U.S. patent application number 13/788408 was filed with the patent office on 2013-09-19 for use of lipo-chitooligosaccharides to initiate early flowering and fruit development in plants and related methods and compositions.
This patent application is currently assigned to Novozymes Biologicals Holding A/S. The applicant listed for this patent is NOVOZYMES BIOLOGICALS HOLDING A/S. Invention is credited to Chunquan CHEN, Ewa Maria Cholewa, John David McIver, Birgit Carolyn Schultz, Yang Yang.
Application Number | 20130244879 13/788408 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 33310892 |
Filed Date | 2013-09-19 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130244879 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
CHEN; Chunquan ; et
al. |
September 19, 2013 |
USE OF LIPO-CHITOOLIGOSACCHARIDES TO INITIATE EARLY FLOWERING AND
FRUIT DEVELOPMENT IN PLANTS AND RELATED METHODS AND
COMPOSITIONS
Abstract
The present invention relates to the use of LCOs in initiating
earlier flowering, increased number of buds and flower buds and
earlier fruit development in non legume and legume plants, as
compared to flowering and fruit development under conditions
without use of LCOs, and the enhancement of plant growth and yield
associated therewith; to compositions comprising an effective
amount of at least one LCO and agriculturally acceptable carriers,
associated with earlier flowering, increased bud and flower numbers
and earlier initiation of fruit development as compared to
conditions without use of LCOs, and with increased growth and plant
yield; and to methods using LCOs and compositions of one or more
LCOs and agriculturally acceptable carriers, associated with
earlier flowering initiation, increased bud and flower numbers and
earlier fruit development in both legume and non-legume crop plants
as compared to conditions without use of LCOs and associated
enhancement of growth and yield.
Inventors: |
CHEN; Chunquan; (Cambridge,
CA) ; Cholewa; Ewa Maria; (North Bay, CA) ;
McIver; John David; (Dundas, CA) ; Schultz; Birgit
Carolyn; (Lancaster, CA) ; Yang; Yang;
(Guelph, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
NOVOZYMES BIOLOGICALS HOLDING A/S |
Bagsvaerd |
|
DK |
|
|
Assignee: |
Novozymes Biologicals Holding
A/S
Bagsvaerd
DK
|
Family ID: |
33310892 |
Appl. No.: |
13/788408 |
Filed: |
March 7, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10554028 |
Jun 30, 2006 |
8415275 |
|
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PCT/CA04/00606 |
Apr 22, 2004 |
|
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13788408 |
|
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|
60464455 |
Apr 22, 2003 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
504/292 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01N 63/10 20200101;
Y02A 40/10 20180101; A01N 43/16 20130101; Y02A 40/143 20180101;
A01N 43/16 20130101; A01N 25/00 20130101; A01N 63/10 20200101; A01N
25/00 20130101; A01N 63/10 20200101; A01N 25/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
504/292 |
International
Class: |
A01N 43/16 20060101
A01N043/16 |
Claims
1.-5. (canceled)
6. A method for initiating early fruiting in a plant comprising
applying to the plant an effective amount of a
lipo-chitooligosaccharide (LCO) after seeding, whereby the plant
initiates early fruiting as compared with an untreated plant.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the plant initiates early
fruiting one week after the LCO is applied.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the plant initiates early
fruiting two weeks after the LCO is applied.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the plant initiates early
fruiting three weeks after the LCO is applied.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the plant initiates early
fruiting four weeks after the LCO is applied.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the LCO is applied to the
foliage of the plant.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the plant is selected from the
group consisting of tomato, Arabidopsis thaliana, Marigolds,
pepper, strawberries and hot pepper.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the plant is tomato.
14. A method for initiating early flowering in a plant comprising
applying to the plant an effective amount of a
lipo-chitooligosaccharide (LCO) after seeding, whereby the plant
initiates early flowering as compared with an untreated plant.
15. The method of claim 9, wherein the plant initiates early
flowering one week after the LCO is applied.
16. The method of claim 9, wherein the plant initiates early
flowering two weeks after the LCO is applied.
17. The method of claim 9, wherein the plant initiates early
flowering three weeks after the LCO is applied.
18. The method of claim 9, wherein the plant initiates early
flowering four weeks after the LCO is applied.
19. The method of claim 9, wherein the LCO is applied to the
foliage of the plant.
20. The method of claim 9, wherein the plant is selected from the
group consisting of tomato, Arabidopsis thaliana, Marigolds,
pepper, strawberries and hot pepper.
21. The method of claim 9, wherein the plant is tomato.
Description
RELATED METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation application of U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 10/554,028, filed Jun. 30, 2006,
allowed, which is a U.S. National Phase Application under 35 U.S.C.
.sctn.371 of International Patent Application No.
PCT/CA2004/000606, filed Apr. 22, 2004, which claims priority to
U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/464,455, filed Apr. 22,
2003, the contents of all of which are incorporated by reference in
their entireties for all purposes.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates generally to the fields of
horticulture including but not limited to flowers, fruits,
vegetables, nuts, turfgrass, herbs, spices, ornamental shrubs and
trees, aquatic plants and mushrooms grown outdoors or in
greenhouses or indoors for both commercial or personal use and
agriculture and more specifically to the use of
Lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and compositions thereof to
induce early flowering, increase the number of buds and flowers,
initiate earlier fruiting, earlier maturity and increase yields in
plants and to methods of inducing earlier flowering and initiation
of earlier fruiting in plants by exposure to LCOs and compositions
of same.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] There is a growing interest in the role of LCOs and
compositions thereof for enhancement of plant seed germination,
seedling emergence and growth of plants both for crop and
horticultural purposes in both legumes and non-legumes.
Compositions for accelerating seed germination and plant growth are
provided in Application No. PCT/CA99/00666, published Feb. 3, 2000,
WO 00/04778, all contents of which are incorporated herein by
reference. There is also an interest in the possible effects of
LCOs in plant photosynthesis and PCT/CA00/01192, published Apr. 19,
2001, WO 01/26465 A1 describes the use of LCOs and compositions of
LCOs for increasing plant photosynthesis. Chemical structures of
LCOs are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,175,149; 5,321,011 and
5,549,718. Synthetic LCOs are also known.
[0004] There is great interest in the field of agricultural
research, particularly in the field of plant growth promoters, of
plant physiological processes which may be affected by LCOs.
Prithiviraj et al, Planta (2003) 216:437-445 discuss certain
observed induced physiological changes in both host and non-host
plants by LCOs, all contents of which is incorporated herein by
reference.
[0005] LCOs are known to be released by Rhizobia, symbiotic
bacteria primarily of the genera Generarhizobium, Bradyrhizobium,
Sinorhizobium, Mesorhizobium and Azorhizobium and the like, the
Rhizobiacese family being in a state of taxonomic flux. Both of the
aforesaid International applications summarize current
understanding of the specialized symbiotic relationship of Rhizobia
with legume host plants in the formation of nodule organs and
associated fixation of atmospheric nitrogen within these organs, as
well as the plant to bacteria signal and bacteria to plant signal
interaction associated with such symbiotic relationship.
[0006] Although there is a considerable body of knowledge on the
influence of LCOs on typical host plant physiology, there is a
growing interest in the effect of LCOs on plant growth with respect
to both host and non-host plants, particularly by application of
the molecule without necessarily the fostering of a micro-organism
and plants symbiotic relationship.
[0007] The body of knowledge relating to the possible role of LCOs,
in both host and non-host plants and on processes associated with
plant growth promotion continues to grow, with particular practical
interest in the effects of LCOs on plant physiology and processes
relevant to increase plant yields, not only with respect to
commonly considered crop plants, both host and non-host, but also
with respect to horticulture species.
[0008] Thus, there continues to be a need to study the effects of
LCOs on plant growth, in addition to processes relating to
nodulation and nitrogen fixation in legume host plants and to
germination, emergence and photostimulation in both legume and
non-legume plants. In particular, there is a need to study the
effect of LCOs on bud and flowering initiation, budding, fruiting
initiation and development, generally in relation to growth and
maturity of plants, both leguminous and non-leguminous and the
affect on plant yields. The present invention endeavours to address
these and other needs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The present invention relates to the use of LCOs in
initiating early flowering and budding, increased flowering and
budding and earlier fruit development in non-legume and legume
plants, as compared to flowering and fruit development under
conditions without use of LCOs, and the enhancement of plant growth
and yield associated therewith. The present invention also relates
to agricultural compositions comprising an effective amount of at
least one LCO and agriculturally acceptable carriers, associated
with early flowering and budding, increased flowering and budding,
earlier plant maturity and earlier initiation of fruit development
as compared to conditions without use of LCOs, and with increased
growth and plant yield. The present invention further relates to
methods using LCOs and compositions of one or more LCOs and
agriculturally acceptable carriers, associated with earlier
flowering initiation and budding, increased flowering and budding
and earlier plant maturity and earlier fruit development in both
legume and non-legume crop plants as compared to conditions without
use of LCOs and otherwise associated enhancement of growth and
yield, and all as exemplified herein below.
[0010] Surprisingly, the compositions of the present invention
affect not only legume varieties but also a wide and divergent
variety of non-legume plants, including crop plants and
horticultural and bedding plant species in the initiation of
earlier flowering and budding, increased flowering and budding,
earlier maturity and earlier fruit development, and increased
yield, as compared to conditions where LCOs are not applied and all
as exemplified herein below.
[0011] According to the present invention, in both legume and
non-legume plants, the administration of an effective amount of LCO
or LCOs, or of composition of one or more LCOs with agriculturally
suitable carriers, initiates buddy and/or flowering at an earlier
stage, increases total bud and/or flower numbers and also causes
earlier fruit development and plant maturity as compared to
conditions without use of LCOs, including an associated increase in
yield. Administration of LCOs for such purpose may be by leaf or
stem application, or application in the proximity of the seed, root
or plant. Such methods are non-limiting and may include other
methods, which would be understood by the skilled person, including
by administration of micro-organisms known to release LCOs in the
proximity of a plant seed, or seedling in any stage of emergence,
or in the proximity of a plant, including in the vicinity of the
root and root hairs. The same would be with respect to application
of LCOs independent of the micro-organisms known to release such
molecules.
[0012] Thus, in accordance with a further embodiment of the present
invention, there is provided a method for the initiation of earlier
flowering, increased budding and flowering and earlier fruit
development and plant maturity in non-legume and legume plants
associated with the growth and yield of a plant, comprising the
treatment of a plant with an effective amount of one or more LCOs
or a composition comprising an agriculturally effective amount of
one or more LCOs in association with an agriculturally suitable
carrier or carriers, wherein the effective amount has the effect of
initiating earlier flowering and/or budding and/or increased bud
and/or flower number and/or earlier fruit development and/or plant
growth and/or yield, as compared to an untreated plant, and all as
exemplified herein below. Suitable LCOs for use according to the
present invention include the LCOs as identified in the aforesaid
International applications and patents.
[0013] Compositions of the present invention will be understood to
include in their scope, one or more different LCO molecules, as
well as comprising one or more types of molecules other than LCO,
including, without limitation, one or more plant to bacteria
molecule and/or other molecules or agents known to promote growth
or fitness and mixtures of such compositions.
[0014] The inventors and applicant herein are the first to show, as
exemplified in the greenhouse and field experiments set out
hereafter, that a composition comprising an LCO can have a
significant affect on both legume and non-legume plants by
initiating early bud and/or flowering, increased bud and/or
flowering and earlier fruit development and/or yield, as compared
to conditions without use of LCOs, and the enhancement of plant
maturity, growth and yield associated therewith. Non-limiting
examples of crop plants include dicotyledons and monocotyledons and
legumes. From the aforesaid experiments and as set out below, it
can be predicted that such results will apply to crop,
horticultural and personal use plants, legumes and non-legumes,
including, but not limited to, flowers, fruits, vegetables, nuts,
tubers, turf grass, herbs, spices, ornamental shrubs and trees,
aquatic plants and mushrooms grown in field or greenhouse for
agricultural, commercial and personal use. In view of the plants
exemplified herein and the results, the skilled person will
appreciate, can adapt the teaching of the present invention to a
diversity of plants, both legume and non-legume, for crop,
horticultural and personal use, including but not limited to,
plants of the families: Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Solonaceae,
Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Cucurbitaceae and
Poaceae.
[0015] The term "LCO" as used herein, will be understood as
reference in general to a Nod factor which is under control of at
least one modulation gene common to rhizobia, that is bacterial
strains which are involved in a nitrogen fixing symbiotic
relationship with a legume, and which serve as
micro-organism-to-plant phytohormones which induce the formation of
nodules in legumes and enable the symbiotic microorganisms to
colorize said plant modules. LCOs are understood to comprise
derivatives of an oligosaccharide moiety, including fatty acid
condensed at one end thereof. Non-limiting examples of LCOs are
described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,175,149; 5,321,011 and 5,549,718. The
instant invention is demonstrated in particular with LCOs from
Bradyrhizobium japonicum, but it not so limited.
[0016] The uses, compositions and methods of the present invention
will be understood to include initiation of early bud and/or
flowering and/or increased flowering and/or budding and/or earlier
fruit development and/or enhanced plant maturity and/or plant
growth and yield under both sub optimal or limiting and
non-limiting environmental conditions associated therewith. Such
sub optimal or limiting environmental conditions include but are
not limited to liming or sub optimal conditions of heat, water pH,
soil nitrogen concentrations and the like.
[0017] An effective amount of LCO will be understood to relate to
uses, compositions and methods of the present invention wherein the
amount is sufficient to manifest statistically significant earlier
budding and/or flowering and/or increased flowering and/or budding
and/or earlier fruit development and/or enhanced maturity and/or
plant growth and yield associated therewith.
[0018] By proximity of seed, root or plant will be understood to
relate to any location of seed, root or plant wherein soluble
materials or compositions of the present invention will be in
actual contact with said seed, root or plant.
[0019] By bud or budding will be understood conditions consistent
with stem swelling consisting of overlapping immature leaves or
petals. By flowering will be understood the process or state of
producing one or more flower.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0020] The invention having been generally described above, the
accompanying figures will now be referenced in the discussion of a
preferred embodiment of the invention, as set out in the examples
which follow, in which:
[0021] FIG. 1 shows the effect of LCO dose and timing on fruit set
of Cobra tomatoes; (Same data as table 2)
[0022] FIG. 2 shows the effect of LCO dose and timing on fruit
number of Cobra tomatoes; (Same data as table 2)
[0023] FIG. 3 shows the effect of LCO dose and timing on flower
number of Cobra tomatoes; (Same data as table 1)
[0024] FIG. 4 shows the effect of LCO dose and timing on flower
number of Cobra tomatoes; (Same data as table 1)
[0025] FIG. 5 shows the effect of LCO dose on number of flower of
Cobra tomatoes; (Same data as table 3)
[0026] FIG. 6 shows the effect of LCO dose on the number of fruit
of Cobra tomatoes; (Same data--as table 4)
[0027] FIG. 7 shows the effect of LCO dose on yield of fruit of
Cobra tomatoes; (Same data as table 5)
[0028] FIG. 8 shows the effect of LCO on tomato plant
flowering;
[0029] FIG. 9 shows the effect of LCO on induction of flowering in
Arabidopsis thaliana;
[0030] FIG. 10 shows the effect of LCO on induction of flowering in
Arabidopsis thaliana;
[0031] FIG. 11 shows the effect of LCO dose on the yield of fruit
per plant, in tomato plant application.
[0032] FIGS. 12A and 12B show (A) Total No. of tomatoes produced
using single application of LCO at various levels, and (B) Total
No. of tomatoes produced using double application of LCO at various
levels.
[0033] FIGS. 13A and 13B show (A) Yield per plant over control from
a single application of LCO at various levels (1 to 1000 ng/plant),
and (B) yield response due to 2nd application of LCO.
[0034] FIG. 2-1: LCO foliar application enhanced early flowering
and total flower number in greenhouse tomatoes.
[0035] FIG. 2-2: LCO foliar application enhanced early fruiting and
total fruit number in greenhouse tomatoes.
[0036] FIG. 2.3: Effect of LCO application on earlier flowering and
number of flowers in Marigolds.
[0037] FIG. 2.4: Effect of LCO application on fruit number of
strawberries.
[0038] FIG. 2.5: Effect of LCO soil application on cherry tomato
early fruit numbers.
[0039] FIG. 2.6: LCO application promoted tomato early fruit
number.
[0040] FIG. 2.7: LCO application promoted tomato early fruit.
[0041] FIG. 2.8: Cumulative harvested fruit number from tomato
plants when 50 ng/plant LCO was applied once at variable growing
stages.
[0042] FIG. 2.9: Cumulative harvested fruit yield from tomato
plants when 50 ng/plant LCO was applied once at variable growing
stages.
[0043] FIG. 2.10: Effect of LCO application on advancement of hot
pepper early flowering.
[0044] FIG. 2.11: Effect of LCO application on advancement of hot
pepper fruiting.
[0045] Other objects, advantages and features of the present
invention will become more apparent upon reading of the following
description of preferred embodiments, which is non-restrictive, and
with reference to the accompanying figures, which is exemplary and
should not be interpreted as limiting the scope of the present
invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0046] The following experiments are reported herein, conducted to
study the effect of application of LCO on the initiation of
flowering and fruit development of a host plant under both
greenhouse and field conditions.
Trials 1 and 2: Effect of LCO on Greenhouse Tomato
[0047] Two experiments on the application of LCO to Tomatoes have
been undertaken
Trial 1:
[0048] Cobra (a hybrid cultivar) was used to examine optimum
application dose between 10 and 100 ng/plant at one or two
applications and the LCO delivery medium. The levels chosen were
the extremes of beneficial doses determined previously in tomato
field trials. The delivery media tested were LCO in water, Apex and
centrifuged Apex. The first application of LCO was made 10 days
after transplanting. When applied a second time it was 2 weeks
after the first application.
[0049] The following parameters were tested: leaf number, plant
height, number of cluster, number of flower, number of fruit.
Observations were made continuously for approximately a two-month
period, at one-week intervals until plant growth was limited by pot
bound roots.
[0050] A statistically significant difference in early yield was
noted between 50 ng LCO treatment applied twice and the untreated
control (see Table 5, FIG. 7, Fruit weight). Other levels of
application were not significantly better in yield than control.
There was statistically significant effect between 50 ng LCO
treatment and control on fruit weight of Cobra. 50 ng treatment
showed more uniform results in different delivery media. The
increase of early yield by 50 ng LCO showed the potential ability
of LCO applied as a growth enhancer on tomatoes.
[0051] There was no statistical difference between treatments on
flower number and number of fruit set at any time point. However,
the double application of 50 ng LCO per plant provided a
numerically higher flower number earlier and also delivered the
best early yield. Similarly, there was no significant difference on
number of fruit among LCO treatments. Fruits appeared 48 days after
transplanting and 38 days after first application of treatments and
24 days after second application of treatments. Plants in LCO 10 ng
treatment showed slightly higher number of fruit than other
treatments and than control.
[0052] Examination of the first graph in Trial 1 (FIG. 5, Table 3)
indicates a 4-5 day advance of flowering over control and the
second graph demonstrates an 8-9 day advance in early fruiting over
control (horizontal separation between treatment lines). Early
fruiting must arise from earlier flowering.
[0053] There was no significant difference on number of flowers
among LCO treatments. Flower buds appeared 30 days after
transplanting and 20 days after first application of treatments.
Flowers started to open 40 days after transplanting, and 30 days
after first application of treatments. The plants in 50 ng LCO
treatment had more flowers than other treatments and control at 21%
and 14% on January 15 and January 22. On the other days, the number
of flower was similar among treatments and control.
Trial 2:
[0054] The Cobra variety was used to re-examine optimal doses of
LCO. The concentrations tested were 50 ng and 75 ng LCO per plant,
applied once (2 weeks after transplanting) and twice (4 weeks after
transplanting). The sample number was increased to 20 plants.
[0055] At 50 ng/plant there was a significant difference from
control on number of flowers over the first three observations
(Table 1) (see Dose & timing on Flower No. Cobra Trial 2).
Later, treatment significance on flowering was lost but this is to
be expected because of the flowering characteristics of the tomato
plant. Examination of the Flower number data for Cobra Trial 2,
(FIGS. 3 and 4) indicates an advance in flowering of some 3 days
for 50 ng treatment attaining same flower number as control. On
fruit number the 50 ng LCO treatment applied twice showed
significantly higher numbers over control for the first 4 weeks.
The higher fruit number (Table 2) (see histogram for Fruit number
Cobra Trial 2) arises from earlier flowering. The graph for Dose
and Timing on Fruit Set Cobra Trial 2 (FIGS. 1 and 2) demonstrates
that a 50 ng/plant application twice, advances equivalent fruit
numbers by 2 weeks over control.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 The Effect of Different LCO Concentrations
on Flower Number of Cobra Tomatoes in Greenhouse Studies Flower
Flower Flower Flower Flower Flower Number/ Number/ Number/ Number/
Number/ Number/ Plant Plant Plant Plant Plant Plant Treatment (Feb.
28) (Mar. 7) (Mar. 14) (Mar. 21) (Mar. 28) (April 4) LCO 50 ng once
0.0 b 2.5 ab 7.4 ab 14.55 23.95 32.45 LCO 50 ng twice 0.2 a 3.2 a
8.4 a 16.0 25.15 32.2 LCO 75 ng once 0.0 b 2.85 ab 7.35 ab 14.2
21.4 28.0 LCO 75 ng twice 0.0 b 3.25 a 7.35 ab 15.4 23.35 31.0
Surfactant 0.0 b 1.9 b 5.8 b 12.85 21.65 32.0 500 ppm once
Significance* P = 0.0006 P = 0.03 P = 0.05 P = 0.168 P = 0.156 P =
0.368 *There is significant different when P < 0.05 Notes;
Seeding: Jan. 6, Transplanting: Feb. 7, First Application: Feb. 21,
Second Application: Mar. 7, 2003 (Greenhouse Tomato Cobra)
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 The Effect of Different LCO Concentrations
on Fruit Number of Cobra Tomatoes in Greenhouse Studies Fruit Fruit
Fruit Fruit Number/ Number/ Number/ Number/ Plant Plant Plant Plant
Treatments (Mar. 14) (Mar. 21) (Mar. 28) (April 4) LCO 50 ng once
0.05 b 0.25 d 0.525 c 1.3 b LCO 50 ng twice 0.75 a 1.8 a 2.025 a
2.5 a LCO 75 ng once 0.45 ab 0.9 bc 1.15 bc 1.45 b LCO 75 ng twice
0.6 ab 1.0 b 1.325 ab 1.9 ab Surfactant 500 ppm 0.1 b 0.4 cd 0.7 bc
1.4 b once Siginificance* P = 0.03 P < 0.0001 P < 0.0001 P =
0.01 *There is significant different when P < 0.05 Notes:
Seeding: Jan. 6, Transplanting: Feb. 7, First Application: Feb. 21,
Second Application: Mar. 7, 2003.
Results: Effect of LCO Dose on Greenhouse Tomato (Cobra)
[0056] The cobra seedlings were transplanted 32 days after seeding,
the first application was 10 days thereafter, the second
application was 14 days after the first application. The fruits
were harvested 6 weeks after the second application.
Results: Effect of LCO Dose on Greenhouse Tomato (Cobra)
TABLE-US-00003 [0057] TABLE 3 Number of Flowers/Plant Date
Treatment Dec. 30 Jan. 07 Jan. 15 Jan. 22 Jan. 31 Control 0.7 2 4.2
5.8 8.9 10 ng 1.2 2.4 4.4 5.6 8.1 50 ng 0.97 2.5 5.2 6.7 8.7 100 ng
0.9 2.2 4.4 6.2 8.7 Mean 0.9426 2.275 4.55 6.075 8.6
[0058] There was no significant difference on number of flowers
among LCO treatments. Flower buds appeared 30 days after
transplanting and 20 days after first application of treatments.
Flowers started to open 40 days after transplanting, and 30 days
after the first application of treatments. The plants with a 50 ng
LCO treatment had more flowers than other treatments and control at
21% and 14% on January 15 and January 22.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Number of Fruit/Plant Date Treatments Jan.
07 Jan. 15 Jan. 22 Jan. 31 Control 0.1 1.6 2 2.7 10 ng 0.3 1.8 2.1
2.5 50 ng 0.33 2.2 2.5 2.9 100 ng 0.37 1.7 2.1 2.6 Mean 0.275 1.825
2.175 2.675 Notes; See Table 3 above.
[0059] LCO application at all levels advanced early fruit set,
three to four weeks after application. The optimal application was
approximately 50 ng per plant.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Fruit Weight (Gram/Plant) Treatments Base 0
ng 10 ng 50 ng 100 ng Water 92.81 96.11 108.99 88.57 Bacterial
Camer 74.14 97.97 103.32 66.26 Bacterial Supernatent 61.65 67.2
100.48 109.13 Mean 76.2 87.09 104.26 87.99 Notes; See Table 3
above.
[0060] There was statistically significant effect between 50 ng LCO
treatment and control on fruit weight of Cobra. 50 ng treatment
showed more uniform result in different delivery medium. The
increase of early yield by 50 ng LCO showed the potential ability
of LCO applied as a growth enhancer on tomatoes. Water was the
optimal carrier for LCO application in this study.
Experiments 1 and 2
Summary of the Experiment: Effect of LCO on Tomato Flowering
[0061] Two experiments were performed to investigate effect of LCO
on plant's flowering using greenhouse-grown tomato plants.
[0062] In general, LCO induced early flowering in both experiments
(FIGS. 8 and 9).
Experiment 1:
[0063] LCO treatment induced flowering in 25% more plants as
compared to control at day I of assessment. This increase was
sustained thorough out experiment, reaching 35% difference at day 4
of assessment. LCO treatment caused a 3 day-shift in time of
flowering, i.e., over 80% of LCO treated plants flowered 3 days
earlier than control, non-treated plants. Early flowering will
initiate earlier fruit set and subsequent earlier fruit
development, which in turn leads to higher yield of tomatoes.
Experiment 2:
[0064] Initial assessment of tomato flowering confirmed again that
LCO treatment induces early flowering in tomatoes. Initially, there
is a 10% difference between LCO treated plants and control. This
difference increased to 20% by day 3 of assessment. Initial data
obtained in this experiment confirms findings from previous one and
further supports claim that LCO treatment incuses early flowering
in plants.
Experiments 3 and 4
Summary of the Experiment: Effect of LCO on Flowering in
Arabidopsis Thaliana
[0065] Two experiments were performed to investigate effect of LCO
on plant's flowering using experimental model plant Arabidopsis
thaliana.
[0066] In general, LCO induced early flowering in both experiments
(FIGS. 9 and 10).
[0067] Plants were treated with various a range of LCO
concentrations. It was found that treatment with 10''.sup.7 Molar
the most effective in induction of flowering. The LCO treated
plants reached over 80% of plants with open flowers 4 days earlier
than control, surfactant treated plants. LCO induced faster and
more uniform flowering.
Experiment 5: Foliar Application Of LCO to Bedding Plants
[0068] This is a growth room study. Seeds of garden plant species
were selected on the basis of seed-purchase popularity (Norseco,
Montreal), grown in trays of Pro-Mix (NB. trademarked name) Seeding
Medium, and at some size were transplanted into trays of 36 and 32
wells containing the same medium. Growth proceeded under lights in
the growth room.
[0069] Some 2 weeks before expected flowering, 16 young plants were
sprayed with each of various levels of LCO leaving control plants
untreated. The results are presented in Table 5A on bud formation
and where possible opened flowers.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 5A Effect of LCO Application on ornamental
plants Total Number Total Number of Impatiens of Marigold
Treatments buds buds Untreated Control 68 26 buds and 1 flower 20
ml/16 plants of 10.sup.-7M 71 26 buds and 0 flower LCO application
50 ml/16 plants of 3 .times. 10.sup.-8M 66 34 buds and 3 flower LCO
application 20 ml/16 plants of 10.sup.-9M 85 24 buds and 1 flower
LCO application 20 ml/16 plants of 10.sup.-8M 65 25 buds and 2
flower LCO application
[0070] It was also noted that with Marigolds all the LCO treatments
produced some plants with 3 flower buds and the 50 ng treatment had
some (2) with 4 flower buds per plant. No untreated control plant
had more than 2 buds per plant.
Trial 3: Flowering and Yield Benefit from Foliar Application of
LCO
Summer Field Trial at Macdonald College Research Farm
[0071] An investigation was conducted to examine whether foliar
applications of LCO led to increased yield in tomato crop
production. To determine concentrations or strengths to be
applicable, testing was conducted with a logarithmic increase in
strength from 1 nanogram (ng) to 1000 ng/plant sprayed once, and on
half, twice.
[0072] The trial results are presented in the following FIGS. 11-13
and Tables 6 and 7. The parameter of interest was ripened fruit
which was harvested 2 or 3 times a week, recording each time, both
fruit weight and number of fruit per set of replicates. It was
known that fruit arise from pollinated flowers and that an increase
in the one leads to the other. FIG. 11 records, cumulative
harvested (red) fruit per treatment. For the single LCO application
it will be seen that the 10 and 100 ng/plant treatments have
advanced fruiting by some 10 days over control (horizontal
separation in weeks). That advance has allowed the plant to bear
and ripen more fruit over the season for these treatments (see FIG.
11 note height over control and Tables 6 and 7 for actual weights
and numbers harvested). Table 6 and FIG. 12 record harvested weight
and numbers of ripened fruit over season and it can be seen that
the average weight of the tomatoes is not different between
treatments and control. Thus the increase in harvested weight was
due to an increase in numbers harvested, in agreement with actual
enumeration. Table 7 and FIG. 13 demonstrate that the yield
increase over the season was a statistically significant 17% for
single application of 10 ng LCO/plant and agrees with Table 6 where
numbers for this application were similarly increased--some
20%.
[0073] Fruit numbers in treated plants are increased by 17%-20%
arising from a similar increase in numbers of flowers able to be
pollinated.
[0074] From FIG. 11 there is a shift to earlier flowering when
plants are treated with LCOs at specific concentrations, the
concentrations required for physiological change being typical of a
phytohormone where a very narrow range of concentration at very low
concentrations is of benefit--higher and lower concentrations have
no effect.
[0075] Second applications are similar in trend but less clear in
analysis because the second application led to a later increase in
unharvestable green fruit stopped from ripening by impending frost.
This would not be a problem in greenhouse operations where this
indeterminate plant continues to yield over many months as long as
root fed.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 6 LCO on Tomatoes Yield in Kg and Numbers
Cumulative Yield (kg) to Increase in Sept 23. Total No. of Tomatoes
Average Wt of Tomato No. of Harvest Total weight for 24 plants per
treatment in Gms Tomatoes No. of Applications LCO Applied LCO
Applied LCO Applied LCO Applied LCO Applied LCO Applied from 1 to 2
ng LCO per plant once Twice once Twice once Twice applications 1
57.7200 63.8760 300 321 0.192 0.199 21 10 72.2240 74.1720 363 374
0.199 0.198 11 100 65.4720 67.0000 351 343 0.187 0.195 -8 1000
62.6760 71.0120 326 361 0.192 0.197 35 control - water 61.3840
65.8880 309 328 0.199 0.201 19
Conclusions
[0076] 1 Treatments did not alter size of tomatoes [0077] 2
Treatments determined the number of tomatoes and therefore yield
[0078] 3 All doses over 10 ng LCO per plant increased yield total
number [0079] 4 Between 10 and 100 ng appears to be the best
application rate [0080] 5 Double application did not improve yields
significantly over a single application
TABLE-US-00008 [0080] TABLE 7 LCO on Tomatoes Cumulative yield data
to Sept 23 Each data point is the average of 4 randomized rows,
each of 6 plants Yield in Kg per plant Cumulative Harvest to Sept
23. Applied Applied Yield increase Yield Percent Yield Harvest once
Twice over Control Increase inc. over Control No. of Applications
(24 plant (24 plant Applied Applied for 2 nd Applied Applied ng LCO
per plant Average) Average) once Twice Application once Twice 1 Not
as good as Control 0.0000 -- 0.00 -- -- 10 3.0093 3.0905 0.4517
0.3452 0.08 17.7% 12.6% 100 2.7280 2.7917 0.1703 0.0463 0.06 6.7%
1.7% 1000 2.6115 2.9588 0.0538 0.2135 0.35 2.1% 7.8% control -
water 2.5577 2.7453 -- -- 0.19 -- --
Experiment 6: Foliar Application of LCO at Variable Growth
Stages
TABLE-US-00009 [0081] TABLE 2-1 Response Of Tomato Fruit Yield To
LCO Foliar Application At Variable Growth Stages Weight Average %
of Fruit on (kg) per 24 Weight Fruit # % weight vs. LCO Applied
Time 24 plants plants (g/fruit) vs. control control 10 DATP* (7/4)
1276ab 150.88ab 118.2 28.63 10.8 20 DATP (7/15) 1260ab 163.78ab
130.0 27.02 20.3 30 DATP (7/25) 1199abc 160.11ab 133.5 20.87 17.6
40 DATP (8/8) 1318ab 155.89ab 118.3 32.86 14.5 50 DATP (8/18)
1115bc 154.62ab 138.7 12.40 13.6 10 + 20 DATP (7/4 + 7/15) 1125bc
153.43ab 136.4 13.41 12.7 10 + 20 + 30 DATP 1282ab 161.89ab 126.3
29.23 18.9 (7/04 + 7/15 + 7/25) 10 + 20 + 30 + 40 DATP 1191abc
152.50ab 128.0 20.06 12.0 (7/4 + 7/15 + 7/25 + 8/7) 10 + 20 + 30 +
40 + 50 DATP 1373a 174.07a 126.8 38.41 27.8 (7/4 + 7/15 + 7/25 +
7/8 + 8/18) Untreated control (UC) 992c 136.15b 137.3 0 0
Significance at 5% Yes Yes No No No *DATP standards for Days After
Transplanting
[0082] Tomato seedlings (6-leaf stage) were transplanted in
farmland. The plants were watered on the day that they were
transplanted and whenever the soil was very dry during the season.
Fertilizer (20-20-20) was applied at 250 kg/ha to the tomato field
before transplantation. All tomato plants were supported by sticks
when they were heavily loaded with fruit. Fruit yield (in the
table) was finally cumulated at the end of the season.
[0083] Compared to the untreated control, LCO increased fruit
number (up to 38.4%) and total fruit weight (up to 27.8%). Five of
9 treatments had significantly increased fruit number over control.
For a single application of LCO, the best time is 20-40 days after
transplantation. Multiple applications led to increased fruit
yields over a single application but these results were not
significantly significant.
Experiment 7: Foliar Application of LCO on Pepper
TABLE-US-00010 [0084] TABLE 2-2 Effect Of LCO Foliar Application On
Pepper Early Fruit Maturity (Sept 17) And Final Yield (Oct 9) In
Horticulture Centre 2003. First 4 wk yield Treatments Fruit/plant
gram/plant 14 ng/plant 5.79ab 784.91ab 50 ng/plant 5.83ab 833.79ab
75 ng/plant 5.77ab 835.26ab 100 ng/plant 4.87b 694.48b 141 ng/plant
6.48a 934.83a 282 ng/plant 5.02ab 702.87b Water 4.87b 643.37b
Significant at 5% Yes Yes
[0085] 13 pepper seedlings (cv. Camelot, 6-leaf stage) were
transplanted in 2 rows per plot (3.5.times.2.5M.sup.2). The rows
were covered with 65 cm width black plastic mulch one week before
transplanting. Fertilizer (10-52-10) solution of 250 ppm was
applied into the planting hole through the mulch when transplanting
(approx. 250 ml per plant). The drip irrigation system was set to
twice a week and 4 hours each time, depending on the soil moisture.
Plants were sprayed with LCO 14 days after transplanting (5
ml/plant) and 27 days after transplanting (50 ml/plant).
[0086] LCO foliar application significantly increased fruit number
in the early stages by approximately 1 fruit per plant. Treatment
of 141 ng/plant (5 ml of 2.times.10.sup.-8M) was the best dose.
Experiment 8: Foliar Application of LCO on Corn
TABLE-US-00011 [0087] TABLE 2-3 Effect Of Foliar Application Of LCO
On Sweet Corn Ear Number Ear Average Ear Weight Marketable Length
No/ Treatments Ear/ha (kg)/ha ears/ha (cm)/ear plant 10.sup.-7M
once 65416.7 ab 4383.3 25000.0 13.12 c 0.934 10.sup.-8M once
67083.3 ab 4800.0 26250.0 13.24 bc 0.905 10.sup.-9M once 68333.3 a
4266.7 29166.7 13.68 abc 0.928 10.sup.-7M twice 70833.3 a 5000.0
30416.7 13.81 ab 0.935 10.sup.-8M twice 62083.3 ab 5150.0 30000.0
13.64 abc 0.856 10.sup.-9M twice 56666.7 bc 4033.3 25000.0 13.43 bc
0.886 Water 49166.7 c 4416.7 39583.3 14.23 a 0.760 Control
Significance P < 0.05 NS NS P < 0.05 NS
[0088] Fertilizer (36-12-18) was applied to the corn field at 500
kg/ha before seeding. A machine planter was employed to sow sweet
corn grain. Plot size was 4.times.4.5=18 M.sup.2, and 6 rows/plot.
To protect corn ears from raccoons and other animal damage, sweet
corn plants were protected with an electric fence around the plots
after silking. LCO was applied once 40 days after sowing or/and
twice, 40 days after sowing and 58 days after sowing at a rate of
200 L/ha for the first application and 300 L/ha for the second
application. Corn was harvested 80 days after sowing, from the two
middle rows and corn ears reaching 12 cm or longer were counted as
marketable.
[0089] Foliar application of LCO in the range of
10.sup.-8-10.sup.-7M significantly increased total number of sweet
corn ears. Total ear weight and marketable ear number were not
increased by the treatments in these experiments as it was
necessary to harvest the crop before all were fully ripened.
Experiment 9: Effect of LCO on Grain Corn Yield
TABLE-US-00012 [0090] TABLE 2-4 Effect of foliar application of LCO
on the fresh and dry yield of grain corn Fresh Dry Yield Fresh
Yield Yield (kg/2 Dry yield Ears/2 Treatments (kg/2 rows) (kg/ha)
rows) (kg/ha) rows 10.sup.-7M once 4.40 7333.3 3.44 5730.6 37.25ab
10.sup.-8M once 4.57 7616.7 3.62 6040.4 37.00ab 10.sup.-9M once
4.75 7916.7 3.77 6275.6 39.00ab 10.sup.-7M twice 5.03 8383.3 3.96
6606.5 40.00a 10.sup.-8M twice 4.12 6866.7 3.23 5387.1 32.25bc
10.sup.-9M twice 4.55 7583.3 3.57 5953.5 37.25ab Water 4.26 7100.0
3.38 5637.6 32.00c Control Significance NS NS NS NS P < 0.05
[0091] Fertilizer (36-12-18) was applied to the corn field at a
rate of 500 kg/ha before seeding. A machine planter was employed to
plant the grain (cv. DK376, HU2650, Fludioxnil coated). To protect
corn ears from bird damage, grain corn ears in the middle two rows
were covered with plastic nets after silking. LCO was applied to
corn plants at a rate of 200 L/ha for the first application 40 days
after planting and at 400 L/ha for the second application 58 days
after planting. The two protected middle rows of plants were
harvested by a combine 152 days after planting. Ear number was
significantly increased by all treatments of LCO application over
untreated control, except for the 10.sup.-8M double application.
The total grain yield increased for all but the 10.sup.-8M double
application.
Experiment 10: Effect of LCO on Ridgetown Tomato
TABLE-US-00013 [0092] TABLE 2-5 Effect Of LCO Application On
Ridgetown Canning Tomato (The First Harvesting Data) Fruit number
(on 24 Increase vs. Fruit weight Increase vs. Treatments plants) CK
(%) (kg/24 plants) CK (%) 50-0-0 206AB 12.6% 11.916 9.9% 0-50-0
209AB 14.2% 12.598 16.2% 50-50-0 219A 19.7% 12.567 15.9% 50-75-0
199AB 8.7% 11.421 5.3% 0-50-75 191AB 4.4% 11.352 4.7% Control 183B
0 10.844 0 Significant at Yes No 5%
[0093] The experiment was conducted at Ridgetown College,
University of Guelph, Ridgetown, Ontario. Tomatoes were
transplanted in single twin rows, 7 m in length spaced 1.65 m
apart. Treatments of LCO were applied three times, two weeks before
flowering (28 days after transplant), two weeks after flowering (52
days after transplant) and six weeks after flowering (69 days after
transplant). Spray applications were applied using a specialized,
small plot research CO.sub.2 sprayer with a two-nozzled, hand-held
boom applying 200 L/ha of spray. Rates were determined based on 38
tomato plants per plot, replicated 4 times, equaling 152 plants per
treatment. Early fruit was harvested for yield evaluation on Aug.
20, 2003. LCO foliar spray applied to tomato plants at 2 weeks
before and after flowering significantly increased fruit number by
up to 20% and also increased fruit weight by up to 16%.
Experiment 11: LCO Foliar Application in Greenhouse Tomatoes
[0094] Tomatoes were seeded and transplanted into 10'' pots 30 days
later in the greenhouse. Plants were sprayed with 5 ml (50 ng) LCO
solution per plant 10 days after transplant and 14 days after
transplant (50 ng.times.2). Flowering data was collected 28 days
after transplant.
[0095] LCO improved tomato early flowering, and a 50 ng/plant
single application better than a double application. All
applications were better than control. See FIG. 2-1.
[0096] The same plants as FIG. 2-1 were sampled for fruit data 28
days after transplant.
[0097] There were no fruit seen on the control plants at this
moment, however, foliar application of LCO increased tomato early
fruit setting under greenhouse conditions. Treatment of a single 50
ng LCO application increased fruit set by approx. 1 fruit/plant.
See FIG. 2-2.
Experiment 12: LCO Application on Marigolds
[0098] Marigolds were planted in 32-cell flat and LCO was applied
foliarly to plants 4 weeks after sowing (4 flats/treatment, 1
ml/plant applied containing various levels of LCO). Data collection
started from the first flower appearing.
[0099] The higher doses of LCO (100-200 ng/plant) enhanced
flowering in the first 2 weeks after application, whereas the lower
doses (10-50 ng/plant) showed better enhancement of flower 3 weeks
after application. The best treatments advanced flowering by 2 days
and the number of flowers at 25 days by 8%. See FIG. 2-3.
Experiment 13: LCO Application on Strawberries
[0100] Field strawberries were sprayed with a foliar application of
LCO at three dosages on the same day, as set out in FIG. 2-4. Fruit
was harvested 2-3 times a week, beginning 24 days after
application.
[0101] Treatment of LCO at 10-8 M (70 ng/plant) increased early
fruit setting and fruit number 3-7 weeks after application from 7
to 30%.
Experiment 14: LCO Application on Cherry Tomatoes
[0102] Cherry tomato seedlings (5-week old) were transplanted into
5'' pots in the greenhouse. LCO solutions were prepared with water
and 50 ml/plant was applied to the soil in the pot after
transplantation. Ripened fruit (orange or red) were collected 8
weeks after transplantation.
[0103] LCO soil applied to transplanted cherry tomato enhanced
early fruit number. LCO 10 ng per plant by soil application showed
the best fruit enhancement at the early stage. See FIG. 2-5.
Experiment 15: LCO Application on Early Fruit Number and Yield
[0104] Red tomato seedlings (cv. Mountain Spring) were transplanted
at their 4-leaf stage. 7 plants in one row were transplanted in
each plot of 3.5.times.2.5M2. The row was covered with 65 cm width
black plastic mulch, one week before transplanting. Fertilizer
(10-52-10) solution of 250 pprn was applied into the planting hole
through the mulch when transplanting (approx. 250 ml/plant). the
drip irrigation system was set to twice a week and 4 hours each
time, depending on the soil moisture. Plants were sprayed with LCO
15 days after transplant (5 ml/plant) and 29 days after transplant
(20 ml/plant). Fruits were first harvested 67 days after
transplant.
[0105] LCO application significantly increased early fruit number
and weight, but did not increase the average fruit size. The
optimal application was 75 ng/plant. See FIGS. 2-6 and 2-7.
Experiment 16: LCO Application on Fruit Number and Weight at End of
Season
[0106] Tomato seedlings (6 leaf-stage) were transplanted. The
plants were watered on the day they were transplanted and whenever
the soil was very dry during the season. Fertilizer (20-20-20) was
applied at 250 kg/ha to the tomato field before transplantation.
All tomato plants were supported with sticks when they were heavily
loaded with fruit. Fruit yield was finally cumulated at the end of
the season 115 days after transplant.
[0107] Data showed the optimal application was 20-40 days after
transplantation. During this period, LCO applied once at 50 ng
increased fruit number by up to 33% and fruit weight by up to %.
See FIGS. 2-8 and 2-9.
Experiment 17: Effect of LCO on Hot Pepper Flowering and
Fruiting
[0108] 30-day old seedlings were transplanted into 5'' pots and 20
days later (20 DAT) plants received the first LCO spray at 2
ml/plant (50 ng/plant). The 2nd spray was conducted 3 weeks (41
DAT) after the first. Data was collected 5 weeks (55 DAT) after the
first LCO application.
[0109] LCO applied in single or double applications increased early
flowers up to 5% and 40% over control, respectively at 5 weeks. See
FIGS. 2-10 and 2-11.
[0110] 30-day old seedlings were transplanted into 5'' pots and 20
days later (20 DAT) plants received the first LCO spray at 2
ml/plant (50 ng/plant). The 2nd spray was conducted 3 weeks (41
DAT) after the first. Data was collected 5 weeks (55 DAT) after the
first LCO application.
[0111] LCO applied in single or double applications increased the
number of early fruits by up to 159% and 284% over control,
respectively, in 5 weeks. See FIG. 2-11.
Experiment 18: LCO Application on Legume
TABLE-US-00014 [0112] TABLE 8 Effect of LCO foliar application on
grain yield and biomass of Legumes Biomass (g/5-plant) Applied
Yield (kg/ha) Treatments Applied once twice Applied once Applied
twice LCO 1 ng 49.46 AB 55.10 AB 2563.96 AB 2673.54 AB LCO 10 ng
46.28 AB 60.11 A 2515.33 B 2385.75 B LCO 100 ng 46.87 AB 55.09 AB
2635.00 AB 2974.17 A LCO 1000 ng 47.99 AB 47.81 AB 2452.71 B
2620.42 AB Water 45.07 B 55.13 AB 2293.25 B 2421.88 B Untreated
1.1.1 N/A 1.1.2 2285.33 B control
[0113] A short heat-unit variety of soybean (cv. Nortman, HU 2425)
was planted at density of plants on the field of approx. 300 plants
per plot (500,000 plants/ha). The soybean plants were first treated
with LCO at their blooming stage 24 days after planting. The
treatment amounts of LCO (detailed above) were diluted with
distilled water to give a 2-litre solution sprayed over 4 plots of
the treatment. The second application was sprayed at the podding
stage 49 days after planting. As before, the LCO was diluted with
distilled water to 2-litre solution per 4 plots of the treatment.
The plants receiving a single application were sprayed with LCO for
the first time, whereas the plants receiving a double application
were sprayed for the second time. A CO.sub.2 pressure sprayer was
employed for this trial. The amount of fluid dispensed by the
sprayer was controlled by the nozzle size. It was calibrated with
water prior to spraying with LCO. Biomass was examined 58 days
after planting by digging out by hand 5 plants per plot. The final
yield was obtained by harvesting by combine the intact area
(2-meter long to the end) 101 days after planting. The data were
analyzed with the SAS program.
[0114] Although the present invention has been described
hereinabove by way of preferred embodiments thereof, it can be
modified, without departing from the spirit and nature of the
subject invention as defined in the claims hereafter.
* * * * *