U.S. patent application number 13/830158 was filed with the patent office on 2013-09-26 for air purification system.
The applicant listed for this patent is John Robert Berry. Invention is credited to John Robert Berry.
Application Number | 20130248734 13/830158 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 49210888 |
Filed Date | 2013-09-26 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130248734 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Berry; John Robert |
September 26, 2013 |
AIR PURIFICATION SYSTEM
Abstract
This invention relates to an air purification apparatuses and
methods for air purification. The air purification apparatuses pass
air through energy beams that form one or more fields of energy
within a chamber to produce an outflow of sterilized air. In some
aspects, a charge generation system is implemented to repel
particles from the chamber walls. In some aspects, the fields of
energy extend across substantially an entirety of the cross
sectional area of the interior volume of the chamber and
longitudinally within the chamber. In some aspects, a controller is
configured to rotate a beam of collimated light energy within the
chamber at a rotational velocity corresponding to at least V/W,
wherein V is the linear velocity of a particle within the chamber
along the longitudinal axis, and W is the width of the beam of
collimated light energy.
Inventors: |
Berry; John Robert;
(Coronado, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Berry; John Robert |
Coronado |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
49210888 |
Appl. No.: |
13/830158 |
Filed: |
March 14, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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61613776 |
Mar 21, 2012 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
250/435 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61L 9/18 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
250/435 |
International
Class: |
A61L 9/18 20060101
A61L009/18 |
Claims
1. An air purification apparatus, comprising: a chamber comprising
one or more walls forming an interior volume, wherein at least one
of the walls comprises a reflective surface facing inwardly towards
the interior volume; a collimated light source configured to direct
a beam of collimated light energy into the chamber; and a charge
generation system configured to impart a charge to the one or more
walls, to repel particles contained within the interior volume from
the one or more walls.
2. The air purification apparatus of claim 1, wherein the charge
generation system is configured to impart a similar charge on the
particles within the interior volume.
3. The air purification apparatus of claim 1, wherein the charge
generation system is configured to impart a negative charge.
4. The air purification apparatus of claim 1, wherein the
collimated light source is a laser.
5. The air purification apparatus of claim 1, wherein the chamber
is cylindrical.
6. The air purification apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a
beam redirector disposed within the interior volume and configured
to rotate through a complete revolution about a rotational axis
such that the beam of collimated light energy is redirected within
the chamber during said revolution.
7. The air purification apparatus of claim 6, wherein the beam
redirector is configured to redirect the beam of collimated light
energy to form a field of collimated light energy extending across
substantially an entirety of a cross sectional area of the interior
volume and longitudinally within the interior volume.
8. The air purification apparatus of claim 7, further comprising an
energy abatement device positioned within the chamber and
configured to absorb the energy of the field of collimated light
energy.
9. The air purification apparatus of claim 6, further comprising a
controller configured to rotate the beam redirector about the
rotational axis at a rotational velocity corresponding to V/W,
wherein V is the linear velocity of a particle within the chamber
along the longitudinal axis, and W is the width of the beam of
collimated light energy.
10. The air purification apparatus of claim 1, wherein the chamber
comprises a first end and a second end configured to allow air to
flow through the interior volume from the first end to the second
end along a longitudinal axis.
11. An air purification apparatus comprising: a chamber comprising
one or more sidewalls forming an inner cross-sectional area
extended longitudinally along a longitudinal axis to form an
interior volume, each sidewall comprising an inwardly-facing
reflective surface; a collimated light source configured to direct
a beam of collimated light into the chamber; and a beam redirector
disposed within the interior volume and configured to rotate
through a complete revolution about a rotational axis such that the
beam of collimated light energy is redirected to form a field of
collimated light energy extending across substantially an entirety
of the cross sectional area of the interior volume and extending
longitudinally along the longitudinal axis.
12. The air purification apparatus of claim 11, wherein the chamber
comprises a first end and a second end configured to allow air to
flow through the chamber through the interior volume from the first
end to the second end along the longitudinal axis.
13. The air purification apparatus of claim 11, wherein the
collimated light source is a laser.
14. The air purification apparatus of claim 11, wherein the chamber
is cylindrical.
15. The air purification apparatus of claim 14, wherein the beam
redirector is disposed within an elbow of the chamber.
16. The air purification apparatus of claim 11, wherein the beam
redirector comprises an optic element with a surface comprising a
reflective material.
17. The air purification apparatus of claim 11, wherein the beam
redirector comprises an optic element with a refractive lens.
18. The air purification apparatus of claim 11, wherein the field
of collimated light energy has a substantially frustroconical
shape.
19. The air purification apparatus of claim 11, wherein a portion
of the reflective surface is oriented to be substantially
non-parallel with the longitudinal axis.
20. The air purification apparatus of claim 19, wherein the
reflective surface comprises one or more reflective grooves.
21. The air purification apparatus of claim 11, wherein the field
of collimated light energy is reflected by the inwardly-facing
reflective surface to form one or more reflected energy fields
extending longitudinally along the longitudinal axis.
22. The air purification apparatus of claim 11, further comprising
an energy abatement device positioned within the chamber and
configured to absorb the energy of the field of collimated light
energy.
23. The air purification apparatus of claim 11, further comprising
a controller configured to rotate the beam redirector about the
rotational axis at a rotational velocity corresponding to V/W,
wherein V is the linear velocity of a particle within the chamber
along the longitudinal axis, and W is the width of the beam of
collimated light energy.
24. An air purification apparatus comprising: a chamber comprising:
one or more sidewalls forming an interior volume, the one or more
sidewalls comprising one or more surfaces facing inwardly towards
the interior volume; and a first opening and a second opening
configured to allow air to flow through the interior volume from
the first opening to the second opening along a longitudinal axis;
a collimated light source configured to direct a beam of collimated
light energy into the interior volume of the chamber; a beam
redirector disposed within the interior volume and configured to
rotate through a complete revolution about a rotational axis such
that the beam of collimated light energy is redirected to form a
field of collimated light energy extending across substantially an
entirety of a cross sectional area of the interior volume during
said revolution; and a controller configured to rotate the beam
redirector about the rotational axis at a rotational velocity
corresponding to at least V/W, wherein V is the linear velocity of
a particle within the chamber along the longitudinal axis, and W is
the width of the beam of collimated light energy.
25. The air purification apparatus of claim 24, wherein the field
of collimated light energy comprises a plurality of coplanar
reflected beams.
26. The air purification apparatus of claim 24, wherein the field
of collimated light energy extends longitudinally along the
longitudinal axis.
27. The air purification apparatus of claim 24, wherein the
collimated light source is a laser.
28. The air purification apparatus of claim 24, wherein the chamber
is cylindrical.
29. The air purification apparatus of claim 24, wherein the
controller is configured to adjust the wavelength of the beam of
collimated light energy.
30. The air purification apparatus of claim 24, wherein the
controller is configured to adjust the amount of air flowing
through the chamber.
31. The air purification apparatus of claim 24, further comprising
a charge generation system configured to impart a charge to the one
or more walls, to repel similarly charged particles contained
within the interior volume from the one or more walls.
32. The air purification apparatus of claim 31, wherein the
controller is configured to adjust the amount of charge imparted to
the one or more walls.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent
Application No. 61/613,776 filed 21 Mar. 2012 under the same title.
This application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 13/249,035 filed 29 Sep. 2011, now issued U.S. Pat. No.
8,319,195, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 11/302,179 filed 12 Dec. 2005, which is a continuation-in-part
application that claims priority benefit of International
Application PCT/US2004/018772 filed on 14 Jun. 2004, designating
the United States, which claims priority benefits to U.S.
Provisional Patent Application No. 60/478,231, filed 12 Jun. 2003
and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/640,477 filed 11 Aug. 2003.
The entire disclosures of the aforementioned documents are hereby
incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND
[0002] 1. Field
[0003] This application relates generally to an air purification
apparatus and methods of air purification.
[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0005] Air circulation and purification systems are directed to the
removal of airborne particulates from the air. Airborne
particulates comprise a complex mixture of organic and inorganic
substances, bacteria, viruses and any other substances that are
small enough to become suspended in the air and atmosphere.
Exposure to airborne particulates poses dangers to humans and other
organisms because particulates may, for example, induce allergic
reactions or cause sickness. The respiratory system is the major
route of entry for airborne particulates. The deposition of
particulates in different parts of the human respiratory system
depends on particle size, shape, density, and individual breathing
patterns.
[0006] Air circulation systems, for example, air conditioning and
heating systems in buildings, aircraft, vessels and vehicles, have
been known to circulate airborne viruses and bacteria, which can
spread sickness to the occupants. Some air circulation systems in
buildings, aircraft, and automobiles use physical filters to trap
dust and other particulates. However, physical filters do not to
trap small particulates, for example, viruses and spores.
Additionally, physical filters can become clogged which in turn
decreases air flow, increasing facility costs. Also, the
accumulation of particulates on physical filters requires regular
cleaning or replacement of the filter, which can interrupt air flow
and can be expensive. In some systems, air is purified or
sterilized by irradiating the circulating air with ultraviolet
lights. One drawback of this method is that dust and particulates
collect on the emission source which reduces the intensity of the
ultraviolet light. Over time, this collection of particulates
reduces the effectiveness of the purification process.
Additionally, ultraviolet systems must slow the air to gain more
energy to pathogen exposure time to be effective. Slowing the air,
as filters also do, significantly increases energy expenses.
Therefore, it is desirable to provide a cost effective and
efficient means of sterilizing large volumes of air.
[0007] The purification of air and objects has been a common
requirement for numerous types of practices and environments. For
example, sterilized air and objects are required for hospital
surgical rooms. The practice of dentistry usually does not require
a sterile environment, but it does require the use of sterile
dental tools. The state of the art discloses various devices and
methods for achieving these objectives. However, the prior art tool
sterilization systems may not provide adequate sterilization, or
may have similar limitations as those described above generally for
air purification systems.
[0008] Additionally, recent world developments and increased
concern over biological weapons and viruses, such as the SARS
virus, or a. niger spores, has created a need for simple
apparatuses that provide a safe haven by destroying biological
pathogens as well as aerosols and suspended particulates.
Conventional technology is directed primarily towards filtration
methods for removing the above-noted micro objects. However,
filtration has its limits described above: efficiency, cost, size,
etc.
SUMMARY
[0009] The apparatuses, methods and devices of this disclosure each
have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely
responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein.
[0010] One innovative aspect of the subject matter described in
this disclosure can be implemented in an air purification
apparatus. The air purification apparatus includes a chamber
comprising one or more walls forming an interior volume, wherein at
least one of the walls comprises a reflective surface facing
inwardly towards the interior volume. The air purification
apparatus includes a collimated light source configured to direct a
beam of collimated light energy into the chamber. The air
purification apparatus includes a charge generation system
configured to impart a charge to the one or more walls, to repel
particles contained within the interior volume from the one or more
walls.
[0011] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in
this disclosure can be implemented in an air purification
apparatus. The air purification apparatus includes a chamber
comprising one or more sidewalls forming an inner cross-sectional
area extended longitudinally along a longitudinal axis to form an
interior volume. Each sidewall includes an inwardly-facing
reflective surface. The air purification apparatus includes a
collimated light source configured to direct a beam of collimated
light into the chamber. The air purification apparatus includes a
beam redirector disposed within the interior volume and configured
to rotate through a complete revolution about a rotational axis
such that the beam of collimated light energy is redirected to form
a field of collimated light energy extending across substantially
an entirety of the cross sectional area of the interior volume and
extending longitudinally along the longitudinal axis.
[0012] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in
this disclosure can be implemented in an air purification
apparatus. The air purification apparatus includes a chamber. The
chamber includes one or more sidewalls forming an interior volume.
The one or more sidewalls include one or more surfaces facing
inwardly towards the interior volume. The chamber includes a first
opening and a second opening configured to allow air to flow
through the interior volume from the first opening to the second
opening along a longitudinal axis. The air purification apparatus
includes a collimated light source configured to direct a beam of
collimated light energy into the interior volume of the chamber.
The air purification apparatus includes a beam redirector disposed
within the interior volume and configured to rotate through a
complete revolution about a rotational axis such that the beam of
collimated light energy is redirected to form a field of collimated
light energy extending across substantially an entirety of a cross
sectional area of the interior volume during said revolution. The
air purification apparatus includes includes a controller
configured to rotate the beam redirector about the rotational axis
at a rotational velocity corresponding to at least V/W, wherein V
is the linear velocity of a particle within the chamber along the
longitudinal axis, and W is the width of the beam of collimated
light energy.
[0013] Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter
described in this specification are set forth in the accompanying
drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and
advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings,
and the claims. Note that the relative dimensions of the following
figures may not be drawn to scale.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of an embodiment of an
air sterilization apparatus with a cleaning system.
[0015] FIG. 2 is a front perspective view of an embodiment of an
air sterilization apparatus with a rotating beam redirector.
[0016] FIG. 3A is a front view of the air sterilization apparatus
of FIG. 2.
[0017] FIG. 3B is a detailed view of the rotating beam redirector
shown in FIG. 3A.
[0018] FIG. 3C is another front view of the air sterilization
apparatus shown in FIG. 2.
[0019] FIG. 3D is a side cross-sectional view of the air
sterilization apparatus shown in FIG. 2.
[0020] FIG. 4A is a side perspective cross-sectional view of an
embodiment of a chamber with a field of collimated light energy
extending across an inner cross sectional area of the chamber and
longitudinally within the chamber.
[0021] FIG. 4B is a side cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a
chamber with a portion of a reflective surface that is oriented to
be substantially non-parallel with a longitudinal axis extending
through the chamber.
[0022] FIG. 4C is a detailed view of the reflective surface shown
in FIG. 4B.
[0023] FIGS. 5A and 5B are side and front views, respectively, of
an embodiment of an air sterilization apparatus configured to form
a field of energy extending across an inner cross sectional area of
the chamber and longitudinally within the chamber.
[0024] FIGS. 6A and 6B are side and front cross-sectional views,
respectively, of another embodiment of an air sterilization
apparatus configured to form a field of energy extending across an
inner cross sectional area of the chamber and longitudinally within
the chamber.
[0025] FIGS. 7A and 7B are top cross-sectional views of other
embodiments of an air sterilization apparatus configured to form a
field of energy extending across an inner cross sectional area of
the chamber and longitudinally within the chamber.
[0026] FIG. 8A is a side cross-sectional view of an embodiment of
an air sterilization apparatus configured to sterilize objects
within a chamber.
[0027] FIG. 8B is a side cross-sectional view of another embodiment
of an air sterilization apparatus configured to sterilize objects
within a chamber.
[0028] FIG. 8C is a side cross-sectional view of an embodiment of
an air sterilization apparatus that includes a plurality of the
sterilization chambers shown in FIG. 8B.
[0029] FIG. 9 is a side schematic view of another embodiment of an
air sterilization apparatus.
[0030] Like reference numbers and designations in the various
drawings indicate like elements.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0031] This application is directed to methods and apparatus for
purification of air and objects by directing a beam of energy from
an energy source into a chamber. Some embodiments use light energy
of proscribed frequencies (wavelengths), energy densities and
durations. Some embodiments use a cleaning system that repels
particles from a wall of the chamber, to allow the particles to be
impacted by the beam of energy, and to keep the reflective
surfaces, if any, within the chamber clean. Some embodiments
include a beam redirector that rotates an energy beam to form a
field of collimated light energy extending across a cross sectional
area of an interior volume of the chamber and extending
longitudinally within the chamber. Some embodiments include a
controller configured to rotate a beam redirector within the
chamber at a rotational velocity corresponding to at least V/W,
wherein V is the linear velocity of a particle within the chamber,
and W is the width of the beam of collimated light energy. Each of
these embodiments increase the likelihood of particulate within the
chamber being impacted, and thus destroyed, by the beam of energy,
or the energy field created by sweeping the beam through the
chamber. The duration and frequency of the energy exposure to the
particulate depends, in part, upon the residency period of objects
within the volume, the intensity and/or energy density of the
energy, the frequency or frequencies of the energy, the flow of air
through the chamber, and other variables that will be described in
more detail below.
[0032] Examples of possible particulates suspended in an air flow
include bacteria, viruses, toxic gases, toxic molecules, and any
other harmful particles. Exposure to a singular energy field within
the chamber, or multiple energy fields within the ventilation
chamber, destroys and neutralizes spores, bacteria, viruses,
protozoa, eukaryotes, other organics, and other particulates. The
size of the particulates may vary greatly, however substantially
all of the particulates, regardless of their size are irradiated by
at least one energy field. In some embodiments, 100% of all the
particulates, regardless of size, traveling through the air
purification apparatus collide with at least one energy field
before exiting the chamber. In other embodiments, 99.8% of all the
particulates traveling through the air purification apparatus
collide with at least one energy field before exiting the chamber.
In yet other embodiments, 99.98% of all the particulates traveling
through the air purification apparatus collide with at least one
energy field before exiting the chamber. In yet other embodiments,
99.99% of all the particulates traveling through the air
purification apparatus collide with at least one energy field
before exiting the chamber.
[0033] The air purification apparatuses described herein can be
integrated into vehicle platforms such as land vehicles, water
craft, underwater craft, and aircraft. For example, the system can
be configured to be implemented within surface ships and
submarines, for example, during a bio attack on a naval fleet.
These vehicle platforms are chosen due to their intrinsically
controlled internal environment. Using an aircraft platform as an
example, the air purification apparatus can be placed preferably
downstream of any air conditioning packs that may be present on the
aircraft, and close to the external air intake(s). The air
purification apparatuses can be located in the central
recirculation plenum or at a singular exit from that plenum so all
returned air is sterilized. Recirculated air in conventional
aircraft systems is only HEPA filtered. The chamber inlet end and
outlet end are operative coupled to the main air flow such that all
air to be delivered to the interior areas of the aircraft, e.g.,
cabin and cockpit, may pass through the air purification apparatus.
Power for the apparatus can be obtained from the aircraft power
harness, taking into account obvious requirements for voltage and
load matching. Upon activation of the air purification apparatus,
all air being delivered to the interior areas of the aircraft may
be subjected to purification. Moreover, if intelligently integrated
into the aircraft environmental controls, recirculated air can also
be subjected to re-purification thereby addressing issues of
contamination originating from within the interior areas of the
aircraft. Similar integration approaches can be taken with respect
to other vehicle platforms.
[0034] In certain embodiments of this series, the air purification
apparatus can be portable, e.g., not integrated with or part of a
permanent or semi-permanent structure (non-deployable assets). In
these embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise an air
handler, e.g., a blower having an air displacement element and a
motor, and the outlet of the chamber is adapted to fluidly couple
with a portable structure such as a container or other
transportable rigid structure, or couple with erectable structures
such as hazardous materials tents, field medical tents and related
medical temporary structures, neonatal care tents, burn recovery
tents, and other inflatable tents. Preferably, either type of
structure is relatively sealable from an external environment
whereby the apparatus provides sterilized air to the interior of
the structure and further creates/maintains some level of positive
pressure within the structure relative to the environment's
atmospheric pressure adjacent to the structure, thus minimizing the
undesirable ingress of unconditioned air. The apparatus can be
discrete from the structure whereby only a duct or similar air
transport conduit is used to operative link the apparatus to the
structure, or the apparatus can be integrated with the structure
whereby the outlet of the chamber is directly exposed to the
interior space of the structure. The optional air handler can be
located either upstream or downstream of the apparatus, depending
upon design considerations. The air purification systems described
herein, such as the portable systems, can be used within the
ventilation systems of buildings, vehicles, etc., or can be
implemented discretely, for example, to purify a single room or
enclosure.
[0035] With respect to portable air purification apparatus, it may
be desirable to have the apparatus operate off grid. In these
embodiments, the apparatus further comprises a power source. The
power source may comprise a power generator utilizing an internal
or external combustion engine to provide mechanical energy to a
suitable electrical generator, the power source may be a battery
(rechargeable or not), or the power source may be a fuel cell. For
critical applications such as military or first responder
environments, fuel cells provide a convenient and reliable means
for providing the necessary power to operate even high power lasers
and optionally air handlers.
[0036] FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of an embodiment of an
air sterilization apparatus 100 with a cleaning system 30. Cleaning
system 30 can be implemented with any of the air sterilization
apparatus described herein. Additionally, "air sterilization
apparatus" and "air purification apparatus" are used synonymously
herein. Apparatus 100 can include a chamber 10 and a source of
energy 20 configured to direct energy into the chamber 10. The
energy directed into the chamber 10 can destroy particles within
chamber 10, such as stationary particles, or particles flowing
through chamber 10.
[0037] Chamber 10 can be linear or curvilinear, and/or can have
both linear and curvilinear portions. For example, a first end 15
of the chamber 10 can be perpendicular with respect to a second end
13 of the chamber 10. The degree of curvature of the chamber 10,
and the angle between first end 15 and second end 13 may cover any
possible range. For example, the end 15 to the chamber 10 can be
oriented approximately 45 degrees from the second end 13 of the
ventilation duct.
[0038] The chamber 10 can comprise one or more sidewalls 12 that
form an interior volume 14. In some embodiments, sidewalls 12 can
comprise a sheet metal or other thin material, similar to the
ductwork within a ventilation system. However, it will be
understood that sidewalls 12 can comprise any structure that forms
the interior volume 14. For example, sidewalls 12 can comprise a
portion of a housing, manifold, block, or other structure. For
example, sidewalls 12 can comprise a portion of a larger support
structure in or on which the other components of chamber 10 are
supported or contained.
[0039] The interior volume 14 of chamber 10 can have various
cross-sectional shapes, such as the square-shape shown, to form a
square duct. The interior volume 14 can have a round
cross-sectional shape, to form a cylindrical duct, or any other
regular or irregular cross-sectional shape suitable to form an
interior volume when extended longitudinally along a longitudinal
axis 900. It will be understood that longitudinal axis 900 follows
the general shape of interior volume 14, and is not necessarily
straight. For example, the chamber 10 can form a curvilinear duct,
in which the longitudinal axis 900 follows the same curvilinear
shape longitudinally within the duct. Generally, the ends 13, 15
can include openings 13A, 15A, configured to attach to a
ventilation system and allow air to flow through the interior
volume 14 along the longitudinal axis 900, such that chamber 10
forms a portion of a ventilation duct. However, in some
embodiments, the chamber 10 can be a substantially closed chamber,
wherein ends 13, 15 include additional sidewalls to cover openings
13A, 15A. For example, chamber 10 can be configured to be used as a
sterilization apparatus for medical equipment.
[0040] The energy source 20 can comprise a collimated light source,
such as a laser or other source of non-ionizing collimated
electromagnetic radiation capable of directing a beam of collimated
light energy 22 towards a target volume, and irradiating the
volume. The energy source 20 can comprise any other type of energy
source capable of directing a beam of energy into a volume, having
a power output sufficient for achieving the intended purpose of the
apparatus and methods. Energy source 20 can provide a beam of
sufficient strength to destroy or neutralize one or more of dust
particles, pollen, pathogens, allergens, gasses, or other
particulates that are present in the flow of air through the
system. The energy source 20 may be of the continuous wave or
pulsed type, with many embodiments employing a pulsed type for
reasons well known to those skilled in the art. Depending upon the
energy density for a given application, a 10 watt CO.sub.2 laser
emitting radiation in the infrared region may be sufficient and
higher power and/or additional lasers may be employed. In some
embodiments a 15 watt laser is used, and in still other embodiments
a 60 watt laser is used. In an embodiment, the wavelength of the
laser or energy of the emitted beam(s) is selected based upon the
target species identified for neutralization. For example, in some
embodiments a wavelength ranging between approximately 1056 and
1064 microns (.mu.m) provided benefits in neutralizing certain
species, such as spores of Aspergillus niger.
[0041] The energy source 20 can be positioned outside the chamber
10, and the beam 22 can be directed through one or more openings 18
extending through sidewall 12. The opening 18 can include a
transparent optical window or other structure to prevent
contamination into chamber 10 through opening 18. The optical
window may or may not be used to redirect at least on beam through
sidewall 12. The optical window may be placed along any portion of
the chamber 10. One having skill in the art may vary the placement
of the optical window to optimize exposure of the energy field to
the inside of the chamber 10.
[0042] The optical window may be constructed out of any suitable
material known to those having skill in the art. In an embodiment,
the optical window comprises a material that allows at least one
beam 22 of energy to pass from the outside of the chamber 10 to the
inside of the chamber 10. In another embodiment, the optical window
comprises a material that allows for substantially all of the
collimated light energy to pass through the outside of the optical
window and into the chamber.
[0043] At least one of sidewalls 12 can include a reflective
surface 16, to reflect the beam 22 within chamber 10. In some
embodiments, each of sidewalls 12 includes a reflective surface 16,
to repeatedly reflect and redirect the beam 22 within chamber 10.
Other embodiments described herein provide additional ways to
further reflect and redirect the beam 22 within chamber 10.
[0044] Surface 16 may be curvilinear, rectilinear or any
combination thereof. Furthermore, a portion or the entire interior
surface 16 may have various characteristics including highly
reflective properties, surface undulations (linear or curvilinear)
or features to assist in beam scattering or intended beam
redirection. Moreover, the interior surface may be rigid or
flexible. If flexible, the surface may be acted upon by a force
(mechanical, electrical or pneumatic) to cause deflection thereof.
In certain embodiments, the deflection is cyclical and
characterized as a vibration.
[0045] The reflective surface 16 can be any layer, coating, or
other structure suitable to reflect an energy beam such as a
collimated light source. For example, the reflective surface 16 can
comprise a reflective metal, such as gold, aluminum, silver, or
nickel, reflective polymers, or other suitably reflective
materials. The one or more reflective inner walls of the chamber 10
can reflect the beam 22 so that air passing through the chamber 10
passes through multiple beams or fields of energy. One having skill
in the art may increase or decrease the length of the chamber 10 to
increase or decrease the number of fields or beams through which
air must pass before exiting the chamber 10.
[0046] Cleaning system 30 can be configured to repel particles
contained within the inner volume 14 from the sidewalls 12, to
prevent particles from settling on and accumulating on sidewalls
12. Particles that settle on sidewalls 12 may provide a focal point
for beam 22 on reflective surface 16, causing overheating and
decreasing the reflective functionality of surface 16. In some
situations, particle accumulation on sidewall 12 may cause beam 22
to burn a hole through sidewall 12, causing system contamination.
To repel particles from the sidewalls 12, cleaning system 30 can
comprise a charge generation system configured to impart a charge
on one or more of sidewalls 12, for example, to surface 16. The
charge can be provided at a similar polarity as the particles
within chamber 10. For example, it has been observed that particles
flowing within a ventilation system may naturally form a charge,
such as a negative charge. Thus, charge generation system 30 can
employ a similar charge to sidewalls 12 as the particles, such as a
negative charge, to repel the particles as described. In some
embodiments, a charge generation system can be employed to actively
charge the particles, in addition to the aforementioned natural
charge that may be formed. For example, a screen, nodes, or other
structure can be extended across or from the interior of chamber
10, and the screen or nodes can be charged with another charge
generation system, to impart the same charge to particles passing
through the screen or node field, prior to contacting and being
destroyed by beam 22. Such active charge to the particles can
further prevent particle accumulation on sidewalls 12 when
sidewalls 12 are similarly charged by charge generation system 30.
Charge generation system 30 can comprise any suitable power source,
such as battery, electrode, or other related electronic components,
capable of placing a charge on sidewalls 12. Cleaning system 30 is
very different from conventional ventilation cleaning systems, in
which the goal was to attract particles to a device mounted on a
sidewall, such as a filter or adhesive, etc., rather than repelling
them, and allowing them to continue to flow within the ductwork
being decontaminated. The sidewall charge may be provided by
redirected waste thermal energy formed within apparatus 100, or
within a system within which apparatus 100 is implemented.
[0047] FIG. 2 is a front perspective view of an embodiment of an
air sterilization apparatus 200 with a rotating beam redirector 50.
FIG. 3A is a front view of the air sterilization apparatus 200 of
FIG. 2. FIG. 3B is a detailed view of the rotating beam redirector
200 shown in FIG. 3A. FIG. 3C is another front view of the air
sterilization apparatus 200 shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 3D is a side
cross-sectional view of the air sterilization apparatus 200 shown
in FIG. 2.
[0048] Referring to FIGS. 2-3D, beam redirector 50 can comprise an
optical element 52 configured to rotate about a rotating axis 901.
The optical element 52 can rotate through a complete revolution
about the axis 901, and in some embodiments, through multiple
complete revolutions. Such rotation can be provided, for example,
through a motor 60, a motor shaft 54, and an optical element shaft
55. Any other structure suitable to impart rotational motion on
beam redirector 50 about axis 901 can be implemented, such as other
rotational actuators and the like. Optical element 52 can comprise
any suitable structure configured to redirect the beam 22 within
volume 14 of chamber 10, such as one or more suitably reflective
(e.g., planar) surfaces 56. In some embodiments, optical element 52
can comprise other reflective, refractive, transmissive, or other
structures, that can redirect a beam of light energy. In some
embodiments, optical element 52 can redirect a beam of light energy
by dispersing (e.g., bisecting) a single beam, such as a laser
beam, into two or more beams. In some embodiments, optical element
52 can change the direction of a beam of light energy by changing
the wave velocity of the beam.
[0049] The rotation of optical element 52 can allow beam 22 to be
redirected at various incident angles within chamber 10, as
illustrated schematically by the beams 22A-22F in FIG. 3A. Through
said rotation, optical element 52 can reflect and sweep beam 22
around the inner perimeter of chamber 10, and form a field of
energy 80 (FIG. 3D) that extends across the cross sectional area of
the interior volume 14. The energy field 80 will increase the
likelihood of contact between particulate matter traveling through
chamber 10 and the energy within chamber 10 provided by energy
source 20, thus increasing the sterilization effects within
chamber. The field 80 can extend at an angle that is substantially
orthogonal relative to the axis 900, or can be at an angle thereto.
In some embodiments, the field 80 can comprise an approximately
two-dimensional shape, for example, when the beams 22A-22F, and the
other reflective beams forming the field 80, are co-planar. The
embodiments of apparatus 200 shown in FIGS. 2-3D can produce a
field of energy 80 that is approximately two-dimensional.
Alternatively, the field can comprise a three-dimensional shape,
when it comprises a plurality of reflective beams that also extend
longitudinally along axis 900, as described further below.
[0050] In use, air enters the chamber 10 through the opening 13A,
and passes through energy field 80. As the air passes through
energy field 80, any particles suspended in the air, are
irradiated. Energy field 80 is generally of sufficient strength to
neutralize the particulates. Once the air exits the chamber 10
through the opening 15A, the air is substantially sterile.
[0051] Referring to FIG. 3B, a vortex 23 can be formed within a
portion of volume 14 in which the field of energy 80 formed by the
reflected and rotated beam 22 may not reach. For example, vortex 23
can be formed within portions of volume 14 that are positioned
behind optical element 52 relative to the collimated light source
20. Thus, particles longitudinally moving through chamber 10 may
not be contacted within vortex 23 by beam 22, and thus, may not be
destroyed, by beam 22. The width shown of beam 22 in FIG. 3B is for
illustrative purposes only, and to demonstrate how vortex 23 can be
formed.
[0052] Referring to FIG. 3C, to increase the likelihood of contact
between a reflection of beam 22 and a particulate within vortex 23,
at least one sidewall 12 of chamber 10 can include the reflective
surface 16. In such an embodiment, beam 22 can initially be
redirected by beam redirector 50 towards surface 16, as depicted by
beam 22G, and then reflected on the sidewall surface 16, to form
beam 22H. Beam 22H can cross vortex 23, and thus can increase the
likelihood of contact between beam 22 and particulate within vortex
23. As such, a field of energy 80 can extend across substantially
an entirety of the cross sectional area of the interior volume 14,
and contact (and destroy) an increased percentage of particles
passing therethrough. Vortex 23 can be crossed and impacted by the
energy beam when the field of energy is reflected longitudinally
down the chamber, as described further herein, and shown in the
embodiments of FIGS. 4A-7B.
[0053] Referring again to FIG. 2, a controller 70 can be employed
to control various parameters of the energy source 20, motor 60 (or
other rotational device), and cleaning system 30. Controller 70 may
control the polarity, frequency, amplitude, or other parameters of
the charge imparted by cleaning system 30 to portions of the
chamber 10. Controller 70 can control the flow velocity of the air
through the chamber 10, through control of air flow devices, such
as fans, pumps, valves, or other devices. Controller 70 may control
various characteristics of the energy source 20, such as the
amplitude, frequency, wavelength, width (e.g., diameter), or other
characteristics. Controller 70 may pulse or otherwise vary when
beam 22 is emitted from the energy source 20. For example, to
prevent errant reflection, controller 70 may interfaces with energy
source 20 to switch it on and off in synchronicity with the
operation of beam redirector 50. Controller 70 can comprise a
personal computer, or any other hardware, firmware, software, and
the like suitable to control a system such as apparatus 100.
[0054] In some embodiments, controller 70 may control the speed of
the rotation of the beam redirector 50. For example, controller 70
may control the speed of rotation of the beam redirector 50 based
upon the linear speed of a particle within the chamber 10, and the
width of the beam 22, to increase the likelihood that the beam 22
would contact (e.g., destroy) the particle within the field of
energy created during a single rotation of the beam redirector. As
such, controller 70 can be configured to rotate configured to
rotate the beam redirector 50 about the rotational axis 901 at a
rotational velocity .omega. corresponding to V/W, wherein V is the
linear velocity of a particle within the chamber along the
longitudinal axis 900, and W is the width (e.g., diameter) of the
beam of collimated light energy. Examples 1 and 2 below provide
further details on this relationship and method of controlling beam
redirector 50 with controller 70. Controller 70 can be employed
within any of the air purification apparatuses described
herein.
[0055] FIG. 4A is a side perspective cross-sectional view of
another embodiment of an air sterilization apparatus 300 with a
field of energy 80 extending across an inner cross sectional area
of a chamber 10A and longitudinally within the chamber 10A.
[0056] Chamber 10A can be similar to chamber 10 in FIGS. 1-3D, and
is shown with a cylindrical sidewall 12A for illustrative purposes
only; chamber 10A and sidewall 12A can comprise other shapes.
Sidewall 12A can include the reflective surface 16. A laser 20 and
beam redirector 50A are shown schematically; beam redirector 50A
can be similar to beam redirector 50 or the other beam redirectors
described herein. Beam redirector 50A can be configured to redirect
beam 22 from laser 20 to form an energy field 80. Energy field 80
can be similar to that formed by beam redirector 50 and redirected
beams 22A-22H in FIGS. 2-3D. In this embodiment, the beam
redirector 50A can be configured to direct beam 22 both radially
outwardly and longitudinally with respect to axis 900, such that
energy field 80 is a three dimensional energy field. For example,
energy field 80 can comprise a first portion 81 that extends both
radially outwardly and longitudinally with respect to axis 900,
until forming a second portion 82 that contacts and forms a
perimeter along an inner surface of sidewall 12A. A
three-dimensional energy field with a controlled shape such as
energy field 80 can increase the likelihood that any particulate
traveling through volume 14 will be contacted by a portion of the
energy beam 20 that forms field 80. The three-dimensional energy
field can comprise a number of different shapes, depending on the
configuration of the chamber, its sidewalls, and the beam director.
In the illustrated embodiment, energy field 80 is approximately
frustro-conically shaped.
[0057] In embodiments with reflective surface 16, energy field 80
can then be reflected off reflective surface 16 and repeated,
radially and longitudinally along axis 900 down the interior volume
14 of chamber 10A, to form one or more additional reflected energy
fields 80A, 80B, 80C. The reflective angle of the beams impacting
and reflecting from surface 16 are shown as angle .theta..sub.1.
Such repeated, reflected, three-dimensional energy fields further
increase the likelihood that any particulate traveling through
volume 14 will be contacted by a portion of the energy beam 20 that
forms fields 80A, 80B, 80C, etc. Additionally, any particulate that
is not destroyed through an initial contact with energy field 80,
will have an increased likelihood of subsequently being destroyed
by one of the subsequent, reflected energy fields. In some
embodiments, the length of the chamber is adjusted so that air
flowing through the chamber passes through five different fields of
light energy before exiting the chamber. In another embodiment, the
length of the chamber is adjusted so that air flowing through the
chamber passes through four different fields of light energy before
exiting the chamber. In another embodiment, the length of the
chamber is adjusted so that air flowing through the chamber passes
through three different fields of light energy before exiting the
chamber. In another embodiment, the length of the chamber is
adjusted so that air flowing through the chamber passes through two
different fields of light energy before exiting the chamber. In
another embodiments, as many as 19 different fields of light energy
can be reflected within the chamber, and more or less fields are
within the scope of the invention.
[0058] Embodiments of the air ventilation systems described herein
can include an energy abatement device positioned within the
chamber to limit the travel of the energy beams or fields produced
by the energy source within the chamber. For example, the energy
abatement device can prevent a portion of the energy field from
exiting the chamber of the air ventilation system and traveling
within the ventilation system to which the chamber is attached. Any
suitable material known to one having skill in the art as being
capable of absorbing beam energy may be used for the energy
abatement device, and/or the energy abatement device may be located
along any portion of an interior of the chamber.
[0059] An example of an energy abatement device 11 is illustrated
in FIG. 4A. Energy abatement device 11 can form an annular
ring-like shape that extends around an inner perimeter or
circumference of sidewall 12A. Other shapes can be used, depending
on the shape of the chamber. One or more energy abatement devices
can be employed, and the devices can be positioned at various
locations within the chamber. For example, one or more energy
abatement devices can be located at or near either or both of ends
13, 15. In some embodiments, the energy abatement device can be
fitted with one or more heat sinks. Any suitable heat sink known to
those having skill in the art may be used. The heat sink may be
further connected to device that further dissipates or redirects
the heat energy absorbed by the heat sink. It will be understood
that energy abatement device 11, or other suitable devices, can be
employed within any of the chambers and air purification
apparatuses described herein.
[0060] In some embodiments, one or more light baffles can be
extended across the inner volume of the chambers described herein.
The baffles can permit air flow thereby but occlude any direct or
indirect beam from exiting the chamber. The baffles can be
constructed from any suitable material that absorbs and/or reflects
beam energy. If the baffles absorb the energy, it may also be
desirable to include means for cooling the baffles if the air flow
rate is insufficient for the task. Examples of embodiments of light
baffles that can be implemented within the air purification
apparatuses described herein are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
8,319,195, entitled "Methods and Apparatus for Sterilization of Air
and Objects" and issued Nov. 27, 2012, the entire contents of which
are incorporated herein by reference.
[0061] In some embodiments of the air purification apparatuses
described herein, a safety mechanism can be employed to disable
energy source 20, and prevent injury, such as retina damage to a
person. For example, a shock (e.g., earthquake) sensor can be
connected to energy source 20 (or its related controller) that
deactivates energy source 20 in the event that it is subjected to
shock above a threshold. A secure light box or similar device can
be employed to prevent tampering with the airflow apparatuses
described herein, and accidental exposure to energy emitted from
energy source 20.
[0062] FIG. 4B is a side cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a
chamber 10B with a portion of the reflective surface that is
oriented to be substantially non-parallel with a longitudinal axis
extending through the chamber 10B. FIG. 4C is a detailed view of
the reflective surface shown in FIG. 4B.
[0063] Referring to FIG. 4C, the reflective surface 16 can include
a first portion 16A that extends generally along and parallel with
a longitudinal axis 900A. The longitudinal axis 900A extends
approximately longitudinally within chamber 10B, similar to axis
900 (FIG. 4B), but is shown radially offset from the center of
volume 14.
[0064] The reflective surface 16 can include a second portion 16B
oriented to be substantially non-parallel with the longitudinal
axis 900A. The depth, width, angle, or number of reflective
portions 16B may be adjusted to redirect the path of the fields of
energy 80 within chamber 10B. For example, portion 16B can allow
the entry angle .theta..sub.1 of energy field 80, defined as the
angle between energy field 80 and axis 900A, can be less than the
exit angle .theta..sub.2 of energy field 80, defined as the angle
between the reflected energy field 80A and axis 900A. Such
reduction between angle .theta..sub.1 and .theta..sub.2 can
decrease the total length L consumed by the repeated, reflected
energy fields within chamber 10B, and thus decreasing the size of
air sterilization apparatus within which chamber 10B is
implemented.
[0065] The second portion 16B can have any of a number of different
configurations. For example, the second portion 16B can extend
around some, or substantially the entirety of an inner perimeter of
chamber 10B. Second portion 16B can protrude from, or can be
recessed with respect to first portion 16A of reflective surface
16. A recessed portion 16B can reduce flow restrictions within
chamber 10B. In some embodiments, second portion 16B comprises a
groove that is recessed within reflective surface 16. It will be
understood that the second portion 16B can be implemented within
other chambers and other air purification apparatuses described
herein.
[0066] In some embodiments, both the length of the chamber and the
depth, width, and number of angled reflective portions are
configured so that air passing through the ventilation chamber must
pass through at least five, four, three, or two fields of energy
before exiting the ventilation chamber.
[0067] It will be understood that both the two and three
dimensional energy fields described herein can be formed within
various shapes and sizes of chambers, at various orientations
within the chambers, and can be formed with various embodiments of
beam redirectors. Additional embodiments of air sterilization
apparatus that can form energy fields are shown in FIGS.
5A-10C.
[0068] FIGS. 5A and 5B are side and front views, respectively, of
an embodiment of an air sterilization apparatus 400 configured to
form a three-dimensional field of energy 80 extending across an
inner cross sectional area of a chamber 10B and longitudinally
within the chamber 10B. Apparatus 400 comprises a beam redirector
50B configured to form energy field 80 within chamber 10B. Beam
redirector 50B can comprise an optical element 52A configured to
rotate about an axis, similar to optical element 52 in FIGS. 2-3D.
Element 52A can rotate about a rotating axis that is approximately
collinear with axis 900, or offset from axis 900. Optical element
52A can be configured to redirect beam 22 from energy source 20
similar to, and can be similarly configured as optical element 52
(FIGS. 2-3D). In some embodiments, optical element 52A can
implement a lens that redirects the beam 22 through refraction
instead of or in addition to reflection. The resulting shape of
field 80 can be similar as those other embodiments described
herein. Ends 13 and 15 of chamber 10B can be oriented at an angle
with respect to each other, such that chamber 10B forms an elbow.
Beam redirector 50B can positioned within the elbow, and can be
positioned internally within chamber 10B (within volume 14) or
externally to chamber 10B.
[0069] FIGS. 6A and 6B are side and front cross-sectional views,
respectively, of another embodiment of an air sterilization
apparatus 500 configured to form a three-dimensional field of
energy 80 extending across an inner cross sectional area of a
chamber 10C and longitudinally within the chamber 10C. Apparatus
500 can include a beam redirector 50C and refractive optical
element 52A, similar to beam redirector 50B and optical element 52A
shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B. In this embodiment, the beam redirector
50C can be mounted within volume 14, and can be positioned within
bent portion of chamber 10C, such as an elbow, or within a
substantially straight portion of chamber 10C. A support member 24
can extend from sidewall 12 into chamber volume 14 to provide
support to beam redirector 50C. Support member 24 can include an
inner channel 25 through which the energy beam 22 can be directed
from energy source 20. The energy beam 22 can be directed through
optical element 52A by directing beam 22 in a first direction
(e.g., downwardly as shown) from energy source 20, and then
reflected off a reflective element 53 in a second direction (e.g.,
horizontally as shown) through optical element 52A. Optical element
52A can be rotated about rotational axis 901 to form energy field
80. Optical element 52A can be rotated by a motor 60 and driveshaft
51 mounted on support member 24, or through other suitable
rotational devices and components. Support member 24 can extend
from a single side 12 of chamber 10C, or can extend from a first
side to a second side, to provide additional support and stability
to components mounted thereon. An aerodynamic element 26 can be
provided on a portion or all of the upstream and/or downstream side
of support member 24, to reduce the drag on the air being
ventilated through chamber 10C.
[0070] FIGS. 7A and 7B are top cross-sectional views of other
embodiments of an air sterilization apparatus 600 and 700,
respectively. Apparatuses 600 and 700 can include the energy source
20 and beam redirector 50, and many other similar components as
apparatus 100 shown in FIGS. 2-3D. Apparatuses 600 and 700 can be
configured such that beam 22 from energy source 20 and the axis of
rotation 901 of optical element 52 are substantially non-collinear.
Such positioning can form an angle .theta..sub.3 between beam 22
and axis 901 that is greater than zero degrees, and less than 90
degrees. Such embodiments can allow beam 22 to reflect off surface
56 of optical element 52, and travel longitudinally down inner
volume 14, to form energy field 80, and in some embodiments, form
one or more reflected energy fields 80A, etc. The angle
.theta..sub.3 between beam 22 and axis 901 can be varied, for
example, by positioning energy source 20 (and thus beam 22) at a
substantially non-orthogonal angle relative to sidewalls 12 (FIG.
7A), or positioning beam redirector 50 such that axis 901 is at a
non-orthogonal angle relative to sidewalls 12.
[0071] In some embodiments, one or more objects other than air can
be placed within the chambers of the air sterilization apparatuses
described herein. Such embodiments can allow for one or more
objects such as medical tools and the like, placed within the
chambers of the apparatus to be sterilized.
[0072] FIG. 8A is a side cross-sectional view of an embodiment of
an air sterilization apparatus 910 configured to sterilize one or
more objects within a chamber 10D. Chamber 10D can include a base
12B and a cover 12C to cover ends 15, 13, respectively, of chamber
10D. As such, chamber 10D can form a substantially enclosed
interior volume 14. A rotating beam redirector 50D can be
configured to direct beam 22 through opening 18 and form a
plurality of energy fields 180A-180C, which can reflect off surface
16, and form reflected fields 80A-80C, which can impact and thus
sterilize a tool 90 positioned on base 12B. Additionally, the
thermal energy from surfaces directly impacted by the energy fields
can flow via conduction over non-directly energy impacted surfaces,
to further achieve sterilization. In some embodiments, the optical
element 52A can be configured to rotate in the X-plane, and/or
oscillate around axis 900, to provide the energy fields and
reflected fields shown. In some embodiments, the optical element
52A can be configured to move in the Y-plane while the
aforementioned X-plane rotation/oscillation is ongoing.
[0073] FIG. 8B is a side cross-sectional view of another embodiment
of an air sterilization apparatus 1000 configured to sterilize one
or more objects within a chamber 10E. Chamber 10E can be a
substantially enclosed chamber, as shown in FIG. 8A. In this
embodiment, a rotating beam redirector 50E can be configured to
direct beam 22 through opening 18, and form a plurality of energy
fields 280A-280C, which can reflect off surface 16, and form
reflected fields 80A-80E, which can impact and thus sterilize the
tool 90 positioned on the base 12B. In some embodiments, one or
more chambers can be rotated through energy fields, so that the
entirety of the outer surface of the tool is impacted with energy
and sterilized.
[0074] FIG. 8C is a side cross-sectional view of an embodiment of
an air sterilization apparatus 1100 that includes a plurality of
the sterilization chambers 10E shown in FIG. 8B. Air sterilization
apparatus 1100 can include a plurality of stations in a conveyor,
carousel or other suitable movable multi-platform manufacturing
configuration, to allow a plurality of tools 90 in a plurality of
sterilization chambers 10E, to be sterilized consecutively by air
sterilization apparatus 1000.
[0075] FIG. 9 is a side schematic view of another embodiment of an
air sterilization apparatus 1200. Apparatus 1200 can include an
outer housing 1210, which can support and enclose an air
sterilization system 400A that is similar to system 400 shown in
FIGS. 5A-5B. A difference is that apparatus 1200 can include the
inner channel 25 to route energy beam 22 from energy source 20 to
the optical element 52A of beam redirector 50B. One or more
reflective elements can be positioned within inner channel 25, to
direct energy beam 22 therethrough. For example, the energy beam 22
can be directed (e.g., horizontally) through a first (e.g.
horizontal) section 25A of channel 25, and change direction (e.g.,
vertically) after reflecting off a first reflective element 53A.
Beam 22 can then be directed (e.g., vertically) through a second
(e.g., vertical) section 25B of channel 25, and change direction
(e.g., horizontally) after reflecting off a second reflective
element 53B. Beam 22 can then be directed (e.g., horizontally)
through a third (e.g., horizontal) section 25C of channel 25, to
optic element 52A. In this way, beam 22 can be directed into beam
redirector 50B in an orientation approximately opposite to the
direction of beam 22 from energy source 20. Beam 22 can then pass
through optic element 52A, which can be rotated to form energy
field 80, similar to apparatus 400 (FIGS. 5A-5B). By including
reflective elements 53A and 53B, and allowing for the redirection
of energy beam 22 prior to it being further redirected by beam
redirector 50B, energy source 20 can be oriented in a way that can
reduce the overall space envelope of apparatus 1200. Such
embodiments can allow for a compact, portable air sterilization
apparatus that can be employed within confined spaces, such as
windows, doors, walls, or other openings within, for example, a
dwelling or vehicle, such as an aircraft. It will be understood
that one or more reflective elements similar to elements 53A and
53B in FIG. 9, can be employed with any of the embodiments
described herein, to allow for various positionings of energy
source 20 and to orient the reflective beam 22 from the energy
source 20 in different ways.
[0076] Some embodiments of the present application relate to a
method of purifying or sterilizing air. In an embodiment, the air
purification method comprises flowing air into an interior volume
of a chamber; directing a beam of collimated light energy into the
chamber; and imparting a charge to one or more walls of the chamber
to repel particles within the interior volume from one or more
sidewalls of the chamber. Some embodiments further include
reflecting the beam of collimated light energy off at least one
sidewall. Imparting a charge can include imparting a negative
charge. Some embodiments further include imparting a similar charge
to particles within the interior volume of the chamber.
[0077] In another embodiment, the air purification method comprises
directing a beam of collimated light energy into an interior volume
of a chamber; rotating the beam of collimated light energy within
the interior volume about a rotational axis; and redirecting the
beam of collimated light energy to form a field of collimated light
energy extending across substantially an entirety of a cross
sectional area of the interior volume and extending longitudinally
along a longitudinal axis within the interior volume. Some
embodiments further comprise flowing air through an opening into
the interior volume, and from the interior volume through a second
opening. Some embodiments further comprise reflecting the field of
collimated light energy to form a reflected field of collimated
light energy extending across substantially an entirety of a cross
sectional area of the interior volume and extending longitudinally
along a longitudinal axis within the interior volume.
[0078] In another embodiment, the air purification method comprises
directing a beam of collimated light energy of width W into an
interior volume of a chamber; and rotating the beam of collimated
light energy within the interior volume about a rotational axis at
a rotational velocity corresponding to at least V/W, wherein V is
the linear velocity of a particle within the chamber along the
longitudinal axis. Some embodiments further comprise adjusting the
linear velocity of the particle within the chamber by adjusting the
amount of airflow through the chamber. In some embodiments,
rotating comprises rotating the beam of collimated light energy a
complete revolution about a rotational axis such that the beam of
collimated light energy is redirected to form a field of collimated
light energy extending across substantially an entirety of a cross
sectional area of the interior volume during said revolution. In
some embodiments, rotating further comprises extending the field of
collimated light energy longitudinally along the longitudinal axis.
Some embodiments further comprise adjusting the wavelength of the
beam of collimated light energy
[0079] As described above, the speed of the rotation of the
rotating optical element within embodiments of the air
sterilization apparatus described herein may be adjusted via any
method known to those having skill in the art, including adjustment
via the controller. The below examples illustrate that the speed of
the rotation of the optical element can be configured so that the
energy field impacts approximately 100% of any particles traveling
in the airstream.
Example 1
Cylindrical Ventilation Duct
[0080] This example discusses how the field of laser energy impacts
an increased portion, such as up to approximately 100% of the
particulates in a ventilation airstream traveling through a
cylindrical ventilation duct, such as the embodiment shown with
respect to FIGS. 4A-6B.
[0081] Those having skill in the art recognize that ventilation
systems are generally constructed to contain a laminar air flow.
Laminar air flow requires a Reynolds Number (N.sub.R) that is less
than 3,000. An N.sub.R above 3,000 will result in turbulent flow.
Note: the change from laminar to turbulent flow can be reached at
N.sub.R=2,000 and as low as N.sub.R=1,000.
[0082] For this example, we will select the highest N.sub.R that
still describes a laminar flow: 3,000. We select the worst case
scenario parameters for the example to demonstrate functionality in
the extreme and thus also the norm.
[0083] The Reynolds Number (N.sub.R) is given by:
N R = d .rho. V n = > V = N R n d .rho. ##EQU00001##
[0084] Where: d=diameter of vent (meters)
.rho. = density of air ( kg m 3 ) V = linear air flow rate within
vent ( meters second ) ##EQU00002##
[0085] n=viscosity of air (pascals.times.second)
[0086] For example purposes, the following assumption will be
made:
[0087] The temperature of air within the vent is T=20.degree.
C.=68.degree. F.
[0088] By definition, at 20.degree. C. the density of air is
.rho. = 1.204 kg m 3 ##EQU00003##
and the viscosity of air is n=0.018 m Pas=0.018.times.10.sup.-3
Pas=0.000018 Pas.
[0089] As we determined earlier the linear air flow rate is given
by
V = N R n d .rho. ##EQU00004##
[0090] Therefore, for N.sub.R=3,000
V 3 , 000 = 3000 .times. 0.018 .times. 10 - 3 Pas 0.2032 m .times.
1.204 kg / m 3 = 0.054 kg .times. s s 2 .times. m 0.2447 kg m 2 =
0.221 m / s .times. 1 ft / 0.3048 m ##EQU00005##
[0091] Thus, the maximum possible laminar air flow rate within the
vent yields a particle linear speed of:
V.sub.3,000=0.724 ft/sec=0.221 m/s
[0092] Our example will continue by setting a revolution per minute
(RPM) for the refractive window that is equivalent to the time it
takes a dimensionless particle (so used to negate a limitation of
the system by nanometer sized particles) to travel a distance
equivalent to the width of the laser beam. This will ensure that
each particulate is impacted by the laser at least once, in a
single rotation of the optical element, which forms a single energy
field. In addition, reflections of the energy field down the
reflective vent will generate further impacts for any remaining
particles not completely destroyed by a single impact with the
laser beam.
[0093] For this example, a laser beam of width 2 mm will be
used.
[0094] The time that it takes a particulate to travel the width of
this laser beam is:
T = D V = 2 mm 0.724 ft / sec = 2 .times. 10 - 3 m 0.221 m / sec =
0.00905 sec ##EQU00006##
[0095] Now, from the time that the particulate travels the width of
the beam, the optical element must rotate the beam once around the
circumference of the vent. Doing so will increase the likelihood of
any particulate passing through the "laser field" without being hit
by the laser beam; as mentioned above. The optical element must
therefore rotate at a velocity (v) of:
v = D T = circumference 0.00905 sec = 2 .pi. r 0.00905 sec = 0.6387
m 0.00905 sec = 70.57 m / s ##EQU00007##
[0096] Continuing unit's yields:
v=70.57 meter/sec.times.rev/0.6387 meter.times.60 sec/min=6,629
rev/min(rpm)
[0097] Thus, for the maximum airflow that will be found in any
laminar ventilation system, the field of laser energy created using
a 2 mm beam in an 8 inch diameter ventilation duct with a
refractive window that is rotating at 7,000 rpm will impact
approximately 100% of particulate.
[0098] Following this same example, a 1 mm beam in an 8 inch
diameter chamber rotated at approximately 12,600 rpm will impact
approximately 100% of particulate.
[0099] Also, following this example a chamber with a 6 ft diameter
and a 1 mm beam will yield
V.sub.3000=0.0245 m/s
T=0.04078 seconds
V=140.886 m/s=>V=1,471.31 rpm
Example 2
Square Ventilation Duct
[0100] This example discusses how the field of laser energy
achieves an increased impact of approximately 100% of particulate
in a ventilation airstream, for example, in a square chamber, such
as that shown in FIGS. 2-3D. Additional test results provided
elsewhere herein describe how enough energy can be imparted through
each laser/particle impact to kill each biological molecule
impacted.
[0101] Those familiar with the art recognize that ventilation
systems are constructed to contain a laminar air flow. Laminar air
flow requires a Reynolds Number (N.sub.R) that is less than 3,000.
An N.sub.R above 3,000 will result in turbulent flow. Note: the
change from laminar to turbulent flow can be reached at
N.sub.R=2,000 and as low as N.sub.R=1,000.
[0102] For this example, we will select the highest N.sub.R that
still describes a laminar flow: 3,000. We select the worst case
scenario parameters for the example to demonstrate functionality in
the extreme and thus also the norm.
[0103] The Reynolds Number (N.sub.R) for a square duct is given
by:
N R = .rho. VD H n = .rho. VL n = > V = N R n L .rho.
##EQU00008##
[0104] Where: v=linear mean velocity (meters/seconds)
.rho. = density of air ( kg m 3 ) ##EQU00009##
[0105] n=viscosity of air (pascals.times.second)
[0106] D.sub.H=Hydraulic diameter=L=length of square vent
[0107] For example purposes, the following assumption will be
made:
[0108] The temperature of air within the vent is T=20.degree.
C.=68.degree. F.
[0109] By definition, at 20.degree. C. the density of air is
.rho. = 1.204 kg m 3 ##EQU00010##
and the viscosity of air is n=0.018 m Pas=0.018.times.10.sup.-3
Pas=0.000018 Pas.
[0110] As we determined earlier the linear air flow rate is given
by:
V = N R n L .rho. ##EQU00011##
[0111] Therefore, for N.sub.R=3,000
V 3 , 000 = 3000 .times. 0.018 .times. 10 - 3 Pas 0.3048 m .times.
1.204 kg / m 3 = 0.054 kg .times. s s 2 .times. m 0.36698 kg m 2 =
0.147 m / s .times. 1 ft / 0.3048 m = 0.483 ft / s ##EQU00012##
[0112] Thus, the maximum possible laminar air flow rate within the
vent yields a particle linear speed of:
V.sub.3,000=0.483 ft/sec=0.147 m/sec
[0113] Our example will continue by setting a revolution per minute
(RPM) for the reflective plate that is equivalent to the time it
takes a dimensionless particle (used to negate a limitation of the
system by nanometer sized particles) to travel a distance
equivalent to the width of the laser beam. This will ensure that
each particulate is hit by the laser at least once. There will be a
vortex created by the plate. However, the 1.sup.st reflection off
the reflective surface of the ventilation duct will fill that
vortex space with energy thereby sterilizing it.
[0114] For this example, a laser beam of width 3 mm will be
used.
[0115] The time that it takes a particulate to travel the width of
this laser beam is:
T = D V = 3 mm 0.147 m / sec = 3 .times. 10 - 3 m 0.147 m / sec =
0.0204 sec ##EQU00013##
[0116] Now, from the time that the particulate travels the width of
the beam, the reflective plate must rotate the beam once around the
circumference of the vent. Doing so will guarantee that no
particulate will pass through the "laser field" without being hit
by the laser beam; as mentioned above. The refractive window must
therefore rotate at a velocity (v) of:
v = D T = perimeter 0.0204 sec = 4 L 0.0204 sec = 4 .times. 0.3048
m 0.0204 sec = 59.75 m / s ##EQU00014##
[0117] Continuing unit's yields:
v = 59.75 meter / sec .times. revolution / 1.2192 meter .times. 60
sec / min => 2 , 940.5 rev / min ( rpm ) ##EQU00015##
[0118] Thus, for the maximum airflow that will be found in any
square laminar ventilation system, the field of laser energy
created using a 3 mm beam in a 1 ft.times.1 ft square diameter
ventilation duct with a reflective plate that is rotating at 3,000
rpm will impact approximately 100% of particulate.
[0119] Examples 1 and 2 above can be similarly employed for other
cylindrical or square shaped chambers, or chambers of other shapes,
to increase the likelihood of particulate traveling at a given
velocity to be impacted by an energy beam in a single rotation of
the optical element. It will be understood that although Examples 1
and 2 employ laminar flow examples, higher linear speed velocities
creating turbulent flows (such as in laboratory exhaust plumes) can
be similarly purified and/or sterilized through similar use of beam
width, beam director rotational velocity, and linear velocity of a
particle within a ventilation system air stream.
[0120] All references cited herein are incorporated herein by
reference in their entirety. To the extent publications and patents
or patent applications incorporated by reference contradict the
disclosure contained in the specification, the specification is
intended to supersede and/or take precedence over any such
contradictory material.
[0121] Many modifications and variations of this invention can be
made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be
apparent to those skilled in the art. The specific embodiments
described herein are offered by way of example only and are not
meant to be limiting in any way. It is intended that the
specification and examples be considered as exemplary only.
* * * * *