U.S. patent application number 13/435593 was filed with the patent office on 2013-10-03 for anodized inserts for coulomb damping or frictional damping.
This patent application is currently assigned to GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS LLC. The applicant listed for this patent is James G. Schroth, Mark W. Verbrugge. Invention is credited to James G. Schroth, Mark W. Verbrugge.
Application Number | 20130256143 13/435593 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 49154960 |
Filed Date | 2013-10-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130256143 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Schroth; James G. ; et
al. |
October 3, 2013 |
ANODIZED INSERTS FOR COULOMB DAMPING OR FRICTIONAL DAMPING
Abstract
A method comprising providing an insert having a portion capable
of being oxidized and electrochemically anodizing the portion
capable of being oxidized to provide a layer comprising an oxidized
material thereon.
Inventors: |
Schroth; James G.; (Troy,
MI) ; Verbrugge; Mark W.; (Troy, MI) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Schroth; James G.
Verbrugge; Mark W. |
Troy
Troy |
MI
MI |
US
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS
LLC
DETROIT
MI
|
Family ID: |
49154960 |
Appl. No.: |
13/435593 |
Filed: |
March 30, 2012 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
205/172 ; 164/75;
205/171; 205/188; 205/322; 205/324; 205/333 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B22D 19/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
205/172 ;
205/333; 205/324; 205/322; 164/75; 205/188; 205/171 |
International
Class: |
C25D 11/04 20060101
C25D011/04; C25D 11/02 20060101 C25D011/02; C23C 28/00 20060101
C23C028/00; C25D 11/00 20060101 C25D011/00; B22D 19/00 20060101
B22D019/00 |
Claims
1. A method comprising; providing an insert having a portion
capable of being oxidized and electrochemically anodizing the
portion capable of being oxidized to provide a layer comprising an
oxidized material thereon.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the layer may have a thickness
ranging from about 100 nanometers to about 10 microns.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the layer is porous.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the insert comprises aluminum and
is electrochemically anodized in the presence of water to form a
layer of Al.sub.2O.sub.3.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the insert comprises silicon and
is electrochemically anodized in the presence of a hydrochloric
acid solution.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the insert comprises titanium and
is electrochemically anodized in the presence of HF to form a layer
of TiO.sub.2.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the layer comprises titanium oxide
tubes.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the oxide forming material
comprises tantalum.
9. A method comprising; providing an insert comprising a base body
portion comprising a metal or silicon, and electrochemical
anodizing the metal or silicon to provide a layer of oxide, on the
base body portion, and casting a product with the insert as a
portion thereof comprising flowing molten metal against the layer
of oxide and wherein the thickness and properties of the layer of
oxide are such that the molten metal does not bond to the layer of
oxide and cooling the molten metal to provide a product having the
insert received to provide coulomb damping of the product.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the insert comprises aluminum and
is electrochemically anodized in the presence of a solvent to form
a layer of alumina comprising aluminum and oxygen.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein the layer is porous.
12. The method of claim 9 wherein the insert comprises silicon and
is electrochemically anodized in the presence of a hydrochloric
acid solution.
13. The method of claim 9 wherein the insert comprises titanium and
is electrochemically anodized in the presence of HF to form a layer
of titania.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the layer comprises titanium
oxide tubes.
15. A method comprising; providing an insert having a portion not
easily capable of forming an oxide; providing an oxide forming
material on the portion not easily capable of forming an oxide by
electroplating, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, plasma
assisted metal deposition, thermal spray coating, ion implanting,
nitriding the surface thereof, or adhering or depositing a metal or
alloy foil thereto or the like; and electrochemical anodizing the
portion capable of oxidizing to provide a layer comprising an
oxidized material thereon.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the oxide forming material
comprises aluminum and is electrochemically anodized in the
presence of water to form a layer of alumina comprising alumina and
oxygen.
17. The method of claim 15 wherein the oxide forming material
comprises silicon and is electrochemically anodized in the presence
of a hydrochloric acid solution.
18. The method of claim 15 wherein the layer is porous.
19. The method of claim 15 wherein the oxide forming material
comprises titanium and is electrochemically anodized in the
presence of HF to form a layer of titania.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein the layer comprises titanium
oxide tubes.
21. The method of claim 15 where the oxide forming material
comprises tantalum.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein the oxide forming material is
electrochemically anodized in 1M H.sub.2SO.sub.4+2 wt % HF.
23. The method of claim 9 wherein the product is an automobile
component.
24. The method of claim 9 wherein the insert is constructed and
arrange to physically support itself inside of a metal casting
mold.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The field to which the disclosure generally relates to
includes inserts for use in products requiring damping products
including such inserts and methods of making and using the
same.
BACKGROUND
[0002] A number of products are subject to unwanted vibration
during operation. In some cases, such vibration produces unwanted
noise.
SUMMARY OF SELECT EXAMPLES OF THE INVENTION
[0003] One embodiment includes a method comprising providing an
insert, inlay, or cast-in-place piece having a portion thereof
capable of being oxidized, and electrochemically anodizing the
portion capable of being oxidized to form a layer of oxide material
thereon.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0004] Select examples of embodiments of the invention will become
more fully understood from the detailed description and the
accompanying drawings, wherein:
[0005] FIG. 1 is plan view of an insert for use in a vehicle brake
rotor to dampen vibration and sound by frictional movement of the
insert with respect to a cast around body portion of the brake
rotor cheek, according to one embodiment.
[0006] FIG. 2 is a plan view of a sectioned annular insert for use
in the brake rotor cheek portion of a vehicle brake rotor to dampen
vibration and sound of the brake rotor cheek, according to one
embodiment.
[0007] FIG. 3 is a plan view of an insert similar to that shown in
FIG. 1 but with through holes formed therein.
[0008] FIG. 4 is a plan view of a wire mesh annular insert for use
in a brake rotor cheek to dampen vibration and sound of the brake
rotor cheek, according to one embodiment.
[0009] FIG. 5 is a side view of an insert similar to that shown in
FIG. 1, according to one embodiment.
[0010] FIG. 6 is a side view of an alternative insert similar to
FIG. 5 wherein a wave is formed in a portion of the insert,
according to one embodiment.
[0011] FIG. 7 is a side view of an insert similar to FIG. 5 wherein
a portion of the top surface and a portion of the bottom surface
have been roughened.
[0012] FIG. 8 is a side view of an insert for coulomb or frictional
damping having a layer of oxide material thereon deposited by
electrochemical anodization.
[0013] FIG. 9 is a side view of an insert for coulomb or frictional
damping having a portion of the top surface and a portion of the
bottom surface having a foil including an oxide of the foil formed
thereon by electrochemical anodization.
[0014] FIG. 10 is a side view of an insert for coulomb or
frictional damping having a foil on its sides and on the top and
bottom surfaces including an oxide of the foil formed thereon by
electrochemical anodization.
[0015] FIG. 11 is a perspective view of an electric drive motor
housing having a portion of the housing with an insert for coulomb
or frictional damping by frictional movement of the insert with
respect to the housing.
[0016] FIG. 12 is a side view of a transmission housing having a
portion of the housing with an insert for coulomb or frictional
damping by frictional movement of the insert with respect to the
housing.
[0017] FIG. 13 is a side view of a combustion exhaust manifold
having a portion of the manifold with an insert for coulomb or
frictional damping by frictional movement of the insert with
respect to the manifold.
[0018] FIG. 14 is a side view of a combustion engine cylinder head
having a portion of the cylinder head wall with an insert for
coulomb or frictional damping by frictional movement of the insert
with respect to the wall of the cylinder head.
[0019] FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a differential case having
a portion of the case with an insert for coulomb or frictional
damping by frictional movement of the insert with respect to the
case.
[0020] FIG. 16 is a perspective view of an engine block having a
portion of the engine block with an insert for coulomb or
frictional damping by frictional movement of the insert with
respect to the engine block.
[0021] FIG. 17 is a perspective view of a rear end housing having a
portion of the housing with an insert for coulomb or frictional
damping by frictional movement of the insert with respect to the
housing.
[0022] FIG. 18 is a top view of a golf club having a portion of the
head with an insert for coulomb or frictional damping by frictional
movement of the insert with respect to the head.
[0023] FIG. 19 is a view of a baseball bat having a portion of the
bat with an insert for coulomb or frictional damping by frictional
movement of the insert with respect to the bat.
[0024] FIG. 20 is a side view of an archery bow having
stabilizer(s) having a portion of the stabilizer with an insert for
coulomb or frictional damping by frictional movement of the insert
with respect to the stabilizer.
[0025] FIG. 21 is a sectional view of a shaft having an inner
portion of the shaft being an insert for coulomb or frictional
damping by frictional movement of the insert with respect to the
shaft.
[0026] FIG. 22 is a sectional view of a shaft having an outer
portion of the shaft being a concentric insert for coulomb or
frictional damping by frictional movement of the concentric sheath
with respect to the shaft.
[0027] FIG. 23 is a sectional view of a shaft having a portion of
the shaft being an insert located between inner and outer
concentric body portions for coulomb or frictional damping by
frictional movement of the insert with respect to the inner and
outer concentric body portions of the shaft.
[0028] FIG. 24 is a sectional view of a hollow shaft having a
number of inserts located an equal concentric distance from each
other for coulomb or frictional damping by frictional movement of
the inserts with respect to the hollow shaft.
[0029] FIG. 25 is a sectional view of a hollow shaft having a
number of inserts located an equal concentric distance from each
other for coulomb or frictional damping by frictional movement of
the inserts with respect to the hollow shaft.
[0030] FIG. 26 is a perspective view of a vehicle brake rotor
having an insert located inside of the brake pad for coulomb or
frictional damping by frictional movement of the insert with
respect to the brake pad.
[0031] Other exemplary embodiments of the invention will become
apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It
should be understood that the detailed description and specific
examples, while disclosing exemplary embodiments of the invention,
are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended
to limit the scope of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SELECT EXAMPLES OF EMBODIMENTS
[0032] The following description of the embodiment(s) is merely
illustrative in nature and is in no way intended to limit the
invention, its application, or uses.
[0033] When the term "over," "overlying," "overlies," "under,"
"underlying," or "underlies" is used herein to describe the
relative position of a first layer or component with respect to a
second layer or component such shall mean the first layer or
component is directly on and in direct contact with the second
layer or component or that additional layers or components may be
interposed between the first layer or component and the second
layer or component.
[0034] One embodiment of the invention includes a method for making
an insert with a layer of oxide formed on a portion thereof
including electrochemical anodization of a portion of the insert
capable of being oxidized. The term insert as used herein includes
any component in which a metal or alloy is cast around a portion
thereof including inserts which are completely encased and enclosed
by the casting material, partially enclosed by the casting
material, or having a portion of the casting material extending
there through. An insert may be provided having a body portion. The
body portion may include a metal, ceramic, thermoplastic,
thermoset, wood, or other simple material for providing a base body
portion of an insert for casting a metal or alloy there around and
to provide coulomb damping or frictional damping. A metal or alloy
is cast around at least a portion of the insert and the portion of
the insert with the oxide formed thereon prevents bonding of the
cast material thereto. The portion of the insert having the oxide
formed thereon also provides a frictional surface for movement
against the cast portion to dissipate vibrations of a product
containing the insert reducing such vibrations and sound by coulomb
damping or frictional damping. In one embodiment, the base body
portion of the insert may include any of a variety of oxide-forming
metals or alloys, including materials such as Al, Ti, Ta, Si, and
Zr. In another embodiment, a layer of oxide forming metal or alloy
may be deposited, formed, or secured to at least a portion of the
base body of the insert. For example, in one embodiment, the base
body portion may be a metal or alloy which does not relatively
easily form an oxide, and an oxide-forming metal or alloy may be
provided on the base material, for example, but not limited to,
electroplating, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, plasma
assisted metal deposition, thermal spray coating, ion implanting,
nit riding the surface thereof, or adhering or depositing a metal
or alloy foil thereto.
[0035] In one embodiment, the layer of oxide may have a thickness
ranging from about 100 nm (nanometer) to about 10 .mu.m
(micrometers)
[0036] In one embodiment, an insert including an aluminum portion
is electrochemically anodized in the presence of a solvent that
readily provides oxygen upon electrochemical oxidation such as
water, methanol, ethanol, glycol, or other alcohols to form an
alumina layer comprising aluminum and oxygen. In one embodiment,
the layer of alumina is porous. The thickness of the alumina layer,
and pore parameters (diameter, length) may be determined largely by
the anodization conditions, such as the applied DC voltage, pH of
the acid, or time of anodization. For example, in one embodiment, a
layer of alumina may be deposited on a portion of an insert capable
of being oxidized by anodizing the portion including aluminum for
30 minutes under 60V.
[0037] In another embodiment, a portion of an insert including
titanium may be anodized in the presence of HF to produce a layer
of TiO.sub.2 on the portion of the insert capable of being
oxidized. In one embodiment, the layer includes titanium oxide
(titania) tubes. In one embodiment, the layer of titanium oxide
tubes may be formed by anodizing pure titanium foils secured to a
base body portion of the insert. In one embodiment, titanium foils
are anodized in 0.5 wt % HF solution.
[0038] Another embodiment of the invention may include providing a
base body portion of an insert comprising tantalum or a base body
portion of the insert having a layer, or foil including tantalum
thereon and electrochemically anodizing the tantalum to
Ta.sub.2O.sub.5. In one embodiment, the anodation is accomplished
in 1M H.sub.2SO.sub.4+2 wt % HF.
[0039] Another embodiment of the invention includes a method which
may including providing a base body portion of an insert including
silicon, or a base body portion of an insert having a layer or foil
thereon including silicon and anodizing the silicon in hydrochloric
acid solution to form silicon oxide (silica).
[0040] Referring now to FIG. 1, one embodiment of the invention may
include an insert 10 having an annular portion 12 and one or more
tabs 14 which may extend radially outward or inwardly from the
annular portion to support the insert in a metal casting mold. In
one embodiment, the entire surfaces of the insert may include a
metal or alloy which may be electrochemically anodized to provide
an oxide surface sufficient in thickness and character such that
cast molten metal will not bond thereto. In one embodiment, at
least a portion or all of the tabs 14 are not anodized so that cast
metal may bond thereto and seal off the annular portion of the
insert from the environment in a vehicle brake rotor.
[0041] FIG. 2 shows a sectioned annular insert for use in a vehicle
brake rotor. The sectioned annular insert may or may not include
tabs 14 as shown in FIG. 1.
[0042] FIG. 3 shows an insert for use in a vehicle brake rotor
similar to the insert of FIG. 1 but with through holes 16 formed
therein.
[0043] FIG. 4 shows an insert including an annular portion
including a wire mesh 18 formed from a plurality of interwoven
wires for use in a vehicle brake rotor cheek according to one
embodiment.
[0044] FIG. 5 is a side view of an insert such as that shown in
FIG. 1 illustrating an upper surface 22 and a lower surface 24
which may be substantially flat.
[0045] FIG. 6 illustrates an insert similar to FIG. 5 but wherein a
wave 26 is provided in a portion of the insert.
[0046] FIG. 7 illustrates an insert similar to FIG. 5 but wherein
the annular portion 12 has been roughened, for example, by
shot-blasting, shot-peening, etching, or the like prior to
anodizing the insert.
[0047] FIG. 8 illustrates an insert 10 having a base body portion
28 and a layer of oxidized material 30 thereon formed by
electrochemical anodation of a metal, alloy or silicon.
[0048] FIG. 9 illustrates an insert including a base body portion
28 which may include ceramic, wood, thermoplastic polymer,
thermoset polymer, or metal material having foils 32 including a
metal or alloy and an oxide of the metal or alloy layer 30 thereon
formed by electrochemical anodizing the foils 32. The foils 32 may
be formed on the upper surface 22 or the lower surface 24 of the
base body portion 28.
[0049] FIG. 10 illustrates an insert 10 including a base body
portion 28 having a layer of metal on top and bottom surfaces 22,
24, and side surfaces 23, 25 and a metal oxide layer formed on the
metal layer 32 by electrochemical anodizing of the metal layer
32.
[0050] Referring now to FIG. 11, one embodiment of the invention
includes a product which may include an electric drive motor
housing including a body portion 506 formed from a cast metal. An
insert 504 may be included in the housing as an inlay, or
completely enclosed in a wall of the housing. The insert 504 may
include tabs 534 as desired. The body portion 506 may be bonded to
the tabs 534 as described above.
[0051] Referring now to FIG. 12, one embodiment of the invention
may include a product 500 which may be a transmission housing
including inserts 504 which may be completely enclosed by a wall of
the transmission housing or may be provided as an inlay in the wall
of the transmission housing according to various embodiments of the
invention.
[0052] Referring now to FIG. 13, one embodiment of the invention
may include a product 500 which may be a combustion exhaust gas
manifold including inserts 504 which may be completely enclosed or
may be provided as an inlay in a wall forming the combustion engine
exhaust gas manifold.
[0053] Referring now to FIG. 14, one embodiment of the invention
may include a product 500 which may be a combustion engine cylinder
head including inserts 504 which may be completely enclosed or
provided as an inlay in a wall of the cylinder head.
[0054] Referring now to FIG. 15, one embodiment of the invention
may include a product 500 which may be a differential case
including inserts 504 which may be completely enclosed or provided
as an inlay in a wall of the differential case.
[0055] Referring now to FIG. 16, one embodiment of the invention
may include a product 500 which may be an engine block including
inserts 504 which may be completely enclosed or provided as an
inlay in a wall of the engine block.
[0056] Referring now to FIG. 17, one embodiment of the invention
may include a product 500 which may be a rear end housing for a
rear wheel drive vehicle including at least one insert 504 which
may be completely enclosed or may be provided as an inlay in a wall
of the rear end housing.
[0057] Referring now to FIG. 18, one embodiment of the invention
may include a product 500 which may include a head of a golf club
iron which may include an insert 504 therein for providing
frictional damping according to one embodiment of the invention.
The golf club may include a shaft attached to the head and the
insert 504 may be provided in the shaft in addition to or
alternatively to providing the insert 504 in the head of the golf
club. The insert 504 may provide a frictional damping means to
reduce vibration of the head and/or the shaft when the club strikes
a golf ball or the ground.
[0058] Referring now to FIG. 19, one embodiment of the invention
may include a product 500 which may be in the form of a metal
baseball bat including an insert 504 as a frictional damping means.
The frictional damping means may reduce the vibration of the
baseball bat upon striking an object such as a baseball.
[0059] Referring now to FIG. 20, one embodiment of the invention
may include a stabilizer(s) 600 for an archery bow 602 which may
comprise a metal and may include a frictional damping means such as
an insert 504 in the body portion 506 of the stabilizer 600 to
reduce the vibration of the bow and/or the bow string (not shown)
which may occur when shooting an arrow with the bow.
[0060] Referring now to FIG. 21, one embodiment of the invention
may include a shaft 500 including a frictional damping means which
may include an insert 504 as a central core and concentric metal
layer as a body portion 506. The insert 504 and the body portion
506 may be keyed to each other so that they rotate together.
[0061] Referring now to FIG. 22, one embodiment of the invention
may include a shaft 500 having a central metal core as a body
portion 506 and a frictional damping means which may include a
concentric insert 504 surrounding the body portion 506. The insert
504 and the body portion 506 may be keyed to each other so that
they rotate together.
[0062] Referring now to FIG. 23, one embodiment of the invention
may include a bearing 500 including a frictional damping means
which may include a cylindrical insert 504 surrounded by an inner
and outer concentric body portion 506 which may be made of a metal.
The bearing 500 may have a bore 604 extending there through to
receive a shaft therein. A shaft rotating in the bearing 500 may
have a destructive resonance frequency which could result in damage
to the part in which the bearing 500 is located. The insert 504
provides a frictional damping means to dissipate undesirable
vibration or osculation of the shaft.
[0063] Referring now to FIG. 24, another embodiment of the
invention may include a bearing 500 including a frictional damping
means which may include three lobe inserts 504 which may be
positioned at 60 degrees With respect to each other or at an equal
distance from each other. The inserts 504 may serve to reduce the
vibration or osculation of a shaft spinning in the bore 604 of the
bearing. Similarly, as illustrated in FIG. 25, another embodiment
may include a bearing 500 having five lobe inserts 504 equally
spaced from each other.
[0064] Referring now to FIG. 26, one embodiment of the invention
may include a vehicle brake rotor 500 which may include a body
portion 506 which may be a brake'rotor cheek 606 having a first
flat face 608 and an opposite flat face 610 for engagement with a
brake pad. The brake rotor includes a frictional damping means
which may include an insert 504 received in the brake cheek 606.
The vehicle brake rotor 500 may include a hub portion 612 attached
to the cheek 606. The hub portion 612 may include a central
aperture 614 and a plurality of bolt holes 616 for attaching the
brake rotor to a vehicle drive system.
[0065] Another embodiment of the invention includes a machine such
as a stamping machine, band saw, drill or the like which includes a
wall comprising a metal which is vibrated during operation of the
machine, and wherein the wall includes a friction damping means
including but not limited to an insert, as described above.
* * * * *