicates that the dry binder can be added to the
fibers 322 in the duct 330 at a position near the fiberizer. Arrow
829 indicates that the dry binder can be added to the fibers 322 in
the duct 330 at an elbow of the duct. Arrow 831 indicates that the
dry binder can be added to the fibers in the duct 330 at an exit
end of the duct. Arrow 833 indicates that the dry binder can be
added to the fibers 322 in a forming apparatus 332 having a drum
shaped forming surface. The dry binder can be added to the fibers
322 or the web 321 to form a web 521 with dry binder in any
manner.
[0096] FIG. 5A is an embodiment similar to the embodiment of FIG.
5, except the fibers 322 are collected by an accumulator 590. Arrow
592 indicates that the fibers 322 are provided by the accumulator
590 in a controlled manner to the forming apparatus 332. The fibers
322 may dwell in the accumulator 590 for a predetermined period of
time before being provided to the forming apparatus 332 to allow
the fibers to cool. In one exemplary embodiment, the fibers 322 are
provided by the accumulator 590 to the forming apparatus 332 at the
same rate the fibers 322 are provided to the accumulator 590. As
such, in this exemplary embodiment, the time that the fibers dwell
and cool in the accumulator is determined by the amount of fibers
322 in the accumulator. In this example, the dwell time is the
amount of fibers in the accumulator divided by the rate at which
the fibers are provided by the accumulator to the forming apparatus
332. In another exemplary embodiment, the accumulator 390 can
selectively start and stop dispensing the fibers and/or adjust the
rate at which the fibers are dispensed. The dry binder can be
applied to the fibers 322 at any of the locations indicated by FIG.
5. In addition, the dry binder can be applied to the fibers 322 in
the accumulator as indicated by arrow 594 and/or as the fibers are
transferred from the accumulator 590 to the forming apparatus 332
as indicated by arrow 596.
[0097] FIG. 5B is an embodiment similar to the embodiment of FIG.
5, except the fibers 322 can be selectively diverted between the
forming apparatus 332 and a second forming apparatus and/or for
some other use by a diverting mechanism 598. In one exemplary
embodiment, the embodiment illustrated by FIG. 5 may have both the
accumulator 590 and the diverting mechanism 598. The dry binder can
be applied to the fibers 322 at any of the locations indicated by
FIG. 5. In addition, the dry binder can be applied to the fibers
322 in the diverting mechanism as indicated by arrow 595 and/or as
the fibers are transferred from the diverting mechanism 598 to the
forming apparatus 332 as indicated by arrow 597.
[0098] In one exemplary embodiment, the dry binder is applied to
the fibers 322 at a location that is significant distance
downstream from the fiberizer 318. For example, the dry binder may
be applied to the fibers at a location where the temperature of the
fibers and/or a temperature of the air surrounding the fibers is
significantly lower than the temperature of the fibers and the
surrounding air at the fiberizer. In one exemplary embodiment, the
dry binder is applied at a location where a temperature of the
fibers and/or a temperature of air that surrounds the fibers is
below a temperature at which the dry binder melts or a temperature
at which the dry binder fully cures or reacts. For example, a
thermoplastic binder may be applied at a point in the production
line where a temperature of the fibers 322 and/or a temperature of
air that surrounds the fibers are below the melting point of the
thermoplastic binder. A thermoset binder may be applied at a point
in the production line where a temperature of the fibers 322 and/or
a temperature of air that surrounds the fibers are below a curing
temperature of the thermoset binder. That is, the thermoset binder
may be applied at a point where a temperature of the fibers 322
and/or a temperature of air that surrounds the fibers is below a
point where the thermoset binder fully reacts or full cross-linking
of thermoset binder occurs. In one exemplary embodiment, the dry
binder is applied at a location in the production line where the
temperature of the fibers 322 and/or a temperature of air that
surrounds the fibers are below 300 degrees F. In one exemplary
embodiment, the dry binder is applied at a location in the
production line where the temperature of the fibers 322 and/or a
temperature of air that surrounds the fibers are below 250 degrees
F. In one exemplary embodiment, the temperature of the fibers
and/or a temperature of air that surrounds the fibers at the
locations indicated by arrows 527, 529, 531, 533, and 535 in FIG. 5
is below a temperature at which the dry binder melts or fully
cures.
[0099] In one exemplary embodiment, the binder applicator is a
sprayer configured for dry powders. The sprayer may be configured
such that the force of the spray is adjustable, thereby allowing
more or less penetration of the dry powder into the continuous web
of fibrous material. Alternatively, the binder applicator can be
other structures, mechanisms or devices or combinations thereof,
such as for example a vacuum device, sufficient to draw the dry
binder into the continuous web 321 of glass fibers. For example,
the dry binder may comprise binder fibers that are provided in bale
form. The binder applicator comprises a bale opener and blower that
opens the bale, separates the binder fibers from one another, and
blows the binder fibers into the duct where the binder is mixed
with the fiberglass fibers. The dry binder may comprise a powder.
The binder applicator may comprise a screw delivery device that
delivers the binder powder to an air nozzle that delivers the
binder powder into the duct, where the binder powder is mixed with
the fibers. The dry binder may comprise a non-aqueous liquid. The
binder applicator may comprise a nozzle that delivers the liquid
binder into the duct, where the binder is mixed with the
fibers.
[0100] FIGS. 9, 9A, and 9B, illustrate an exemplary embodiment
where binder 900, such as binder in fiber or powder form, fiber
form, or non-aqueous liquid form, is applied with a modified air
lapper 902. Air lappers are well known in the art. Examples of air
lappers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,266,960; 5,603,743; and
4,263,033 and PCT International Publication Number WO 95/30036,
which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Any
of the features of the air lappers disclosed by U.S. Pat. Nos.
4,266,960; 5,603,743; and 4,263,033 and PCT International
Publication Number WO 95/30036 can be used in the air lapper 902
that is schematically illustrated in this patent application. One
existing type of air lapper 902 is an Air Full Veil Lapper (AFVL).
The air lapper 902 illustrated by FIGS. 9, 9A, and 9B differs from
conventional air lappers in that the air lapper is configured to
apply the binder 900.
[0101] FIG. 8 illustrates the a rotary fiberizer 318, optional
gathering member 324, duct 330, and forming apparatus 332. The
apparatus illustrated by FIG. 8 will typically also include the
melter 314, and forehearth 316 illustrated by FIG. 5. The melter
314, forearth, and other components illustrated in FIG. 5 are
omitted in FIG. 8 to simplify the drawing.
[0102] Referring to FIG. 8, the forming apparatus 332 can be
configured to form a continuous web 321 of fibrous material having
a desired thickness; The forming apparatus 332 can take a wide
variety of different forms. Any arrangement for forming a web 321
of glass fibers can be used. In the exemplary embodiment
illustrated by FIG. 8, the forming apparatus 332 includes a
rotating drum 910 with forming surfaces 462 and areas of higher or
lower pressure. The collection of the fibers using a pressure drop
.DELTA.P across the surface 462 is as described with respect to
FIG. 4.
[0103] Referring to FIGS. 9A and 9B, the air lapper 902 includes a
first blower 920 and a second blower 922. The air lapper operates
by blowing, such as alternately blowing with the first and second
blowers 920, 922. The blower 920 provides airflow against fibers
traveling in the duct toward the forming surface 462, while the
blower 922 does not provide airflow (See FIGS. 9A and 9B). After a
controlled amount of time, the blower 922 provides airflow against
fibers traveling in the duct toward the forming surface 462, while
the blower 920 does not provide airflow. This alternate operation
by the first and second blowers 920, 922 provides an even
distribution of fibers 322 collected on the forming surface
462.
[0104] The air lapper 902 illustrated by FIGS. 9, 9A, and 9B differ
from conventional air lappers in that each of the blowers 920, 922
include one or more binder introduction devices 904. The binder
introduction devices 904 can take a wide variety of different
forms. For example, the binder introduction devices 904 can provide
binder 900 into an interior 930 of a housing 932 of the blowers
920, 922 as illustrated, or the binder introduction device may be
positioned to introduce binder 900 into the airflow of the blowers
920, 922. For example, a nozzle of a binder introduction device may
dispense binder into an airflow stream of the blowers 920, 922.
Examples of binder introduction devices include, but are not
limited to, nozzles, and blowers that provide less airflow than the
blowers 920, 922. In one exemplary embodiment, the binder
introduction device 904 injects the binder 900 into the interior
930 of the housing 932 when the blower 920 or 922 is not blowing.
Then, when the blower 920 or 922 is turned on, the interior 930 is
pressurized and the binder 900 is carried from the interior 930
into the fiber air stream. In the airstream, the air from the air
lapper will move the fibers to provide a forming effect on the
distribution of fibers on the forming surface 462 and the air will
also inject the binder to mix with the fibers in the airstream.
[0105] Referring to FIGS. 9A and 9B, the air lapper 902 mixes
binder 900 into the fibers 322 that collect on the forming surface
462 to form the web 321. In one exemplary embodiment, when the
blower 920 provides airflow 921 against fibers traveling in the
duct toward the forming surface 462, the binder introduction device
904 introduces binder 900 to the blower 920 and the airflow 921
provided by the blower 920 mixes the binder with the fibers 322
(Shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B). Similarly, in this embodiment when the
blower 922 provides airflow 921 against fibers traveling in the
duct toward the forming surface 462, the binder introduction device
904 introduces binder 900 to the blower 922 and the airflow 921
provided by the blower 922 mixes the binder with the fibers 322
(Airflow provided by blower 922 is not shown, but is the same as
airflow provided by blower 920). As a result, the binder 900 is
uniformly mixed with the fibers 322
[0106] The dry binder can take a wide variety of different forms.
Any non-aqueous medium that holds the fibers 322 together to form a
web 521 can be used. In one exemplary embodiment, the dry binder,
while being initially applied to the fibers, is comprised of
substantially 100% solids. The term "substantially 100% solids", as
used herein, means any binder material having diluents, such as
water, in an amount less than or equal to approximately two
percent, and preferably less than or equal to one percent by weight
of the binder (while the binder is being applied, rather than after
the binder has dried or cured). However, it should be appreciated
that certain embodiments, the binder can include diluents, such as
water, in any amount as desired depending on the specific
application and design requirements. In one exemplary embodiment,
the dry binder is a thermoplastic resin-based material that is not
applied in liquid form and further is not water based. In other
embodiments, the dry binder can be other materials or other
combinations of materials, including the non-limiting example of
polymeric thermoset resins. The dry binder can have any form or
combinations of forms including the non-limiting examples of
powders, particles, fibers and/or hot melt. Examples of hot melt
polymers include, but are not limited to, ethylene-vinyl acetate
copolymer, ethylene-acrylate copolymer, low density polyethylene,
high density polyethylene, atactic polypropylene, polybutene-1,
styrene block copolymer, polyamide, thermoplastic polyurethane,
styrene block copolymer, polyester and the like. In one exemplary
embodiment, the dry binder is a no added formaldehyde dry binder,
which means that the dry binder contains no formaldehyde. However,
formaldehyde may be formed if the formaldehyde free dry binder is
burned. In one exemplary embodiment, sufficient dry binder is
applied such that a cured fibrous pack can be compressed for
packaging, storage and shipping, yet regains its thickness--a
process known as "loft recovery"--when installed.
[0107] In the examples illustrated by FIGS. 2A-2D and 5, the glass
fibers 322 can optionally be coated or partially coated with a
lubricant before or after the dry binder is applied to the glass
fibers. In an exemplary embodiment, the lubricant is applied after
the dry binder to enhance the adhesion of the dry binder to the
glass fibers 322. The lubricant can be any of the lubricants
described above.
[0108] Referring to FIG. 5, the continuous web with unreacted dry
binder 521 is transferred from the forming apparatus 332 to the
optional layering mechanism 334. The layering mechanism may take a
wide variety of different forms. For example, the layering
mechanism may be a lapping mechanism that layers the web 321 in the
machine direction D1 or a cross-lapping mechanism that laps the web
in a direction that is substantially orthogonal to the machine
direction. The cross-lapping device described above for layering
the binderless web 321 can be used to layer the web 521 with
unreacted dry binder.
[0109] In an exemplary embodiment, the dry binder of the continuous
web 521 is configured to be thermally set in a curing oven 550. In
an exemplary embodiment, the curing oven 550 replaces the
entanglement mechanism 345, since the dry binder holds the fibers
322 together. In another exemplary embodiment, both a curing oven
550 and an entanglement mechanism 345 are included.
[0110] FIGS. 6 and 7 schematically illustrate another exemplary
embodiment of a method for forming a pack from fibrous materials is
illustrated generally at 610. Referring to FIG. 6, molten glass 612
is supplied from a melter 614 to a forehearth 616. The molten glass
612 can be formed from various raw materials combined in such
proportions as to give the desired chemical composition. The molten
glass 612 flows from the forehearth 616 to a plurality of rotary
fiberizers 618.
[0111] Referring to FIG. 6, the rotary fiberizers 618 receive the
molten glass 612 and subsequently form veils 620 of glass fibers
622 entrained in a flow of hot gases. As will be discussed in more
detail below, the glass fibers 622 formed by the rotary fiberizers
618 are long and thin. Accordingly, any desired fiberizer, rotary
or otherwise, sufficient to form long and thin glass fibers 22 can
be used. While the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7 show a
quantity of two rotary fiberizers 618, it should be appreciated
that any desired number of rotary fiberizers 18 can be used.
[0112] The flow of hot gases can be created by optional blowing
mechanisms, such as the non-limiting examples of annular blowers
(not shown) or annular burners (not shown). Generally, the blowing
mechanisms are configured to direct the veil 620 of glass fibers
622 in a given direction, usually in a downward manner. It should
be understood that the flow of hot gasses can be created by any
desired structure, mechanism or device or any combination
thereof.
[0113] As shown in FIG. 6, optional spraying mechanisms 626 can be
positioned beneath the rotary fiberizers 618 and configured to
spray fine droplets of water or other fluid onto the hot gases in
the veils 620 to help cool the flow of hot gases, protect the
fibers 622 from contact damage and/or enhance the bonding
capability of the fibers 622. The spraying mechanisms 626 can be
any desired structure, mechanism or device sufficient to spray fine
droplets of water onto the hot gases in the veils 620 to help cool
the flow of hot gases, protect the fibers 622 from contact damage
and/or enhance the bonding capability of the fibers 22. While the
embodiment shown in FIG. 6 illustrates the use of the spraying
mechanisms 626, it should be appreciated that the use of the
spraying mechanisms 626 is optional and the method of forming the
pack from fibrous materials 610 can be practiced without the use of
the spraying mechanisms 626.
[0114] Optionally, the glass fibers 622 can be coated with a
lubricant after the glass fibers are formed. In the illustrated
embodiment, a plurality of nozzles 628 can be positioned around the
veils 620 at a position beneath the rotary fiberizers 618. The
nozzles 628 can be configured to supply a lubricant (not shown) to
the glass fibers 622 from a source of lubricant (not shown).
[0115] The application of the lubricant can be precisely controlled
by any desired structure, mechanism or device, such as the
non-limiting example of a valve (not shown). In certain
embodiments, the lubricant can be a silicone compound, such as
siloxane, dimethyl siloxane, and/or silane. The lubricant can also
be other materials or combinations of materials, such as for
example an oil or an oil emulsion. The oil or oil emulsion may be a
mineral oil or mineral oil emulsion and/or a vegetable oil or
vegetable oil emulsion. In an exemplary embodiment, the lubricant
is applied in an amount of about 1.0 percent oil and/or silicone
compound by weight of the resulting pack of fibrous materials.
However, in other embodiments, the amount of the lubricant can be
more or less than about 1.0 percent oil and/or silicone compound by
weight.
[0116] While the embodiment shown in FIG. 6 illustrates the use of
nozzles 628 to supply a lubricant (not shown) to the glass fibers
622, it should be appreciated that the use of nozzles 628 is
optional and the method of forming the pack from fibrous materials
610 can be practiced without the use of the nozzles 628.
[0117] In the illustrated embodiment, the glass fibers 622,
entrained within the flow of hot gases, can be gathered by an
optional gathering member 624. The gathering member 624 is shaped
and sized to easily receive the glass fibers 622 and the flow of
hot gases. The gathering member 624 is configured to divert the
glass fibers 622 and the flow of hot gases to a duct 630 for
transfer to downstream processing stations, such as for example
forming apparatus 632a and 632b. In other embodiments, the glass
fibers 622 can be gathered on a conveying mechanism (not shown)
such as to form a blanket or batt (not shown). The batt can be
transported by the conveying mechanism to further processing
stations (not shown). The gathering member 624 and the duct 630 can
be any structure having a generally hollow configuration that is
suitable for receiving and conveying the glass fibers 622 and the
flow of hot gases. While the embodiment shown in FIG. 6 illustrates
the use of the gathering member 624, it should be appreciated that
the use of gathering member 624 to divert the glass fibers 622 and
the flow of hot gases to the duct 630 is optional and the method of
forming the pack from fibrous materials 610 can be practiced
without the use of the gathering member 624.
[0118] In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, a single fiberizer
618 is associated with an individual duct 630, such that the glass
fibers 622 and the flow of hot gases from the single fiberizer 618
are the only source of the glass fibers 622 and the flow of hot
gasses entering the duct 630. Alternatively, an individual duct 630
can be adapted to receive the glass fibers 622 and the flow of hot
gases from multiple fiberizers 618 (not shown).
[0119] Referring again to FIG. 6, optionally, a header system (not
shown) can be positioned between the forming apparatus 632a and
632b and the fiberizers 618. The header system can be configured as
a chamber in which glass fibers 622 and gases flowing from the
plurality of fiberizers 618 can be combined while controlling the
characteristics of the resulting combined flow. In certain
embodiments, the header system can include a control system (not
shown) configured to combine the flows of the glass fibers 622 and
gases from the fiberizers 618 and further configured to direct the
resulting combined flows to the forming apparatus 632a and 632b.
Such a header system can allow for maintenance and cleaning of
certain fiberizers 618 without the necessity of shutting down the
remaining fiberizers 618. Optionally, the header system can
incorporate any desired means for controlling and directing the
glass fibers 22 and flows of gases.
[0120] Referring now to FIG. 7, the momentum of the flow of the
gases, having the entrained glass fibers 622, will cause the glass
fibers 622 to continue to flow through the duct 630 to the forming
apparatus 632a and 632b. The forming apparatus 632a and 632b can be
configured for several functions. First, the forming apparatus 632a
and 632b can be configured to separate the entrained glass fibers
622 from the flow of the gases. Second, the forming apparatus 632a
and 632b can be configured to form a continuous thin and dry web of
fibrous material having a desired thickness. Third, the forming
apparatus 632a and 632b can be configured to allow the glass fibers
622 to be separated from the flow of gasses in a manner that allows
the fibers to be oriented within the web with any desired degree of
"randomness". The term "randomness", as used herein, is defined to
mean that the fibers 622, or portions of the fibers 622, can be
nonpreferentially oriented in any of the X, Y or Z dimensions. In
certain instances, it may be desired to have a high degree of
randomness. In other instances, it may be desired to control the
randomness of the fibers 622 such that the fibers 622 are
non-randomly oriented, in other words, the fibers are substantially
coplanar or substantially parallel to each other. Fourth, the
forming apparatus 632a and 632b can be configured to transfer the
continuous web of fibrous material to other downstream
operations.
[0121] In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7, each of the forming
apparatus 632a and 632b include a drum (not shown) configured for
rotation. The drum can include any desired quantity of foraminous
surfaces and areas of higher or lower pressure. Alternatively, each
of the forming apparatus 632a and 632b can be formed from other
structures, mechanisms and devices, sufficient to separate the
entrained glass fibers 622 from the flow of the gases, form a
continuous web of fibrous material having a desired thickness and
transfer the continuous web of fibrous material to other downstream
operations. In the illustrated embodiment shown in FIG. 7, each of
the forming apparatus 632a and 632b are the same. However, in other
embodiments, each of the forming apparatus 632a and 632b can be
different from each other.
[0122] Referring again to FIG. 7, the continuous web of fibrous
material is transferred from the forming apparatus 632a and 632b to
an optional binder applicator 646. The binder applicator 646 is
configured to apply a "dry binder" to the continuous web of fibrous
material. The term "dry binder", as used herein, is defined to mean
that the binder is comprised of substantially 100% solids while the
binder is being applied. The term "substantially 100% solids", as
used herein, is defined to mean any binder material having
diluents, such as water, in an amount less than or equal to
approximately two percent, and preferably less than or equal to
approximately one percent by weight of the binder (while the binder
is being applied, rather than after the binder has dried and/or
cured). However, it should be appreciated that certain embodiments,
the binder can include diluents, such as water, in any amount as
desired depending on the specific application and design
requirements. The binder may be configured to thermally set in a
curing oven 650. In this application, the terms "cure" and
"thermally set" refer to a chemical reaction and/or one or more
phase changes that cause the dry binder to bind the fibers of the
web together. For example, a thermoset dry binder (or thermoset
component of the dry binder) cures or thermally sets as a result of
a chemical reaction that occurs as a result of an application of
heat. A thermoplastic dry binder (or thermoplastic component of the
dry binder) cures or thermally sets as a result of being heated to
a softened or melted phase and then cooled to a solid phase.
[0123] In an exemplary embodiment, the dry binder is a
thermoplastic resin-based material that is not applied in liquid
form and further is not water based. In other embodiments, the dry
binder can be other materials or other combinations of materials,
including the non-limiting example of polymeric thermoset resins.
The dry binder can have any form or combinations of forms including
the non-limiting examples of powders, particles, fibers and/or hot
melt. Examples of hot melt polymers include, but are not limited
to, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-acrylate copolymer,
low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, atactic
polypropylene, polybutene-1, styrene block copolymer, polyamide,
thermoplastic polyurethane, styrene block copolymer, polyester and
the like. Sufficient dry binder is applied such that a cured
fibrous pack can be compressed for packaging, storage and shipping,
yet regains its thickness--a process known as "loft recovery"--when
installed. Applying the dry binder to the continuous web of fibrous
material forms a continuous web, optionally with unreacted
binder.
[0124] In the embodiment illustrated by FIGS. 6 and 7, the binder
applicator 646 is a sprayer configured for dry powders. The sprayer
is configured such that the force of the spray is adjustable,
thereby allowing more or less penetration of the dry powder into
the continuous web of fibrous material. Alternatively, the binder
applicator 646 can be other structures, mechanisms or devices or
combinations thereof, such as for example a vacuum device,
sufficient to draw a "dry binder" into the continuous web of
fibrous material.
[0125] While the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7 shows a binder
applicator 646 configured to apply a dry binder to the continuous
web of fibrous material, it is within the contemplation of this
invention that in certain embodiments no binder will be applied to
the continuous web of fibrous material.
[0126] Referring again to FIG. 7, the continuous web, optionally
with unreacted binder is transferred from the binder applicators
646 to the corresponding cross-lapping mechanism 634a and 634b. As
shown in FIG. 7, forming apparatus 632a is associated with
cross-lapping mechanism 634a and forming apparatus 632b is
associated with cross-lapping mechanism 634b. The cross-lapping
mechanisms 634a and 634b function in association with a first
conveyor 636. The first conveyor 636 is configured to move in a
machine direction as indicated by the arrow D1. The cross-lapping
mechanism 634a is configured to receive the continuous web,
optionally with unreacted binder, from the optional binder
applicators 646 and is further configured to deposit alternating
layers of the continuous web, optionally with unreacted binder, on
the first conveyer 636 as the first conveyor 636 moves in machine
direction D1, thereby forming the initial layers of a fibrous body.
In the deposition process, the cross-lapping mechanism 634a forms
the alternating layers in a cross-machine direction as indicated by
the arrows D2. Accordingly, as the deposited continuous web,
optionally with unreacted binder, from crosslapping mechanism 634a
travels in machine direction D1, additional layers are deposited on
the fibrous body by the downstream cross-lapping mechanism 634b.
The resulting layers of the fibrous body deposited by cross-lapping
mechanisms 634a and 634b form a pack.
[0127] In the illustrated embodiment, the cross-lapping mechanisms
634a and 634b are devices configured to precisely control the
movement of the continuous web with unreacted binder and deposit
the continuous web with unreacted binder on the first conveyor 636
such that the continuous web, optionally with unreacted binder, is
not damaged. The cross-lapping mechanisms 634a and 634b can include
any desired structure and can be configured to operate in any
desired manner. In one example, the cross-lapping mechanisms 634a
and 634b can include a head (not shown) configured to move back and
forth in the cross-machine direction D2. In this embodiment, the
speed of the moving head is coordinated such that the movement of
the head in both cross-machine directions is substantially the
same, thereby providing uniformity of the resulting layers of the
fibrous body. In another example, vertical conveyors (not shown)
configured to be centered with a centerline of the first conveyor
636 can be utilized. The vertical conveyors are further configured
to swing from a pivot mechanism above the first conveyor 636 such
as to deposit the continuous web, optionally with unreacted binder,
on the first conveyor 36. While several examples of cross lapping
mechanisms have been described above, it should be appreciated that
the cross-lapping mechanisms 634a and 634b can be other structures,
mechanisms or devices or combinations thereof.
[0128] Referring again to FIG. 7, optionally the positioning of the
continuous web, optionally with unreacted binder, on the first
conveyor 636 can be accomplished by a controller (not shown), such
as to provide improved uniformity of the pack. The controller can
be any desired structure, mechanism or device or combinations
thereof.
[0129] The layered web or pack can have any desired thickness. The
thickness of the pack is a function of several variables. First,
the thickness of the pack is a function of the thickness of the
continuous web, optionally with unreacted binder, formed by each of
the forming apparatus 632a and 632b. Second, the thickness of the
pack is a function of the speed at which the cross-lapping
mechanisms 634a and 634b alternately deposit layers of the
continuous web, optionally with unreacted binder, on the first
conveyer 636. Third, the thickness of the pack is a function of the
speed of the first conveyor 636. In the illustrated embodiment, the
pack has a thickness in a range of from about 0.1 inches to about
20.0 inches. In other embodiments, the pack can have a thickness
less than about 0.1 inches or more than about 20.0 inches.
[0130] As discussed above, the cross lapping mechanisms 634a and
634b are configured to deposit alternating layers of the continuous
web, optionally with unreacted binder, on the first conveyer 636 as
the first conveyor 636 moves in machine direction D1, thereby
forming layers of a fibrous body. In the illustrated embodiment,
the cross lapping mechanism 634a and 634b and the first conveyor
636 are coordinated such as to form a fibrous body having a
quantity of layers in a range of from about 1 layer to about 60
layers. In other embodiments, the cross lapping mechanism 634a and
634b and the first conveyor 636 can be coordinated such as to form
a fibrous body having any desired quantity of layers, including a
fibrous body having in excess of 60 layers.
[0131] Optionally, the cross-lapping mechanisms 634a and 634b can
be adjustable, thereby allowing the cross-lapping mechanisms 634a
and 634b to form a pack having any desired width. In certain
embodiments, the pack can have a general width in a range of from
about 98.0 inches to about 236.0 inches. Alternatively, the pack
can have a general width less than about 98.0 inches or more than
about 236.0 inches.
[0132] While the cross-lapping mechanisms 634a and 634b have been
described above as being jointly involved in the formation of a
fibrous body, it should be appreciated that in other embodiments,
the cross-lapping mechanisms 634a and 634b can operate
independently of each other such as to form discrete lanes of
fibrous bodies.
[0133] Referring to FIGS. 6 and 7, the pack, having the layers
formed by the cross-lapping mechanisms 634a and 634b, is carried by
the first conveyor 636 to an optional trim mechanism 640. The
optional trim mechanism 640 is configured to trim the edges of the
pack, such as to form a desired width of the pack. In an exemplary
embodiment, the pack can have an after-trimmed width in a range of
from about 98.0 inches to about 236.0 inches. Alternatively, the
pack can have an after trimmed width less than about 98.0 inches or
more than about 236.0 inches.
[0134] In the illustrated embodiment, the optional trim mechanism
640 includes a saw system having a plurality of rotating saws (not
shown) positioned on either side of the pack. Alternatively, the
trim mechanism 640 can be other structures, mechanisms or devices
or combinations thereof including the non-limiting examples of
water jets, compression knives.
[0135] In the illustrated embodiment, the trim mechanism 640 is
advantageously positioned upstream from the curing oven 650.
Positioning the trim mechanism 640 upstream from the curing oven
650 allows the pack to be trimmed before the pack is thermally set
in the curing oven 650. Optionally, materials that are trimmed from
the pack by the trim mechanism 640 can be returned to the flow of
gasses and glass fibers in the ducts 630 and recycled in the
forming apparatus 632a and 632b. Recycling of the trim materials
advantageously prevents potential environmental issues connected
with the disposal of the trim materials. As shown in FIG. 6,
ductwork 642 connects the trim mechanism 640 with the ducts 630 and
is configured to facilitate the return of trim materials to the
forming apparatus 632a and 632b. While the embodiment shown in
FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate the recycling of the trimmed materials, it
should be appreciated that the recycling of the trimmed materials
is optional and the method of forming the pack from fibrous
materials 610 can be practiced without recycling of the trimmed
materials. In another exemplary embodiment, the trim mechanism 640
is positioned downstream from the curing oven 650. This positioning
is particularly useful if the trimmed materials are not recycled.
Trimming the pack forms a trimmed pack.
[0136] The trimmed pack is conveyed by the first conveyor 636 to a
second conveyor 644. As shown in FIG. 6, the second conveyor 644
may be positioned to be "stepped down" from the first conveyor 636.
The term "stepped down", as used herein, is defined to mean the
upper surface of the second conveyor 644 is positioned to be
vertically below the upper surface of the first conveyor 636. The
stepping down of the conveyors will be discussed in more detail
below.
[0137] Referring again to FIGS. 1 and 2, the trimmed pack is
carried by the second conveyor 644 to an optional entanglement
mechanism 645. The entanglement mechanism 645 is configured to
entangle the individual fibers 622 forming the layers of the
trimmed pack. Entangling the glass fibers 622 within the pack ties
the pack together. In the embodiments where dry binder is included,
entangling the glass fibers 622 advantageously allows mechanical
properties, such as for example, tensile strength and shear
strength, to be improved. In the illustrated embodiment, the
entanglement mechanism 645 is a needling mechanism. In other
embodiments, the entanglement mechanism 645 can include other
structures, mechanisms or devices or combinations thereof,
including the non-limiting example of stitching mechanisms. While
the embodiment shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate the use of the
entanglement mechanism 645, it should be appreciated that the use
of the entanglement mechanism 645 is optional and the method of
forming the pack from fibrous materials 610 can be practiced
without the use of the entanglement mechanism 645. Entangling the
fibers within the pack forms an entangled pack.
[0138] The second conveyor 644 conveys the pack with optional dry
binder, that is optionally trimmed, and/or optionally entangled
(hereafter both the trimmed pack and the entangled pack are simply
referred to as the "pack") to a third conveyor 648. When the pack
includes a dry binder, the third conveyor 648 is configured to
carry the pack to an optional curing oven 650. The curing oven 650
is configured to blow a fluid, such as for example, heated air
through the pack such as to cure the dry binder and rigidly bond
the glass fibers 622 together in a generally random,
three-dimensional structure. Curing the pack in the curing oven 650
forms a cured pack.
[0139] As discussed above, the pack optionally includes a dry
binder. The use of the dry binder, rather than a traditional wet
binder, advantageously allows the curing oven 650 to use less
energy to cure the dry binder within the pack. In the illustrated
embodiment, the use of the dry binder in the curing oven 650
results in an energy savings in a range of from about 30.0% to
about 80.0% compared to the energy used by conventional curing
ovens to cure wet or aqueous binder. In still other embodiments,
the energy savings can be in excess of 80.0%. The curing oven 650
can be any desired curing structure, mechanism or device or
combinations thereof.
[0140] The third conveyor 648 conveys the cured pack to a fourth
conveyor 652. The fourth conveyor 652 is configured to carry the
cured pack to a cutting mechanism 654. Optionally, the cutting
mechanism 654 can be configured for several cutting modes. In a
first optional cutting mode, the cutting mechanism is configured to
cut the cured pack in vertical directions along the machine
direction D1 such as to form lanes. The formed lanes can have any
desired widths. In a second optional cutting mode, the cutting
mechanism is configured to bisect the cured pack in a horizontal
direction such as to form continuous packs having thicknesses. The
resulting bisected packs can have any desired thicknesses. Cutting
the cured pack forms cut pack.
[0141] In the illustrated embodiment, the cutting mechanism 654
includes a system of saws and knives. Alternatively, the cutting
mechanism 654 can be other structures, mechanisms or devices or
combinations thereof. Referring again to FIGS. 6 and 7, the cutting
mechanism 654 is advantageously positioned such as to allow the
capture of dust and other waste materials formed during the cutting
operation. Optionally, dust and other waste materials stemming from
the cutting mechanism can be returned to the flow of gasses and
glass fibers in the ducts 630 and recycled in the forming apparatus
632a and 632b. Recycling of the dust and waste materials
advantageously prevents potential environmental issues connected
with the disposal of the dust and waste materials. As shown in
FIGS. 6 and 7, ductwork 655 connects the cutting mechanism 654 with
the ducts 630 and is configured to facilitate the return of dust
and waste materials to the forming apparatus 632a and 632b. While
the embodiment shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate the recycling of
the dust and waste materials, it should be appreciated that the
recycling of the dust and waste materials is optional and the
method of forming the pack from fibrous materials 10 can be
practiced without recycling of the dust and waste materials.
[0142] Optionally, prior to the conveyance of the cured pack to the
cutting mechanism 654, the major surfaces of the cured pack can be
faced with facing material or materials by facing mechanisms 662a,
662b as shown in FIG. 6. In the illustrated embodiment, the upper
major surface of the cured pack is faced with facing material 663a
provided by facing mechanism 662a and the lower major surface of
the cured pack is faced with facing material 663b provided by
facing mechanism 662b. The facing materials can be any desired
materials including paper, polymeric materials or non-woven webs.
The facing mechanisms 662a and 662b can be any desired structures,
mechanisms or devices or combinations thereof. In the illustrated
embodiment, the facing materials 663a and 663b are applied to the
cured pack (if the pack includes a binder) by adhesives. In other
embodiments, the facing materials 663a and 663b can be applied to
the cured pack by other methods, including the non-limiting example
of sonic welding. While the embodiment shown in FIG. 6 illustrates
the application of the facing materials 663a and 663b to the major
surfaces of the cured pack, it should be appreciated that the
application of the facing materials 663a and 663b to the major
surfaces of the cured pack is optional and the method of forming
the pack from fibrous materials 610 can be practiced without the
application of the facing materials 663a and 663b to the major
surfaces of the cured pack.
[0143] Referring to FIGS. 6 and 7, the fourth conveyor 652 conveys
the cut pack to an optional chopping mechanism 656. The chopping
mechanism 656 is configured to section the cut pack into desired
lengths across the machine direction D1. In the illustrated
embodiment, the chopping mechanism 656 is configured to section the
cut pack as the cut pack continuously moves in the machine
direction D1. Alternatively, the chopping mechanism 656 can be
configured for batch chopping operation. Sectioning the cut pack
into lengths forms a dimensioned pack. The lengths of the chopped
pack can have any desired dimension.
[0144] Chopping mechanisms are known in the art and will not be
described herein. The chopping mechanism 656 can be any desired
structure, mechanism or device or combinations thereof.
[0145] Optionally, prior to the conveyance of the cut pack to the
chopping mechanism 656, the minor surfaces of the cut pack can be
faced with edging material or materials by edging mechanisms 666a,
666b as shown in FIG. 7. The edging materials can be any desired
materials including paper, polymeric materials or nonwoven webs.
The edging mechanisms 666a and 666b can be any desired structures,
mechanisms or devices or combinations thereof. In the illustrated
embodiment, the edging materials 667a and 667b are applied to the
cut pack by adhesives. In other embodiments, the edging materials
667a and 667b can be applied to the cut pack by other methods,
including the non-limiting example of sonic welding. While the
embodiment shown in FIG. 7 illustrate the application of the edging
materials 667a and 667b to the minor surfaces of the cut pack, it
should be appreciated that the application of the edging materials
667a and 667b to the minor surfaces of the cut pack is optional and
the method of forming the pack from fibrous materials 610 can be
practiced without the application of the edging materials 667a and
667b to the minor surfaces of the cut pack.
[0146] Referring again to FIG. 6, the fourth conveyor 652 conveys
the dimensioned pack to a fifth conveyor 658. The fifth conveyor
658 is configured to convey the dimensioned pack to a packaging
mechanism 660. The packaging mechanism 660 is configured to package
the dimensioned pack for future operations. The term "future
operations," as used herein, is defined to include any activity
following the forming of the dimensioned pack, including the
non-limiting examples of storage, shipping, sales and
installation.
[0147] In the illustrated embodiment, the packaging mechanism 660
is configured to form the dimensioned pack into a package in the
form of a roll. In other embodiments, the packaging mechanism 660
can form packages having other desired shapes, such as the
non-limiting examples of slabs, batts and irregularly shaped or die
cut pieces. The packaging mechanism 660 can be any desired
structure, mechanism or device or combinations thereof.
[0148] Referring again to FIG. 6, the conveyors 636, 644, 648, 652
and 658 are in a "stepped down" relationship in the machine
direction D1. The "stepped down" relationship means that the upper
surface of the successive conveyor is positioned to be vertically
below the upper surface of the preceding conveyor. The "stepped
down" relationship of the conveyors advantageously provides a
self-threading feature to the conveyance of the pack. In the
illustrated embodiment, the vertical offset between adjacent
conveyors is in a range of from about 3.0 inches to about 10.0
inches. In other embodiments, the vertical offset between adjacent
conveyors can be less than about 3.0 inches or more than about 10.0
inches.
[0149] As illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7, the method for forming a
pack from fibrous materials 610 eliminates the use of a wet binder,
thereby eliminating the traditional needs for washwater and
washwater related structures, such as forming hoods, return pumps
and piping. The elimination of the use of water, with the exception
of cooling water, and the application of lubricant, color and other
optional chemicals, advantageously allows the overall size of the
manufacturing line (or "footprint") to be significantly reduced as
well as reducing the costs of implementation, operating costs and
maintenance and repair costs.
[0150] As further illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7, the method for
forming a pack from fibrous materials 610 advantageously allows the
uniform and consistent deposition of long and thin fibers on the
forming apparatus 632a and 632b. In the illustrated embodiment, the
fibers 622 have a length in a range of from about 0.25 inches to
about 10.0 inches and a diameter dimension in a range of from about
9 HT to about 35 HT. In other embodiments, the fibers 22 have a
length in a range of from about 1.0 inch to about 5.0 inches and a
diameter dimension in a range of from about 14 HT to about 25 HT.
In still other embodiments, the fibers 22 can have a length less
than about 0.25 inches or more than about 10.0 inches and a
diameter dimension less than about 9 HT or more than about 35 HT.
While not being bound by the theory, it is believed the use of the
relatively long and thin fibers advantageously provides a pack
having better thermal and acoustic insulative performance than a
similar sized pack having shorter and thicker fibers.
[0151] While the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7 have been
generally described above to form packs of fibrous materials, it
should be understood that the same apparatus can be configured to
form "unbonded loosefill insulation". The term "unbonded loosefill
insulation", as used herein, is defined to mean any conditioned
insulation material configured for application in an airstream.
[0152] While exemplary embodiments of packs and methods for forming
a pack from fibrous materials 610 have been described generally
above, it should be appreciated that other embodiments and
variations of the method 610 are available and will be generally
described below.
[0153] Referring to FIG. 7 in another embodiment of the method 610,
the cross lapping mechanisms 634a and 634b are configured to
provide precise deposition of alternating layers of the continuous
web on the first conveyer 36, thereby allowing elimination of
downstream trim mechanism 40.
[0154] Referring again to FIG. 7 in another embodiment of the
method 610, the various layers of the pack can be "stratified". The
term "stratified", as used herein, is defined to mean that each of
the layers and/or portions of a layer can be configured with
different characteristics, including the non-limiting examples of
fiber diameter, fiber length, fiber orientation, density, thickness
and glass composition. It is contemplated that the associated
mechanisms forming a layer, that is, the associated fiberizer,
forming apparatus and cross lapping mechanism can be configured to
provide a layer and/or portions of the layer having specific and
desired characteristics. Accordingly, a pack can be formed from
layers and/or portions of layers having different
characteristics.
[0155] FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate exemplary embodiments of insulation
products 1000 that include one or more thick light density cores
1002 and one or more thin high density tensile layer(s) 1004. The
thick light density core 1002 can take a wide variety of different
forms. For example, the light density core 1002 can be made from
any of the low area weight packs described above. In one exemplary
embodiment, the light density core 1002 is made from fiberglass
fibers that are needled and/or layered. In one exemplary
embodiment, the light density core 1002 is binderless. In another
exemplary embodiment, fibers 322 of the light density core are
bonded together by binder.
[0156] The thin high density tensile layer 1004 can take a wide
variety of different forms. In one exemplary embodiment, the thin
high density tensile layer 1004 is made from fiberglass fibers that
are needled together. However, fibers of the high density tensile
1000 can be processed with other processes and/or products to
accomplish the appropriate tensile strength. In one exemplary
embodiment, the high density tensile layer 1004 is made from the
high density pack 300 of the FIG. 3D embodiment.
[0157] In an exemplary embodiment, the high density tensile
layer(s) 1004 is attached to the light density core 1002. The high
density tensile layer(s) 1004 may be attached to the light density
core 1002 in a wide variety of different ways. For example, the
layers 1002, 1004 may be attached to one another with an adhesive,
by an additional needling step, by heat bonding (when one or both
of the layers 1002, 1004 include a binder), and the like. Any way
of attaching the layers to one another can be employed. In an
exemplary embodiment, the layers 1002, 1004 provide distinct
properties to the insulation product 1000.
[0158] In an exemplary embodiment, the thick, light density layer
1002 provides a high thermal resistance value R, but has a low
tensile strength and the thin high density tensile layer 1004
provides a low thermal resistance value R, but a high tensile
strength. The combination of the two layers provides an insulation
product 1000 with both a high tensile strength and a high R
value.
[0159] FIGS. 10D-10F illustrate exemplary embodiments of insulation
products 1000 that include one or more thick light density cores
1002 and one or more thin facing layer(s) 1004. The thick light
density core 1002 can take a wide variety of different forms as
described with respect to the embodiment illustrated by FIGS.
10A-10C. The facing layers 1004 can take a wide variety of
different forms. The material of the facing layer 1004 can be
selected to provide a wide variety of different properties to the
insulation product. For example, the facing material may be
selected to provide a desired amount of strength, reflectivity,
acoustic performance, water impermeability, and/or vapor
impermeability to the insulation product. The facing layer can be
made from a wide variety of different materials including, but not
limited to, plastic, metal foil, scrim, paper, combinations of
these materials and the like. Any known facing layer may be
used.
[0160] In an exemplary embodiment, the facing layer(s) 1004 is
attached to the light density core 1002. The facing layer(s) 1004
may be attached to the light density core 1002 in a wide variety of
different ways. For example, the layers 1002, 1004 may be attached
to one another with an adhesive, by heat bonding, and the like. Any
way of attaching the layers to one another can be employed. In an
exemplary embodiment, the layers 1002, 1004 provide distinct
properties to the insulation product 1000. In an exemplary
embodiment, the thick, light density layer 1002 provides a high
thermal resistance value R, but has a low tensile strength and the
facing layer 1004 provides tensile strength and other
properties.
[0161] The examples illustrated by FIGS. 10G-10I is described in
terms of strata having different densities. However, the strata may
have different properties, which may or may not include different
densities. These varying properties may be achieved by varying the
density of fibers, the fiber length, the fiber diameter, and/or the
fiber type through the thickness of the pack. FIGS. 10G-10I
illustrate an exemplary embodiments of stratified batts or packs
1050 that include one or more light density strata 1052 and one or
more high density strata 1054. However, the transition between a
light density stratum 1052 and a high density stratum 1054 may be
gradual. In the examples illustrated by FIGS. 10A-10F, the
insulation products 1000 are formed from separate layers. In the
exemplary embodiment illustrated by FIGS. 10G-10I, the stratified
batts or packs 1050 are formed with varying properties through the
thickness of the batt or pack. The light density stratum 1052 can
take a wide variety of different forms. For example, the light
density stratum 1052 can be made in the same manner that any of the
low area weight packs described above are made. In one exemplary
embodiment, the light density stratum 1052 is made from fiberglass
fibers. In one exemplary embodiment, the light density stratum 1052
is binderless. In another exemplary embodiment, fibers 322 of the
light density stratum 1052 are bonded together by binder.
[0162] The thin high density stratum 1054 can take a wide variety
of different forms. In one exemplary embodiment, the high density
stratum 1054 is made from fiberglass fibers that are needled
together. However, fibers of the high density stratum 1054 can be
processed with other processes and/or products to accomplish the
appropriate tensile strength. In one exemplary embodiment, the high
stratum 1054 is made in the same manner that the high density pack
300 of the FIG. 3D embodiment is made.
[0163] In an exemplary embodiment, the fibers of the high density
stratum 1054 are attached to and/or entangled with the fibers of
the light stratum 1052. Fibers of the high density stratum 1054 may
be attached to fibers of the light density stratum 1052 in a wide
variety of different ways. For example, the fibers of the strata
1002, 1004 may be attached to one another with adhesive, such as
binder that is applied to the pack and/or by needling that is
performed as the pack 1050 is made, and the like. Any way of
attaching and/or entangling the fibers of the strata 1052, 1054 can
be employed. In an exemplary embodiment, the strata 1052, 1054
provide distinct properties to the insulation product 1000.
[0164] The insulation batts, packs and products of the embodiments
of FIG. 10A-10I can be combined with one another. For example, any
of the layers of the insulation products illustrated by FIGS.
10A-10F can be stratified, the stratified batts or packs of FIGS.
10G-10I can be provided with one or more facing layers or separate
dense layers, etc. A wide variety of different insulation
configurations can be constructed form the embodiments illustrated
by FIGS. 10A-10I.
[0165] In an exemplary embodiment, a thick, light density stratum
1052 provides a high thermal resistance value R, but has a low
tensile strength and a thin high density tensile stratum 1004
provides a low thermal resistance value R, but a high tensile
strength. The combination of the two strata provides a batt or pack
1050 with both a high tensile strength and a high R value. The
strata can be configured to provide a variety of different
properties to the batt or pack. For example, alternating thin, high
density and thick, low density strata results in a batt or pack
with excellent acoustic properties.
[0166] In one exemplary embodiment, the dry binder can include or
be coated with additives to impart desired characteristics to the
pack. One non-limiting example of an additive is a fire retardant
material, such as for example baking soda. Another non-limiting
example of an additive is a material that inhibits the transmission
of ultraviolet light through the pack. Still another non-limiting
example of an additive is a material that inhibits the transmission
of infrared light through the pack.
[0167] Referring to FIG. 6 in another embodiment of the method 610
and as discussed above, a flow of hot gases can be created by
optional blowing mechanisms, such as the non-limiting examples of
annular blowers (not shown) or annular burners (not shown). It is
known in the art to refer to the heat created by the annular
blowers and the annular burners as the "heat of fiberization". It
is contemplated in this embodiment, that the heat of fiberization
is captured and recycled for use in other mechanisms or devices.
The heat of fiberization can be captured at several locations in
the method 610. As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, duct work 670 is
configured to capture the heat emanating from the fiberizers 618
and convey the heat for use in other mechanisms, such as for
example the optional curing oven 650. Similarly, duct work 672 is
configured to capture the heat emanating from the flow of hot gases
within the duct 30 and duct work 674 is configured to capture the
heat emanating from the forming apparatus 632a and 632b. The
recycled heat can also be used for purposes other than the forming
of fibrous packs, such as for example heating an office
[0168] In certain embodiments, the duct 630 can include heat
capturing devices, such as for example, heat extraction fixtures
configured to capture the heat without significantly interfering
with the momentum of the flow of the hot gasses and entrained glass
fibers 622. In other embodiments, any desired structure, device or
mechanism sufficient to capture the heat of fiberization can be
used.
[0169] Referring to FIG. 6 in another embodiment of the method 610,
fibers or other materials having other desired characteristics can
be mixed with glass fibers 622 entrained in the flow of gasses. In
this embodiment, a source 676 of other materials, such as for
example, synthetic or ceramic fibers, coloring agents and/or
particles can be provided to allow such materials to be introduced
into a duct 678.
[0170] The duct 678 can be connected to the duct 630 such as to
allow mixing with the glass fibers 622 entrained in the flow of
gasses. In this manner, the characteristics of the resulting pack
can be engineered or tailored for desired properties, such as the
nonlimiting examples acoustic, enhancing or UV inhibiting
characteristics.
[0171] In still other embodiments, it is contemplated that other
materials can be positioned between the layers deposited by the
cross-lapping mechanisms 634a and 634b on the first conveyor 636.
The other materials can include sheet materials, such as for
example, facings, vapor barriers or netting, or other non-sheet
materials including the non-limiting examples of powders, particles
or adhesives. The other materials can be positioned between the
layers in any desired manner. In this manner, the characteristics
of the resulting pack can be further engineered or tailored as
desired.
[0172] While the embodiments shown in FIG. 6 illustrates the
application of a dry binder by the binder applicator 646, it should
be appreciated that in other embodiments, the dry binder can be
applied to the glass fibers 622 entrained in the flow of gasses. In
this embodiment, a source 680 of dry binder can be introduced into
a duct 682. The duct 682 can be connected to the duct 630 such as
to allow mixing of the dry binder with the glass fibers 622
entrained in the flow of gasses. The dry binder can be configured
to attach to the glass fibers in any desired manner, including by
electrostatic processes.
[0173] While the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6 illustrates use
of the continuous web by the cross-lapping mechanisms 634a and
634b, it should be appreciated that in other embodiments, the web
can be removed from the forming apparatus 632a and 632b and stored
for later use.
[0174] As discussed above, optionally the trimmed materials can be
returned to the flow of gasses and glass fibers in the ducts 630
and recycled in the forming apparatus 632a and 632b. In an
exemplary embodiment, when an optional binder is included in the
pack, the operating temperature of the forming apparatus 332a and
332b is kept below the softening temperature of the dry binder,
thereby preventing the dry binder from curing prior to the
downstream operation of the curing oven 550. In this embodiment,
the maximum operating temperature of the curing oven 650 is in a
range of from about 165.degree. F. to about 180.degree. F. In other
embodiments, the maximum operating temperature of the curing oven
650 can be less than about 165.degree. F. or more than about
180.degree. F.
[0175] In one exemplary embodiment, the long, thin fibers 322
described herein are used in other applications than described
above. For example, FIG. 11 illustrates that the long, thin glass
fibers 322 described above can be provided as staple fibers that
are air laid, carded or otherwise processed for use in a wide
variety of different applications, rather than being formed into a
web and/or a pack. In one application, the unbonded staple fibers
are blended with aramid fibers, such as Kevlax and Konex, and/or
with thermal bonding fibers, such as Celbond. These blended fibers
may be used to form a staple yarns and/or dry laid non-woven
materials.
[0176] In the FIG. 11 embodiment a melter 314 supplies molten glass
312 to a forehearth 316. The molten glass 312 is processed to form
glass fibers 322. The molten glass 312 can be processed in a
variety of different ways to form the fibers 322. For example,
rotary fiberizers 318 receive the molten glass 312 and subsequently
form veils 320 of glass fibers 322. Any desired fiberizer, rotary
or otherwise, sufficient to form long and thin glass fibers 322 can
be used.
[0177] Referring to FIG. 11, an applicator 1100 applies a
lubricant, also referred to as a sizing, is applied to the unbonded
glass fibers. In the illustrated embodiment, the sizing is applied
to the glass fibers beneath the fiberizer. However, in other
embodiments, the sizing is applied to the glass fibers at other
locations, such as in the duct 330. The sizing strengthens and/or
provides lubricity to the fibers that aid in the processing of the
fibers, such as needling or carding of the fibers. The unbonded
staple fibers 322 are provided at the outlet of the duct 330 as
indicated by arrow 1102 where the fibers are collected in a
container 1103 for use in a variety of different applications,
either by themselves or in combination with other fibers, such as
aramid fibers.
[0178] The sizing may take a wide variety of different forms. For
example, the sizing may comprise silicone and/or silane. However,
any sizing may be employed depending on the application. The sizing
may be adjusted based on the application the glass fibers are to be
used in.
[0179] The small fiber diameter and the long fiber length allow the
sized fibers to be used in applications where the fibers could not
previously be used, due to excessive breakage of the fibers. In one
exemplary embodiment, a fiber 322 having an approximately four
micron diameter has a better flexural modulus and resulting
strength than conventional fibers, because the finer fiber bends
more easily without breaking. This improved flexural modulus and
strength of the fiber help the fiber to survive processes that are
typically destructive to conventional fibers, such as carding and
air laid processes. In addition, the fine diameter of the glass
fibers improves both thermal and acoustic performance.
[0180] The glass webs, packs, and staple fibers can be used in a
wide variety of different applications. Examples of applications
include, but are not limited to, heated appliances, such as ovens,
ranges, and water heaters, heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) components, such as HVAC ducts, acoustic
insulating panels and materials, such as acoustic insulating panels
for buildings and/or vehicles, and molded fiberglass components,
such as compression molded or vacuum molded fiberglass components.
In one exemplary embodiment, heated appliances, such as ovens,
ranges, and water heaters, heating, HVAC components, such as HVAC
ducts, acoustic insulating panels and materials, such as acoustic
insulating panels for buildings and/or vehicles, and/or molded
fiberglass components, such as compression molded or vacuum molded
fiberglass components use or are made from a binderless fiberglass
pack made in accordance with one or more of the embodiments
disclosed by the present patent application. In an exemplary
embodiment, since the fiberglass pack is binderless, there is no
formaldehyde in the fiberglass pack. In one exemplary embodiment,
heated appliances, such as ovens, ranges, and water heaters,
heating, HVAC components, such as HVAC ducts, acoustic insulating
panels and materials, such as acoustic insulating panels for
buildings and/or vehicles, and/or molded fiberglass components,
such as compression molded or vacuum molded fiberglass components
use or are made from a dry binder fiberglass pack made in
accordance with one or more of the embodiments disclosed by the
present patent application. In this exemplary embodiment, the dry
binder may be a formaldehyde free or no added formaldehyde dry
binder. In a no added formaldehyde binder, the binder itself has no
formaldehyde, but formaldehyde may be a byproduct if the binder is
burned.
[0181] Fiberglass insulation packs described by this patent
application can be used in a wide variety of different cooking
ranges and in a variety of different configurations in any given
cooking range. Published US Patent Application Pub. No.
2008/0246379 discloses an example of an insulation system used in a
range. Published US Patent Application Pub. No. 2008/0246379 is
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The fiberglass
packs described herein can be used in any of the heating appliance
insulation configurations described by Published US Patent
Application Pub. No. 2008/0246379, including the configurations
labeled prior art. FIGS. 12-14 correspond to FIGS. 1-3 of Published
US Patent Application Pub. No. 2008/0246379.
[0182] Referring to FIG. 12 a thermal oven 1210 includes a
substantially flat, top cooking surface 1212. As shown in FIGS.
12-14, the thermal oven 1210 includes a pair of opposed side panels
1252 and 1254, a back panel 1224, a bottom panel 1225, and a front
panel 1232. The opposed side panels 1252 and 1254, back panel 1224,
bottom panel 1225, front panel 1232 and cooking surface 1212 are
configured to form an outer oven cabinet 1233. The front panel 1232
includes an insulated oven door 1218 pivotally connected to the
front panel 1232. The oven door 1218 is hinged at a lower end to
the front panel 1232 such that the oven door can be pivoted away
from the front panel 1232 and the oven cavity 1216. In the example
illustrated by FIG. 12, the oven door 1218 includes a window. In
the example illustrated by FIG. 12A, the oven door 1218 does not
include a window and the entire interior of the door is provided
with insulation.
[0183] As shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, the outer oven cabinet 1233
supports an inner oven liner 1215. The inner oven liner 1215
includes opposing liner sides 1215a and 1215b, a liner top 1215c, a
liner bottom 1215d and a liner back 1215e. The opposing liner sides
1215a and 1215b, liner top 1215c, liner bottom 1215d, liner back
1215e and oven door 1218 are configured to define the oven cavity
1216.
[0184] As further shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, the exterior of the
oven liner 1215 is covered by insulation an insulation material
1238, that can be made in accordance with any of the embodiments
disclosed in this application. The oven door 1238 may also be
filled with insulation material 1238, that can be made in
accordance with any of the embodiments disclosed in this
application. The insulation material 1238 is placed in contact with
an outside surface of the oven liner 1215. The insulation material
1238 is used for many purposes, including retaining heat within the
oven cavity 1216 and limiting the amount of heat that is
transferred by conduction, convection and radiation to the outer
oven cabinet 1233.
[0185] As shown in the example illustrated by FIGS. 13 and 14, an
air gap 1236 is formed between the insulation material 1238 and the
outer oven cabinet 1233. The air gap 1236 is used as a further
insulator to limit the conductive heat transfer between oven liner
1215 and the outer oven cabinet 1233. The use of the air gap 1236
supplements the insulation material 1238 to minimize the surface
temperatures on the outer surfaces of the outer oven cabinet 1233.
As shown in the example illustrated by FIGS. 13A and 14A, the
insulation material 1238 may be sized such that no air gap is
formed between the insulation material 1238 and the outer oven
cabinet 1233. That is, in the FIGS. 13A and 14A embodiment, the
insulation layer 1238 completely fills the space between the oven
liner 1215 and the outer oven cabinet 1233. In one exemplary
embodiment, the insulation material that is used in the
configurations illustrated by FIGS. 13, 13A, 14, 14A and any of the
other configurations disclosed by US Patent Application Pub. No.
2008/0246379 is made from a binderless fiberglass pack made in
accordance with one or more of the embodiments disclosed by the
present patent application. In an exemplary embodiment, since the
fiberglass pack is binderless, there is no formaldehyde in the
insulation layer 1238 of the FIG. 13, 13A, 14, and 14A
embodiments.
[0186] Fiberglass insulation packs described by this patent
application can be used in a wide variety of different heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, such as ducts of
an HVAC system. Further, the insulation packs described by this
patent application can be provided in variety of different
configurations in any given HVAC ducts. U.S. Pat. No. 3,092,529,
Published Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) International Publication
Number WO 2010/002958 and Pending U.S. patent application Ser. No.
13/764,920, filed on Feb. 12, 2013, all assigned to the assignee of
the present application, discloses an examples of fiberglass
insulation systems used in a HVAC ducts. U.S. Pat. No. 3,092,529,
PCT International Publication Number WO 2010/002958 and Pending
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/764,920 are incorporated herein
by reference in their entirety. The fiberglass packs described
herein can be used in any of the HVAC duct configurations described
by U.S. Pat. No. 3,092,529, PCT International Publication Number WO
2010/002958 and Pending U.S. patent application Ser. No.
13/764,920.
[0187] In one exemplary embodiment, the insulation material that is
used in the HVAC ducts disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 3,092,529, PCT
International Publication Number WO 2010/002958 and Pending U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 13/764,920 is constructed from a dry
binder fiberglass pack made in accordance with one or more of the
embodiments disclosed by the present patent application. In this
exemplary embodiment, the dry binder may be a formaldehyde free dry
binder or a no added formaldehyde dry binder. In a no added
formaldehyde binder, the binder itself has no formaldehyde, but
formaldehyde may be a byproduct if the binder is burned.
[0188] In one exemplary embodiment, the insulation material that is
used in the HVAC ducts disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 3,092,529, PCT
International Publication Number WO 2010/002958 and Pending U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 13/764,920 is constructed from a
binderless fiberglass pack made in accordance with one or more of
the embodiments disclosed by the present patent application. In an
exemplary embodiment, since the fiberglass pack is binderless,
there is no formaldehyde in the insulation material.
[0189] Fiberglass insulation packs described by this patent
application can be used in a wide variety of different acoustic
applications and can have a variety of different configurations in
each application. Examples of Acoustic insulation batts include
Owens Corning Sound Attenuation Batt and Owens Corning Sonobatts
insulation, which can be positioned behind a variety of panels of a
building, such as ceiling tiles and wall. U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,329,456
and 7,294,218 describe examples of applications of acoustic
insulation and are incorporated herein by reference in their
entirety. The fiberglass packs described herein can be used in
place of the insulation of the Owens Corning Sound Attenuation Batt
and Owens Corning Sonobatts and can be used in any of the
applications disclosed by U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,329,456 and 7,294,218.
Additional acoustic applications for fiberglass insulation packs
described by this patent application include, but are not limited
to, duct liner, duct wrap, ceiling panels, wall panels, and the
like.
[0190] In one exemplary embodiment, an acoustic insulation pack
made in accordance with one or more of the embodiments of a
binderless pack or dry binder pack disclosed by the present patent
application tested according to ASTM C522 within 1,500 feet of sea
level has an average airflow resistivity of 3,000-150,000 (inks
Rayls/m). In one exemplary embodiment, an acoustic insulation pack
made in accordance with one or more of the embodiments of a
binderless pack or dry binder pack disclosed by the present patent
application tested according to ASTM C423 within 1,500 feet of sea
level has a Sound Absorbtion Average (SAA) in the range of 0.25 to
1.25. In one exemplary embodiment, an acoustic insulation pack made
in accordance with one or more of the embodiments of a binderless
pack or dry binder pack disclosed by the present patent application
tested according to ISO 354 within 1,500 feet of sea level has a
Sound Absorbtion coefficient .alpha..sub.w in the range of 0.25 to
1.25.
[0191] In one exemplary embodiment, the insulation material that is
used in place of the insulation of the Owens Corning Sound
Attenuation Batt and Owens Corning Sonobatts and/or in any of the
applications disclosed by U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,329,456 and 7,294,218 is
constructed from a dry binder fiberglass pack made in accordance
with one or more of the embodiments disclosed by the present patent
application. In this exemplary embodiment, the dry binder may be a
formaldehyde free dry binder or a no added formaldehyde dry binder.
In a no added formaldehyde binder, the binder itself has no
formaldehyde, but formaldehyde may be a byproduct if the binder is
burned.
[0192] In one exemplary embodiment, the insulation material that is
used in place of the insulation of the Owens Corning Sound
Attenuation Batt and Owens Corning Sonobatts and/or in any of the
applications disclosed by U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,329,456 and 7,294,218 is
constructed from a binderless fiberglass pack made in accordance
with one or more of the embodiments disclosed by the present patent
application. In an exemplary embodiment, since the fiberglass pack
is binderless, there is no formaldehyde in the insulation
material.
[0193] Fiberglass insulation packs described by this patent
application can be used in a wide variety of molded fiberglass
products. For example, referring to FIGS. 15A-15C in one exemplary
embodiment the binderless and/or dry binder fiberglass packs
described by this application can be used to make a compression
molded fiberglass product. Referring to FIG. 15A, a binderless or
dry binder fiberglass pack 1522 made in accordance with any of the
exemplary embodiments described by this application is positioned
between first and second mold halves 1502. In one exemplary
embodiment, only the binderless or dry binder fiberglass pack 1522
is positioned between the mold halves. That is, not additional
materials, such as plastic sheets or plastic resin are molded with
the fiberglass pack.
[0194] Referring to FIG. 15B, the mold halves compress the
fiberglass pack 1522 as indicated by arrows 1504. Heat is
optionally applied to the mold halves and/or to the fiberglass pack
as indicated by arrows 1506. For example, when the pack 1522 is a
binderless fiberglass pack, the mold halves and/or to the
fiberglass pack may be heated to a high temperature, such as a
temperature above 700 degrees F., such as between 700 degrees F.
and 1100 degrees F., and in one exemplary embodiment, about 900
degrees F. When the pack 1522 is a dry binder fiberglass pack, the
mold halves and/or to the fiberglass pack may be heated to a lower
temperature, such as the melting temperature of the dry binder of
the pack.
[0195] Referring to FIG. 15C, the mold halves are then moved apart
as indicated by arrows 1508 and the compression molded fiberglass
part 1510 is removed. In one exemplary embodiment, the compression
molded fiberglass part 1510 consists of or consists essentially of
only the material of the pack 1522.
[0196] In the example illustrated by FIGS. 15A-15C, the compression
molded fiberglass part is contoured. However, in other exemplary
embodiments the compression molded fiberglass part may be
substantially flat. In one exemplary embodiment, the binderless or
dry binder compression molded fiberglass part 1610 has a density
that is substantially higher than the density of the originally
provided fiberglass pack 1522, such as four or more times the
density of the originally provided fiberglass pack 1522.
[0197] Referring to FIG. 16A-16C, in one exemplary embodiment the
binderless and/or dry binder fiberglass packs described by this
application can be used to make a vacuum molded fiberglass product.
Referring to FIG. 16A, a binderless or dry binder fiberglass pack
1522 made in accordance with any of the exemplary embodiments
described by this application is positioned on a vacuum mold
component 1602. In one exemplary embodiment, only the binderless or
dry binder fiberglass pack 1522 is positioned on the mold component
1602. That is, not additional materials, such as plastic sheets or
plastic resin are molded with the fiberglass pack.
[0198] Referring to FIG. 16B, the mold component applies a vacuum
to the fiberglass pack 1522 as indicated by arrows 1604. Heat is
optionally applied to the mold component 1602 and/or to the
fiberglass pack as indicated by arrows 1606. For example, when the
pack 1522 is a binderless fiberglass pack, the vacuum mold
component 1602 and/or to the fiberglass pack 1522 may be heated to
a high temperature, such as a temperature above 700 degrees F.,
such as between 700 degrees F. and 1100 degrees F., and in one
exemplary embodiment, about 900 degrees F. When the pack 1522 is a
dry binder fiberglass pack, the mold halves and/or to the
fiberglass pack may be heated to a lower temperature, such as the
melting temperature of the dry binder of the pack.
[0199] Referring to FIG. 15C, the vacuum mold component 1602 stops
applying the vacuum and the vacuum molded fiberglass part 1610 is
removed. In one exemplary embodiment, the compression molded
fiberglass part 1610 consists of or consists essentially of only
the material of the pack 1522.
[0200] In the example illustrated by FIGS. 16A-16C, the vacuum
molded fiberglass part is contoured. However, in other exemplary
embodiments the vacuum molded fiberglass part may be substantially
flat. In one exemplary embodiment, the binderless or dry binder
vacuum molded fiberglass part 1610 has a density that is
substantially higher than the density of the originally provided
fiberglass pack 1522, such as four or more times the density of the
originally provided fiberglass pack 1522.
[0201] In one exemplary embodiment, the insulation material that is
molded in accordance with the embodiment illustrated by FIG.
15A-15C or the embodiment illustrated by FIGS. 16A-16C is made from
a binderless fiberglass pack made in accordance with one or more of
the embodiments disclosed by the present patent application. In an
exemplary embodiment, since the fiberglass pack is binderless,
there is no formaldehyde in the compression molded part 1510 or the
vacuum molded part of the embodiments illustrated by FIGS. 15A-15C
and 16A-16C.
[0202] In one exemplary embodiment, the insulation material that is
molded in accordance with the embodiment illustrated by FIG.
15A-15C or the embodiment illustrated by FIGS. 16A-16C is made from
a dry binder fiberglass pack made in accordance with one or more of
the embodiments disclosed by the present patent application. In
this exemplary embodiment, the dry binder may be a formaldehyde
free dry binder or a no added formaldehyde binder. In a no added
formaldehyde binder, the binder itself has no formaldehyde, but
formaldehyde may be a byproduct if the binder is burned.
[0203] Several exemplary embodiments of mineral fiber webs, packs,
and staple fibers and methods of producing mineral fiber webs,
packs, and staple fibers are disclosed by this application. Mineral
fiber webs and packs and methods of producing mineral fiber webs
and packs in accordance with the present invention may include any
combination or subcombination of the features disclosed by the
present application.
[0204] In accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes,
the principles and modes of the improved methods of forming a pack
from fibrous materials have been explained and illustrated in its
preferred embodiment. However, it must be understood that the
improved method of forming a pack from fibrous materials may be
practiced otherwise than as specifically explained and illustrated
without departing from its spirit or scope.
* * * * *