U.S. patent application number 13/851826 was filed with the patent office on 2013-10-03 for water treatment compositions and methods of use.
This patent application is currently assigned to HALOSOURCE, INC.. The applicant listed for this patent is Francis Kneib, Everett J. Nichols, James R. Scott, Ryan Wietholter. Invention is credited to Francis Kneib, Everett J. Nichols, James R. Scott, Ryan Wietholter.
Application Number | 20130256235 13/851826 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 49233451 |
Filed Date | 2013-10-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130256235 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Kneib; Francis ; et
al. |
October 3, 2013 |
WATER TREATMENT COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE
Abstract
Methods for clarifying water, reducing turbidity of water, and
removing phosphate from water include adding a water treatment
composition having an aluminum-containing coagulant, and a natural
non-charged polysaccharide, such as guar. The aluminum-containing
compound can include polyaluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate,
polyaluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate,
polyaluminum sulfate, polyaluminum silicate chloride, polyaluminum
silicate sulfate, or a combination thereof.
Inventors: |
Kneib; Francis; (Phoenix,
AZ) ; Nichols; Everett J.; (Edmonds, WA) ;
Scott; James R.; (Bellevue, WA) ; Wietholter;
Ryan; (Chicago, IL) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Kneib; Francis
Nichols; Everett J.
Scott; James R.
Wietholter; Ryan |
Phoenix
Edmonds
Bellevue
Chicago |
AZ
WA
WA
IL |
US
US
US
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
HALOSOURCE, INC.
Bothell
WA
|
Family ID: |
49233451 |
Appl. No.: |
13/851826 |
Filed: |
March 27, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61798333 |
Mar 15, 2013 |
|
|
|
61616943 |
Mar 28, 2012 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
210/728 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C02F 2101/10 20130101;
C02F 2103/365 20130101; C02F 2103/32 20130101; C02F 1/5245
20130101; C02F 2303/04 20130101; C02F 2103/10 20130101; C02F
2101/32 20130101; C02F 1/5263 20130101; C02F 2103/343 20130101;
C02F 2103/20 20130101; C02F 2101/105 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
210/728 |
International
Class: |
C02F 1/52 20060101
C02F001/52 |
Claims
1. A method for clarifying water or removing phosphate from water,
comprising: adding an aluminum-containing coagulant selected from
polyaluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, polyaluminum
chlorohydrate, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate, polyaluminum
sulfate, polyaluminum silicate chloride, polyaluminum silicate
sulfate or a combination thereof, and a synergistic amount of a
natural, non-charged polysaccharide to water containing matter;
forming agglomerations in the water comprising the matter, the
aluminum-containing compound, and the polysaccharide; and removing
the agglomerations from the water to remove the matter from the
water.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the natural, non-charged
polysaccharide is guar.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein adding the aluminum-containing
coagulant and polysaccharide comprises adding a solution of
aluminum-containing coagulant and guar.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein adding the aluminum-containing
coagulant and polysaccharide comprises adding solid forms of
aluminum-containing coagulant and guar.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing coagulant
is substantially 100% by weight polyaluminum chloride.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing coagulant
is substantially 100% by weight aluminum chlorohydrate.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing coagulant
is substantially 100% by weight polyaluminum chlorohydrate.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing coagulant
is substantially 100% by weight aluminum sulfate.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing coagulant
is substantially 100% by weight sodium aluminate.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing
coagulant is substantially 100% by weight polyaluminum sulfate.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing
coagulant is substantially 100% by weight polyaluminum silicate
chloride.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing
coagulant is substantially 100% by weight polyaluminum silicate
sulfate.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing
coagulant comprises a solution of polyaluminum chloride and
water.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing
coagulant comprises a solution of aluminum chlorohydrate and
water.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing
coagulant comprises a solution of polyaluminum chlorohydrate and
water.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing
coagulant comprises a solution of aluminum sulfate and water.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing
coagulant comprises a solution of sodium aluminate and water.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing
coagulant comprises a solution of polyaluminum sulfate and
water.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing
coagulant comprises a solution of polyaluminum silicate chloride
and water.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing
coagulant comprises a solution of polyaluminum silicate sulfate and
water.
21. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing
coagulant is a solution made with the compound having the formula
Al.sub.2(SO.sub.4).sub.3.xH.sub.2O.
22. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing
coagulant is a solution made with the compound having the formula
Al.sub.2Cl(OH).sub.5.
23. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of polysaccharide to
aluminum-containing coagulant is about 1:34.
24. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of polysaccharide to
aluminum-containing coagulant is about 1:48.
25. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of polysaccharide to
aluminum-containing coagulant ranges from about 1:10 to about
1:100.
26. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing
coagulant and the polysaccharide are added as a guar aluminum
complex.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the guar aluminum complex is
made by the process comprising adding solid guar to a solid
aluminum-containing coagulant and adding water to the solid guar
and aluminum-containing coagulant.
28. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing compound
and polysaccharide are added together.
29. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum-containing compound
and polysaccharide are added separately.
30. The method of claim 1, wherein the phosphate is
orthophosphate.
31. The method of claim 1, wherein the matter in the water includes
microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, protozoans, Cryptosporidium
oocysts, Giardia oocysts; proteins, oils, fats, algae,
hydrocarbons, metal oxides, metal oxide hydroxides, insoluble
starches; pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals; fibers, polyaramids,
dredging solids; suspended materials from mine tailings, graphite
particles, carbon particles, suspended materials from oil or gas
drilling or hydraulic fracturing; suspended matter in recreational
or water derived from aquaculture operations or aquariums;
suspended matter present in construction runoff; and suspended
matter present in water from oil refinery operations.
32. The method of claim 1, wherein the polysaccharide is a natural
non-charged polysaccharide selected from locust bean gum, starch,
konjac, or cellulose.
33. A method for clarifying water, comprising: adding an
aluminum-containing coagulant selected from polyaluminum chloride,
aluminum chlorohydrate, polyaluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum
sulfate, sodium aluminate, polyaluminum sulfate, polyaluminum
silicate chloride, polyaluminum silicate sulfate or a combination
thereof, and a synergistic amount of a natural, non-charged
polysaccharide to water containing a phosphate compound; forming
agglomerations in the water comprising the phosphate compound, the
aluminum-containing coagulant, and the polysaccharide; and removing
the agglomerations from the water to remove the phosphate compound
from the water.
34. The method of claim 33, wherein the phosphate compound is
orthophosphate.
35. The method of claim 33, wherein the polysaccharide is guar.
36. The method of claim 33, wherein the aluminum-containing
compound is polyaluminum chloride.
37. The method of claim 33, wherein the aluminum-containing
compound is aluminum chlorohydrate.
38. The method of claim 33, wherein the aluminum-containing
compound is polyaluminum chlorohydrate.
39. The method of claim 33, wherein the aluminum-containing
compound is aluminum sulfate.
40. The method of claim 33, wherein the aluminum-containing
compound is sodium aluminate.
41. The method of claim 33, wherein the aluminum-containing
compound is polyaluminum sulfate.
42. The method of claim 33, wherein the aluminum-containing
compound is polyaluminum silicate chloride.
43. The method of claim 33, wherein the aluminum-containing
compound is polyaluminum silicate sulfate.
44. The method of claim 33, wherein the ratio of polysaccharide to
aluminum-containing coagulant is about 1:34.
45. The method of claim 33, wherein the ratio of polysaccharide to
aluminum-containing coagulant is about 1:48.
46. The method of claim 33, wherein the ratio of polysaccharide to
aluminum-containing coagulant ranges from about 1:10 to about
1:100.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application No. 61/798,333, filed on Mar. 15, 2013, and U.S.
Provisional Application No. 61/616,943, filed on Mar. 28, 2012,
both of which are herein expressly incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The removal of suspended matter from water is a concern for
municipal water treatment plants, industrial water treatment
plants, environmental storm water, and recreational water.
Coagulation and flocculation are well known processes for the
removal of suspended matter. Coagulation may be viewed as the
initial process of destabilizing or neutralizing charges on
suspended particles so that they begin to aggregate. Coagulation is
usually combined with flocculation, sedimentation, or filtration.
Flocculation is the aggregation of the particles into larger
masses. There are presently many chemicals on the market that
assist with coagulation and/or flocculation. Among these are the
metal salts, such as polyaluminum chlorides, aluminum sulfate,
ferric sulfate, and ferric chloride. Cationic polymers, such as
chitosan, may also be used as coagulants. Chitosan is a polymer
derived from naturally occurring chitin. Chitin is a linear
polysaccharide composed of .alpha.-(1-4)-linked
2-acetoamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose units that occur naturally in the
exoskeleton of invertebrates, in particular, the carapace of marine
crustaceans. Chemical deacetylation of chitin yields chitosan,
which is a copolymer of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose and
2-acetoamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose units.
[0003] While it is known that water turbidity can be reduced using
metallic salts, it is generally desirable to reduce the overall
amount of metallic salts used, while maintaining the desired water
clarity. Accordingly, new ways of using metallic salts are
constantly being sought.
SUMMARY
[0004] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of
concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in
the Detailed Description. This summary is not intended to identify
key features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to
be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject
matter.
[0005] Some embodiments are related to a composition that is used
for clarifying and reducing the turbidity of water by treating the
water with a water treatment composition comprised of guar and
polyaluminum chloride or aluminum chlorohydrate or polyaluminum
chlorohydrate or aluminum sulfate or sodium aluminate or
polyaluminum sulfate or polyaluminum silicate chloride or
polyaluminum silicate sulfate, or a combination thereof so as to
cause the agglomeration and subsequent removal of shear-stable
insoluble suspended and/or partially water-soluble flocs and
aggregates by collection on or within a filter media that allows
easier more efficient backwashing and improved prolonged use of
said filter media. The method comprises adding an effective amount
of the water treatment composition to the water containing
insoluble suspended and/or partially water soluble dissolved
material and allowing the water treatment composition to interact
with the suspended insoluble or soluble matter in order to allow
the matter to agglomerate and settle under gravity and/or float to
the surface. The agglomerated matter can be separated from the
water by any of a number of means known in the art such as
filtration, gravity settling, centrifugation, cyclone separator,
vacuum filtration, or by flotation and skimming.
[0006] The water treatment composition can be comprised of a liquid
solution containing an aluminum-containing compound such as
polyaluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, polyaluminum
chlorohydrate, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate, polyaluminum
sulfate, polyaluminum silicate chloride, polyaluminum silicate
sulfate, or a combination thereof and a water-soluble natural
non-chemically derivatized polysaccharide(s) derived from a plant,
microbe, or animal.
[0007] An exemplary embodiment of the water treatment composition
comprises the polysaccharide guar and polyaluminum chloride.
[0008] Another exemplary embodiment of the water treatment
composition comprises guar and aluminum sulfate.
[0009] Another exemplary embodiment of the water treatment
composition comprises guar and aluminum chlorohydrate.
[0010] Another exemplary embodiment of the water treatment
composition comprises guar and polyaluminum chlorohydrate.
[0011] Another exemplary embodiment of the water treatment
composition comprises guar and sodium aluminate.
[0012] Another exemplary embodiment of the water treatment
composition comprises guar and polyaluminum sulfate.
[0013] Another exemplary embodiment of the water treatment
composition comprises guar and polyaluminum silicate chloride.
[0014] Another exemplary embodiment of the water treatment
composition comprises guar and polyaluminum silicate sulfate.
[0015] Another embodiment of the water treatment composition
comprises free-flowing solid granules or powders of a water-soluble
natural non-chemically derivatized polysaccharide(s) derived from a
plant, microbe or animal that is admixed together with a
free-flowing solid of aluminum sulfate (alum), polyaluminum
chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, polyaluminum silicate sulfate,
polyaluminum silicate chloride, polyaluminum sulfate, sodium
aluminate, or polyaluminum chlorohydrate granules and/or
powders.
[0016] The water treatment composition can also contain a
preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms including
bacteria, fungi and/or yeast. Preservatives can include, but are
not limited to, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, parabins,
sorbic acid, and benzoic acid.
[0017] The polysaccharide(s) that comprise the water treatment
composition can include combinations of the following natural
non-derivatized polysaccharides: galactomannans; glucomannans;
.alpha.-D glucans; xyloglucans; arabinoxylans; inulins; linear
polysaccharides of alternating .alpha.-(1-3)- and .alpha.-(1-4)
galactopyranose units; linear polysaccharides of glycosidically
linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose; linear polysaccharides of
glycosidically linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose;
heteropolymers of glycosidically linked units of both
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose and
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose. Representative
examples, although not exhaustive, include guar and locust bean
gums, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, starches (branched and linear),
agars, carrageenans, pectins, xanthan, konjac, cellulose, chitin,
and chitosan.
[0018] The water treatment composition can be comprised of a
commercially effective water-clarifying combination of natural
non-derivatized polysaccharides and contain either polyaluminum
chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, polyaluminum chlorohydrate,
aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate, polyaluminum sulfate,
polyaluminum silicate chloride, polyaluminum silicate sulfate, or
combinations thereof.
[0019] Another embodiment of a water treatment composition is
comprised of a commercially effective water-clarifying combination
of polyaluminum chloride and a polysaccharide(s) or a combination
of polysaccharides selected from the following natural
non-derivatized polysaccharides: galactomannans; glucomannans;
.alpha.-D glucans; xyloglucans; arabinoxylans; inulins; linear
polysaccharides of alternating .alpha.-(1-3)- and .alpha.-(1-4)
galactopyranose units; linear polysaccharides of glycosidically
linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose; linear polysaccharides of
glycosidically linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose;
heteropolymers of glycosidically linked units of both
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose and
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose. Representative
examples, although not exhaustive, include guar and locust bean
gums, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, starches (branched and linear),
agars, carrageenans, pectins, xanthan, konjac, cellulose, chitin,
and chitosan. Additionally or alternatively, the milk-derived
protein sodium caseinate and/or hydrolyzed casein and/or and
aminoacid homopolymers, such as polyglutamic acid, may be used.
[0020] Another embodiment of a water treatment composition is
comprised of a commercially effective water-clarifying combination
of aluminum chlorohydrate and a polysaccharide(s) or a combination
of polysaccharides selected from the following natural
non-derivatized polysaccharides: galactomannans; glucomannans;
.alpha.-D glucans; xyloglucans; arabinoxylans; inulins; linear
polysaccharides of alternating .alpha.-(1-3)- and .alpha.-(1-4)
galactopyranose units; linear polysaccharides of glycosidically
linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose; linear polysaccharides of
glycosidically linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose;
heteropolymers of glycosidically linked units of both
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose and
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose. Representative
examples, although not exhaustive, include guar and locust bean
gums, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, starches (branched and linear),
agars, carrageenans, pectins, xanthan, konjac, cellulose, chitin,
and chitosan. Additionally or alternatively, the milk-derived
protein sodium caseinate and/or hydrolyzed casein and/or aminoacid
homopolymers, such as polyglutamic acid, may be used.
[0021] Another embodiment of a water treatment composition is
comprised of a commercially effective water-clarifying combination
of polyaluminum chlorohydrate and a polysaccharide(s) or a
combination of polysaccharides selected from the following natural
non-derivatized polysaccharides: galactomannans; glucomannans;
.alpha.-D glucans; xyloglucans; arabinoxylans; inulins; linear
polysaccharides of alternating .alpha.-(1-3)- and .alpha.-(1-4)
galactopyranose units; linear polysaccharides of glycosidically
linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose; linear polysaccharides of
glycosidically linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose;
heteropolymers of glycosidically linked units of both
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose and
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose. Representative
examples, although not exhaustive, include guar and locust bean
gums, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, starches (branched and linear),
agars, carrageenans, pectins, xanthan, konjac, cellulose, chitin,
and chitosan. Additionally or alternatively, the milk-derived
protein sodium caseinate and/or hydrolyzed casein and/or aminoacid
homopolymers, such as polyglutamic acid, may be used.
[0022] Another embodiment of a water treatment composition is
comprised of a commercially effective water-clarifying combination
of aluminum sulfate and a polysaccharide(s) or a combination of
polysaccharides selected from the following natural non-derivatized
polysaccharides: galactomannans; glucomannans; .alpha.-D glucans;
xyloglucans; arabinoxylans; inulins; linear polysaccharides of
alternating .alpha.-(1-3)- and .alpha.-(1-4) galactopyranose units;
linear polysaccharides of glycosidically linked units of
.alpha.-D-glucopyranose; linear polysaccharides of glycosidically
linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose; heteropolymers of
glycosidically linked units of both
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose and
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose. Representative
examples, although not exhaustive, include guar and locust bean
gums, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, starches (branched and linear),
agars, carrageenans, pectins, xanthan, konjac, cellulose, chitin,
and chitosan. Additionally or alternatively, the milk-derived
protein sodium caseinate and/or hydrolyzed casein and/or aminoacid
homopolymers, such as polyglutamic acid, may be used.
[0023] Another embodiment of a water treatment composition is
comprised of a commercially effective water-clarifying combination
of sodium aluminate and a polysaccharide(s) or a combination of
polysaccharides selected from the following natural non-derivatized
polysaccharides: galactomannans; glucomannans; .alpha.-D glucans;
xyloglucans; arabinoxylans; inulins; linear polysaccharides of
alternating .alpha.-(1-3)- and .alpha.-(1-4) galactopyranose units;
linear polysaccharides of glycosidically linked units of
.alpha.-D-glucopyranose; linear polysaccharides of glycosidically
linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose; heteropolymers of
glycosidically linked units of both
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose and
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose. Representative
examples, although not exhaustive, include guar and locust bean
gums, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, starches (branched and linear),
agars, carrageenans, pectins, xanthan, konjac, cellulose, chitin,
and chitosan. Additionally or alternatively, the milk-derived
protein sodium caseinate and/or hydrolyzed casein and/or aminoacid
homopolymers, such as polyglutamic acid, may be used.
[0024] Another embodiment of a water treatment composition is
comprised of a commercially effective water-clarifying combination
of polyaluminum sulfate and a polysaccharide(s) or a combination of
polysaccharides selected from the following natural non-derivatized
polysaccharides: galactomannans; glucomannans; .alpha.-D glucans;
xyloglucans; arabinoxylans; inulins; linear polysaccharides of
alternating .alpha.-(1-3)- and .alpha.-(1-4) galactopyranose units;
linear polysaccharides of glycosidically linked units of
.alpha.-D-glucopyranose; linear polysaccharides of glycosidically
linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose; heteropolymers of
glycosidically linked units of both
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose and
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose. Representative
examples, although not exhaustive, include guar and locust bean
gums, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, starches (branched and linear),
agars, carrageenans, pectins, xanthan, konjac, cellulose, chitin,
and chitosan. Additionally or alternatively, the milk-derived
protein sodium caseinate and/or hydrolyzed casein and/or aminoacid
homopolymers, such as polyglutamic acid, may be used.
[0025] Another embodiment of a water treatment composition is
comprised of a commercially effective water-clarifying combination
of polyaluminum silicate chloride and a polysaccharide(s) or a
combination of polysaccharides selected from the following natural
non-derivatized polysaccharides: galactomannans; glucomannans;
.alpha.-D glucans; xyloglucans; arabinoxylans; inulins; linear
polysaccharides of alternating .alpha.-(1-3)- and .alpha.-(1-4)
galactopyranose units; linear polysaccharides of glycosidically
linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose; linear polysaccharides of
glycosidically linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose;
heteropolymers of glycosidically linked units of both
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose and
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose. Representative
examples, although not exhaustive, include guar and locust bean
gums, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, starches (branched and linear),
agars, carrageenans, pectins, xanthan, konjac, cellulose, chitin,
and chitosan. Additionally or alternatively, the milk-derived
protein sodium caseinate and/or hydrolyzed casein and/or aminoacid
homopolymers, such as polyglutamic acid, may be used.
[0026] Another embodiment of a water treatment composition is
comprised of a commercially effective water-clarifying combination
of polyaluminum silicate sulfate and a polysaccharide(s) or a
combination of polysaccharides selected from the following natural
non-derivatized polysaccharides: galactomannans; glucomannans;
.alpha.-D glucans; xyloglucans; arabinoxylans; inulins; linear
polysaccharides of alternating .alpha.-(1-3)- and .alpha.-(1-4)
galactopyranose units; linear polysaccharides of glycosidically
linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose; linear polysaccharides of
glycosidically linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose;
heteropolymers of glycosidically linked units of both
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose and
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose. Representative
examples, although not exhaustive, include guar and locust bean
gums, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, starches (branched and linear),
agars, carrageenans, pectins, xanthan, konjac, cellulose, chitin,
and chitosan. Additionally or alternatively, the milk-derived
protein sodium caseinate and/or hydrolyzed casein and/or aminoacid
homopolymers, such as polyglutamic acid, may be used.
[0027] Another embodiment of a water treatment
composition/formulation is comprised of a commercially effective
water-clarifying combination of any two or more of polyaluminum
chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, polyaluminum chlorohydrate,
sodium aluminate, polyaluminum sulfate, polyaluminum silicate
chloride, polyaluminum silicate sulfate, and aluminum sulfate, or a
combination of all aluminum compounds and a polysaccharide or a
combination of polysaccharides selected from the following natural
non-derivatized polysaccharides: galactomannans; glucomannans;
.alpha.-D glucans; xyloglucans; arabinoxylans; inulins; linear
polysaccharides of alternating .alpha.-(1-3)- and .alpha.-(1-4)
galactopyranose units; linear polysaccharides of glycosidically
linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose; linear polysaccharides of
glycosidically linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose;
heteropolymers of glycosidically linked units of both
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose and
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose. Representative
examples, although not exhaustive, include guar and locust bean
gums, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, starches (branched and linear),
agars, carrageenans, pectins, xanthan, konjac, cellulose, chitin,
and chitosan. Additionally or alternatively, the milk-derived
protein sodium caseinate and/or hydrolyzed casein and/or aminoacid
homopolymers, such as polyglutamic acid, may be used.
[0028] Another embodiment of a water treatment composition is
comprised of a commercially effective water-clarifying combination
of polyaluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, polyaluminum
chlorohydrate, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate, polyaluminum
sulfate, polyaluminum silicate chloride, polyaluminum silicate
sulfate and a polysaccharide or a combination of polysaccharides
selected from the following natural non-derivatized
polysaccharides: galactomannans; glucomannans; .alpha.-D glucans;
xyloglucans; arabinoxylans; inulins; linear polysaccharides of
alternating .alpha.-(1-3)- and .alpha.-(1-4) galactopyranose units;
linear polysaccharides of glycosidically linked units of
.alpha.-D-glucopyranose; linear polysaccharides of glycosidically
linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose; heteropolymers of
glycosidically linked units of both
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose and
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose. Representative
examples, although not exhaustive, include guar and locust bean
gums, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, starches (branched and linear),
agars, carrageenans, pectins, xanthan, konjac, cellulose, chitin,
and chitosan.
[0029] Another embodiment of a water treatment composition
comprises a guar-aluminum complex created by mixing a solution of
polyaluminum chloride with an aqueous solution of dissolved guar.
The composition solution is approximately 50% (wt/wt.) of
polyaluminum chloride solution (for example, Kemira PAX-XL8 or
PAX-XL6) and 50% (wt./wt.) of a 1% (wt./wt.) guar (for example,
Guar Gum 50, FCC grade from Univar).
[0030] Another embodiment of a water treatment composition
comprises a guar-aluminum complex created by slowly adding 100 g of
polyaluminum chloride (for example, Kemira PAX-XL6, 10.3%
Al.sub.2O.sub.3), to 250 g aqueous 1% guar (for example, Univar 50)
while mixing followed by adding 150 g of aqueous alum (for example,
Univar 48% aluminum sulfate). The composition solution is
approximately 20% (wt/wt.) of polyaluminum chloride solution and
50% (wt./wt.) of a 1% guar solution and 30% (wt./wt.) of a 48%
aluminum sulfate solution.
[0031] Another embodiment of a water treatment composition
comprises a guar aluminum complex created by mixing a solution of
aluminum sulfate with solid water-soluble guar. The composition is
approximately 24% (wt./wt.) aluminum sulfate and 0.5% (wt./wt.)
guar (for example, Univar guar gum 50 lot 10202008).
[0032] In some embodiments, a method for clarifying and reducing
the turbidity of water by treating the water with a water treatment
composition comprised of guar and polyaluminum chloride, aluminum
chlorohydrate, polyaluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum sulfate, sodium
aluminate, polyaluminum sulfate, polyaluminum silicate chloride,
polyaluminum silicate sulfate or a combination thereof so as to
cause the agglomeration and subsequent removal of shear-stable
insoluble suspended and/or partially water-soluble flocs and
aggregates by collection on or within a filter media that allows
easier more efficient backwashing and improved prolonged use of
said filter media. The method comprises adding an effective amount
of the water treatment composition to the water containing
insoluble suspended and/or partially water soluble dissolved
material and allowing the water treatment composition to interact
with the suspended insoluble or soluble matter in order to allow
the matter to agglomerate and settle under gravity and/or float to
the surface. The agglomerated matter can be separated from the
water by any of a number of means known in the art such as
filtration, gravity settling, centrifugation, cyclone separator,
vacuum filtration, or by flotation and skimming.
[0033] The filter media can include sand, diatomaceous earth,
zeolite, carbon, non-woven or woven geotextile bags, filter
cartridge bags, rope filters, woven or non-woven polypropylene or
polyethylene mesh, cellulosic fabrics, metal or stainless steel
screens.
[0034] The suspended insoluble matter can include the following:
microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoans
(Cryptosporidium or Giardia oocysts); proteins, oils, fats, algae,
organic matter including hydrocarbons and insoluble starches;
pharmaceutical ingredients such as materials used to prepare
vaccines; nutraceuticals; commercially useful industrial fibers;
suspended sludge materials from municipal and industrial
wastewater; dredging solids; suspended materials from mine
tailings; suspended metal oxides, or metal oxide hydroxides,
graphite particles; carbon particles; suspended materials from oil
and gas drilling and/or hydraulic fracturing operations; suspended
matter in recreational or water derived from aquaculture operations
or aquariums; suspended matter present in construction runoff; and
suspended matter present in water from oil refinery operations.
[0035] When the water treatment composition containing polyaluminum
chloride and guar is added to an aqueous body containing insoluble
suspended and/or partially water-soluble material, enhanced
flocculation efficiency is observed that is synergistic compared to
the flocculation efficiency observed from adding either
polyaluminum chloride or guar alone when used at an equal dose.
[0036] Another embodiment is a method for removing a
phosphate-containing compound, such as orthophosphate, from water
comprising adding a water treatment composition containing guar and
polyaluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, polyaluminum
chlorohydrate, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate, polyaluminum
sulfate, polyaluminum silicate chloride, polyaluminum silicate
sulfate or a combination thereof to phosphate-containing water to
remove or reduce the phosphate concentration more than can be
removed by either guar or polyaluminum chloride or alum alone when
used at the same dose. The phosphate can be removed by filtration
or gravity settling.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0037] The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages
of this invention will become more readily appreciated as the same
become better understood by reference to the following detailed
description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying
FIGURES:
[0038] FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating results of turbidity
reduction using guar and various samples of polyaluminum chloride;
and
[0039] FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating results of turbidity
reduction using guar with polyaluminum chloride and guar with
alum.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0040] Removal of suspended particulate or soluble matter in
aqueous fluids can be accomplished by coagulation and flocculation
followed by settling, skimming, filtration, centrifugation or any
combination thereof. Coagulation often involves the use of
multivalent inorganic metal salts such as aluminum sulfate (alum),
aluminum chloride, polyaluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate,
polyaluminum chlorohydrate, iron sulfate, or iron chloride.
[0041] Flocculants such as chitosan or polyacrylamides have also
been used separately or in combination with alum or polyaluminum
chloride to treat water for reducing turbidity and/or removing
suspended solid matter. Although the combination may offer improved
coagulation, flocculation and floc size, the resulting floccules
may still exhibit low shear strength and come apart when subjected
to low to moderate pressure or agitation. Improved backwashing of
filters containing flocculated insoluble materials that do not
cling to the filter media but release easily from the filter media
during backwashing cycles would be of significant value. The use of
a natural non-charged polysaccharide, such as guar, in combination
with an aluminum-containing coagulant, such as polyaluminum
chloride or aluminum chlorohydrate or polyaluminum chlorohydrate or
aluminum sulfate or sodium aluminate or polyaluminum sulfate or
polyaluminum silicate chloride or polyaluminum silicate sulfate, or
some combination thereof may allow for easy and more efficient
backwashing. Other natural non-charged polysaccharides may include
locust bean gum, starch, konjac, and cellulose.
[0042] The water treatment composition used in the methods for
clarifying water, reducing the turbidity of water, and removing
phosphate from water includes an aluminum-containing coagulant or a
combination of aluminum-containing coagulants, and a natural
non-charged polysaccharide or combination of natural non-charged
polysaccharides. Optionally, the water treatment composition may
include water. The water treatment composition may be applied as a
solution or in a dry solid form. The aluminum-containing coagulant,
and the natural non-charged polysaccharide may be applied together
in solution, or in dry solid form, or in a complexed form. The
aluminum-containing coagulant, and the natural non-charged
polysaccharide may be applied separately, each being in a solution
or in a dry solid form. The aluminum-containing coagulants and the
natural non-charged polysaccharides are described further
below.
[0043] Aluminum-Containing Coagulants
[0044] The aluminum-containing coagulants are readily commercially
available. The aluminum-containing compounds may be applied as
aqueous solutions or in a dry (solid) powder or granular form. The
following may be used singly or in combination: polyaluminum
chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, polyaluminum chlorohydrate,
aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate, polyaluminum sulfate,
polyaluminum silicate chloride, polyaluminum silicate sulfate.
[0045] Aluminum sulfate has the formula,
Al.sub.2(SO.sub.4).sub.3.xH.sub.2O, wherein X is reported to be 13,
14, 15, 16, 17, or 18, or a combination. Solutions can be defined
by the aluminum content or expressed in terms of equivalent alumina
Al.sub.2O.sub.3.
[0046] Polyaluminum chloride may have the formula
Al.sub.n(OH).sub.mCl.sub.(3n-m), wherein 0<m.ltoreq.3n, and
n.gtoreq.1. See U.S. Pat. No. 7,846,318, incorporated herein
expressly by reference. The species can form polymers in water. The
ph correlates to the formula m/(3n). The higher the basicity of a
coagulant, the lower the alkalinity consumption and, therefore, the
less the pH of the water is reduced. Basicity can range from about
15% to about 83% w/w in commercially available polyaluminum
chlorides. Basicity can be low, medium, or high basicity. Basicity
can range from about 10% to about 83%, and any range derivable
therebetween, such as between any range beginning from 10%, 20%,
30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%, and ending at 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%,
70, or 80%.
[0047] Some polyaluminum chlorides may have sulfate. In the
literature, these compounds are also sometimes referred to as
polyaluminum chlorides, and sometimes as polyaluminum
chorosulfates. The formula of some polyaluminum chlorides
(polyaluminum chorosulfates) may be
Al.sub.nOH.sub.m(SO.sub.4).sub.kCl.sub.(3n-m-k). Sulfate can range
about 2% to 3% by weight.
[0048] Aluminum chlorohydrate is the name of the polyaluminum
chloride where n=2, and m=5. Aluminum chlorohydrate may have the
formula Al.sub.2Cl(OH).sub.5, which has a basicity of about
83%.
[0049] Suitable aluminum-containing coagulants are available from
Kemira Chemicals, Inc. under the designation PAX.
[0050] Polysaccharides
[0051] The polysaccharide(s) that comprise the water treatment
composition can include combinations of the following natural
non-derivatized polysaccharides: galactomannans; glucomannans;
.alpha.-D glucans; xyloglucans; arabinoxylans; inulins; linear
polysaccharides of alternating .alpha.-(1-3)- and .alpha.-(1-4)
galactopyranose units; linear polysaccharides of glycosidically
linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose; linear polysaccharides of
glycosidically linked units of .alpha.-D-glucopyranose;
heteropolymers of glycosidically linked units of both
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose and
.alpha.-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose. Representative
examples, although not exhaustive, include guar and locust bean
gums, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, starches (branched and linear),
agars, carrageenans, pectins, xanthan, konjac, cellulose, chitin,
and chitosan.
[0052] A natural non-charged polysaccharide includes guar. Guar
(guar gum) is a straight chain galactomannan with galactose on
every other mannose unit. Beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages couple the
mannose units and the galactose side chains are linked by alpha
1-6. A suitable guar gum for use is available from Univar, Inc.
Other natural non-charged polysaccharides may include locust bean
gum, starch, konjac, and cellulose.
[0053] Some embodiments of a method for clarifying water or
removing phosphate from water include the steps: adding an
aluminum-containing coagulant selected from polyaluminum chloride,
aluminum chlorohydrate, polyaluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum
sulfate, sodium aluminate, polyaluminum sulfate, polyaluminum
silicate chloride, polyaluminum silicate sulfate or a combination
thereof, and a synergistic amount of a natural, non-charged
polysaccharide to water containing matter; forming agglomerations
in the water comprising the matter, the aluminum-containing
compound, and the polysaccharide; and removing the agglomerations
from the water to remove the matter from the water.
[0054] In some embodiments, the natural, non-charged polysaccharide
is guar.
[0055] In some embodiments, adding the aluminum-containing
coagulant and polysaccharide comprises adding a solution of
aluminum-containing coagulant and guar.
[0056] In some embodiments, adding the aluminum-containing
coagulant and polysaccharide comprises adding solid forms of
aluminum-containing coagulant and guar.
[0057] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant is
substantially 100% by weight polyaluminum chloride.
[0058] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant is
substantially 100% by weight aluminum chlorohydrate.
[0059] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant is
substantially 100% by weight polyaluminum chlorohydrate.
[0060] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant is
substantially 100% by weight aluminum sulfate.
[0061] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant is
substantially 100% by weight sodium aluminate.
[0062] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant is
substantially 100% by weight polyaluminum sulfate.
[0063] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant is
substantially 100% by weight polyaluminum silicate chloride.
[0064] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant is
substantially 100% by weight polyaluminum silicate sulfate.
[0065] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant
comprises a solution of polyaluminum chloride and water.
[0066] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant
comprises a solution of aluminum chlorohydrate and water.
[0067] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant
comprises a solution of polyaluminum chlorohydrate and water.
[0068] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant
comprises a solution of aluminum sulfate and water.
[0069] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant
comprises a solution of sodium aluminate and water.
[0070] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant
comprises a solution of polyaluminum sulfate and water.
[0071] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant
comprises a solution of polyaluminum silicate chloride and
water.
[0072] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant
comprises a solution of polyaluminum silicate sulfate and
water.
[0073] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant is a
solution made with the compound having the formula
Al.sub.n(OH).sub.mCl.sub.(3n-m), wherein 0<m.ltoreq.3n, and
n.gtoreq.1.
[0074] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant is a
solution made with the compound having the formula
Al.sub.2(SO.sub.4).sub.3.xH.sub.2O.
[0075] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant is a
solution made with the compound having the formula
Al.sub.2Cl(OH).sub.5.
[0076] In some embodiments, the ratio of polysaccharide to
aluminum-containing coagulant is about 1:34.
[0077] In some embodiments, the ratio of polysaccharide to
aluminum-containing coagulant is about 1:48.
[0078] In some embodiments, the ratio of polysaccharide to
aluminum-containing coagulant ranges from about 1:10 to about
1:100.
[0079] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing coagulant and
the polysaccharide are added as a guar aluminum complex.
[0080] In some embodiments, the guar aluminum complex is made by
the process comprising adding solid guar to a solid
aluminum-containing coagulant and adding water to the solid guar
and aluminum-containing coagulant.
[0081] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing compound and
polysaccharide are added together.
[0082] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing compound and
polysaccharide are added separately.
[0083] In some embodiments, the phosphate that is removed is
orthophosphate.
[0084] In some embodiments, the matter in the water includes
microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, protozoans, Cryptosporidium
oocysts, Giardia oocysts; proteins, oils, fats, algae,
hydrocarbons, metal oxides, metal oxide hydroxides, insoluble
starches; pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals; fibers, polyaramids,
dredging solids; suspended materials from mine tailings, graphite
particles, carbon particles, suspended materials from oil or gas
drilling or hydraulic fracturing; suspended matter in recreational
or water derived from aquaculture operations or aquariums;
suspended matter present in construction runoff; and suspended
matter present in water from oil refinery operations.
[0085] In some embodiments, the polysaccharide is a natural
non-charged polysaccharide selected from locust bean gum, starch,
konjac, or cellulose.
[0086] Some embodiments of a method for clarifying water include
the steps: adding an aluminum-containing coagulant selected from
polyaluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, polyaluminum
chlorohydrate, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate, polyaluminum
sulfate, polyaluminum silicate chloride, polyaluminum silicate
sulfate or a combination thereof, and a synergistic amount of a
natural, non-charged polysaccharide to water containing a phosphate
compound; forming agglomerations in the water comprising the
phosphate compound, the aluminum-containing coagulant, and the
polysaccharide; and removing the agglomerations from the water to
remove the phosphate compound from the water.
[0087] In some embodiments, the phosphate compound is
orthophosphate.
[0088] In some embodiments, the polysaccharide is guar.
[0089] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing compound is
polyaluminum chloride.
[0090] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing compound is
aluminum chlorohydrate.
[0091] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing compound is
polyaluminum chlorohydrate.
[0092] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing compound is
aluminum sulfate.
[0093] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing compound is
sodium aluminate.
[0094] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing compound is
polyaluminum sulfate.
[0095] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing compound is
polyaluminum silicate chloride.
[0096] In some embodiments, the aluminum-containing compound is
polyaluminum silicate sulfate.
[0097] In some embodiments, the ratio of polysaccharide to
aluminum-containing coagulant is about 1:34.
[0098] In some embodiments, the ratio of polysaccharide to
aluminum-containing coagulant is about 1:48.
[0099] In some embodiments, the ratio of polysaccharide to
aluminum-containing coagulant ranges from about 1:10 to about
1:100.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Demonstration of Synergy of Guar and Aluminum Sulfate in Turbidity
Reduction
[0100] 1. Fill four glass scintillation (glass) vials each with
20-ml of flow-back/produced water [0101] 2. Mark one as "control",
cap and set aside [0102] 3. Add one or two drops of 1% by weight
guar solution to two of the three remaining vials, cap and shake.
[0103] 4. Add 48% by weight aluminum sulfate/water solution using
the equivalent number drops used in Step #3 to the third vial
without guar and to one of the two vials treated with 1% guar
solution, cap and shake. [0104] 5. Shake all four capped
scintillation (glass) vials again and set aside at ambient T.
[0105] 6. View flocculation and clarification performance.
TABLE-US-00001 [0105] TABLE 3 Initial alum/guar jar test key and
results CONTENTS TREATMENT 48% Alum 1% guar RESULTS Control NA NA
No change 1 NA Yes No change 2 Yes Yes Floc/Cleared 3 Yes NA No
change
[0106] Results:
[0107] No observable flock or settling was observed in the produced
water samples treated with alum alone or guar alone. There was
significant settling observed in the sample treated with guar first
followed by alum. There was no change in the untreated sample
labeled "control".
[0108] Discussion:
[0109] There appears to be a certain synergy present when alum and
guar are used in combination. The sample treated with alum alone
was unable to clear the sample and the same for the sample treated
with guar alone. Only the sample containing both alum and guar
produced a result.
Example 2
Demonstration of Synergy of Guar and Aluminum Sulfate in Phosphate
Reduction
[0110] Procedure
[0111] Orthophosphate-spiked water was prepared by adding 1.719 ml
of phosphate standard solution (from PAS-STM-8039 02 of phosphate
procedure) to 1 liter of deionized water. 100 ml of
orthophosphate-spiked water was dispensed into plastic sample
cups.
[0112] 1. Aluminum sulfate (48% by weight aluminum sulfate hydrate,
52% by weight water was used neat (undiluted).
[0113] 2. Hybrid E--Guar aluminum complex created by mixing a
solution of aluminum sulfate with solid water-soluble guar. The
composition is approximately 24% (wt./wt.) alum and 0.5% (wt./wt.)
guar (Univar guar gum 50).
[0114] 3. 100 microliters of either Aluminum sulfate or Hybrid E
was added to 100 ml of orthophosphate-spiked water which was mixed
and allowed to sit for various time periods. Controls received 100
microliters of water alone. Following the various time periods, 12
ml of each treated water sample was filtered through a 0.45 micron
filter, diluted 1:10 with deionized water and reacted with 1 powder
pillow of HACH reagent PhosVer 3 and the phosphate concentration
determined spectophotometrically using a HACH spectrophotometer. In
other experiments, the phosphate concentration of the treated water
was tested without filtration.
[0115] Results
[0116] As shown in Table 1, Alum and Hybrid E reduced the phosphate
concentration by 24% and 27% respectively compared to the
non-treated control.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Phosphate concentration of filtered treated
water following overnight incubation at room temperature Phosphate
concentration in Phosphate treated water Concentration of corrected
for 1:10 Treatment 1:10 dilution (ppm) dilution (ppm) Percent
Removal Control 1.29 12.9 0% Alum neat 0.98 9.8 24% Hybrid E 0.94
9.4 27%
[0117] 100 microliters of either Alum, or Hybrid E was added to 100
ml of orthophosphate-spiked water contained in a 100 ml graduated
cylinder and mixed. After sitting undisturbed for two hours at RT
(room temperature), water was sampled from the top (100-90 ml),
middle (50-40 ml) or bottom (20-10 ml) portion of each graduated
cylinder. Sampled water was diluted 1:10 with deionized water and
tested without filtration spectrophotometrically for phosphate
concentration using powder pillows of HACH PhosVer 3 reagent.
[0118] Results are shown in table 2 below.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 Phosphate concentration of treated water
sampled at various levels in a graduated cylinder. Control
phosphate water contained 10 ppm Top (100-90 ml) Middle (50-40 ml)
Bottom (20-10 ml) Phosphate conc. Phosphate conc. Phosphate conc.
Treatment (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Alum 8.8 8.9 8.9 Hybrid E 8.1 8.3
8.0
[0119] Conclusion
[0120] Hybrid E appeared to reduce orthophosphate concentrations
similar to alum using about half the amount of alum.
Example 3
Testing of Various PACs with Guar
[0121] Product Testing Method:
[0122] 1. 200 grams of Arizona Fine Dust ((PTI ID: 10943F) was
mixed in 10 liters of DI H20 to prepare the Arizona test dust
solution.
[0123] 2. 1N HCl was added to the Arizona test dust solution to
bring the pH to 7.2 from a pH of 9.4.
[0124] 3. 500 mls of Arizona test dust solution was poured into
separate 500 ml bottles and labeled respective to the guar/PAC
formulation being added.
[0125] 4. The respective guar/PAC formulation each containing a
different PAC, was added to 500 ml of Arizona test dust solution to
a final concentration of 50 ppm and mixed for approximately two
minutes and then allowed to settle for ten minutes (the
concentration of guar and aluminum was the same for each
formulation. Following ten minutes of settling, turbidity was
measured for each Arizona test dust solution that was treated with
the respective guar/PAC formulation. Control non-treated Arizona
test dust solution exhibited a turbidity of approximately 8000
NTU.
[0126] The results shown in FIG. 1 clearly demonstrate that
formulation 29-RT exhibiting a basicity of 70% performed
significantly better at reducing turbidity compared the
formulations 28RT and 30RT that exhibited a basicity of 75% and 51%
respectively. Values represent the average of five replicates.
[0127] Description of the Samples:
[0128] 240-48-28-RT
[0129] 0.5 grams of guar (Univar, Lot #10202008) was added to 17.22
grams of Grade 28 PAC and stored as powder at room temperature on
Dec. 20, 2012. After 4 weeks on Feb. 6, 2013, 82.28 grams of DI
water was added, and mixed for about 2 hours. The solution was then
held and stored as liquid for 27 days then tested. Grade 28 PAC has
a basicity of 75% and an Al.sub.2O.sub.3 content of 30.2%.
[0130] 240-48-29-RT
[0131] 0.5 grams of guar was added to 16.99 grams of Grade 29 PAC
and stored as powder at room temperature on Dec. 20, 2012. After 4
weeks on Feb. 6, 2013, 82.51 grams of DI water was added, and mixed
for about 2 hours. The solution was then held and stored as liquid
for 27 days then tested. Grade 29 PAC has a basicity of 70% and an
Al.sub.2O.sub.3 content of 30.6%.
[0132] 240-48-30-RT Liquid 0.5 grams of guar was added to 16.99
grams of Grade 30 PAC and stored as powder at room temperature on
Dec. 20, 2012. After 4 weeks on Feb. 6, 2013, 82.51 grams of DI
water was added, and mixed for about 2 hours. The solution was then
held and stored as liquid for 27 days then tested. Grade 30 PAC has
a basicity of 51% and an Al.sub.2O.sub.3 content of 30.6%.
[0133] Results
[0134] FIG. 1 is an illustration of graph showing the results.
Turbidity is reported in NTU. The sample 29@RT was the most
effective in reducing turbidity. At 50 ppm, 29 @RT reduced
turbidity to approximately 100 NTU, compared to approximately 300
NTU by 28@RT, and approximately 700 NTU by 30@RT.
Example 4
[0135] A sample of frac pit water (sometimes referred to as drill
water) from Bear Creek Services (Contly 27-H #1 34-H #1). The
amount dosed was added to 20 ml of sample, mixed, and then rested
for 5 minutes before the turbidity was measured. The results are in
the Table 3 below:
TABLE-US-00004 20 ml sample Control 1% Guar PAX-XL6 213-133-B
Amount dosed 0 25 mg 25 mg 50 mg NTU (5 min) 740 760 860 320
[0136] Formula 213-133-B is 50% by weight Kemira PAX-XL6 poly
aluminum chloride (basicity 55%, Al.sub.2O.sub.3 10.3%, Al 5.31%,
Sulfate 2.5%), 50% by weight 1% guar solution in water (Univar 45
Guar). To make the product, the PAC is slowly added to guar
solution while mixing, to get a uniform solution.
Example 5
Testing of Guar/PAC Vs. Guar/Alum
[0137] Product Testing Method
[0138] 1. 200 grams of Arizona Fine Dust ((PTI ID: 10943F) was
mixed in 10 liters of DI H20 to prepare the Arizona test dust
solution.
[0139] 2. 1N HCl was added to the Arizona test dust solution to
bring the pH to 7.2 from a pH of 9.4.
[0140] 3. 500 mls of Arizona test dust solution was poured into
separate 500 ml bottles.
[0141] 4. The guar/PAC formulation and the guar/alum formulation
was each added to separate 500 ml aliquots of Arizona test dust
solution to a final concentration of 50 ppm and then mixed for
approximately two minutes and then allowed to settle for ten
minutes. The P-50 formulation is 50% by weight Kemira PAX-XL8
polyaluminum chloride (basicity .about.70%, Al.sub.2O.sub.3 10%, Al
5.5%) and 50% by weight 1% guar solution in water. The A48
formulation is the same as Hybrid E described earlier). Following
ten minutes of settling, turbidity was measured for each Arizona
test dust solution that was treated with the respective guar/PAC
formulation. Control non-treated Arizona test dust solution
exhibited a turbidity of approximately 8000 NTU.
[0142] The results are shown in FIG. 2, wherein the values
represent the average of five replicates. The results clearly
demonstrate that the P-50 formulation performed significantly
better at reducing turbidity compared to the A48 (Hybrid E)
formulation. Compare approximately 180NTU to 1000 NTU.
[0143] While illustrative embodiments have been illustrated and
described, it will be appreciated that various changes can be made
therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention.
* * * * *