U.S. patent application number 13/734087 was filed with the patent office on 2013-09-05 for compounds that modulate intracellular calcium.
This patent application is currently assigned to CalciMedica, Inc.. The applicant listed for this patent is CALCIMEDICA, INC.. Invention is credited to Jianguo Cao, Brian Dyck, Jonathan Grey, Yazhong Pei, Evan Rogers, Kenneth A. Stauderman, Gonul Velicelebi, Zhijun Wang, Jeffrey P. Whitten.
Application Number | 20130231344 13/734087 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 41722281 |
Filed Date | 2013-09-05 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130231344 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Velicelebi; Gonul ; et
al. |
September 5, 2013 |
COMPOUNDS THAT MODULATE INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM
Abstract
Described herein are compounds and pharmaceutical compositions
containing such compounds, which modulate the activity of
store-operated calcium (SOC) channels. Also described herein are
methods of using such SOC channel modulators, alone and in
combination with other compounds, for treating diseases or
conditions that would benefit from inhibition of SOC channel
activity.
Inventors: |
Velicelebi; Gonul; (San
Diego, CA) ; Stauderman; Kenneth A.; (San Diego,
CA) ; Whitten; Jeffrey P.; (Santee, CA) ; Pei;
Yazhong; (San Diego, CA) ; Cao; Jianguo; (San
Diego, CA) ; Wang; Zhijun; (San Diego, CA) ;
Rogers; Evan; (San Diego, CA) ; Dyck; Brian;
(San Diego, CA) ; Grey; Jonathan; (San Diego,
CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
CALCIMEDICA, INC. |
La Jolla |
CA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
CalciMedica, Inc.
La Jolla
CA
|
Family ID: |
41722281 |
Appl. No.: |
13/734087 |
Filed: |
January 4, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
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Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13050356 |
Mar 17, 2011 |
8372991 |
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13734087 |
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12548186 |
Aug 26, 2009 |
7981925 |
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13050356 |
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61158702 |
Mar 9, 2009 |
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61158710 |
Mar 9, 2009 |
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61157274 |
Mar 4, 2009 |
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61143739 |
Jan 9, 2009 |
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61142846 |
Jan 6, 2009 |
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61092364 |
Aug 27, 2008 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
514/249 ;
435/375; 514/252.02; 514/252.05; 514/255.05; 514/256; 514/300;
514/314; 514/326; 514/336; 514/365; 514/367; 514/394; 514/406;
514/414; 514/444; 544/238; 544/333; 544/353; 544/405; 546/121;
546/139; 546/167; 546/213; 546/280.4; 548/159; 548/204; 548/304.7;
548/365.7; 548/467; 549/59; 549/60 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07D 471/04 20130101;
A61P 1/04 20180101; A61P 11/06 20180101; A61P 19/00 20180101; A61P
21/04 20180101; A61P 29/00 20180101; A61P 11/00 20180101; A61P
25/28 20180101; A61P 37/02 20180101; A61P 21/00 20180101; C07D
413/14 20130101; C07D 417/12 20130101; A61P 19/10 20180101; A61P
25/00 20180101; C07D 333/38 20130101; C07D 409/12 20130101; A61P
13/12 20180101; C07D 495/04 20130101; A61P 7/06 20180101; A61P
15/00 20180101; C07D 417/14 20130101; A61P 37/00 20180101; A61P
37/06 20180101; A61P 17/06 20180101; A61P 13/10 20180101; A61P
17/00 20180101; A61P 37/08 20180101; C07D 413/12 20130101; C07D
409/14 20130101; A61P 1/16 20180101; A61P 19/02 20180101; A61P
27/02 20180101; A61P 3/10 20180101; C07D 417/04 20130101; A61P
43/00 20180101; A61P 1/00 20180101; A61P 5/14 20180101; C07D 409/04
20130101; C07D 491/048 20130101; A61P 27/14 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
514/249 ;
548/365.7; 514/406; 549/60; 514/444; 546/280.4; 514/336; 548/204;
514/365; 549/59; 544/405; 514/255.05; 548/304.7; 514/394; 548/159;
514/367; 546/167; 514/314; 546/213; 514/326; 544/333; 514/256;
548/467; 514/414; 546/139; 544/238; 514/252.05; 514/252.02;
546/121; 514/300; 544/353; 435/375 |
International
Class: |
C07D 409/04 20060101
C07D409/04; C07D 417/04 20060101 C07D417/04; C07D 471/04 20060101
C07D471/04; C07D 413/14 20060101 C07D413/14; C07D 417/14 20060101
C07D417/14; C07D 409/14 20060101 C07D409/14; C07D 333/38 20060101
C07D333/38 |
Claims
1. A compound of Formula (I): ##STR00081## wherein: A is furan,
thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole,
thiadiazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, pyrazole, pyridazine,
pyrimidine, pyrazine, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, triazole, indole,
benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole,
benzoxadiazole, benzothiadiazole, benzotriazole, pyrazolopyridine,
imidazopyridine, pyrrolopyridine, pyrrolopyrimidine, indolizine,
purine, furopyridine, thienopyridine, furopyrrole, furofuran,
thienofuran, 1,4-dihydropyrrolopyrrole, thienopyrrole,
thienothiophene, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline,
furopyrazole, thienopyrazole, 1,6-dihydropyrrolopyrazole,
C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.8cycloheteroalkyl, and
naphthyl, wherein A is each optionally substituted with at least
one R; R is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, --NO.sub.2,
--CF.sub.3, --OH, --OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, --C.ident.CH,
--C.ident.CR.sub.3, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylenealkyne,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl,
--NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3, S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)CF.sub.3, --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O)R.sub.4, N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --CO.sub.2R.sub.4,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sub.3,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sub.4).sub.2, --SR.sub.3, --S(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, and
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3; J is a bond, NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2,
S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4), --C(.dbd.O),
--C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O),
N(R.sub.4), --N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O), --CO.sub.2, --C(.dbd.O),
--OC(.dbd.O), --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sub.4), --S, --S(.dbd.O), and
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, or
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene, wherein
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, and
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene is optionally substituted with
at least one R; R.sub.1 is CO.sub.2R.sub.2 or a carboxylic acid
bioisostere, wherein R.sub.2 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6cycloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, phenyl or
benzyl; Z is O, S, NH, N--CN, or CHNO.sub.2; X is B or W-L-B,
wherein B is optionally substituted with at least one R; W is
NR.sub.2, O or a bond; L is C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, or
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene, wherein
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, and
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene is optionally substituted with
at least one R; B is C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.9heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; each R.sub.3
is independently selected from C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.8cycloalkyl, phenyl, and
benzyl; each R.sub.4 is independently selected from hydrogen,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.8cycloalkyl, phenyl, and benzyl; or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof.
2. The compound of claim 1 wherein R.sub.1 is CO.sub.2H.
3. The compound of claim 2 wherein R.sub.4 is hydrogen.
4. The compound of claim 3 wherein J is a bond and Z is O.
5. The compound of claim 4 wherein X is B.
6. The compound of claim 5 wherein B is heteroaryl.
7. The compound of claim 6 wherein heteroaryl is selected from
indole, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzofuran, benzothiazole,
benzimidazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiadiazole, benzotriazole,
pyrazolopyridine, imidazopyridine, pyrrolopyridine,
pyrrolopyrimidine, indolizine, and purine.
8. The compound of claim 7 wherein heteroaryl is benzofuran.
9. The compound of claim 8 wherein benzofuran is substituted with
at least one R selected from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, --NO.sub.2,
--CF.sub.3, --OH, --OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, --C.ident.CH, and
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl.
10. The compound of claim 8 wherein A is selected from thiophene,
thiazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, indole, benzimidazole,
benzothiazole, and isoquinoline.
11. The compound of claim 10 wherein thiophene, thiazole, pyridine,
pyrimidine, indole, benzimidazole, benzothiazole, and isoquinoline
is substituted with one R.
12. The compound of claim 11 wherein R is selected from F, Cl, Br,
I, CF.sub.3 or C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl.
13. The compound of claim 10 wherein A is pyrimidine.
14. The compound of claim 10 wherein A is benzothiazole.
15. The compound of claim 10 wherein A is isoquinoline.
16. A compound selected from: ##STR00082## ##STR00083##
##STR00084## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate,
N-oxide or prodrug thereof.
17. A compound selected from: ##STR00085## ##STR00086## or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof.
18. A compound selected from: ##STR00087## or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof.
19. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1
and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipient, carrier or
binder thereof.
20. A method of modulating store-operated calcium (SOC) channel
activity comprising contacting the SOC channel complex, or portion
thereof, with a compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
21. A method of modulating calcium release activated calcium
channel (CRAC) activity in a mammal comprising administering to the
mammal a compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
or prodrug thereof, wherein the compound of claim 1 modulates CRAC
activity in the mammal.
22. A method for treating an autoimmune disease, heteroimmune
disease or condition, or inflammatory disease in a mammal
comprising administering to the mammal a compound of claim 1 or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
23. The method of claim 22 wherein the autoimmune disease is
inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia
gravis, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, type I diabetes,
lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, osteoarthritis, scleroderma, and
autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
24. The method of claim 22 wherein the heteroimmune disease or
condition is graft-versus-host disease, graft rejection, atopic
dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, organ transplant rejection,
allogeneic or xenogenic transplantation, and allergic rhinitis.
25. The method of claim 22 wherein the inflammatory disease is
uveitis, vasculitis, vaginitis, asthma, inflammatory muscle
disease, dermatitis, interstitial cystitis, dermatomyositis,
colitis, Crohn's disease, hepatitis, and chronic relapsing
hepatitis.
26. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition in a
mammal that would benefit from inhibition of store operated calcium
channel activity comprising administering to the mammal a compound
of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug
thereof.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional
application Ser. Nos. 61/158,710, filed Mar. 9, 2009; 61/158,702,
filed Mar. 9, 2009; 61/157,274, filed Mar. 4, 2009; 61/143,739,
filed Jan. 9, 2009; 61/142,846, filed Jan. 6, 2009; and 61/092,364,
filed Aug. 27, 2008, all of which are incorporated by reference in
their entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Described herein are compounds, pharmaceutical compositions
and medicaments that include such compounds, and methods of using
such compounds to modulate store operated calcium (SOC) channel
activity.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Calcium plays a vital role in cell function and survival.
For example, calcium is a key element in the transduction of
signals into and within cells. Cellular responses to growth
factors, neurotransmitters, hormones and a variety of other signal
molecules are initiated through calcium-dependent processes.
[0004] Virtually all cell types depend in some manner upon the
generation of cytoplasmic Ca.sup.2+ signals to regulate cell
function, or to trigger specific responses. Cytosolic Ca.sup.2+
signals control a wide array of cellular functions ranging from
short-term responses such as contraction and secretion to
longer-term regulation of cell growth and proliferation. Usually,
these signals involve some combination of release of Ca.sup.2+ from
intracellular stores, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and
influx of Ca.sup.2+ across the plasma membrane. In one example,
cell activation begins with an agonist binding to a surface
membrane receptor, which is coupled to phospholipase C (PLC)
through a G-protein mechanism. PLC activation leads to the
production of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP.sub.3), which in turn
activates the IP.sub.3 receptor causing release of Ca.sup.2+ from
the ER. The fall in ER Ca.sup.2+ then signals to activate plasma
membrane store-operated calcium (SOC) channels.
[0005] Store-operated calcium (SOC) influx is a process in cellular
physiology that controls such diverse functions such as, but not
limited to, refilling of intracellular Ca.sup.2+ stores (Putney et
al. Cell, 75, 199-201, 1993), activation of enzymatic activity
(Fagan et al., J. Biol. Chem. 275:26530-26537, 2000), gene
transcription (Lewis, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19:497-521, 2001), cell
proliferation (Nunez et al., J. Physiol. 571.1, 57-73, 2006), and
release of cytokines (Winslow et al., Curr. Opin. Immunol.
15:299-307, 2003). In some nonexcitable cells, e.g., blood cells,
immune cells, hematopoietic cells, T lymphocytes and mast cells,
SOC influx occurs through calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC)
channels, a type of SOC channel.
[0006] The calcium influx mechanism has been referred to as
store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). Stromal interaction molecule
(STIM) proteins are an essential component of SOC channel function,
serving as the sensors for detecting the depletion of calcium from
intracellular stores and for activating SOC channels.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] Described herein are compounds of Formula (I), (II) or (III)
(hereinafter "compounds of Formula (I)-(III)") compositions that
include such compounds, and methods of use thereof, for modulating
intracellular calcium. In one aspect, compounds of Formula
(I)-(III) modulate intracellular calcium by inhibition of store
operated calcium channel activity. In one aspect, compounds of
Formula (I)-(III) modulate intracellular calcium by preventing the
activity of activated store operated calcium channel complexes. In
one aspect, compounds of Formula (I)-(III) inhibit activation of
store operated channels. In another aspect, compounds of Formula
(I)-(III) inhibit activation of calcium-release activated calcium
channels. In a further aspect, compounds of Formula (I)-(III)
modulate an activity of, modulate an interaction of, or modulate
the level of, or distribution of, or bind to, or interact with at
least one protein of the SOC channel complex. In one aspect,
compounds of Formula (I)-(III) modulate an activity of, modulate an
interaction of, or modulate the level of, or distribution of, or
bind to, or interact with at least one protein of the CRAC channel
complex.
[0008] In one aspect, the compounds described herein are selective
inhibitors of CRAC channel activity.
[0009] In another aspect, described herein is a compound of Formula
(I):
##STR00001##
wherein:
[0010] A is furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole,
imidazole, thiadiazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, pyrazole,
pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, oxadiazole, thiadiazole,
triazole, indole, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzothiazole,
benzimidazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiadiazole, benzotriazole,
pyrazolopyridine, imidazopyridine, pyrrolopyridine,
pyrrolopyrimidine, indolizine, purine, furopyridine,
thienopyridine, furopyrrole, furofuran, thienofuran,
1,4-dihydropyrrolopyrrole, thienopyrrole, thienothiophene,
quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, furopyrazole, thienopyrazole,
1,6-dihydropyrrolopyrazole, C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.8cycloheteroalkyl, and naphthyl, wherein A is each
optionally substituted with at least one R;
[0011] R is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, --NO.sub.2,
--CF.sub.3, --OH, --OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, --C.ident.CH,
--C.ident.CR.sub.3, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylenealkyne,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl,
--NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3, S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)CF.sub.3, --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O)R.sub.4, N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --CO.sub.2R.sub.4,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sub.3,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sub.4).sub.2, --SR.sub.3, --S(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, and
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3;
[0012] J is a bond, NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2, S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4),
--C(.dbd.O), --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O), N(R.sub.4), --N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O),
--CO.sub.2, --C(.dbd.O), --OC(.dbd.O), --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sub.4), --S,
--S(.dbd.O), and --S(.dbd.O).sub.2, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, or
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene, wherein
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, and
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene is optionally substituted with
at least one R;
[0013] R.sub.1 is CO.sub.2R.sub.2 or a carboxylic acid bioisostere,
wherein R.sub.2 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6cycloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, phenyl or
benzyl;
[0014] Z is O, S, NH, N--CN, or CHNO.sub.2;
[0015] X is B or W-L-B, wherein B is optionally substituted with at
least one R;
[0016] W is NR.sub.2, O or a bond;
[0017] L is C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, or
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene, wherein
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, and
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene is optionally substituted with
at least one R;
[0018] B is C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.9heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;
[0019] each R.sub.3 is independently selected from
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.8cycloalkyl, phenyl, and benzyl;
[0020] each R.sub.4 is independently selected from hydrogen,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.8cycloalkyl, phenyl, and benzyl; or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof.
[0021] In another embodiment, R.sub.1 is CO.sub.2R.sub.2. In yet
another embodiment, R.sub.2 is hydrogen. In a further embodiment,
R.sub.4 is hydrogen. In yet a further embodiment, J is a bond. In
one embodiment, Z is O. In another embodiment, X is W-L-B. In yet
another embodiment, W is a bond. In a further embodiment, L is
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene. In yet a further embodiment, L is
methylene, ethylene, or n-propylene. In one embodiment, L is
ethylene. In another embodiment, X is B. In yet another embodiment,
B is aryl. In a further embodiment, aryl is phenyl. In yet a
further embodiment, phenyl is substituted with one R. In one
embodiment, R is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, --NO.sub.2,
--CF.sub.3, --OH, --OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, --C.ident.CH,
--C.ident.CR.sub.3, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylenealkyne,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, and phenyl. In another embodiment,
R is selected from F, Cl, Br, and I. In yet another embodiment, B
is heteroaryl. In a further embodiment, heteroaryl is selected from
furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole,
thiadiazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, pyrazole, oxadiazole,
thiadiazole, and triazole. In yet a further embodiment, heteroaryl
is selected from indole, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzofuran,
benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiadiazole,
benzotriazole, pyrazolopyridine, imidazopyridine, pyrrolopyridine,
pyrrolopyrimidine, indolizine, and purine. In one embodiment,
heteroaryl is selected from pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, and
pyrazine. In another embodiment, heteroaryl is selected from
quinoline, isoquinoline, and quinoxaline. In yet another
embodiment, X is C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl. In a further
embodiment, C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl is selected from
cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,
dihydrocyclobutabenzene, dihydroindene, and tetrahydronaphthalene.
In yet a further embodiment, X is C.sub.2-C.sub.9heterocycloalkyl.
In one embodiment, X is substituted with at least one R selected
from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --OH, --OR.sub.3,
--OCF.sub.3, --C.ident.CH, and C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In another
embodiment, R is selected from F, Cl, Br, and I. In yet another
embodiment, R is C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In a further embodiment,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl,
n-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In yet a further embodiment, A
is C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl optionally substituted with at least
one R. In one embodiment, A is C.sub.2-C.sub.8cycloheteroalkyl
optionally substituted with at least one R. In another embodiment,
A is naphthyl optionally substituted with at least one R.
[0022] In yet another embodiment, A is furan, thiophene, pyrrole,
pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, thiadiazole, isoxazole,
isothiazole, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine,
oxadiazole, thiadiazole, triazole, indole, benzothiophene,
benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzoxadiazole,
benzothiadiazole, benzotriazole, pyrazolopyridine, imidazopyridine,
pyrrolopyridine, pyrrolopyrimidine, indolizine, purine,
furopyridine, thienopyridine, furopyrrole, furofuran, thienofuran,
1,4-dihydropyrrolopyrrole, thienopyrrole, thienothiophene,
quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, furopyrazole, thienopyrazole,
and 1,6-dihydropyrrolopyrazole. In a further embodiment, A is
substituted with at least one R. In yet a further embodiment, A is
substituted with two R. In one embodiment, A is substituted with
three R. In another embodiment, R is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, or
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In yet another embodiment,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl,
n-butyl, iso-butyl, or tert-butyl. In a further embodiment, A is
selected from furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, oxazole,
thiazole, imidazole, thiadiazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, pyrazole,
oxadiazole, thiadiazole, and triazole.
[0023] In yet a further embodiment, is a compound selected
from:
##STR00002## ##STR00003## ##STR00004##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof.
[0024] In one embodiment, A is selected from furan, thiophene,
pyrrole, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, thiadiazole,
isoxazole, isothiazole, pyrazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, and
triazole.
[0025] In another embodiment, is a compound selected from:
##STR00005## ##STR00006## ##STR00007##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof.
[0026] In yet another embodiment, A is selected from pyridine,
pyridazine, pyrimidine, and pyrazine.
[0027] In a further embodiment is a compound selected from:
##STR00008## ##STR00009##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof.
[0028] In yet a further embodiment, A is selected from pyridine,
pyridazine, pyrimidine, and pyrazine.
[0029] In one embodiment, is a compound selected from:
##STR00010## ##STR00011## ##STR00012##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof.
[0030] In another embodiment, A is selected from indole,
benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzofuran, benzothiazole,
benzimidazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiadiazole, benzotriazole,
pyrazolopyridine, imidazopyridine, pyrrolopyridine,
pyrrolopyrimidine, indolizine, and purine.
[0031] In yet another embodiment is a compound selected from:
##STR00013##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof.
[0032] In a further embodiment, A is selected from indole,
benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzofuran, benzothiazole,
benzimidazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiadiazole, benzotriazole,
pyrazolopyridine, imidazopyridine, pyrrolopyridine,
pyrrolopyrimidine, indolizine, and purine.
[0033] In yet a further embodiment, is a compound selected
from:
##STR00014## ##STR00015##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof.
[0034] In one embodiment, A is selected from quinoline,
isoquinoline, and quinoxaline.
[0035] In another embodiment, is a compound selected from:
##STR00016##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof.
[0036] In yet another embodiment, A is cyclohexyl or
heterocyclohexyl optionally substituted with at least one R.
[0037] In a further embodiment, is a compound selected from:
##STR00017##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof.
[0038] In yet another embodiment, A is cyclohexyl optionally
substituted with at least one R.
[0039] In a further embodiment, is a compound having the
structure:
##STR00018##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof.
[0040] In yet a further embodiment, A is naphthyl optionally
substituted with at least one R.
[0041] In one embodiment, is a compound selected from:
##STR00019##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof.
[0042] In another aspect is a pharmaceutical composition comprising
a compound of Formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable
diluent, excipient, carrier or binder thereof.
[0043] In another aspect is a method of modulating store-operated
calcium (SOC) channel activity comprising contacting the SOC
channel complex, or portion thereof, with a compound of Formula
(I).
[0044] In another aspect is a method of modulating calcium release
activated calcium channel (CRAC) activity in a mammal comprising
administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (I) wherein the
compound of Formula (I) modulates CRAC activity in the mammal.
[0045] In another aspect is a method of inhibiting store-operated
calcium entry (SOCE) activation of nuclear factor of activated T
cells (NFAT) in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a
compound of Formula (I) wherein the compound of Formula (I)
inhibits SOCE activation of NFAT in the mammal.
[0046] In yet another aspect is a method of decreasing cytokine
release by inhibiting the SOCE activation of NFAT in a mammal
comprising administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (I)
wherein the compound of Formula (I) decreases cytokine release in
the mammal.
[0047] In a further aspect is a method of treating a disease,
disorder or condition in a mammal that would benefit from
inhibition of store operated calcium channel activity comprising
administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (I).
[0048] In one aspect is a method for treating an autoimmune
disease, heteroimmune disease or condition, or inflammatory disease
in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a compound of
Formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug
thereof.
[0049] In one embodiment, the autoimmune disease is inflammatory
bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, multiple
sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, type I diabetes, lupus
erythematosus, psoriasis, osteoarthritis, scleroderma, and
autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
[0050] In another embodiment, the heteroimmune disease or condition
is graft-versus-host disease, graft rejection, atopic dermatitis,
allergic conjunctivitis, organ transplant rejection, allogeneic or
xenogenic transplantation, and allergic rhinitis.
[0051] In a further embodiment, the inflammatory disease is
uveitis, vasculitis, vaginitis, asthma, inflammatory muscle
disease, dermatitis, interstitial cystitis, colitis, Crohn's
disease, dermatomyositis, hepatitis, and chronic relapsing
hepatitis.
[0052] In another aspect is a method of treating a disease,
disorder or condition in a mammal that would benefit from
inhibition of store operated calcium channel activity comprising
administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (I) or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide or prodrug thereof.
[0053] In one embodiment, the disease, disorder or condition in the
mammal is selected from glomerulonephritis, hepatic diseases or
disorders, renal diseases or disorders, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, osteoporosis, eczema, pulmonary fibrosis,
thyroiditis, cystic fibrosis, and primary biliary cirrhosis.
[0054] In one embodiment, the disease, disorder or condition is
rheumatoid arthritis.
[0055] In one embodiment, the disease, disorder or condition is
psoriasis.
[0056] In one embodiment, the disease, disorder, or condition is
inflammatory bowel disease.
[0057] In one embodiment, the disease, disorder, or condition is
organ transplant rejection.
[0058] In one embodiment, the disease, disorder, or condition is
multiple sclerosis.
[0059] In one aspect is the use of a compound of Formula (I) in the
manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease,
disorder, or condition that would benefit from inhibition of store
operated calcium channel activity.
[0060] Compounds provided herein are used for modulating
intracellular calcium. In one aspect, compounds provided herein
modulate SOC channel activity. In one aspect, compounds provided
herein modulate CRAC channel activity. In another aspect, compounds
provided herein modulate STIM protein activity. In another aspect,
compounds provided herein modulate Orai protein activity. In
another aspect, compounds provided herein modulate the functional
interactions of STIM proteins with Orai proteins. In another
aspect, compounds provided herein reduce the number of functional
SOC channels. In another aspect, compounds provided herein reduce
the number of functional CRAC channels. In one aspect, compounds
described herein are SOC channel blockers. In one aspect, compounds
described herein are CRAC channel blockers or CRAC channel
modulators.
[0061] In one aspect, compounds of Formulas (I) are selective
inhibitors of CRAC channel activity.
[0062] Other objects, features and advantages of the compounds,
compositions, methods, and uses described herein will become
apparent from the following detailed description. It should be
understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific
examples, while indicating specific embodiments, are given by way
of illustration only, since various changes and modifications
within the spirit and scope of the disclosure will become apparent
from this detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0063] FIG. 1 outlines the I.sub.CRAC channel pathway.
[0064] FIG. 2 shows the typical I.sub.CRAC traces in cells stably
overexpressing human Orai1 and STIM 1 in response to the voltage
stimulus immediately after break-in, before I.sub.CRAC is
activated, and at 5 min after I.sub.CRAC is fully activated by
depletion of intracellular calcium stores.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0065] Cellular calcium homeostasis is a result of the summation of
regulatory systems involved in the control of intracellular calcium
levels and movements. Cellular calcium homeostasis is achieved, at
least in part, by calcium binding and by movement of calcium into
and out of the cell across the plasma membrane and within the cell
by movement of calcium across membranes of intracellular organelles
including, for example, the endoplasmic reticulum, sarcoplasmic
reticulum, mitochondria and endocytic organelles including
endosomes and lysosomes.
[0066] Movement of calcium across cellular membranes is carried out
by specialized proteins. For example, calcium from the
extracellular space can enter the cell through various calcium
channels and a sodium/calcium exchanger and is actively extruded
from the cell by calcium pumps and sodium/calcium exchangers.
Calcium can also be released from internal stores through inositol
trisphosphate or ryanodine receptors and can be taken up by these
organelles by means of calcium pumps.
[0067] Calcium can enter cells by any of several general classes of
channels, including but not limited to, voltage-operated calcium
(VOC) channels, store-operated calcium (SOC) channels, and
sodium/calcium exchangers operating in reverse mode. VOC channels
are activated by membrane depolarization and are found in excitable
cells like nerve and muscle and are for the most part not found in
nonexcitable cells. Under some conditions, Ca.sup.2+ can enter
cells via Na.sup.+ --Ca.sup.2+ exchangers operating in reverse
mode.
[0068] Endocytosis provides another process by which cells can take
up calcium from the extracellular medium through endosomes. In
addition, some cells, e.g., exocrine cells, can release calcium via
exocytosis.
[0069] Cytosolic calcium concentration is tightly regulated with
resting levels usually estimated at approximately 0.1 .mu.M in
mammalian cells, whereas the extracellular calcium concentration is
typically about 2 mM. This tight regulation facilitates
transduction of signals into and within cells through transient
calcium flux across the plasma membrane and membranes of
intracellular organelles. There is a multiplicity of intracellular
calcium transport and buffer systems in cells that serve to shape
intracellular calcium signals and maintain the low resting
cytoplasmic calcium concentration. In cells at rest, the principal
components involved in maintaining basal calcium levels are calcium
pumps and leak pathways in both the endoplasmic reticulum and
plasma membrane. Disturbance of resting cytosolic calcium levels
can affect transmission of calcium-dependent signals and give rise
to defects in a number of cellular processes. For example, cell
proliferation involves a prolonged calcium signaling sequence.
Other cellular processes that involve calcium signalinginclude, but
are not limited to, secretion, transcription factor signaling, and
fertilization.
[0070] Cell-surface receptors that activate phospholipase C (PLC)
create cytosolic Ca.sup.2+ signals from intra- and extra-cellular
sources. An initial transient rise of [Ca.sup.2+ ].sub.i
(intracellular calcium concentration) results from the release of
Ca.sup.2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is triggered
by the PLC product, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP.sub.3),
opening IP.sub.3 receptors in the ER (Streb et al. Nature, 306,
67-69, 1983). A subsequent phase of sustained Ca.sup.2+ entry
across the plasma membrane then ensues, through specialized store
operated calcium (SOC) channels (in the case of immune cells the
SOC channels are calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels)
in the plasma membrane. Store-operated Ca.sup.2+ entry (SOCE) is
the process in which the emptying of Ca.sup.2+ stores itself
activates Ca.sup.2+ channels in the plasma membrane to help refill
the stores (Putney, Cell Calcium, 7, 1-12, 1986; Parekh et al.,
Physiol. Rev. 757-810; 2005). SOCE does more than simply provide
Ca.sup.2+ for refilling stores, but can itself generate sustained
Ca.sup.2+ signals that control such essential functions as gene
expression, cell metabolism and exocytosis (Parekh and Putney,
Physiol. Rev. 85, 757-810 (2005).
[0071] In lymphocytes and mast cells, activation of antigen or Fc
receptors, respectively causes the release of Ca.sup.2+ from
intracellular stores, which in turn leads to Ca.sup.2+ influx
through CRAC channels in the plasma membrane. The subsequent rise
in intracellular Ca.sup.2+ activates calcineurin, a phosphatase
that regulates the transcription factor NFAT. In resting cells,
NFAT is phosphorylated and resides in the cytoplasm, but when
dephosphorylated by calcineurin, NFAT translocates to the nucleus
and activates different genetic programmes depending on stimulation
conditions and cell type. In response to infections and during
transplant rejection, NFAT partners with the transcription factor
AP-1 (Fos-Jun) in the nucleus of "effector" T cells, thereby
transactivating cytokine genes, genes that regulate T cell
proliferation and other genes that orchestrate an active immune
response (Rao et al., Annu Rev Immunol., 1997; 15:707-47). In
contrast, in T cells recognizing self antigens, NFAT is activated
in the absence of AP-1, and activates a transcriptional programme
known as "anergy" that suppresses autoimmune responses (Macian et
al., Transcriptional mechanisms underlying lymphocyte tolerance.
Cell. 2002 Jun. 14; 109(6):719-31). In a subclass of T cells known
as regulatory T cells which suppress autoimmunity mediated by
self-reactive effector T cells, NFAT partners with the
transcription factor FOXP3 to activate genes responsible for
suppressor function (Wu et al., Cell, 2006 Jul. 28; 126(2):375-87;
Rudensky A Y, Gavin M, Zheng Y. Cell. 2006 Jul. 28;
126(2):253-256).
[0072] The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) carries out a variety
processes. The ER has a role as both a Ca.sup.2+ sink and an
agonist-sensitive Ca.sup.2+ store and, protein folding/processing
takes place within its lumen. In the latter case, numerous
Ca.sup.2+-dependent chaperone proteins ensure that newly
synthesized proteins are folded correctly and sent off to their
appropriate destination. The ER is also involved in vesicle
trafficking, release of stress signals, regulation of cholesterol
metabolism, and apoptosis. Many of these processes require
intraluminal Ca.sup.2+, and protein misfolding, ER stress
responses, and apoptosis can all be induced by depleting the ER of
Ca.sup.2+ for prolonged periods of time. Because it contains a
finite amount of Ca.sup.2+, it is clear that ER Ca.sup.2+ content
must fall after release of that Ca.sup.2+ during stimulation.
However, to preserve the functional integrity of the ER, it is
vital that the Ca.sup.2+ content does not fall too low or is
maintained at least ar a low level. Replenishment of the ER with
Ca.sup.2+ is therefore a central process to all eukaryotic cells.
Because a fall in ER Ca.sup.2+ content activates store-operated
Ca.sup.2+ channels in the plasma membrane, a major function of this
Ca.sup.2+ entry pathway is believed to be maintenance of ER
Ca.sup.2+ levels that are necessary for proper protein synthesis
and folding. However, store-operated Ca.sup.2+ channels have other
important roles.
[0073] The understanding of store operated calcium entry was
provided by electrophysiological studies which established that the
process of emptying the stores activated a Ca.sup.2+ current in
mast cells called Ca.sup.2+ release-activated Ca.sup.2+ current or
I.sub.CRAC. I.sub.CRAC is non-voltage activated, inwardly
rectifying, and remarkably selective for Ca.sup.2+. It is found in
several cell types mainly of hemapoietic origin. I.sub.CRAC is not
the only store-operated current, and it is now apparent that
store-operated influx encompasses a family of Ca.sup.2+-permeable
channels, with different properties in different cell types.
I.sub.CRAC was the first store-operated Ca.sup.2+ current to be
described and remains a popular model for studying store-operated
influx.
[0074] Store-operated calcium channels can be activated by any
procedure that empties ER Ca.sup.2+ stores; it does not seem to
matter how the stores are emptied, the net effect is activation of
store-operated Ca.sup.2+ entry. Physiologically, store emptying is
evoked by an increase in the levels of IP.sub.3 or other
Ca.sup.2+-releasing signals followed by Ca.sup.2+ release from the
stores. But there are several other methods for emptying stores.
These methods include the following:
1) elevation of IP.sub.3 in the cytosol (following receptor
stimulation or, dialyzing the cytosol with IP.sub.3 itself or
related congeners like the nonmetabolizable analog
Ins(2,4,5)P.sub.3); 2) application of a Ca.sup.2+ ionophore (e.g.,
ionomycin) to permeabilize the ER membrane; 3) dialyzing the
cytoplasm with high concentrations of Ca.sup.2+ chelators (e.g.,
EGTA or BAPTA), which chelate Ca.sup.2+ that leaks from the stores
and hence prevent store refilling; 4) exposure to the
sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca.sup.2+-ATPase (SERCA)
inhibitors like thapsigargin, cyclopiazonic acid, and
di-tert-butylhydroquinone; 5) sensitizing the IP.sub.3 receptors to
resting levels of InsP.sub.3 with agents like thimerosal; and 6)
loading membrane-permeable metal Ca.sup.2+ chelators like
N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylene diamine (TPEN) directly
into the stores.
[0075] Through mass action, TPEN lowers free intraluminal Ca.sup.2+
concentration without changing total store Ca.sup.2+ such that the
store depletion-dependent signal is generated.
[0076] These methods of emptying stores are not devoid of potential
problems. The key feature of store-operated Ca.sup.2+ entry is that
it is the fall in Ca.sup.2+ content within the stores and not the
subsequent rise in cytoplasmic Ca.sup.2+ concentration that
activates the channels. However, ionomycin and SERCA pump blockers
generally cause a rise in cytoplasmic Ca.sup.2+ concentration as a
consequence of store depletion, and such a rise in Ca.sup.2+ could
open Ca.sup.2+-activated cation channels permeable to Ca.sup.2+.
One way to avoid such problems is to use agents under conditions
where cytoplasmic Ca.sup.2+ has been strongly buffered with high
concentrations of Ca.sup.2+ chelator such as EGTA or BAPTA.
Store-Operated Calcium Entry
[0077] Reduced calcium concentration in intracellular calcium
stores such as the endoplasmic reticulum resulting from release of
calcium there from provides a signal for influx of calcium from the
extracellular medium into the cell. This influx of calcium, which
produces a sustained "plateau" elevation of cytosolic calcium
concentration, generally does not rely on voltage-gated plasma
membrane channels and does not involve activation of calcium
channels by calcium. This calcium influx mechanism is referred to
as capacitative calcium entry (CCE), calcium release-activated,
store-operated or depletion-operated calcium entry. Store-operated
calcium entry can be recorded as an ionic current with distinctive
properties. This current is referred to as I.sub.SOC
(store-operated current) or I.sub.CRAC (calcium release-activated
current).
[0078] Electrophysiological analysis of store-operated or calcium
release-activated currents reveal distinct biophysical properties
(see, e.g., Parekh and Penner (1997) Physiol. Rev. 77:901-930) of
these currents. For example, the current can be activated by
depletion of intracellular calcium stores (e.g., by
non-physiological activators such as thapsigargin, CPA, ionomycin
and BAPTA, and physiological activators such as IP.sub.3) and can
be selective for divalent cations, such as calcium, over monovalent
ions in physiological solutions or conditions, can be influenced by
changes in cytosolic calcium levels, and can show altered
selectivity and conductivity in the presence of low extracellular
concentrations of divalent cations. The current may also be blocked
or enhanced by 2-APB (depending on concentration) and blocked by
SKF96365 and Gd.sup.3+ and generally can be described as a calcium
current that is not strictly voltage-gated.
[0079] Patch-clamp studies in mast cells and Jurkat leukaemic T
cells have established the CRAC entry mechanism as an ion channel
with distinctive biophysical characteristics, including a high
selectivity for Ca.sup.2+ paired with an exceedingly low
conductance. Furthermore, the CRAC channel was shown to fulfill the
rigorous criteria for being store-operated, which is the activation
solely by the reduction of Ca.sup.2+ in the ER rather than by
cytosolic Ca.sup.2+ or other messengers generated by PLC (Prakriya
et al., In Molecular and Cellular Insights into Ion Channel Biology
(ed. Robert Maue) 121-140 (Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 2004)).
Regulation of Store-Operated Calcium Entry by Intracellular Calcium
Stores
[0080] Store-operated calcium entry is regulated by the level of
calcium within an intracellular calcium store. Intracellular
calcium stores can be characterized by sensitivity to agents, which
can be physiological or pharmacological, which activate release of
calcium from the stores or inhibit uptake of calcium into the
stores. Different cells have been studied in characterization of
intracellular calcium stores, and stores have been characterized as
sensitive to various agents, including, but not limited to,
IP.sub.3 and compounds that effect the IP.sub.3 receptor,
thapsigargin, ionomycin and/or cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) (see,
e.g., Berridge (1993) Nature 361:315-325; Churchill and Louis
(1999) Am. J. Physiol. 276:C426-C434; Dargie et al. (1990) Cell
Regul. 1:279-290; Gerasimenko et al. (1996) Cell 84:473-480;
Gromoda et al. (1995) FEBS Lett. 360:303-306; Guse et al. (1999)
Nature 398:70-73).
[0081] Accumulation of calcium within endoplasmic reticulum and
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR; a specialized version of the
endoplasmic reticulum in striated muscle) storage organelles is
achieved through sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPases
(SERCAs), commonly referred to as calcium pumps. During signaling
(i.e., when endoplasmic reticulum channels are activated to provide
for calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum into the
cytoplasm), endoplasmic reticulum calcium is replenished by the
SERCA pump with cytoplasmic calcium that has entered the cell from
the extracellular medium (Yu and Hinkle (2000) J. Biol. Chem.
275:23648-23653; Hofer et al. (1998) EMBO J. 17:1986-1995).
[0082] Calcium release channels associated with IP.sub.3 and
ryanodine receptors provide for controlled release of calcium from
endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm resulting
in transient increases in cytoplasmic calcium concentration.
IP.sub.3 receptor-mediated calcium release is triggered by IP.sub.3
formed by the break down of plasma membrane phosphoinositides
through the action of phospholipase C, which is activated by
binding of an agonist to a plasma membrane G protein-coupled
receptor or tyrosine kinase. Ryanodine receptor-mediated calcium
release is triggered by an increase in cytoplasmic calcium and is
referred to as calcium-induced calcium release (CICR). The activity
of ryanodine receptors (which have affinity for ryanodine and
caffeine) may also be regulated by cyclic ADP-ribose.
[0083] Thus, the calcium levels in the stores, and in the
cytoplasm, fluctuate. For example, ER free calcium concentration
can decrease from a range of about 60-400 .mu.M to about 1-50 .mu.M
when HeLa cells are treated with histamine, an agonist of
PLC-linked histamine receptors (Miyawaki et al. (1997) Nature
388:882-887). Store-operated calcium entry is activated as the free
calcium concentration of the intracellular stores is reduced.
Depletion of store calcium, as well as a concomitant increase in
cytosolic calcium concentration, can thus regulate store-operated
calcium entry into cells.
Cytoplasmic Calcium Buffering
[0084] Agonist activation of signaling processes in cells can
involve dramatic increases in the calcium permeability of the
endoplasmic reticulum, for example, through opening of IP.sub.3
receptor channels, and the plasma membrane through store-operated
calcium entry. These increases in calcium permeability are
associated with an increase in cytosolic calcium concentration that
can be separated into two components: a "spike" of calcium release
from the endoplasmic reticulum during activation of the IP.sub.3
receptor and a plateau phase which is a sustained elevation of
calcium levels resulting from entry of calcium into the cytoplasm
from the extracellular medium. Upon stimulation, the resting
intracellular free calcium concentration of about 100 nM can rise
globally to greater than 1 .mu.M and higher in microdomains of the
cell. The cell modulates these calcium signals with endogenous
calcium buffers, including physiological buffering by organelles
such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi.
Mitochondrial uptake of calcium through a uniporter in the inner
membrane is driven by the large negative mitochondrial membrane
potential, and the accumulated calcium is released slowly through
sodium-dependent and -independent exchangers, and, under some
circumstances, the permeability transition pore (PTP). Thus,
mitochondria can act as calcium buffers by taking up calcium during
periods of cellular activation and can slowly release it later.
Uptake of calcium into the endoplasmic reticulum is regulated by
the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA).
Uptake of calcium into the Golgi is mediated by a P-type calcium
transport ATPase (PMR1/ATP2C1). Additionally, there is evidence
that a significant amount of the calcium released upon IP.sub.3
receptor activation is extruded from the cell through the action of
the plasma membrane calcium ATPase. For example, plasma membrane
calcium ATPases provide the dominant mechanism for calcium
clearance in human T cells and Jurkat cells, although
sodium/calcium exchange also contributes to calcium clearance in
human T cells. Within calcium-storing organelles, calcium ions can
be bound to specialized calcium-buffering proteins, such as, for
example, calsequestrins, calreticulins and calnexins. Additionally,
there are calcium-buffering proteins in the cytosol that modulate
calcium spikes and assist in redistribution of calcium ions. Thus,
proteins and other molecules that participate in any of these and
other mechanisms through which cytosolic calcium levels can be
reduced are proteins that are involved in, participate in and/or
provide for cytoplasmic calcium buffering. Thus, cytoplasmic
calcium buffering helps regulate cytoplasmic Ca.sup.2+ levels
during periods of sustained calcium influx through SOC channels or
bursts of Ca.sup.2+ release. Large increases in cytoplasmic
Ca.sup.2+ levels or store refilling deactivate SOCE.
Downstream Calcium Entry-Mediated Events
[0085] In addition to intracellular changes in calcium stores,
store-operated calcium entry affects a multitude of events that are
consequent to or in addition to the store-operated changes. For
example Ca.sup.2+ influx results in the activation of a large
number of calmodulin-dependent enzymes including the serine
phosphatase calcineurin. Activation of calcineurin by an increase
in intracellular calcium results in acute secretory processes such
as mast cell degranulation. Activated mast cells release preformed
granules containing histamine, heparin, TNF.alpha. and enzymes such
as .beta.-hexosaminidase. Some cellular events, such as B and T
cell proliferation, require sustained calcineurin signaling, which
requires a sustained increase in intracellular calcium. A number of
transcription factors are regulated by calcineurin, including NFAT
(nuclear factor of activated T cells), MEF2 and NF.kappa.B. NFAT
transcription factors play important roles in many cell types,
including immune cells. In immune cells NFAT mediates transcription
of a large number of molecules, including cytokines, chemokines and
cell surface receptors. Transcriptional elements for NFAT have been
found within the promoters of cytokines such as IL-2, IL-3, IL-4,
IL-5, IL-8, IL-13, as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha
(TNF.alpha.), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and
gamma-interferon (.gamma.-IFN).
[0086] The activity of NFAT proteins is regulated by their
phosphorylation level, which in turn is regulated by both
calcineurin and NFAT kinases. Activation of calcineurin by an
increase in intracellular calcium levels results in
dephosphorylation of NFAT and entry into the nucleus.
Rephosphorylation of NFAT masks the nuclear localization sequence
of NFAT and prevents its entry into the nucleus. Because of its
strong dependence on calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation for
localization and activity, NFAT is a sensitive indicator of
intracellular free calcium levels.
Diseases, Disorders or Conditions
[0087] Clinical studies demonstrate that the CRAC channel is
absolutely required for the activation of genes underlying the T
cell response to antigen. Sustained calcium entry is needed for
lymphocyte activation and adaptive immune response. Calcium entry
into lymphocytes occurs primarily through the CRAC channels.
Increased calcium leads to NFAT activation and expression of
cytokines required for immune response. Inhibiting the store
operated calcium entry is an efficient way to prevent T cell
activation.
[0088] Inhibition of CRAC channel activity with the compounds
described herein, such as compounds of Formulas (I)-(III) provide a
means for providing immunosuppresive therapy as demonstrated by the
elimination of store-operated calcium entry noted in patients with
severe-combined immunodeficiency (SCID). T cells, fibroblasts, and
in some cases B cells, from patients with T cell immunodeficiency
or SCID having a principal defect in T cell activation show a
strong defect in store-operated calcium entry (Feske et al. (2001)
Nature Immunol. 2:316-324; Paratiseti et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem.
269:32327-32335; and Le Deist et al. (1995) Blood 85:1053-1062).
SCID patients lack adaptive immune response, but without any
impairment or toxicity in major organs. The SCID patient phenotype
indicates that inhibition of CRAC channels is an effective strategy
for immunosuppression.
Diseases/Disorders Involving Inflammation and Diseases/Disorders
Related to the Immune System
[0089] Diseases or disorders that can be treated or prevented using
the compounds, compositions, and methods provided herein include
diseases and disorders involving inflammation and/or that are
related to the immune system. These diseases include but are not
limited to asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease,
glomerulonephritis, neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple
sclerosis, and disorders of the immune system.
[0090] The activation of neutrophils (PMN) by inflammatory
mediators is partly achieved by increasing cytosolic calcium
concentration. Store-operated calcium influx in particular is
thought to play an important role in PMN activation. It has been
shown that trauma increases PMN store-operated calcium influx
(Hauser et al. (2000) J. Trauma Injury Infection and Critical Care
48 (4):592-598) and that prolonged elevations of cytosolic calcium
concentration due to enhanced store-operated calcium influx may
alter stimulus-response coupling to chemotaxins and contribute to
PMN dysfunction after injury. Modulation of PMN cytosolic calcium
concentration through store-operated calcium channels might
therefore be useful in regulating PMN-mediated inflammation and
spare cardiovascular function after injury, shock or sepsis (Hauser
et al. (2001) J. Leukocyte Biology 69 (1):63-68).
[0091] Calcium plays a critical role in lymphocyte activation.
Activation of lymphocytes, e.g., by antigen stimulation, results in
rapid increases in intracellular free calcium concentration and
activation of transcription factors, including nuclear factor of
activated T cells (NFAT), NF-.kappa.B, JNK1, MEF2 and CREB. NFAT is
a key transcriptional regulator of the IL-2 (and other cytokine)
genes (see, e.g. Lewis (2001) Annu. Rev. Immunol 19:497-521). A
sustained elevation of intracellular calcium level is required to
keep NFAT in a transcriptionally active state, and is dependent on
store-operated calcium entry. Reduction or blocking of
store-operated calcium entry in lymphocytes blocks
calcium-dependent lymphocyte activation. Thus, modulation of
intracellular calcium, and particularly store-operated calcium
entry (e.g., reduction in, elimination of store-operated calcium
entry), in lymphocytes can be a method for treating immune and
immune-related disorders, including, for example, chronic immune
diseases/disorders, acute immune diseases/disorders, autoimmune and
immunodeficiency diseases/disorders, diseases/disorders involving
inflammation, organ transplant graft rejections and
graft-versus-host disease and altered (e.g., hyperactive) immune
responses. For example treatment of an autoimmune disease/disorder
might involve reducing, blocking or eliminating store-operated
calcium entry in lymphocytes.
[0092] Examples of immune disorders include psoriasis, rheumatoid
arthritis, vasculitis, inflammatory bowel disease, dermatitis,
osteoarthritis, asthma, inflammatory muscle disease, allergic
rhinitis, vaginitis, interstitial cystitis, scleroderma,
osteoporosis, eczema, allogeneic or xenogeneic transplantation
(organ, bone marrow, stem cells and other cells and tissues) graft
rejection, graft-versus-host disease, lupus erythematosus,
inflammatory disease, type I diabetes, pulmonary fibrosis,
dermatomyositis, Sjogren's syndrome, thyroiditis (e.g., Hashimoto's
and autoimmune thyroiditis), myasthenia gravis, autoimmune
hemolytic anemia, multiple sclerosis, cystic fibrosis, chronic
relapsing hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, allergic
conjunctivitis and atopic dermatitis.
Cancer and Other Proliferative Diseases
[0093] Compounds of Formula (I)-(III), compositions thereof, and
methods provided herein may be used in connection with treatment of
malignancies, including, but not limited to, malignancies of
lymphoreticular origin, bladder cancer, breast cancer, colon
cancer, endometrial cancer, head and neck cancer, lung cancer,
melanoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and rectal cancer.
Store-operated calcium entry may play an important role in cell
proliferation in cancer cells (Weiss et al. (2001) International
Journal of Cancer 92 (6):877-882).
[0094] Inhibition of SOCE is sufficient to prevent tumor cell
proliferation. The pyrazole derivative BTP-2, a direct I.sub.CRAC
blocker inhibits SOCE and proliferation in Jurkat cells (Zitt et
al., J. Biol. Chem., 279, 12427-12437, 2004) and in colon cancer
cells. It has been suggested that sustained SOCE requires
mitochonrial Ca.sup.2+ uptake (Nunez et al., J. Physiol. 571.1,
57-73, 2006) and that prevention of mitochondrial Ca.sup.2+ uptake
leads to SOCE inhibition (Hoth et al., P.N.A.S., 97, 10607-10612,
2000; Hoth et al., J. Cell. Biol. 137, 633-648, 1997; Glitsch et
al., EMBO J., 21, 6744-6754, 2002). Stimulation of Jurkat cells
induces sustained SOCE and activation of the Ca.sup.2+-dependent
phosphatase calcineurin that dephosphorylates NFAT, promoting
expression of interleukin-2 and proliferation. Compounds of Formula
(I)-(III) inhibit SOCE and may be used in the treatment of cancer
or other proliferative diseases or conditions.
Liver Diseases and Disorders
[0095] Diseases or disorders that can be treated or prevented using
the compounds of Formula (I)-(III), compositions thereof, and
methods provided herein include hepatic or liver diseases and
disorders. These diseases and disorders include but are not limited
to liver injury, for example, due to transplantation, hepatitis and
cirrhosis.
[0096] Store-operated calcium entry has been implicated in chronic
liver disease (Tao et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem.,
274(34):23761-23769) as well as transplantation injury after cold
preservation-warm reoxygenation (Elimadi et al. (2001) Am J.
Physiology, 281(3 Part 1):G809-G815).
Kidney Diseases and Disorders
[0097] Diseases or disorders that can be treated or prevented using
the methods provided herein include kidney or renal diseases and
disorders. Mesangial cell hyperplasia is often a key feature of
such diseases and disorders. Such diseases and disorders may be
caused by immunological or other mechanisms of injury, including
IgAN, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis or lupus nephritis.
Imbalances in the control of mesangial cell replication also appear
to play a key role in the pathogenesis of progressive renal
failure.
[0098] The turnover of mesangial cells in normal adult kidney is
very low with a renewal rate of less than 1%. A prominent feature
of glomerular/kidney diseases is mesangial hyperplasia due to
elevated proliferation rate or reduced cell loss of mesangial
cells. When mesangial cell proliferation is induced without cell
loss, for example due to mitogenic stimulation,
mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis can result. Data have
indicated that regulators of mesangial cell growth, particularly
growth factors, may act by regulating store-operated calcium
channels (Ma et al. (2001) J. Am. Soc. Of Nephrology, 12:(1)
47-53). Modulators of store-operated calcium influx may aid in the
treatment of glomerular diseases by inhibiting mesangial cell
proliferation.
Store Operated Calcium Channels
[0099] Clinical studies demonstrate that the CRAC channel, a type
of SOC channel, is absolutely required for the activation of genes
underlying the T cell response to antigen (Partiseti et al., J.
Biol. Chem., 269, 32327-32335, 1994; Feske et al., Curr. Biol. 15,
1235-1241, 2005). SOCE can contribute directly to the elevation of
cytosolic Ca.sup.2+ levels ([Ca.sup.2+].sub.i), as in T lymphocytes
where CRAC channels generate the sustained Ca.sup.2+ signals needed
to drive gene expression underlying T cell activation by antigen.
Sustained calcium entry is needed for lymphocyte activation and
adaptive immune response. Calcium entry into lymphocytes occurs
primarily through the CRAC channels. Increased calcium levels lead
to NFAT activation and expression of cytokines required for immune
response.
[0100] The CRAC channel has a distinctive biophysical fingerprint,
quantifiable store-dependence, and essential function in T cells.
Studies have shown that CRAC channels are formed from two component
proteins, which interact to form CRAC channels. The CRAC channel is
assembled by two functional components, STIM1 and Orai1. STIM1
(stromal interaction molecule 1) was identified as the mammalian ER
Ca.sup.2+ sensor (Liou, J. et al. Curr. Biol. 15, 1235-1241 (2005);
Roos, J. et al. J. Cell Biol. 169, 435-445 (2005); WO 20041078995;
US 2007/0031814). Orai1/CRACM1 was identified as a component of the
mammalian CRAC channel (Feske, S. et al. Nature 441, 179-185
(2006); Vig, M. et al. Science 312, 1220-1223 (2006); Zhang, S. L.
et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 9357-9362 (2006)).
[0101] STIM1 is the sensor of Ca.sup.2+ within ER Ca.sup.2+ stores,
moving in response to store depletion into ER puncta close to the
plasma membrane. Orai1 is a pore forming CRAC channel subunit in
the plasma membrane. The two membrane proteins STIM1 and Orai1 have
each been shown to be essential for the activation of CRAC
channels.
[0102] Expression of both STIM1 and Orai1 in human embryonic kidney
293 cells (HEK293 cells) reconstitute functional CRAC channels.
Expression of Orai1 alone strongly reduces store-operated Ca.sup.2+
entry in HEK293 cells and the Ca.sup.2+ release-activated Ca.sup.2+
current (I.sub.CRAC) in rat basophilic leukemia cells. However,
expressed along with the store-sensing STIM1 protein, Orai1 causes
a massive increase in SOCE, enhancing the rate of Ca.sup.2+ entry
by up to 103-fold. This Ca.sup.2+ entry is entirely store dependent
since the same co-expression causes no measurable store-independent
Ca.sup.2+ entry. The entry is completely blocked by the store
operated channel blocker, 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborate. STIM
proteins are mediate Ca.sup.2+ store-sensing and endoplasmic
reticulum-plasma membrane coupling with no intrinsic channel
properties. Orai1 contributes the plasma membrane channel component
responsible for Ca.sup.2+ entry. The suppression of CRAC channel
function by Orai1 overexpression reflects a required stoichiometry
between STIM1 and Orai1 (Soboloff et al., J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 281,
no. 30, 20661-20665, 2006).
Stromal Interacting Molecule (STIM) Proteins
[0103] In an RNAi screen in Drosophila S2 cells using
thapsigargin-activated Ca.sup.2+ entry as a marker for
store-operated channels one gene gave a substantially reduced
Ca.sup.2+ entry, and that gene coded for the protein stromal
interaction molecule (Stim) (Roos, J. et al. J. Cell Biol. 169,
435-445, 2005). There are two homologues of Stim in mammalian
cells, STIM1 and STIM2, both of which appear to be distributed
ubiquitously (Williams et al., Biochem J. 2001 Aug. 1; 357(Pt
3):673-85). STIM1 is the ER Ca.sup.2+ sensor for store-operated
Ca.sup.2+ entry. STIM1 is a 77 kDa type I membrane protein with
multiple predicted protein interaction or signaling domains and is
located predominantly in the ER, but also to a limited extent in
the plasma membrane.
[0104] Knockdown of STIM1 by RNAi substantially reduced I.sub.CRAC
in Jurkat T cells, and store-operated Ca.sup.2+ entry in HEK293
epithelial cells and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. However,
knockdown of the closely related STIM2 had no effect. These results
indicate an essential role of STIM (Drosophila) and STIM1 (mammals)
in the mechanism of activation of store-operated channels. It is
unlikely that STIM1 is the store-operated channel itself. It has no
channel-like sequence, and overexpression of the protein only
modestly enhances Ca.sup.2+ entry. STIM1 is located both on the
plasma membrane and intracellular membranes like the ER (Manji et
al., Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Aug. 31; 1481(1):147-55. 2000). The
protein sequence suggests that it spans the membrane once, with its
NH.sub.2 terminus oriented toward the lumen of the ER or the
extracellular space. The NH.sub.2 terminus contains an EF-hand
domain, and functions as the Ca.sup.2+ sensor in the ER. The
protein also contains protein-protein interaction domains, notably
coiled-coiled domains in the cytoplasm and a sterile motif (SAM) in
the ER (or extracellular space), both near the predicted
transmembrane domain. STIM1 can oligomerize and thus the protein in
the ER and plasma membrane could interact bridging the two (Roos,
J. et al. J. Cell Biol. 169, 435-445 (2005)).
[0105] Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) and confocal
microscopy reveal that STIM1 is distributed throughout the ER when
Ca.sup.2+ stores are full, but redistributes into discrete puncta
near the plasma membrane on store depletion. Although the
redistribution of STIM1 into junctional ER regions is slow (Liou,
J. et al. Curr. Biol. 15, 1235-1241 (2005); Zhang, S. L. et al.
Nature 437, 902-905 (2005), it does precede the opening of CRAC
channels by several seconds (Wu et al., J. Cell Biol. 174, 803-813
(2006)) and is therefore rapid enough to be an essential step in
the activation of CRAC channels.
[0106] It has been suggested that store depletion causes the
insertion of STIM1 into the plasma membrane where it may control
store operated calcium entry through the CRAC channels (Zhang, S.
L. et al. Nature 437, 902-905 (2005); Spassova, M. A. et al. Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 4040-4045 (2006)).
[0107] The critical evidence for STIM1 as the Ca.sup.2+ sensor for
SOCE is that mutation of predicted Ca.sup.2+-binding residues of
the EF hand structural motif, expected to reduce its affinity for
Ca.sup.2+ and hence mimic the store-depleted state, causes STIM1 to
redistribute spontaneously into puncta and trigger constitutive
Ca.sup.2+ influx through SOCs even when stores are full (Spassova,
M. A. et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 4040-4045 (2006); Liou,
J. et al. Curr. Biol. 15, 1235-1241 (2005)).
Orai Proteins
[0108] Orai1 (also known as CRACM1) is a widely expressed, 33 kDa
plasma membrane protein with 4 transmembrane domains and a lack of
significant sequence homology to other ion channels (Vig, M. et al.
Science 312, 1220-1223 (2006); Zhang, S. L. et al. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 103, 9357-9362 (2006)).
[0109] Studies of T cells from human patients with a severe
combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome, in which T cell receptor
engagement or store depletion failed to activate Ca.sup.2+ entry,
was shown to be due to a single point mutation in Orai1 (Feske, S.
et al. Nature 441, 179-185 (2006)).
[0110] Other mammalian Orai homologues exist, e.g. Orai2 and Orai3,
however their function is not clearly defined. Orai2 and Orai3 can
exhibit SOC channel activity when overexpressed with STIM1 in HEK
cells (Mercer, J. C. et al. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 24979-24990
(2006)).
[0111] Evidence that Orai1 contributes to the CRAC channel pore was
obtained by Orai1 mutagenesis studies. Selectivity of the CRAC
channel for Ca.sup.2+ ions was shown by mutations at either Glu 106
or Glu 190, which weaken the ability of Ca.sup.2+ binding in order
block permeation of monovalent cations (similar to mechanisms
described for voltage-gated Ca.sup.2+ channels) (Yeromin, A. V. et
al. Nature 443, 226-229 (2006); Vig, M. et al. Curr. Biol. 16,
2073-2079 (2006); Prakriya, M. et al. Nature 443, 230-233
(2006)).
[0112] Neutralizing the charge on a pair of aspartates in the I-II
loop (Asp 110 and Asp 112) reduces block by Gd.sup.3+ and block of
outward current by extracellular Ca.sup.2+, indicating that these
negatively charged sites may promote accumulation of polyvalent
cations near the mouth of the pore.
[0113] Currents observed through overexpression of Orai1 closely
resemble I.sub.CRAC, and the fact that Orai1 can form multimers
(Yeromin, A. V. et al. Nature 443, 226-229 (2006); Vig, M. et al.
Curr. Biol. 16, 2073-2079 (2006); Prakriya, M. et al. Nature 443,
230-233 (2006)), makes it likely that the native CRAC channel is
either a multimer of Orai1 alone or in combination with the closely
related subunits Orai2 and/or Orai3.
Functional Store Operated Calcium Channels
[0114] The characterization of SOC channels has been largely
obtained by one type of SOC channel, the CRAC channel. CRAC channel
activity is triggered by the loss of Ca.sup.2+ from the ER lumen,
which is coupled to the opening of CRAC channels in the plasma
membrane through the actions of STIM1 and Orai1. Depletion of
Ca.sup.2+ is sensed by STIM1, causing it to accumulate in
junctional ER adjacent to the plasma membrane. In a TIRF-based
Ca.sup.2+-imaging study to map the locations of open CRAC channels,
[Ca.sup.2+].sub.i elevations were seen to co-localize with STIM1
puncta, showing directly that CRAC channels open only in extreme
proximity to these sites (Luik, et al., J. Cell Biol. 174, 815-825
(2006)).
[0115] In cells co-expressing both STIM1 and Orai1, store depletion
causes Orai1 itself to move from a dispersed distribution to
accumulate in the plasma membrane directly opposite STIM1, enabling
STIM1 to activate the channel (Luik, et al., J. Cell Biol. 174,
815-825 (2006); Xu, P. et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 350,
969-976 (2006)). Thus, CRAC channels are formed by apposed clusters
of STIM1 in the ER and Orai1 in the plasma membrane. The junctional
gap between the ER and plasma membrane where Orai1/STIM1 clusters
from (about 10-25 nm) may be small enough to permit protein-protein
interactions between STIM1 and Orai1. This is supported by the fact
that overexpressed STIM1 and Orai1 can be co-immunoprecipitated
(Yeromin, A. V. et al. Nature 443, 226-229 (2006); Vig, M. et al.
Curr. Biol. 16, 2073-2079 (2006)).
[0116] Thus, STIM1 and Orai1 interact either directly or as members
of a multiprotein complex. Support for this was observed when the
expression of the cytosolic portion of STIM1 by itself was
sufficient to activate CRAC channels in one study (Huang, G. N. et
al. Nature Cell Biol. 8, 1003-1010 (2006)), and the effects of
deleting the ERM/coiled-coil and other C-terminal domains suggest
roles in STIM1 clustering and SOC channel activation (Baba, Y. et
al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 16704-16709 (2006)). On the
luminal side of STIM1, the isolated EF-SAM region forms dimers and
higher-order multimers on removal of Ca.sup.2+ in vitro, indicating
that STIM1 oligomerization may be an early step in store operated
calcium activation (Stathopulos, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 281,
35855-35862 (2006)).
[0117] In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I)-(III)
described herein modulate intracellular calcium, such as,
inhibition or reduction of SOCE and/or I.sub.CRAC. In other
embodiments, the modulation by compounds of Formula (I)-(III)
result from a variety of effects, such as, but not limited to,
binding to a protein, interaction with a protein, or modulation of
interactions, activities, levels or any physical, structural or
other property of a protein involved in modulating intracellular
calcium (e.g. a STIM protein and/or Orai protein).
[0118] For example, methods for assessing binding or interaction of
a test agent with a protein involved in modulating intracellular
calcium include NMR, mass spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy,
scintillation proximity assays, surface plasmon resonance assays
and others. Examples of methods for assessing modulation of
interactions, activities, levels or any physical, structural or
other property of a protein involved in modulating intracellular
calcium include, but are not limited to, FRET assays to assess
effects on protein interactions, NMR, X-ray crystallography and
circular dichroism to assess effects on protein interactions and on
physical and structural properties of a protein, and activity
assays suitable for assessing a particular activity of a
protein.
Compounds
[0119] Compounds described herein modulate intracellular calcium
and may be used in the treatment of diseases or conditions where
modulation of intracellular calcium has a beneficial effect. In one
embodiment, compounds described herein inhibit store operated
calcium entry. In one embodiment, compounds of Formula (I)-(III)
interrupt the assembly of SOCE units. In another embodiment,
compounds of Formula (I)-(III) alter the functional interactions of
proteins that form store operated calcium channel complexes. In one
embodiment, compounds of Formula (I)-(III) alter the functional
interactions of STIM1 with Orai1. In other embodiments, compounds
of Formula (I)-(III) are SOC channel pore blockers. In other
embodiments, compounds of Formula (I)-(III) are CRAC channel pore
blockers.
[0120] In one aspect, compounds described herein inhibit the
electrophysiological current (I.sub.SOC) directly associated with
activated SOC channels. In another aspect, compounds described
herein inhibit the electrophysiological current (I.sub.CRAC)
directly associated with activated CRAC channels.
[0121] The diseases or disorders that may benefit from modulation
of intracellular calcium include, but are not limited to, an immune
system-related disease (e.g., an autoimmune disease), a disease or
disorder involving inflammation (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel
disease, glomerulonephritis, neuroinflammatory diseases, multiple
sclerosis, and disorders of the immune system), cancer or other
proliferative disease, kidney disease and liver disease. In one
aspect, compounds described herein may be used as immunosuppresants
to prevent transplant graft rejections, allogeneic or xenogeneic
transplantation rejection (organ, bone marrow, stem cells, other
cells and tissues), graft-versus-host disease. Transplant graft
rejections can result from tissue or organ transplants.
Graft-versus-host disease can result from bone marrow or stem cell
transplantation.
[0122] Compounds described herein modulate an activity of, modulate
an interaction of, or binds to, or interacts with at least one
portion of a protein in the store operated calcium channel complex.
In one embodiment, compounds described herein modulate an activity
of, modulate an interaction of, or binds to, or interacts with at
least one portion of a protein in the calcium release activated
calcium channel complex. In one aspect, compounds described herein
reduce the level of functional store operated calcium channel
complexes. In one aspect, compounds described herein reduce the
level of activated store operated calcium channel complexes. In one
aspect, store operated calcium channel complexes are calcium
release activated calcium channel complexes.
[0123] Compounds described herein for treatment of a disease or
disorder, when administered to a subject having a disease or
disorder effectively reduces, ameliorates or eliminates a symptom
or manifestation of the disease or disorder. Compounds described
herein can also be administered to a subject predisposed to a
disease or disorder who does not yet manifest a symptom of the
disease or disorder, prevents or delays development of the
symptoms. The agent can have such effects alone or in combination
with other agents, or may function to enhance a therapeutic effect
of another agent.
[0124] Compounds described herein, pharmaceutically acceptable
salts, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs, or pharmaceutically
acceptable solvates thereof, modulate intracellular calcium, and
may be used to treat patients where modulation of intracellular
calcium provides benefit.
[0125] In one aspect is a compound of Formula (I):
##STR00020##
wherein:
[0126] A is furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole,
imidazole, thiadiazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, pyrazole,
pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, oxadiazole, thiadiazole,
triazole, indole, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzothiazole,
benzimidazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiadiazole, benzotriazole,
pyrazolopyridine, imidazopyridine, pyrrolopyridine,
pyrrolopyrimidine, indolizine, purine, furopyridine,
thienopyridine, furopyrrole, furofuran, thienofuran,
1,4-dihydropyrrolopyrrole, thienopyrrole, thienothiophene,
quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, furopyrazole, thienopyrazole,
1,6-dihydropyrrolopyrazole, C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.8cycloheteroalkyl, and naphthyl, wherein A is each
optionally substituted with at least one R;
[0127] R is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, --NO.sub.2,
--CF.sub.3, --OH, --OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, --C.ident.CH,
--C.ident.CR.sub.3, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylenealkyne,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl,
--NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3, S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)CF.sub.3, --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O)R.sub.4, N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --CO.sub.2R.sub.4,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sub.3,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sub.4).sub.2, --SR.sub.3, --S(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, and
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3;
[0128] J is a bond, NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2, S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4),
--C(.dbd.O), --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O), N(R.sub.4), --N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O),
--CO.sub.2, --C(.dbd.O), --OC(.dbd.O), --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sub.4), --S,
--S(.dbd.O), and --S(.dbd.O).sub.2, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, or
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene, wherein
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, and
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene is optionally substituted with
at least one R;
[0129] R.sub.1 is CO.sub.2R.sub.2 or a carboxylic acid bioisostere,
wherein R.sub.2 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6cycloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, phenyl or
benzyl;
[0130] Z is O, S, NH, N--CN, or CHNO.sub.2;
[0131] X is B or W-L-B, wherein B is optionally substituted with at
least one R;
[0132] W is NR.sub.2, O or a bond;
[0133] L is C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, or
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene, wherein
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, and
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene is optionally substituted with
at least one R;
[0134] B is C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.9heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;
[0135] each R.sub.3 is independently selected from
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.8cycloalkyl, phenyl, and benzyl;
[0136] each R.sub.4 is independently selected from hydrogen,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.8cycloalkyl, phenyl, and benzyl; or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof.
[0137] In another embodiment, R.sub.1 is CO.sub.2R.sub.2. In yet
another embodiment, R.sub.2 is hydrogen. In a further embodiment,
R.sub.4 is hydrogen. In yet a further embodiment, J is a bond. In
one embodiment, Z is O.
[0138] In one embodiment, A is selected from furan, thiophene,
pyrazole, thiazole, and oxazole. In another embodiment, furan,
thiophene, pyrazole, thiazole, and oxazole is substituted with at
least one R selected from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, --NO.sub.2,
--CF.sub.3, --OH, --OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, --C.ident.CH,
--C.ident.CR.sub.3, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylenealkyne,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, and optionally substituted phenyl.
In another embodiment, furan, thiophene, pyrazole, thiazole, and
oxazole is substituted with at least one R selected from
--NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3, S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)CF.sub.3, --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O)R.sub.4, N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --CO.sub.2R.sub.4,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sub.3,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sub.4).sub.2, --SR.sub.3, --S(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, and
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3. In yet another embodiment, furan,
thiophene, pyrazole, thiazole, and oxazole is substituted with one
R. In another embodiment, two R. In a third embodiment, furan,
thiophene, pyrazole, thiazole, and oxazole are substituted with
three R. In yet another embodiment, R is selected from F, Cl, Br,
and I. In yet a further embodiment, R is C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In
yet a further embodiment, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is selected from
methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, and
tert-butyl. In yet another embodiment, furan, thiophene, pyrazole,
thiazole, and oxazole are substituted with phenyl. In another
embodiment, phenyl is substituted with one, two or three halogen.
In yet another embodiment, halogen is Cl.
[0139] In another embodiment, is a compound of Formula (I) wherein
A is selected from furan, thiophene, pyrazole, thiazole, and
oxazole optionally substituted with at least one R wherein X is
B.
[0140] In one embodiment, B is phenyl optionally substituted with
one R selected from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3,
--OH, --OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, --C.ident.CH, --C.ident.CR.sub.3,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylenealkyne, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, and phenyl. In another embodiment
is a compound of Formula (I) wherein X is W-L-B. In a further
embodiment, W is O. In another embodiment, W is NR.sub.2, wherein
R.sub.2 is hydrogen. In a further embodiment, L is
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene. In yet a further embodiment, L is
methylene, ethylene, or n-propylene. In one embodiment, L is
ethylene. In yet another embodiment, W is a bond, L is ethylene and
B is aryl. In yet a further embodiment, aryl is phenyl optionally
substituted with at least one R selected from Cl, F, Br, and I. In
another embodiment, the phenyl is substituted with two R. In a
further embodiment, the phenyl is substituted with three R.
[0141] Also described herein is a compound of Formula (I) wherein A
is selected from furan, thiophene, pyrazole, thiazole, and oxazole
and B is a heteroaryl selected from furan, thiophene, pyrrole,
pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, thiadiazole, isoxazole,
isothiazole, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine,
oxadiazole, thiadiazole, triazole, indole, benzofuran,
benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole,
benzoxadiazole, benzothiadiazole, benzotriazole, pyrazolopyridine,
imidazopyridine, pyrrolopyridine, pyrrolopyrimidine, indolizine,
purine, furopyridine, thienopyridine, furopyrrole, furofuran,
thienofuran, 1,4-dihydropyrrolopyrrole, thienopyrrole,
thienothiophene, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline,
furopyrazole, thienopyrazole, and 1,6-dihydropyrrolopyrazole. In
another embodiment, B is substituted with at least one R selected
from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --OH, --OR.sub.3,
--OCF.sub.3, --C.ident.CH, --C.ident.CR.sub.3,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylenealkyne, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, and phenyl. In another embodiment,
R is C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In a further embodiment,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl,
n-butyl, iso-butyl, or tert-butyl. In another embodiment, R is
methyl. In a further embodiment, R is Cl, F, Br, or I. In yet
another embodiment, B is substituted with one R. In another
embodiment, B is substituted with two R. In one embodiment, R is
substituted with three R.
[0142] In another embodiment, is a compound of Formula (I) wherein
A is selected from furan, thiophene, pyrazole, thiazole, and
oxazole and X is W-L-B. In yet another embodiment, W is a bond. In
a further embodiment, L is C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene. In yet a
further embodiment, L is methylene, ethylene, or n-propylene. In
one embodiment, L is ethylene.
[0143] In another embodiment, R is selected from F, Cl, Br, and I.
In yet another embodiment, B is heteroaryl. In a further
embodiment, heteroaryl is selected from furan, thiophene, pyrrole,
pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, thiadiazole, isoxazole,
isothiazole, pyrazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, and triazole. In
yet a further embodiment, heteroaryl is selected from indole,
benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzofuran, benzothiazole,
benzimidazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiadiazole, benzotriazole,
pyrazolopyridine, imidazopyridine, pyrrolopyridine,
pyrrolopyrimidine, indolizine, and purine. In one embodiment,
heteroaryl is selected from pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, and
pyrazine. In another embodiment, heteroaryl is selected from
quinoline, isoquinoline, and quinoxaline. In yet another
embodiment, is a compound of Formula (I) wherein A is selected from
furan, thiophene, pyrazole, thiazole, and oxazole and X is
C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl. In a further embodiment,
C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl is selected from cyclopropyl,
cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,
dihydrocyclobutabenzene, dihydroindene, and tetrahydronaphthalene.
In yet a further embodiment, X is C.sub.2-C.sub.9heterocycloalkyl.
In one embodiment, X is substituted with at least one R selected
from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --OH, --OR.sub.3,
--OCF.sub.3, --C.ident.CH, and C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In another
embodiment, R is selected from F, Cl, Br, and I. In yet another
embodiment, R is C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In a further embodiment,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl,
n-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl.
[0144] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein A
is selected from pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, and pyrazine and
B is an aryl group. In one embodiment, the aryl is an optionally
substituted phenyl group. In a further embodiment, phenyl is
substituted with at least one R selected from F, Cl, Br, and I. In
yet another embodiment, is a compound of Formula (I) wherein A is
selected from pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, and pyrazine and X
is W-L-B, wherein W is a bond and L is selected from methylene,
ethylene or propylene. In another embodiment, L is substituted with
at least one R. In a further embodiment, W is O. In yet a further
embodiment, W is NR.sub.2 wherein R.sub.2 is hydrogen. In yet a
further embodiment, is a compound of Formula (I) wherein A is
selected from pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, and pyrazine and B
is a heteroaryl selected from furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine,
oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, thiadiazole, isoxazole, isothiazole,
pyrazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, and triazole. In yet a further
embodiment, heteroaryl is selected from indole, benzothiophene,
benzoxazole, benzofuran, benzothiazole, benzimidazole,
benzoxadiazole, benzothiadiazole, benzotriazole, pyrazolopyridine,
imidazopyridine, pyrrolopyridine, pyrrolopyrimidine, indolizine,
and purine. In yet another embodiment, B is selected from
pyrimidine, pyrazole, imidazole, thiadiazole, oxazole, pyrazine,
and pyridazine. In yet another embodiment, B is substituted with at
least one R selected from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, --NO.sub.2,
--CF.sub.3, --OH, --OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, --C.ident.CH,
--C.ident.CR.sub.3, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylenealkyne,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, and phenyl. In yet another
embodiment, B is substituted with one R. In another embodiment, B
is substituted with two R. In yet a further embodiment, B is
substituted with three R. In one embodiment, R is
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,
iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In yet another
embodiment, R is methyl.
[0145] Also presented herein are compounds of Formula (I) wherein A
is a 9-membered heteroaryl selected from indole, benzothiophene,
benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzoxadiazole,
benzothiadiazole, indolizine, purine and benzotriazole. In another
embodiment, is a compound of Formula (I) wherein A is
benzothiophene. In a further embodiment, A is indole. In yet
another embodiment, A is benzimidazole. In a further embodiment, is
a compound of Formula (I) wherein A is selected from indole,
benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole,
benzoxadiazole, benzothiadiazole, indolizine, purine and
benzotriazole and B is an aryl group selected from phenyl or
naphthalene. In yet another embodiment, B is phenyl substituted
with at least one R. In another embodiment, phenyl is substituted
with two R. In yet a further embodiment, phenyl is substituted with
three R. In one embodiment, R is selected from Cl, Br, I, and F. In
another embodiment, R is methyl. In one embodiment, is a compound
of Formula (I) wherein A is selected from indole, benzothiophene,
benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzoxadiazole,
benzothiadiazole, indolizine, purine and benzotriazole and X is
W-L-B wherein W is a bond and L is C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene. In
another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein A is
selected from indole, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzothiazole,
benzimidazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiadiazole, indolizine, purine
and benzotriazole and B is a heteroaryl selected from a 5-membered
monocyclic heteroaryl, a 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl, a
9-membered bicyclic heteroaryl, or a 10-membered bicyclic
heteroaryl. In one embodiment, the 5-membered monocyclic
heteroaryl, a 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl, a 9-membered
bicyclic heteroaryl, or a 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl is
substituted with at least one R. In one embodiment, R is selected
from Br, Cl, I, F, OH, NO.sub.2, CN, or C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl.
[0146] Also disclosed herein is a compound of Formula (I) wherein A
is 10-membered heteroaryl selected from quinoxaline and
isoquinoline. In one embodiment, is a compound of Formula (I)
wherein A is a 10-membered heteroaryl selected from quinoxaline and
isoquinoline and X is B wherein B is an aryl or heteroaryl. In a
further embodiment, B is phenyl. In yet a further embodiment,
phenyl is substituted with at least one R selected from Br, Cl, I,
F, OH, NO.sub.2, CN, or C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In yet another
embodiment, is a compound of Formula (I) wherein A is a 10-membered
heteroaryl selected from quinoxaline and isoquinoline and X is
W-L-B. In one embodiment, W is O. In another embodiment, W is
NR.sub.2, wherein R.sub.2 is hydrogen. In yet a further embodiment,
W is a bond. In another embodiment, L is
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene.
[0147] In yet another embodiment, is a compound of Formula (I)
wherein A is C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl optionally substituted with
at least one R. In one embodiment, C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl is
selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,
cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. In one embodiment, is a compound of
Formula (I) wherein C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl selected from
cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl and B is an aryl or heteroaryl optionally
substituted with at least one R. In one embodiment, A is selected
from 2,3-dihydro-1H-indene, 1,2-dihydrocyclobutabenzene, and
1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene. In yet another embodiment, A is
9H-fluorene. In another embodiment, A is selected from
2,3-dihydro-1H-indene, 1,2-dihydrocyclobutabenzene,
1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene and 9H-fluorene and B is an aryl or
heteroaryl. In yet another embodiment, B is phenyl. In yet another
embodiment, B is C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl. In yet another
embodiment, A is cyclohexyl and B is selected from
2,3-dihydro-1H-indene, 1,2-dihydrocyclobutabenzene,
1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene and 9H-fluorene.
[0148] In one embodiment, A is C.sub.2-C.sub.8cycloheteroalkyl
optionally substituted with at least one R. In yet another
embodiment, A is a C.sub.8cycloheteroalkyl substituted with at
least one R selected from --NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3,
S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)CF.sub.3,
--C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O)R.sub.4, N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --CO.sub.2R.sub.4,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sub.3,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sub.4).sub.2, --SR.sub.3, --S(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, and
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3. In one embodiment, R is --CO.sub.2R.sub.4
wherein R.sub.4 is benzyl. In another embodiment, R.sub.4 is
phenyl. In yet another embodiment, A is a C.sub.8cycloheteroalkyl
substituted with at least one --C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, wherein R.sub.3
is a phenyl. In another embodiment, phenyl is substituted with at
least one R selected from F, Br, Cl, I, OH, CN, NO.sub.2, OR.sub.3,
and C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In one embodiment, the phenyl is
substituted with two R. In a further embodiment, the phenyl is
substituted with three R. In another embodiment, the phenyl is
substituted with four R. In another embodiment, A is a
C.sub.8cycloheteroalkyl substituted with --C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3,
wherein R.sub.3 is C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl selected from methyl,
ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl and tert-butyl.
[0149] In another embodiment, is a compound of Formula (I) wherein
A is naphthyl optionally substituted with at least one R. In
another embodiment, R is C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl selected from methyl,
ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl and tert-butyl.
Linkers
[0150] Also disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (I) wherein X
is W-L-B. In one embodiment, W is NR.sub.2. In another embodiment,
W is O. In yet another embodiment, W is a bond. In a further
embodiment, L is methylene substituted with at least one R or
ethylene substituted with at least one R. In a further embodiment,
W is C.sub.3-C.sub.6alkylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, or
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene, wherein
C.sub.3-C.sub.6alkylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, and
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene is substituted with at least one
R. In a further embodiment, L is
##STR00021##
wherein R.sub.i, R.sub.ii, R.sub.iii, and R.sub.iv are each
independently selected from hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, alkyne,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylalkyne, --NO.sub.2, --OH, --CF.sub.3,
--OCF.sub.3, --OR.sub.3, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl,
--NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)CF.sub.3, --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --CO.sub.2R.sub.4,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --CON(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--SR.sub.3, --S(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, and --S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3;
wherein R.sub.i, R.sub.ii, R.sub.iii, and R.sub.iv cannot all be
hydrogen; or R.sub.i and R.sub.iii, or R.sub.i and R.sub.iii, or
R.sub.i and R.sub.iv, or R.sub.i and R.sub.iv, or R.sub.i and
R.sub.ii, or R.sub.iii and R.sub.iv together with the atoms to
which they are attached form a C.sub.3-C.sub.8cycloalkyl or a
C.sub.2-C.sub.8heterocycloalkyl group. In another embodiment, In
another embodiment R.sub.i is hydrogen and R.sub.ii is selected
from F, Cl, Br, or I.
[0151] In yet another embodiment R.sub.i and R.sub.ii are both
hydrogen. In a further embodiment R.sub.i is hydrogen and R.sub.ii
is C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In yet a further embodiment
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl,
n-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In one embodiment
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl. In another embodiment R.sub.iii and
R.sub.iv are both hydrogen. In yet another embodiment R.sub.iii is
hydrogen and R.sub.iv is selected from F, Cl, Br, or I. In a
further embodiment R.sub.iii is hydrogen and R.sub.iv is
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In yet a further embodiment
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl,
n-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In one embodiment
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl. In another embodiment R.sub.i and
R.sub.ii are each independently selected from F, Cl, Br, or I. In
yet another embodiment R.sub.iii and R.sub.iv are each
independently selected from F, Cl, Br, or I. In a further
embodiment R.sub.i and R.sub.ii are each independently
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In yet a further embodiment
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl,
n-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In one embodiment
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl.
[0152] In another embodiment, L is C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene
selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl
optionally substituted with at least one R. In one embodiment, L is
cyclopropyl.
[0153] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein L
is
##STR00022##
wherein R.sub.i and R.sub.ii are each independently selected from
hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, alkyne, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylalkyne,
--NO.sub.2, --OH, --CF.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, --OR.sub.3,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl,
--NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)CF.sub.3, --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --CO.sub.2R.sub.4,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --CON(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--SR.sub.3, --S(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, and --S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3;
wherein R.sub.i and R.sub.ii cannot both be hydrogen; or R.sub.i
and R.sub.ii together with the atoms to which they are attached
form a C.sub.3-C.sub.8cycloalkenyl or a
C.sub.2-C.sub.8heterocycloalkenyl group, provided that R.sub.i and
R.sub.ii are in the cis configuration. In one embodiment R.sub.i is
hydrogen and R.sub.ii is selected from F, Cl, Br, or I. In yet
another embodiment R.sub.i is selected from F, Cl, Br, or I and
R.sub.ii is hydrogen. In a further embodiment R.sub.i is hydrogen
and R.sub.ii is C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In yet a further embodiment
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl,
n-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In one embodiment
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl. In another embodiment R.sub.i is
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl and R.sub.ii is hydrogen. In yet another
embodiment C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,
iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In a further
embodiment C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl. In yet a further
embodiment R.sub.i and R.sub.ii are each independently selected
from F, Cl, Br, or I. In one embodiment R.sub.iii and R.sub.iv are
each independently selected from F, Cl, Br, or I. In another
embodiment R.sub.i and R.sub.ii are each independently
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In yet another embodiment
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl,
n-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In a further embodiment
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl. Also described herein are compounds
of Formula (I) wherein L is
##STR00023##
Also disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (I) wherein L is a
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene. In another embodiment, the
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene is CH.sub.2O, CH.sub.2S,
(CH.sub.2).sub.2O, (CH.sub.2).sub.2S, (CH.sub.2).sub.3O,
(CH.sub.2).sub.3S.
[0154] In some embodiments are compounds of Formula (I) wherein L
is
##STR00024##
and V is a bond, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl; wherein
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkenyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl is substituted
with at least one R.sub.5; and W and V cannot both be a bond,
R.sub.i and R.sub.ii are each independently selected from hydrogen,
F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, alkyne, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylalkyne, --NO.sub.2,
--OH, --CF.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, --OR.sub.3, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl,
--NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)CF.sub.3, --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --CO.sub.2R.sub.4,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --CON(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--SR.sub.3, --S(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, and --S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3;
wherein R.sub.i and R.sub.ii cannot both be hydrogen; or R.sub.i
and R.sub.ii together with the atoms to which they are attached
form a C.sub.3-C.sub.8cycloalkenyl or a
C.sub.2-C.sub.8heterocycloalkenyl group, provided that R.sub.i and
R.sub.ii are in the cis configuration.
[0155] Also disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (I) wherein L
is selected from
##STR00025##
wherein B is a heteroaryl optionally substituted with at least one
R and R.sub.i, R.sub.ii, R.sub.iii, R.sub.iv, and V are as
previously described. In some embodiments, L is
##STR00026##
In other embodiments, R.sub.i and R.sub.ii is selected from F, Cl,
Br, I, --CN, alkyne, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylalkyne, --NO.sub.2, --OH,
--CF.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, --OR.sub.3, or C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl.
[0156] Also disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (I) wherein X
is W-L-B and B is C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, B
is selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or
cyclohexyl. In another embodiment, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,
cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl is substituted with at least one R
selected from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, alkyne,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylalkyne, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --OH,
--OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6fluoroalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, and phenyl. In another embodiment,
B is selected from
##STR00027##
optionally substituted with at least one R. In another embodiment,
R is selected from CH.sub.3, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OCH.sub.3, CN and
NO.sub.2. In yet another embodiment, W is NR.sub.2, wherein R.sub.2
is hydrogen, L is methylene and D is selected from
##STR00028##
In yet a further embodiment, W is O, L is methylene and B is
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl.
[0157] In another embodiment, is a compound of Formula (I) wherein
B is C.sub.2-C.sub.9heterocycloalkyl. In yet another embodiment, B
is selected from tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, pyrrolidine,
tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrothiopyran, and piperidine. In yet
another embodiment, B is selected from
##STR00029##
In another embodiment, W is a bond, L is methylene and B is
selected from
##STR00030##
optionally substituted with at least one R.
[0158] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein Z
is S. In another embodiment, Z is S and X is aryl substituted with
at least one R selected from F, Cl, Br, and I. In another
embodiment, is a compound wherein Z is S and A is a heteroaryl
substituted with at least one R selected from F, Cl, Br, and I,
wherein heteroaryl is not benzofuran. In another embodiment, is a
compound of Formula (I) wherein R.sub.1 is a thioacid.
[0159] In another aspect is a compound of Formula (I):
##STR00031##
[0160] wherein:
[0161] A is C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.8cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein A is
each optionally substituted with at least one R, and aryl is not
phenyl and heteroaryl is not benzofuran;
[0162] R is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, --NO.sub.2,
--CF.sub.3, --OH, --OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, --C.ident.CH,
--C.ident.CR.sub.3, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylenealkyne,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl,
--NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3, S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)CF.sub.3, --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O)R.sub.4, N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --CO.sub.2R.sub.4,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sub.3,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sub.4).sub.2, --SR.sub.3, --S(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, and
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3;
[0163] J is a bond, NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2, S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4),
--C(.dbd.O), --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O), N(R.sub.4), --N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O),
--CO.sub.2, --C(.dbd.O), --OC(.dbd.O), --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sub.4), --S,
--S(.dbd.O), and --S(.dbd.O).sub.2, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, or
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene, wherein
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, and
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene is optionally substituted with
at least one R;
[0164] R.sub.1 is CO.sub.2R.sub.2 or a carboxylic acid bioisostere,
wherein R.sub.2 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6cycloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, phenyl or
benzyl;
[0165] Z is O, S, NH, N--CN, or CHNO.sub.2;
[0166] X is B or W-L-B, wherein B is optionally substituted with at
least one R;
[0167] W is NR.sub.2, O or a bond;
[0168] L is C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, or
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene, wherein
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, and
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene is optionally substituted with
at least one R;
[0169] B is C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.9heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;
[0170] each R.sub.3 is independently selected from
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.8cycloalkyl, phenyl, and benzyl;
[0171] each R.sub.4 is independently selected from hydrogen,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.8cycloalkyl, phenyl, and benzyl;
[0172] R.sub.4A is selected from hydrogen,
--(CO)C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene-phenyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.8cycloalkyl, phenyl, and
benzyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or
prodrug thereof.
[0173] Also disclosed herein is a compound of Formula (II) wherein
heteroaryl is a monocyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted with
at least one R. In another embodiment, heteroaryl is a 5-membered
monocyclic heteroaryl or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl, wherein
heteroaryl includes 0 or 1 O atom, 0 or 1 S atom, 0-3 N atoms, and
at least 2 carbon atoms, optionally substituted with at least one
R. In another embodiment, heteroaryl is a 5-membered or 6-membered
heteroaryl selected from among furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl,
oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl,
isothiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl,
pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, and triazinyl, optionally substituted with
at least one R. In one embodiment is a compound of Formula (II)
wherein the monocyclic heteroaryl is a 5-membered monocyclic
heteroaryl having at least 1 N atom in the ring. In another
embodiment, the 5-membered monocyclic heteroaryl has 1 or 2 N atoms
in the ring. In a further embodiment, the 5-membered monocyclic
heteroaryl has 1 S atom. In a further embodiment, the 5-membered
monocyclic heteroaryl has 1 O atom. In yet a further embodiment,
the 5-membered monocyclic heteroaryl is substituted with at least
one R. In yet a further embodiment, the R is a halogen. In another
embodiment, R is a C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl. In another
embodiment, R is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or
cyclohexyl. In another embodiment, R is a heteroaryl. In a further
embodiment, R is a phenyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In
yet another embodiment, R is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, such as for
example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl,
and tert-butyl.
[0174] In another embodiment, heteroaryl is a 6-membered
heteroaryl, wherein heteroaryl includes 0 or 1 O atom, 0 or 1 S
atom, 1-3 N atoms, and at least 2 carbon atoms, optionally
substituted with at least one R. In yet a further embodiment,
heteroaryl is a 6-membered heteroaryl containing 1-3 N atoms in the
ring, optionally substituted with at least one R. In yet a further
embodiment, the 6-membered heteroaryl is substituted with 1 N atom.
In another embodiment, with 2 N atoms. In yet a further embodiment,
3 N atoms. In another embodiment, heteroaryl is a 6-membered
heteroaryl selected from among pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl,
pyrazinyl, and triazinyl, optionally substituted with at least one
R. In one embodiment, the 6-membered heteroaryl is substituted with
two R. In a further embodiment, the 6-membered heteroaryl is
substituted with R selected from halogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, phenyl, hydroxy, or OR.sub.3. In one
embodiment, halogen is F. In another embodiment, halogen is Cl. In
yet a further embodiment, halogen is I. In yet another embodiment
is a compound of Formula (II) wherein A is a 6-membered heteroaryl
substituted with at least one OR.sub.3 wherein R.sub.3 is methyl or
phenyl.
[0175] Also presented herein are N-oxide forms of compounds of
Formula (I)-(III), such as for example, B is a pyridine N-oxide. In
one embodiment is a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) wherein when the
heteroaryl group contains a nitrogen atom, the N-oxide form is also
present. In yet another embodiment, the nitrogen atom is part of
the heteroaryl ring. In another embodiment, the nitrogen atom is an
amino group that is substituted on the heteroaryl ring. In another
embodiment, the N-oxide is an amino N-oxide. In yet a further
embodiment, is the N-oxide form of a heteroaryl ring containing at
least one nitrogen atom. In another embodiment, is the N-oxide form
of a heteroaryl ring containing two nitrogen atoms.
[0176] Also described herein are N-oxide metabolite forms of a
compound of Formula (I). In one embodiment, the N-oxide metabolite
form of a compound of Formula (I) has the structure:
##STR00032##
wherein X is selected from O, S, or NR.sub.1; R.sub.1 is hydrogen
or C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl; and A and J are as previously
described.
[0177] In one embodiment, is the metabolite described above wherein
X is S. In one embodiment, the N-oxide metabolite forms of a
compound of Formula (I) are prepared by methods described herein.
In another embodiment, the N-oxide metabolite forms of a compound
of Formula (I) are not limited to benzothiazole, benzimidazole, or
benzoxazole, but also compounds of Formula (I) wherein X is a
heteroaryl having a nitrogen atom, such as by way of example only,
pyrrole, pyrazole, oxazole, oxadiazole, thiazole, thiadiazole,
imidazole, triazole, thiadiazole, isoxazole, isothiazole,
benzoxadiazole, benzotriazole, indole, pyridine, pyrimidine,
pyridazine, pyrazine, quinoline, isoquinoline, and quinoxaline.
[0178] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein
heteroaryl is a bicyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted with at
least one R. In another embodiment, heteroaryl is an 8-membered
bicyclic heteroaryl, a 9-membered bicyclic heteroaryl or a
10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl, wherein heteroaryl includes 0, 1
or 2 O atoms, 0, 1, or 2 S atoms, 0-3 N atoms, and at least 2
carbon atoms, optionally substituted with at least one R. In
another embodiment, heteroaryl is an 8-membered heteroaryl selected
from among furofuran, furopyrrole, thienofuran, thienothiophene,
thienopyrrole, dihydropyrrolopyrrole, furoimidazole,
thienoimidazole, dihydropyrroloimidazole, pyrrolooxadiazole,
dihydropyrrolotriazole, pyrrolothiadiazole, fluoroxadiazole,
thienooxadiazole, pyrrolooxadiazole, furotriazole, thienotriazole,
furothiadiazole, and thienothiadiazole optionally substituted with
at least one R.
[0179] In one embodiment, the 8-membered bicyclic heteroaryl has
the structure
##STR00033##
wherein U and U.sub.1 are independently O, S, or NR.sub.2. In one
embodiment, U is O. In another embodiment, U is S. In a further
embodiment, U is NR.sub.2. In another embodiment, both U and
U.sub.1 are S. In yet another embodiment, R.sub.2 is hydrogen or
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In yet another embodiment, R is selected from
F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, alkyne, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylalkyne, --NO.sub.2,
--CF.sub.3, --OH, --OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6fluoroalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, and phenyl. In yet another
embodiment, R is selected from F, Cl, Br, and I. In another
embodiment, R is C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In a further embodiment,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl,
n-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In yet another embodiment, R is
substituted with at least one C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl group. In a
further embodiment, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl, ethyl,
n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl.
[0180] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein
the 8-membered bicyclic heteroaryl has the structure
##STR00034##
wherein U and Y are each independently O, S, or NR.sub.2. In one
embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein U and Y are both
S. In another embodiment, U and Y are both O. In a further
embodiment, U and Y are both NR.sub.2. In yet another embodiment, U
is O and Y is S. In yet another embodiment, U is O and Y is N. In
yet a further embodiment, U is S and Y is NR.sub.2. In one
embodiment R.sub.2 is hydrogen.
[0181] In another embodiment, heteroaryl is a 9-membered
heteroaryl, wherein heteroaryl includes 0, 1, or 2 O atoms, 0, 1,
or 2 S atoms, 1-3 N atoms, and at least 2 carbon atoms, optionally
substituted with at least one R. In yet a further embodiment,
heteroaryl is a 9-membered heteroaryl containing 1-3 N atoms in the
ring, optionally substituted with at least one R. In another
embodiment, heteroaryl is a 9-membered heteroaryl selected from
among benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzoimidazole, benzooxadiazole,
benzothiadiazole, benzotriazole, indole, imidazopyridine,
triazolopyridine, pyrazolopyridine, oxazolopyridine,
thiazolopyridine, imidazopyridine, imidazopyridine, optionally
substituted with at least one R.
[0182] In one embodiment, the 9-membered bicyclic heteroaryl has
the structure
##STR00035##
wherein U is CH or N. In another embodiment, the 9-membered
bicyclic heteroaryl having the structure shown above is substituted
with at least one R selected from halogen and/or
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In another embodiment, R is F, Cl, Br, or I.
In a further embodiment, R is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl,
n-butyl, iso-butyl or tert-butyl.
[0183] In yet another embodiment, the 9-membered bicyclic
heteroaryl has the structure
##STR00036##
wherein U is O, S, or NR.sub.2. In one embodiment, U is O. In a
further embodiment, U is S. In yet a further embodiment, U is
NR.sub.2 and R.sub.2 is hydrogen. In yet another embodiment, is a
compound of Formula (II) wherein A is a 9-membered bicyclic
heteroaryl having the structure selected from:
##STR00037##
wherein U is CH or N, V is O, S, or NR.sub.2. In one embodiment, U
is CH. In yet another embodiment, U is N. In a further embodiment,
V is O. In yet a further embodiment, V is S. In one embodiment, V
is NR.sub.2 wherein R.sub.2 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In
another embodiment, the 9-membered bicyclic heteroaryl shown above
is substituted with at least one R selected from F, Cl, Br, I,
--CN, alkyne, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylalkyne, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3,
--OH, --OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6fluoroalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl,
--NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3, S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)CF.sub.3, --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O)R.sub.4, N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --CO.sub.2R.sub.4,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sub.3,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sub.4).sub.2, --SR.sub.3, --S(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, and
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3. In another embodiment, R is selected from
F, Br, Cl, I, OH, NO.sub.2, CN, OR.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, and
CF.sub.3.
[0184] In another embodiment, is a compound of Formula (II) wherein
A is a 9-membered bicyclic heteroaryl having the structure
##STR00038##
In yet a further embodiment, is a compound of Formula (II) wherein
A is a 9-membered bicyclic heteroaryl having the structure
##STR00039##
optionally substituted with at least one R. In one embodiment is a
compound of Formula (II) wherein B is phenyl optionally substituted
with at least one substituent independently selected from F, Cl,
Br, I, --CN, alkyne, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylalkyne, --NO.sub.2,
--CF.sub.3, --OH, --OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6fluoroalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl,
--NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3, S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)CF.sub.3, --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O)R.sub.4, N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --CO.sub.2R.sub.4,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sub.3,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sub.4).sub.2, --SR.sub.3, --S(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, and
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3. In yet another embodiment, R is selected
from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, alkyne, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylalkyne,
--NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --OH, --OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6fluoroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, and phenyl. In yet another
embodiment, R is selected from F, Cl, Br, and I. In another
embodiment, R is C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In a further embodiment,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl,
n-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In yet another embodiment, A is
phenyl substituted with at least one C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl group. In
a further embodiment, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl, ethyl,
n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl.
[0185] In yet a further embodiment, heteroaryl is a 10-membered
heteroaryl containing 1-3 N atoms in the ring, optionally
substituted with at least one R. In another embodiment, heteroaryl
is a 10-membered heteroaryl selected from among quinoline,
cinnoline, benzotriazine, quinoxaline, isoquinoline, naphthyridine,
quinazoline, phthalazine, optionally substituted with at least one
R.
[0186] Also disclosed herein are compounds wherein the heteroaryl
is a 10-membered heteroaryl containing 3 heteroatoms in the ring.
In one embodiment, the heteroatom is selected from nitrogen and
sulfur.
[0187] In yet a further embodiment is a compound of Formula (II)
wherein A is a 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl having the
structure
##STR00040##
wherein U is CH or N wherein the heteroaryl is optionally
substituted with at least one R. In one embodiment is a compound of
Formula (II) wherein R.sub.2 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl.
In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein J is a
bond and B is phenyl optionally substituted with at least one
substituent independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, alkyne,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylalkyne, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --OH,
--OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6fluoroalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl,
--NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3, S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)CF.sub.3, --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O)R.sub.4, N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --CO.sub.2R.sub.4,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sub.3,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sub.4).sub.2, --SR.sub.3, --S(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, and
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3. In yet another embodiment is a compound
of Formula (II) wherein R is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN,
alkyne, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylalkyne, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --OH,
--OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6fluoroalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, and phenyl. In yet another
embodiment, R is selected from F, Cl, Br, and I. In another
embodiment, R is C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl. In a further embodiment,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl,
n-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl. In yet another embodiment, B is
substituted with at least one C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl group. In a
further embodiment, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl, ethyl,
n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl.
[0188] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein
A is a 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl having the structure
##STR00041##
wherein the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with at least one
R group selected from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, alkyne,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylalkyne, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --OH,
--OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6fluoroalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl,
--NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3, S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)CF.sub.3, --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O)R.sub.4, N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --CO.sub.2R.sub.4,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sub.3,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sub.4).sub.2, --SR.sub.3, --S(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, and
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3. In another embodiment, B is a phenyl
optionally substituted with at least one substituent independently
selected from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, alkyne,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylalkyne, --NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --OH,
--OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6fluoroalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl,
--NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3, S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)CF.sub.3, --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O)R.sub.4, N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --CO.sub.2R.sub.4,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sub.3,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sub.4).sub.2, --SR.sub.3, --S(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, and
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3. In yet another embodiment, R is selected
from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, alkyne, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylalkyne,
--NO.sub.2, --CF.sub.3, --OH, --OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6fluoroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, and phenyl. In yet another
embodiment, R is selected from F, Cl, Br, and I. In yet another
embodiment, R is substituted with at least one C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl
group. In a further embodiment, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl is methyl,
ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, and
tert-butyl.
[0189] Also described herein are compounds having the structure of
Formula (III):
##STR00042##
wherein:
[0190] A is furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole,
imidazole, thiadiazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, pyrazole,
pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, oxadiazole, thiadiazole,
triazole, indole, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzothiazole,
benzimidazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiadiazole, benzotriazole,
pyrazolopyridine, imidazopyridine, pyrrolopyridine,
pyrrolopyrimidine, indolizine, purine, furopyridine,
thienopyridine, furopyrrole, furofuran, thienofuran,
1,4-dihydropyrrolopyrrole, thienopyrrole, thienothiophene,
quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, furopyrazole, thienopyrazole,
1,6-dihydropyrrolopyrazole, C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.8cycloheteroalkyl, and naphthyl, wherein A is each
optionally substituted with at least one R;
[0191] R is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, --NO.sub.2,
--CF.sub.3, --OH, --OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, --C.ident.CH,
--C.ident.CR.sub.3, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylenealkyne,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl,
--NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3, S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)CF.sub.3, --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O)R.sub.4, N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --CO.sub.2R.sub.4,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sub.3,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sub.4).sub.2, --SR.sub.3, --S(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, and
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3;
[0192] J is a bond, NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2, S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4),
--C(.dbd.O), --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O), N(R.sub.4), --N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O),
--CO.sub.2, --C(.dbd.O), --OC(.dbd.O), --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sub.4), --S,
--S(.dbd.O), and --S(.dbd.O).sub.2, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, or
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene, wherein
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, and
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene is optionally substituted with
at least one R;
[0193] R.sub.1 is CO.sub.2R.sub.2 or a carboxylic acid bioisostere,
wherein R.sub.2 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6cycloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, phenyl or
benzyl;
[0194] E is F, Cl, or deuterium;
[0195] Z is O, S, NH, N--CN, or CHNO.sub.2;
[0196] X is B or W-L-B, wherein B is optionally substituted with at
least one R;
[0197] W is NR.sub.2, O or a bond;
[0198] L is C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, or
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene, wherein
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, and
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene is optionally substituted with
at least one R;
[0199] B is C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.9heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;
[0200] each R.sub.3 is independently selected from
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.8cycloalkyl, phenyl, and benzyl;
[0201] each R.sub.4 is independently selected from hydrogen,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.8cycloalkyl, phenyl, and benzyl; or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof.
[0202] In one embodiment, is a compound of Formula (III) wherein E
is F. In another embodiment, E is Cl. In one embodiment, is a
compound of Formula (III) wherein E is deuterium. In another
embodiment, the compound of Formula (III) provides a
deuterium-enriched compound. In yet another embodiment, is a
pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (III)
wherein E is deuterium and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
In yet another embodiment is a method of treating a disease,
disorder or condition described herein comprising administering to
a subject in need a therapeutically effective amount of at least
one deuterium enriched compound having a structure of Formula (III)
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof. In yet another embodiment is the use of a deuterium
enriched compound having the structure of Formula (III) or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a
disease, disorder, or condition described herein. In yet a further
embodiment, incorporation of the deuterium at position E provides
for slower metabolism of a compound of Formula (III) compared to a
compound of Formula (III) with a hydrogen incorporated at position
E.
[0203] Deuterium (D or .sup.2H) is a stable, non-radioactive
isotope of hydrogen and has an atomic weight of 2.0144. Hydrogen
naturally occurs as a mixture of the isotopes .sup.1H (hydrogen or
protium), D (2H or deuterium), and T (.sup.3H or tritium). The
natural abundance of deuterium is 0.015%. Generally, in chemical
compounds with a H atom, the H atom actually represents a mixture
of H and D, with about 0.015% being D. In some embodiments,
deuterium-enriched compounds described herein are achieved by
either exchanging protons with deuterium or via starting materials
and/or intermediates enriched with deuterium.
[0204] Any combination of the groups described above for the
various variables is contemplated herein.
[0205] Throughout the specification, groups and substituents
thereof can be chosen to provide stable moieties and compounds.
Further Forms of Compounds
[0206] The compounds described herein may in some cases exist as
diastereomers, enantiomers, or other stereoisomeric forms. The
compounds presented herein include all diastereomeric,
enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate
mixtures thereof. Separation of stereoisomers may be performed by
chromatography or by the forming diastereomeric and separation by
recrystallization, or chromatography, or any combination thereof.
(Jean Jacques, Andre Collet, Samuel H. Wilen, "Enantiomers,
Racemates and Resolutions", John Wiley And Sons, Inc., 1981, herein
incorporated by reference for this disclosure). Stereoisomers may
also be obtained by stereoselective synthesis.
[0207] In some situations, compounds may exist as tautomers. All
tautomers are included within the formulas described herein.
[0208] The methods and compositions described herein include the
use of amorphous forms as well as crystalline forms (also known as
polymorphs). The compounds described herein may be in the form of
pharmaceutically acceptable salts. As well, active metabolites of
these compounds having the same type of activity are included in
the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, the compounds
described herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms
with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol,
and the like. The solvated forms of the compounds presented herein
are also considered to be disclosed herein.
[0209] In some embodiments, compounds described herein may be
prepared as prodrugs. A "prodrug" refers to an agent that is
converted into the parent drug in vivo. Prodrugs are often useful
because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than
the parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral
administration whereas the parent is not. The prodrug may also have
improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent
drug. An example, without limitation, of a prodrug would be a
compound described herein, which is administered as an ester (the
"prodrug") to facilitate transmittal across a cell membrane where
water solubility is detrimental to mobility but which then is
metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity,
once inside the cell where water-solubility is beneficial. A
further example of a prodrug might be a short peptide
(polyaminoacid) bonded to an acid group where the peptide is
metabolized to reveal the active moiety. In certain embodiments,
upon in vivo administration, a prodrug is chemically converted to
the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form
of the compound. In certain embodiments, a prodrug is enzymatically
metabolized by one or more steps or processes to the biologically,
pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the
compound.
[0210] To produce a prodrug, a pharmaceutically active compound is
modified such that the active compound will be regenerated upon in
vivo administration. The prodrug can be designed to alter the
metabolic stability or the transport characteristics of a drug, to
mask side effects or toxicity, to improve the flavor of a drug or
to alter other characteristics or properties of a drug. In some
embodiments, by virtue of knowledge of pharmacodynamic processes
and drug metabolism in vivo, once a pharmaceutically active
compound is determined, prodrugs of the compound are designed.
(see, for example, Nogrady (1985) Medicinal Chemistry A Biochemical
Approach, Oxford University Press, New York, pages 388-392;
Silverman (1992), The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug
Action, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, pages 352-401, Saulnier et
al., (1994), Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Vol. 4, p.
1985; Rooseboom et al., Pharmacological Reviews, 56:53-102, 2004;
Miller et al., J. Med. Chem. Vol. 46, no. 24, 5097-5116, 2003;
Aesop Cho, "Recent Advances in Oral Prodrug Discovery", Annual
Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 41, 395-407, 2006).
[0211] Prodrug forms of the herein described compounds, wherein the
prodrug is metabolized in vivo to produce a compound of Formula
(I)-(III) as set forth herein are included within the scope of the
claims. In some cases, some of the herein-described compounds may
be a prodrug for another derivative or active compound.
[0212] Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they
may be easier to administer than the parent drug. They may, for
instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent
is not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility in
pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug. Prodrugs may be
designed as reversible drug derivatives, for use as modifiers to
enhance drug transport to site-specific tissues. In some
embodiments, the design of a prodrug increases the effective water
solubility. See, e.g., Fedorak et al., Am. J. Physiol.,
269:G210-218 (1995); McLoed et al., Gastroenterol, 106:405-413
(1994); Hochhaus et al., Biomed. Chrom., 6:283-286 (1992); J.
Larsen and H. Bundgaard, Int. J. Pharmaceutics, 37, 87 (1987); J.
Larsen et al., Int. J. Pharmaceutics, 47, 103 (1988); Sinkula et
al., J. Pharm. Sci., 64:181-210 (1975); T. Higuchi and V. Stella,
Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14 of the A.C.S.
Symposium Series; and Edward B. Roche, Bioreversible Carriers in
Drug Design, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon
Press, 1987, all incorporated herein for such disclosure).
[0213] Sites on the aromatic ring portion of compounds described
herein can be susceptible to various metabolic reactions, therefore
incorporation of appropriate substituents on the aromatic ring
structures, such as, by way of example only, halogens can reduce,
minimize or eliminate this metabolic pathway.
[0214] The compounds described herein may be labeled isotopically
(e.g. with a radioisotope) or by other means, including, but not
limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties,
bioluminescent labels, photoactivatable or chemiluminescent
labels.
[0215] Compounds described herein include isotopically-labeled
compounds, which are identical to those recited in the various
formulae and structures presented herein, but for the fact that one
or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass
number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found
in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into the
present compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen,
oxygen, fluorine and chlorine, such as, for example, .sup.2H,
.sup.3H, .sup.13C, .sup.14C, .sup.15N, .sup.18O, .sup.17O,
.sup.35S, .sup.18F, .sup.36Cl, respectively. Certain
isotopically-labeled compounds described herein, for example those
into which radioactive isotopes such as .sup.3H and .sup.14C are
incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue
distribution assays. Further, substitution with isotopes such as
deuterium, i.e., .sup.2H, can afford certain therapeutic advantages
resulting from greater metabolic stability, such as, for example,
increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements.
[0216] In additional or further embodiments, the compounds
described herein are metabolized upon administration to an organism
in need to produce a metabolite that is then used to produce a
desired effect, including a desired therapeutic effect.
[0217] Compounds described herein may be formed as, and/or used as,
pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The type of pharmaceutical
acceptable salts, include, but are not limited to: (1) acid
addition salts, formed by reacting the free base form of the
compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable: inorganic acid, such
as, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric
acid, phosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, and the like; or with
an organic acid, such as, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid,
hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic
acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic
acid, fumaric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, tartaric acid, citric
acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic
acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid,
1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid,
benzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic
acid, 4-methylbicyclo-[2.2.2]oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid,
glucoheptonic acid, 4,4'-methylenebis-(3-hydroxy-2-ene-1-carboxylic
acid), 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary
butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic
acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic
acid, butyric acid, phenylacetic acid, phenylbutyric acid, valproic
acid, and the like; (2) salts formed when an acidic proton present
in the parent compound is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali
metal ion (e.g. lithium, sodium, potassium), an alkaline earth ion
(e.g. magnesium, or calcium), or an aluminum ion. In some cases,
compounds described herein may coordinate with an organic base,
such as, but not limited to, ethanolamine, diethanolamine,
triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine,
dicyclohexylamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine. In other cases,
compounds described herein may form salts with amino acids such as,
but not limited to, arginine, lysine, and the like. Acceptable
inorganic bases used to form salts with compounds that include an
acidic proton, include, but are not limited to, aluminum hydroxide,
calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium
hydroxide, and the like.
[0218] It should be understood that a reference to a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes the solvent addition
forms or crystal forms thereof, particularly solvates or
polymorphs. Solvates contain either stoichiometric or
non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and may be formed during
the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable
solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates are formed
when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the
solvent is alcohol. Solvates of compounds described herein can be
conveniently prepared or formed during the processes described
herein. In addition, the compounds provided herein can exist in
unsolvated as well as solvated forms. In general, the solvated
forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the
purposes of the compounds and methods provided herein.
[0219] In some embodiments, compounds described herein, such as
compounds of Formula (I)-(III), are in various forms, including but
not limited to, amorphous forms, milled forms and nano-particulate
forms. In addition, compounds described herein include crystalline
forms, also known as polymorphs. Polymorphs include the different
crystal packing arrangements of the same elemental composition of a
compound. Polymorphs usually have different X-ray diffraction
patterns, melting points, density, hardness, crystal shape, optical
properties, stability, and solubility. Various factors such as the
recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, and storage
temperature may cause a single crystal form to dominate.
[0220] The screening and characterization of the pharmaceutically
acceptable salts, polymorphs and/or solvates may be accomplished
using a variety of techniques including, but not limited to,
thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction, spectroscopy, vapor sorption,
and microscopy. Thermal analysis methods address thermo chemical
degradation or thermo physical processes including, but not limited
to, polymorphic transitions, and such methods are used to analyze
the relationships between polymorphic forms, determine weight loss,
to find the glass transition temperature, or for excipient
compatibility studies. Such methods include, but are not limited
to, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Modulated Differential
Scanning Calorimetry (MDCS), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and
Thermogravi-metric and Infrared analysis (TG/IR). X-ray diffraction
methods include, but are not limited to, single crystal and powder
diffractometers and synchrotron sources. The various spectroscopic
techniques used include, but are not limited to, Raman, FTIR,
UV-VIS, and NMR (liquid and solid state). The various microscopy
techniques include, but are not limited to, polarized light
microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy
Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX), Environmental Scanning Electron
Microscopy with EDX (in gas or water vapor atmosphere), IR
microscopy, and Raman microscopy.
[0221] Throughout the specification, groups and substituents
thereof can be chosen to provide stable moieties and compounds.
Synthesis of Compounds
[0222] In some embodiments, the synthesis of compounds described
herein are accomplished using means described in the chemical
literature, using the methods described herein, or by a combination
thereof. In addition, solvents, temperatures and other reaction
conditions presented herein may vary.
[0223] In other embodiments, the starting materials and reagents
used for the synthesis of the compounds described herein are
synthesized or are obtained from commercial sources, such as, but
not limited to, Sigma-Aldrich, FischerScientific (Fischer
Chemicals), and AcrosOrganics.
[0224] In further embodiments, the compounds described herein, and
other related compounds having different substituents are
synthesized using techniques and materials described herein as well
as those that are recognized in the field, such as described, for
example, in Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis,
Volumes 1-17 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); Rodd's Chemistry of
Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 and Supplementals (Elsevier Science
Publishers, 1989); Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and
Sons, 1991), Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH
Publishers Inc., 1989), March, ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 4.sup.th
Ed., (Wiley 1992); Carey and Sundberg, ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
4.sup.th Ed., Vols. A and B (Plenum 2000, 2001), and Green and
Wuts, PROTECTIVE GROUPS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS 3.sup.rd Ed., (Wiley
1999) (all of which are incorporated by reference for such
disclosure). General methods for the preparation of compound as
disclosed herein may be derived from reactions and the reactions
may be modified by the use of appropriate reagents and conditions,
for the introduction of the various moieties found in the formulae
as provided herein. As a guide the following synthetic methods may
be utilized.
Formation of Covalent Linkages by Reaction of an Electrophile with
a Nucleophile
[0225] The compounds described herein can be modified using various
electrophiles and/or nucleophiles to form new functional groups or
substituents. Table 6 entitled "Examples of Covalent Linkages and
Precursors Thereof" lists selected non-limiting examples of
covalent linkages and precursor functional groups which yield the
covalent linkages. Table 2 may be used as guidance toward the
variety of electrophiles and nucleophiles combinations available
that provide covalent linkages. Precursor functional groups are
shown as electrophilic groups and nucleophilic groups.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 6 Examples of Covalent Linkages and Precursors
Thereof Covalent Linkage Product Electrophile Nucleophile
Carboxamides Activated esters amines/anilines Carboxamides acyl
azides amines/anilines Carboxamides acyl halides amines/anilines
Esters acyl halides alcohols/phenols Esters acyl nitriles
alcohols/phenols Carboxamides acyl nitriles amines/anilines Imines
Aldehydes amines/anilines Alkyl amines alkyl halides
amines/anilines Esters alkyl halides carboxylic acids Thioethers
alkyl halides Thiols Ethers alkyl halides alcohols/phenols
Thioethers alkyl sulfonates Thiols Esters Anhydrides
alcohols/phenols Carboxamides Anhydrides amines/anilines
Thiophenols aryl halides Thiols Aryl amines aryl halides Amines
Thioethers Azindines Thiols Carboxamides carboxylic acids
amines/anilines Esters carboxylic acids Alcohols hydrazines
Hydrazides carboxylic acids N-acylureas or Anhydrides carbodiimides
carboxylic acids Esters diazoalkanes carboxylic acids Thioethers
Epoxides Thiols Thioethers haloacetamides Thiols Ureas Isocyanates
amines/anilines Urethanes Isocyanates alcohols/phenols Thioureas
isothiocyanates amines/anilines Thioethers Maleimides Thiols Alkyl
amines sulfonate esters amines/anilines Thioethers sulfonate esters
Thiols Sulfonamides sulfonyl halides amines/anilines Sulfonate
esters sulfonyl halides phenols/alcohols
Use of Protecting Groups
[0226] In the reactions described, it may be necessary to protect
reactive functional groups, for example hydroxy, amino, imino, thio
or carboxy groups, where these are desired in the final product, in
order to avoid their unwanted participation in reactions.
Protecting groups are used to block some or all of the reactive
moieties and prevent such groups from participating in chemical
reactions until the protective group is removed. It is preferred
that each protective group be removable by a different means.
Protective groups that are cleaved under totally disparate reaction
conditions fulfill the requirement of differential removal.
[0227] Protective groups can be removed by acid, base, reducing
conditions (such as, for example, hydrogenolysis), and/or oxidative
conditions. Groups such as trityl, dimethoxytrityl, acetal and
t-butyldimethylsilyl are acid labile and may be used to protect
carboxy and hydroxy reactive moieties in the presence of amino
groups protected with Cbz groups, which are removable by
hydrogenolysis, and Fmoc groups, which are base labile. Carboxylic
acid and hydroxy reactive moieties may be blocked with base labile
groups such as, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, and acetyl in
the presence of amines blocked with acid labile groups such as
t-butyl carbamate or with carbamates that are both acid and base
stable but hydrolytically removable.
[0228] Carboxylic acid and hydroxy reactive moieties may also be
blocked with hydrolytically removable protective groups such as the
benzyl group, while amine groups capable of hydrogen bonding with
acids may be blocked with base labile groups such as Fmoc.
Carboxylic acid reactive moieties may be protected by conversion to
simple ester compounds as exemplified herein, which include
conversion to alkyl esters, or they may be blocked with
oxidatively-removable protective groups such as
2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, while co-existing amino groups may be blocked
with fluoride labile silyl carbamates.
[0229] Allyl blocking groups are useful in then presence of acid-
and base-protecting groups since the former are stable and can be
subsequently removed by metal or pi-acid catalysts. For example, an
allyl-blocked carboxylic acid can be deprotected with a
Pd.sup.0-catalyzed reaction in the presence of acid labile t-butyl
carbamate or base-labile acetate amine protecting groups. Yet
another form of protecting group is a resin to which a compound or
intermediate may be attached. As long as the residue is attached to
the resin, that functional group is blocked and cannot react. Once
released from the resin, the functional group is available to
react.
[0230] Typically blocking/protecting groups may be selected
from:
##STR00043##
[0231] Other protecting groups, plus a detailed description of
techniques applicable to the creation of protecting groups and
their removal are described in Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups
in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York,
N.Y., 1999, and Kocienski, Protective Groups, Thieme Verlag, New
York, N.Y., 1994, which are incorporated herein by reference for
such disclosure).
General Synthesis
[0232] The preparation of compounds of Formula (I)-(III) described
herein may be accomplished by methods recognized in the field, such
as described in Koebel et al. J. Med. Chem. 1975, vol 18, no 2,
192-194; Gewald, K.; Schinke, E.; Bottcher, H. Chem. Ber. 1966, 99,
94-100; Sabnis, R. W. Sulfur Rep. 1994, 16, 1-17; Sabnis, R. W. et
al., J. Heterocyclic Chem. 1999, 36, 333; Gernot A. Eller, Wolfgang
Holzer Molecules 2006, 11, 371-376; Michael G. et al., J. Med.
Chem.; 1999; 42(26) pp 5437-5447; all of which are incorporated by
reference.
[0233] In one embodiment, compounds described herein are prepared
by the sequence depicted in Scheme A.
Scheme A. Non-Limiting Example of the Synthesis of Compounds of
Formula (I)-(III)
##STR00044##
[0235] A Knoevenagel condensation between ketones of structure A-1
and cyanoacetates of structure A-2 forms Schiffs bases of structure
A-3. For example ketones of structure A-1 are reacted with
cyanoacetates of structure A-2 in the presence of an amine, such as
for example, morpholine in a solvent such as toluene under
dehydrating conditions, such as in the presence of 4 .ANG.
molecular sieves, to form Schiff's base of structure A-3. Schiff's
base of structure A-3 are reacted under Gewald reaction conditions
(sulfur (Ss), morpholine in a solvent such as ethanol and toluene)
to form thiophenes of structure A-4. Thiophenes of structure A-4
are then reacted with a variety of carboxylic acid chlorides to
provide compounds of Formula (I)-(III). In another embodiment,
thiophenes of structure A-4 are coupled with carboxylic acids in
the presence of a coupling agent, such as, for example,
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), diisopropyl carbodiimide (DIC),
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDCI),
N-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT), N-hydroxysuccinimide (HOSu),
4-nitrophenol, pentafluorophenol,
2-(1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium
tetrafluoroborate (TBTU),
O-benzotriazole-N,N,N'N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
(HBTU), benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-(dimethylamino)-phosphonium
hexafluorophosphate (BOP),
benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidinophosphonium
hexafluorophosphate, bromo-trispyrrolidino-phosphonium
hexafluorophosphate,
2-(5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximido)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium
tetrafluoroborate (TNTU),
O--(N-succinimidyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate
(TSTU), tetramethylfluoroformamidinium hexafluorophosphate and the
like, to provide compounds of Formula (I)-(III).
[0236] In another embodiment, compounds of Formulas (I)-(III) are
prepared by following the procedure outlined in Scheme B.
Scheme B. Non-Limiting Example of the Synthesis of Compounds of
Formulas (I)-(III)
##STR00045##
[0238] Ketones of structure A-1, cyanoacetates of structure A-2,
elemental sulfur, morpholine, and ethanol are mixed together and
stirred at room temperature to form thiophenes of structure A-4.
Thiophenes of structure A-4 are then reacted with activated
carboxylic acids, such as acid chlorides, to form amides of
structure A-5. Hydrolysis the ester functionality of amides of
structure A-5 provides the corresponding carboxylic acids.
[0239] Schemes presented herein are merely illustrative of some
methods by which the compounds described herein can be synthesized,
and various modifications to these schemes can be made.
[0240] Throughout the specification, groups and substituents
thereof can be chosen to provide stable moieties and compounds.
[0241] In one aspect is a method of making a compound of Formula
(I) comprising:
a) reacting an ester-protected trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy thiophene
derivative with a boronic acid derivative in the presence of a
catalyst; b) removing the ester-protected group to result in the
compound of Formula (I). In one embodiment, the ester-protected
thiophene derivative is a t-butyl ester group. In another
embodiment, the boronic acid derivative is trifluoromethoxyphenyl
boronic acid. In another embodiment, the catalyst is a palladium
catalyst. In yet another embodiment, the palladium catalyst is
tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0). In yet another
embodiment, the reaction is performed in a biphasic mixture. In yet
a further embodiment, the reaction is performed at an elevated
temperature. In another embodiment, the temperature is between
about 50 to about 80.degree. C. In yet about embodiment, the
temperature is about 70.degree. C. In yet another embodiment,
following reaction of the boronic acid derivative with the
ester-protected thiophene derivative the resulting product is
purified by chromatography. In yet another embodiment, an acid is
used to remove the ester-protecting group. In yet another
embodiment, the acid is trifluoroacetic acid.
Certain Terminology
[0242] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms
used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood to
which the claimed subject matter belongs. In the event that there
are a plurality of definitions for terms herein, those in this
section prevail. All patents, patent applications, publications and
published nucleotide and amino acid sequences (e.g., sequences
available in GenBank or other databases) referred to herein are
incorporated by reference. Where reference is made to a URL or
other such identifier or address, it is understood that such
identifiers can change and particular information on the internet
can come and go, but equivalent information can be found by
searching the internet. Reference thereto evidences the
availability and public dissemination of such information.
[0243] It is to be understood that the foregoing general
description and the following detailed description are exemplary
and explanatory only and are not restrictive of any subject matter
claimed. In this application, the use of the singular includes the
plural unless specifically stated otherwise. It must be noted that,
as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular
forms "a," "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the
context clearly dictates otherwise. In this application, the use of
"or" means "and/or" unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, use of
the term "including" as well as other forms, such as "include",
"includes," and "included," is not limiting.
[0244] The section headings used herein are for organizational
purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject
matter described.
[0245] Definition of standard chemistry terms may be found in
reference works, including but not limited to, Carey and Sundberg
"ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 4.sup.TH ED." Vols. A (2000) and B
(2001), Plenum Press, New York. Unless otherwise indicated,
conventional methods of mass spectroscopy, NMR, HPLC, protein
chemistry, biochemistry, recombinant DNA techniques and
pharmacology.
[0246] Unless specific definitions are provided, the nomenclature
employed in connection with, and the laboratory procedures and
techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry,
and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are
those recognized in the field. Standard techniques can be used for
chemical syntheses, chemical analyses, pharmaceutical preparation,
formulation, and delivery, and treatment of patients. Standard
techniques can be used for recombinant DNA, oligonucleotide
synthesis, and tissue culture and transformation (e.g.,
electroporation, lipofection). Reactions and purification
techniques can be performed e.g., using kits of manufacturer's
specifications or as commonly accomplished in the art or as
described herein. The foregoing techniques and procedures can be
generally performed of conventional methods and as described in
various general and more specific references that are cited and
discussed throughout the present specification.
[0247] It is to be understood that the methods and compositions
described herein are not limited to the particular methodology,
protocols, cell lines, constructs, and reagents described herein
and as such may vary. It is also to be understood that the
terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular
embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the
methods, compounds, compositions described herein.
[0248] As used herein, C.sub.1-C.sub.x includes C.sub.1-C.sub.2,
C.sub.1-C.sub.3 . . . C.sub.1-C.sub.x. C.sub.1-C.sub.x refers to
the number of carbon atoms that make up the moiety to which it
designates (excluding optional substituents).
[0249] An "alkyl" group refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.
The alkyl groups may or may not include units of unsaturation. The
alkyl moiety may be a "saturated alkyl" group, which means that it
does not contain any units of unsaturation (i.e. a carbon-carbon
double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond). The alkyl group may
also be an "unsaturated alkyl" moiety, which means that it contains
at least one unit of unsaturation. The alkyl moiety, whether
saturated or unsaturated, may be branched, straight chain, or
cyclic.
[0250] The "alkyl" group may have 1 to 6 carbon atoms (whenever it
appears herein, a numerical range such as "1 to 6" refers to each
integer in the given range; e.g., "1 to 6 carbon atoms" means that
the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3
carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 6 carbon atoms, although
the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term
"alkyl" where no numerical range is designated). The alkyl group of
the compounds described herein may be designated as
"C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl" or similar designations. By way of example
only, "C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl" indicates that there are one to six
carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, i.e., the alkyl chain is selected
from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl,
n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl,
neo-pentyl, hexyl, propen-3-yl (allyl), cyclopropylmethyl,
cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl. Alkyl groups
can be substituted or unsubstituted. Depending on the structure, an
alkyl group can be a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an alkylene
group).
[0251] An "alkoxy" refers to a "--O-alkyl" group, where alkyl is as
defined herein.
[0252] The term "alkenyl" refers to a type of alkyl group in which
the first two atoms of the alkyl group form a double bond that is
not part of an aromatic group. That is, an alkenyl group begins
with the atoms --C(R).dbd.CR.sub.2, wherein R refers to the
remaining portions of the alkenyl group, which may be the same or
different. Non-limiting examples of an alkenyl group include
--CH.dbd.CH.sub.2, --C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2, --CH.dbd.CHCH.sub.3,
--CH.dbd.C(CH.sub.3).sub.2 and --C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CHCH.sub.3. The
alkenyl moiety may be branched, straight chain, or cyclic (in which
case, it would also be known as a "cycloalkenyl" group). Alkenyl
groups may have 2 to 6 carbons. Alkenyl groups can be substituted
or unsubstituted. Depending on the structure, an alkenyl group can
be a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an alkenylene group).
[0253] The term "alkynyl" refers to a type of alkyl group in which
the first two atoms of the alkyl group form a triple bond. That is,
an alkynyl group begins with the atoms --C.ident.C--R, wherein R
refers to the remaining portions of the alkynyl group. Non-limiting
examples of an alkynyl group include --C.ident.CH,
--C.ident.CCH.sub.3, --C.ident.CCH.sub.2CH.sub.3 and
--C.ident.CCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3. The "R" portion of the alkynyl
moiety may be branched, straight chain, or cyclic. An alkynyl group
can have 2 to 6 carbons. Alkynyl groups can be substituted or
unsubstituted. Depending on the structure, an alkynyl group can be
a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an alkynylene group).
[0254] "Amino" refers to a --NH.sub.2 group.
[0255] The term "alkylamine" or "alkylamino" refers to the
--N(alkyl).sub.xH.sub.y group, where alkyl is as defined herein and
x and y are selected from the group x=1, y=1 and x=2, y=0. When
x=2, the alkyl groups, taken together with the nitrogen to which
they are attached, can optionally form a cyclic ring system.
"Dialkylamino" refers to a --N(alkyl).sub.2 group, where alkyl is
as defined herein.
[0256] The term "aromatic" refers to a planar ring having a
delocalized .pi.-electron system containing 4n+2 .pi. electrons,
where n is an integer. Aromatic rings can be formed from five, six,
seven, eight, nine, or more than nine atoms. Aromatics can be
optionally substituted. The term "aromatic" includes both aryl
groups (e.g., phenyl, naphthalenyl) and heteroaryl groups (e.g.,
pyridinyl, quinolinyl).
[0257] As used herein, the term "aryl" refers to an aromatic ring
wherein each of the atoms forming the ring is a carbon atom. Aryl
rings can be formed by five, six, seven, eight, nine, or more than
nine carbon atoms. Aryl groups can be optionally substituted.
Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to phenyl, and
naphthalenyl. Depending on the structure, an aryl group can be a
monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an arylene group).
[0258] "Carboxy" refers to --CO.sub.2H. In some embodiments,
carboxy moieties may be replaced with a "carboxylic acid
bioisostere", which refers to a functional group or moiety that
exhibits similar physical and/or chemical properties as a
carboxylic acid moiety. A carboxylic acid bioisostere has similar
biological properties to that of a carboxylic acid group. A
compound with a carboxylic acid moiety can have the carboxylic acid
moiety exchanged with a carboxylic acid bioisostere and have
similar physical and/or biological properties when compared to the
carboxylic acid-containing compound. For example, in one
embodiment, a carboxylic acid bioisostere would ionize at
physiological pH to roughly the same extent as a carboxylic acid
group. Examples of bioisosteres of a carboxylic acid include, but
are not limited to,
##STR00046##
and the like.
[0259] The term "cycloalkyl" refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic
non-aromatic radical, wherein each of the atoms forming the ring
(i.e. skeletal atoms) is a carbon atom. Cycloalkyls may be
saturated, or partially unsaturated. Cycloalkyls may be fused with
an aromatic ring (in which case the cycloalkyl is bonded through a
non-aromatic ring carbon atom). Cycloalkyl groups include groups
having from 3 to 10 ring atoms. Illustrative examples of cycloalkyl
groups include, but are not limited to, the following moieties:
##STR00047##
and the like.
[0260] The terms "heteroaryl" or, alternatively, "heteroaromatic"
refers to an aryl group that includes one or more ring heteroatoms
selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. An N-containing
"heteroaromatic" or "heteroaryl" moiety refers to an aromatic group
in which at least one of the skeletal atoms of the ring is a
nitrogen atom. Polycyclic heteroaryl groups may be fused or
non-fused. Illustrative examples of heteroaryl groups include the
following moieties:
##STR00048##
and the like.
[0261] A "heterocycloalkyl" group or "heteroalicyclic" group refers
to a cycloalkyl group, wherein at least one skeletal ring atom is a
heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The radicals
may be fused with an aryl or heteroaryl. Illustrative examples of
heterocycloalkyl groups, also referred to as non-aromatic
heterocycles, include:
##STR00049##
and the like. The term heteroalicyclic also includes all ring forms
of the carbohydrates, including but not limited to the
monosaccharides, the disaccharides and the oligosaccharides. Unless
otherwise noted, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 10 carbons in the
ring. It is understood that when referring to the number of carbon
atoms in a heterocycloalkyl, the number of carbon atoms in the
heterocycloalkyl is not the same as the total number of atoms
(including the heteroatoms) that make up the heterocycloalkyl (i.e.
skeletal atoms of the heterocycloalkyl ring).
[0262] The term "halo" or, alternatively, "halogen" means fluoro,
chloro, bromo and iodo.
[0263] The term "haloalkyl" refers to an alkyl group that is
substituted with one or more halogens. The halogens may the same or
they may be different. Non-limiting examples of haloalkyls include
--CH.sub.2Cl, --CF.sub.3, --CHF.sub.2, --CH.sub.2CF.sub.3,
--CF.sub.2CF.sub.3, --CF(CH.sub.3).sub.3, and the like.
[0264] The terms "fluoroalkyl" and "fluoroalkoxy" include alkyl and
alkoxy groups, respectively, that are substituted with one or more
fluorine atoms. Non-limiting examples of fluoroalkyls include
--CF.sub.3, --CHF.sub.2, --CH.sub.2F, --CH.sub.2CF.sub.3,
--CF.sub.2CF.sub.3, --CF.sub.2CF.sub.2CF.sub.3,
--CF(CH.sub.3).sub.3, and the like. Non-limiting examples of
fluoroalkoxy groups, include --OCF.sub.3, --OCHF.sub.2,
--OCH.sub.2F, --OCH.sub.2CF.sub.3, --OCF.sub.2CF.sub.3,
--OCF.sub.2CF.sub.2CF.sub.3, --OCF(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and the
like.
[0265] The term "heteroalkyl" refers to an alkyl radical where one
or more skeletal chain atoms is selected from an atom other than
carbon, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, or
combinations thereof. The heteroatom(s) may be placed at any
interior position of the heteroalkyl group. Examples include, but
are not limited to, --CH.sub.2--O--CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2--NH--CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--NH--CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2--N(CH.sub.3)--CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--NH--CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--N(CH.sub.3)--CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2--S--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2,
--S(O)--CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--S(O).sub.2--CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2--NH--OCH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2--O--Si(CH.sub.3).sub.3,
--CH.sub.2--CH.dbd.N--OCH.sub.3, and
--CH.dbd.CH--N(CH.sub.3)--CH.sub.3. In addition, up to two
heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, by way of example,
--CH.sub.2--NH--OCH.sub.3 and --CH.sub.2--O--Si(CH.sub.3).sub.3.
Excluding the number of heteroatoms, a "heteroalkyl" may have from
1 to 6 carbon atoms.
[0266] The term "bond" or "single bond" refers to a chemical bond
between two atoms, or two moieties when the atoms joined by the
bond are considered to be part of larger substructure.
[0267] The term "moiety" refers to a specific segment or functional
group of a molecule. Chemical moieties are often recognized
chemical entities embedded in or appended to a molecule.
[0268] As used herein, the substituent "R" appearing by itself and
without a number designation refers to a substituent selected from
among from alkyl, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl,
aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon), and
heterocycloalkyl.
[0269] The term "optionally substituted" or "substituted" means
that the referenced group may be substituted with one or more
additional group(s) individually and independently selected from
alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, --OH,
alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylsulfoxide,
arylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, arylsulfone, --CN, alkyne,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylalkyne, halo, acyl, acyloxy, --CO.sub.2H,
--CO.sub.2-alkyl, nitro, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, and amino,
including mono- and di-substituted amino groups (e.g. --NH.sub.2,
--NHR, --N(R).sub.2), and the protected derivatives thereof. By way
of example, an optional substituents may be L.sup.sR.sup.s, wherein
each L.sup.s is independently selected from a bond, --O--,
--C(.dbd.O)--, --S--, --S(.dbd.O)--, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2--, --NH--,
--NHC(O)--, --C(O)NH--, S(.dbd.O).sub.2NH--, --NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2,
--OC(O)NH--, --NHC(O)O--, --(C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl)-, or
--(C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenyl)-; and each R.sup.s is independently
selected from among H, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl),
(C.sub.3-C.sub.8cycloalkyl), aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl,
and C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl. The protecting groups that may form
the protective derivatives of the above substituents are found in
sources such as Greene and Wuts, above.
[0270] The methods and formulations described herein include the
use of crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs), or
pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds having the structure
of Formulas (I)-(III), as well as active metabolites of these
compounds having the same type of activity. In some situations,
compounds may exist as tautomers. All tautomers are included within
the scope of the compounds presented herein. In addition, the
compounds described herein can exist in unsolvated as well as
solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as
water, ethanol, and the like. The solvated forms of the compounds
presented herein are also considered to be disclosed herein.
[0271] The terms "kit" and "article of manufacture" are used as
synonyms.
[0272] The term "subject" or "patient" encompasses mammals and
non-mammals. Examples of mammals include, but are not limited to,
any member of the Mammalian class: humans, non-human primates such
as chimpanzees, and other apes and monkey species; farm animals
such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; domestic animals such
as rabbits, dogs, and cats; laboratory animals including rodents,
such as rats, mice and guinea pigs, and the like. Examples of
non-mammals include, but are not limited to, birds, fish and the
like. In one embodiment of the methods and compositions provided
herein, the mammal is a human.
[0273] The terms "treat," "treating" or "treatment," as used
herein, include alleviating, abating or ameliorating a disease or
condition symptoms, preventing additional symptoms, ameliorating or
preventing the underlying causes of symptoms, inhibiting the
disease or condition, e.g., arresting the development of the
disease or condition, relieving the disease or condition, causing
regression of the disease or condition, relieving a condition
caused by the disease or condition, or stopping the symptoms of the
disease or condition either prophylactically and/or
therapeutically.
[0274] As used herein, the term "target protein" refers to a
protein or a portion of a protein capable of being bound by, or
interacting with a compound described herein, such as a compound of
Formulas (I)-(III). In certain embodiments, a target protein is a
STIM protein. In certain embodiments, a target protein is an Orai
protein.
[0275] As used herein, "STIM protein" includes but is not limited
to, mammalian STIM-1, such as human and rodent (e.g., mouse)
STIM-1, Drosophila melanogaster D-STIM, C. elegans C-STIM,
Anopheles gambiae STIM and mammalian STIM-2, such as human and
rodent (e.g., mouse) STIM-2. (see paragraphs [0211] through [0270]
of US 2007/0031814, as well as Table 3 of US 2007/0031814, herein
incorporated by reference) As described herein, such proteins have
been identified as being involved in, participating in and/or
providing for store-operated calcium entry or modulation thereof,
cytoplasmic calcium buffering and/or modulation of calcium levels
in or movement of calcium into, within or out of intracellular
calcium stores (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum).
[0276] As used herein, an "Orai protein" includes Orai1 (SEQ ID NO:
1 as described in WO 07/081,804), Orai2 (SEQ ID NO: 2 as described
in WO 07/081,804), or Orai3 (SEQ ID NO: 3 as described in WO
07/081,804). Orai1 nucleic acid sequence corresponds to GenBank
accession number NM.sub.--032790, Orai2 nucleic acid sequence
corresponds to GenBank accession number BC069270 and Orai3 nucleic
acid sequence corresponds to GenBank accession number
NM.sub.--152288. As used herein, Orai refers to any one of the Orai
genes, e.g., Orai1, Orai2, Orai3 (see Table I of WO 07/081,804). As
described herein, such proteins have been identified as being
involved in, participating in and/or providing for store-operated
calcium entry or modulation thereof, cytoplasmic calcium buffering
and/or modulation of calcium levels in or movement of calcium into,
within or out of intracellular calcium stores (e.g., endoplasmic
reticulum).
[0277] The term "fragment" or "derivative" when referring to a
protein (e.g. STIM, Orai) means proteins or polypeptides which
retain essentially the same biological function or activity in at
least one assay as the native protein(s). For example, the
fragments or derivatives of the referenced protein maintains at
least about 50% of the activity of the native proteins, at least
75%, at least about 95% of the activity of the native proteins, as
determined e.g. by a calcium influx assay.
[0278] As used herein, amelioration of the symptoms of a particular
disease, disorder or condition by administration of a particular
compound or pharmaceutical composition refers to any lessening of
severity, delay in onset, slowing of progression, or shortening of
duration, whether permanent or temporary, lasting or transient that
can be attributed to or associated with administration of the
compound or composition.
[0279] The term "modulate," as used herein, means to interact with
a target protein either directly or indirectly so as to alter the
activity of the target protein, including, by way of example only,
to inhibit the activity of the target, or to limit or reduce the
activity of the target.
[0280] As used herein, the term "modulator" refers to a compound
that alters an activity of a target. For example, a modulator can
cause an increase or decrease in the magnitude of a certain
activity of a target compared to the magnitude of the activity in
the absence of the modulator. In certain embodiments, a modulator
is an inhibitor, which decreases the magnitude of one or more
activities of a target. In certain embodiments, an inhibitor
completely prevents one or more activities of a target.
[0281] As used herein, "modulation" with reference to intracellular
calcium refers to any alteration or adjustment in intracellular
calcium including but not limited to alteration of calcium
concentration in the cytoplasm and/or intracellular calcium storage
organelles, e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, and alteration of the
kinetics of calcium fluxes into, out of and within cells. In
aspect, modulation refers to reduction.
[0282] As used herein, the term "target activity" refers to a
biological activity capable of being modulated by a modulator.
Certain exemplary target activities include, but are not limited
to, binding affinity, signal transduction, enzymatic activity,
tumor growth, inflammation or inflammation-related processes, and
amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with a disease or
condition.
[0283] The terms "inhibits", "inhibiting", or "inhibitor" of SOC
channel activity or CRAC channel activity, as used herein, refer to
inhibition of store operated calcium channel activity or calcium
release activated calcium channel activity.
[0284] The term "acceptable" with respect to a formulation,
composition or ingredient, as used herein, means having no
persistent detrimental effect on the general health of the subject
being treated.
[0285] By "pharmaceutically acceptable," as used herein, refers a
material, such as a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the
biological activity or properties of the compound, and is
relatively nontoxic, i.e., the material may be administered to an
individual without causing undesirable biological effects or
interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of
the composition in which it is contained.
[0286] The term "pharmaceutical combination" as used herein, means
a product that results from the mixing or combining of more than
one active ingredient and includes both fixed and non-fixed
combinations of the active ingredients. The term "fixed
combination" means that one active ingredient, e.g. a compound of
Formulas (I)-(III), and a co-agent, are both administered to a
patient simultaneously in the form of a single entity or dosage.
The term "non-fixed combination" means that one active ingredient,
e.g. a compound of Formulas (I)-(III), and a co-agent, are
administered to a patient as separate entities either
simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially with no specific
intervening time limits, wherein such administration provides
effective levels of the two compounds in the body of the patient.
The latter also applies to cocktail therapy, e.g. the
administration of three or more active ingredients.
[0287] The term "pharmaceutical composition" refers to a mixture of
a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) described herein with other
chemical components, such as carriers, stabilizers, diluents,
dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, and/or
excipients. The pharmaceutical composition facilitates
administration of the compound to an organism. Multiple techniques
of administering a compound exist in the art including, but not
limited to: intravenous, oral, aerosol, parenteral, ophthalmic,
pulmonary and topical administration.
[0288] The terms "effective amount" or "therapeutically effective
amount," as used herein, refer to a sufficient amount of an agent
or a compound being administered which will relieve to some extent
one or more of the symptoms of the disease or condition being
treated. The result can be reduction and/or alleviation of the
signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired
alteration of a biological system. For example, an "effective
amount" for therapeutic uses is the amount of the composition that
includes a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) described herein required
to provide a clinically significant decrease in disease symptoms.
An appropriate "effective" amount in any individual case may be
determined using techniques, such as a dose escalation study.
[0289] The terms "enhance" or "enhancing," as used herein, means to
increase or prolong either in potency or duration a desired effect.
Thus, in regard to enhancing the effect of therapeutic agents, the
term "enhancing" refers to the ability to increase or prolong,
either in potency or duration, the effect of other therapeutic
agents on a system. An "enhancing-effective amount," as used
herein, refers to an amount adequate to enhance the effect of
another therapeutic agent in a desired system.
[0290] The terms "co-administration" or the like, as used herein,
are meant to encompass administration of the selected therapeutic
agents to a single patient, and are intended to include treatment
regimens in which the agents are administered by the same or
different route of administration or at the same or different
time.
[0291] The term "carrier," as used herein, refers to relatively
nontoxic chemical compounds or agents that facilitate the
incorporation of a compound into cells or tissues.
[0292] The term "diluent" refers to chemical compounds that are
used to dilute the compound of interest prior to delivery. Diluents
can also be used to stabilize compounds because they can provide a
more stable environment. Salts dissolved in buffered solutions
(which also can provide pH control or maintenance) are utilized as
diluents in the art, including, but not limited to a phosphate
buffered saline solution.
[0293] A "metabolite" of a compound disclosed herein is a
derivative of that compound that is formed when the compound is
metabolized. The term "active metabolite" refers to a biologically
active derivative of a compound that is formed when the compound is
metabolized. The term "metabolized," as used herein, refers to the
sum of the processes (including, but not limited to, hydrolysis
reactions and reactions catalyzed by enzymes) by which a particular
substance is changed by an organism. Thus, enzymes may produce
specific structural alterations to a compound. For example,
cytochrome P450 catalyzes a variety of oxidative and reductive
reactions while uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferases catalyze
the transfer of an activated glucuronic-acid molecule to aromatic
alcohols, aliphatic alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines and free
sulphydryl groups. Further information on metabolism may be
obtained from The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th
Edition, McGraw-Hill (1996). Metabolites of the compounds disclosed
herein can be identified either by administration of compounds to a
host and analysis of tissue samples from the host, or by incubation
of compounds with hepatic cells in vitro and analysis of the
resulting compounds.
[0294] "Bioavailability" refers to the percentage of the weight of
the compound disclosed herein (e.g. compound of Formulas
(I)-(III)), that is delivered into the general circulation of the
animal or human being studied. The total exposure (AUC(O-.infin.))
of a drug when administered intravenously is usually defined as
100% bioavailable (F %). "Oral bioavailability" refers to the
extent to which a compound disclosed herein, is absorbed into the
general circulation when the pharmaceutical composition is taken
orally as compared to intravenous injection.
[0295] "Blood plasma concentration" refers to the concentration of
a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) disclosed herein, in the plasma
component of blood of a subject. It is understood that the plasma
concentration of compounds described herein may vary significantly
between subjects, due to variability with respect to metabolism
and/or possible interactions with other therapeutic agents. In
accordance with one embodiment disclosed herein, the blood plasma
concentration of the compounds disclosed herein may vary from
subject to subject. Likewise, values such as maximum plasma
concentration (C.sub.max) or time to reach maximum plasma
concentration (T.sub.max), or total area under the plasma
concentration time curve (AUC(O-.infin.)) may vary from subject to
subject. Due to this variability, the amount necessary to
constitute "a therapeutically effective amount" of a compound may
vary from subject to subject.
[0296] As used herein, "calcium homeostasis" refers to the
maintenance of an overall balance in intracellular calcium levels
and movements, including calcium signaling, within a cell.
[0297] As used herein, "intracellular calcium" refers to calcium
located in a cell without specification of a particular cellular
location. In contrast, "cytosolic" or "cytoplasmic" with reference
to calcium refers to calcium located in the cell cytoplasm.
[0298] As used herein, an effect on intracellular calcium is any
alteration of any aspect of intracellular calcium, including but
not limited to, an alteration in intracellular calcium levels and
location and movement of calcium into, out of or within a cell or
intracellular calcium store or organelle. For example, an effect on
intracellular calcium can be an alteration of the properties, such
as, for example, the kinetics, sensitivities, rate, amplitude, and
electrophysiological characteristics, of calcium flux or movement
that occurs in a cell or portion thereof. An effect on
intracellular calcium can be an alteration in any intracellular
calcium-modulating process, including, store-operated calcium
entry, cytosolic calcium buffering, and calcium levels in or
movement of calcium into, out of or within an intracellular calcium
store. Any of these aspects can be assessed in a variety of ways
including, but not limited to, evaluation of calcium or other ion
(particularly cation) levels, movement of calcium or other ion
(particularly cation), fluctuations in calcium or other ion
(particularly cation) levels, kinetics of calcium or other ion
(particularly cation) fluxes and/or transport of calcium or other
ion (particularly cation) through a membrane. An alteration can be
any such change that is statistically significant. Thus, for
example if intracellular calcium in a test cell and a control cell
is said to differ, such difference can be a statistically
significant difference.
[0299] As used herein, "involved in" with respect to the
relationship between a protein and an aspect of intracellular
calcium or intracellular calcium regulation means that when
expression or activity of the protein in a cell is reduced, altered
or eliminated, there is a concomitant or associated reduction,
alteration or elimination of one or more aspects of intracellular
calcium or intracellular calcium regulation. Such an alteration or
reduction in expression or activity can occur by virtue of an
alteration of expression of a gene encoding the protein or by
altering the levels of the protein. A protein involved in an aspect
of intracellular calcium, such as, for example, store-operated
calcium entry, thus, can be one that provides for or participates
in an aspect of intracellular calcium or intracellular calcium
regulation. For example, a protein that provides for store-operated
calcium entry can be a STIM protein and/or an Orai protein.
[0300] As used herein, a protein that is a component of a calcium
channel is a protein that participates in multi-protein complex
that forms the channel.
[0301] As used herein, "basal" or "resting" with reference to
cytosolic calcium levels refers to the concentration of calcium in
the cytoplasm of a cell, such as, for example, an unstimulated
cell, that has not been subjected to a condition that results in
movement of calcium into or out of the cell or within the cell. The
basal or resting cytosolic calcium level can be the concentration
of free calcium (i.e., calcium that is not bound to a cellular
calcium-binding substance) in the cytoplasm of a cell, such as, for
example, an unstimulated cell, that has not been subjected to a
condition that results in movement of calcium into or out of the
cell.
[0302] As used herein, "movement" with respect to ions, including
cations, e.g., calcium, refers to movement or relocation, such as
for example flux, of ions into, out of, or within a cell. Thus,
movement of ions can be, for example, movement of ions from the
extracellular medium into a cell, from within a cell to the
extracellular medium, from within an intracellular organelle or
storage site to the cytosol, from the cytosol into an intracellular
organelle or storage site, from one intracellular organelle or
storage site to another intracellular organelle or storage site,
from the extracellular medium into an intracellular organelle or
storage site, from an intracellular organelle or storage site to
the extracellular medium and from one location to another within
the cell cytoplasm.
[0303] As used herein, "cation entry" or "calcium entry" into a
cell refers to entry of cations, such as calcium, into an
intracellular location, such as the cytoplasm of a cell or into the
lumen of an intracellular organelle or storage site. Thus, cation
entry can be, for example, the movement of cations into the cell
cytoplasm from the extracellular medium or from an intracellular
organelle or storage site, or the movement of cations into an
intracellular organelle or storage site from the cytoplasm or
extracellular medium. Movement of calcium into the cytoplasm from
an intracellular organelle or storage site is also referred to as
"calcium release" from the organelle or storage site.
[0304] As used herein, "protein that modulates intracellular
calcium" refers to any cellular protein that is involved in
regulating, controlling and/or altering intracellular calcium. For
example, such a protein can be involved in altering or adjusting
intracellular calcium in a number of ways, including, but not
limited to, through the maintenance of resting or basal cytoplasmic
calcium levels, or through involvement in a cellular response to a
signal that is transmitted in a cell through a mechanism that
includes a deviation in intracellular calcium from resting or basal
states. In the context of a "protein that modulates intracellular
calcium," a "cellular" protein is one that is associated with a
cell, such as, for example, a cytoplasmic protein, a plasma
membrane-associated protein or an intracellular membrane protein.
Proteins that modulate intracellular calcium include, but are not
limited to, ion transport proteins, calcium-binding proteins and
regulatory proteins that regulate ion transport proteins.
[0305] As used herein, "amelioration" refers to an improvement in a
disease or condition or at least a partial relief of symptoms
associated with a disease or condition.
[0306] As used herein, "cell response" refers to any cellular
response that results from ion movement into or out of a cell or
within a cell. The cell response may be associated with any
cellular activity that is dependent, at least in part, on ions such
as, for example, calcium. Such activities may include, for example,
cellular activation, gene expression, endocytosis, exocytosis,
cellular trafficking and apoptotic cell death.
[0307] As used herein, "immune cells" include cells of the immune
system and cells that perform a function or activity in an immune
response, such as, but not limited to, T-cells, B-cells,
lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils,
eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, plasma cells, white blood
cells, antigen presenting cells and natural killer cells.
[0308] As used herein, "cytokine" refers to small soluble proteins
secreted by cells that can alter the behavior or properties of the
secreting cell or another cell. Cytokines bind to cytokine
receptors and trigger a behavior or property within the cell, for
example, cell proliferation, death or differentiation. Exemplary
cytokines include, but are not limited to, interleukins (e.g.,
IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11,
IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-1.alpha., IL-1.beta.,
and IL-1 RA), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF),
granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF),
oncostatin M, erythropoietin, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF),
interferons, B7.1 (also known as CD80), B7.2 (also known as B70,
CD86), TNF family members (TNF-.alpha., TNF-.beta., LT-.beta., CD40
ligand, Fas ligand, CD27 ligand, CD30 ligand, 4-1BBL, Trail), and
MIF.
[0309] "Store operated calcium entry" or "SOCE" refers to the
mechanism by which release of calcium ions from intracellular
stores is coordinated with ion influx across the plasma
membrane.
[0310] "Selective inhibitor of SOC channel activity" means that the
inhibitor is selective for SOC channels and does not substantially
affect the activity of other types of ion channels.
[0311] "Selective inhibitor of CRAC channel activity" means that
the inhibitor is selective for CRAC channels and does not
substantially affect the activity of other types of ion channels
and/or other SOC channels.
Monitoring or Assessing Effects on Intracellular Calcium
[0312] In monitoring or assessing the effect of a compound of
Formulas (I)-(III) on intracellular calcium in any of the
screening/identification methods described herein or recognized in
the field, a direct or indirect evaluation or measurement of
cellular (including cytosolic and intracellular organelle or
compartment) calcium and/or movement of ions into, within or out of
a cell, organelle, calcium store or portions thereof (e.g., a
membrane) can be conducted. A variety of methods are described
herein and/or recognized in the field for evaluating calcium levels
and ion movements or flux. The particular method used and the
conditions employed can depend on whether a particular aspect of
intracellular calcium is being monitored or assessed. For example,
as described herein in some embodiments, reagents and conditions
are used, for specifically evaluating store-operated calcium entry,
resting cytosolic calcium levels, calcium buffering and calcium
levels and uptake by or release from intracellular organelles and
calcium stores. The effect of a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) on
intracellular calcium can be monitored or assessed using, for
example, a cell, an intracellular organelle or calcium storage
compartment, a membrane (including, e.g., a detached membrane patch
or a lipid bilayer) or a cell-free assay system (e.g., outside-out
membrane vesicle). Generally, some aspect of intracellular calcium
is monitored or assessed in the presence of test agent and compared
to a control, e.g., intracellular calcium in the absence of test
agent.
Methods of Modulating Intracellular Calcium
[0313] Modulation of intracellular calcium can be any alteration or
adjustment in intracellular calcium including but not limited to
alteration of calcium concentration or level in the cytoplasm
and/or intracellular calcium storage organelles, e.g., endoplasmic
reticulum, alteration in the movement of calcium into, out of and
within a cell or intracellular calcium store or organelle,
alteration in the location of calcium within a cell, and alteration
of the kinetics, or other properties, of calcium fluxes into, out
of and within cells. In particular embodiments, intracellular
calcium modulation can involve alteration or adjustment, e.g.
reduction or inhibition, of store-operated calcium entry, cytosolic
calcium buffering, calcium levels in or movement of calcium into,
out of or within an intracellular calcium store or organelle,
and/or basal or resting cytosolic calcium levels. In some
embodiments, modulation of intracellular calcium can involve an
alteration or adjustment in receptor-mediated ion (e.g., calcium)
movement, second messenger-operated ion (e.g., calcium) movement,
calcium influx into or efflux out of a cell, and/or ion (e.g.,
calcium) uptake into or release from intracellular compartments,
including, for example, endosomes and lysosomes.
[0314] In one aspect, compounds described herein modulate
intracellular calcium, such as but not limited to, modulation (e.g.
reduction or inhibition) of SOC channel activity, such as
inhibition of CRAC channel activity (e.g. inhibition of I.sub.CRAC,
inhibition of SOCE) in an immune system cell (e.g., a lymphocyte,
white blood cell, T cell, B cell), a fibroblast (or a cell derived
from a fibroblast), or an epidermal, dermal or skin cell (e.g., a
keratinocyte). The step of modulating one or more proteins involved
in modulating intracellular calcium (e.g. a STIM protein and/or
Orai protein) can involve, for example, reducing the level,
expression of, an activity of, function of and/or molecular
interactions of a protein. For instance, if a cell exhibits an
increase in calcium levels or lack of regulation of an aspect of
intracellular calcium modulation, e.g., store-operated calcium
entry, then modulating may involve reducing the level of,
expression of, an activity or function of, or a molecular
interaction of a protein, e.g. a STIM protein and/or Orai
protein.
Treatment Methods
[0315] Presented herein is a method of modulating store-operated
calcium (SOC) channel activity comprising contacting the
store-operated calcium (SOC) channel complex, or portion thereof,
with a compound of Formula (I):
##STR00050##
wherein:
[0316] A is furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole,
imidazole, thiadiazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, pyrazole,
pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, oxadiazole, thiadiazole,
triazole, indole, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzothiazole,
benzimidazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiadiazole, benzotriazole,
pyrazolopyridine, imidazopyridine, pyrrolopyridine,
pyrrolopyrimidine, indolizine, purine, furopyridine,
thienopyridine, furopyrrole, furofuran, thienofuran,
1,4-dihydropyrrolopyrrole, thienopyrrole, thienothiophene,
quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, furopyrazole, thienopyrazole,
1,6-dihydropyrrolopyrazole, C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.8cycloheteroalkyl, and naphthyl, wherein A is each
optionally substituted with at least one R;
[0317] R is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, --CN, --NO.sub.2,
--CF.sub.3, --OH, --OR.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3, --C.ident.CH,
--C.ident.CR.sub.3, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylenealkyne,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, tetrazolyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkyl, phenyl,
--NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3, S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)CF.sub.3, --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O)R.sub.4, N(R.sub.4).sub.2,
--N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --CO.sub.2R.sub.4,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sub.3,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sub.4).sub.2, --SR.sub.3, --S(.dbd.O)R.sub.3, and
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sub.3;
[0318] J is a bond, NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2, S(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sub.4),
--C(.dbd.O), --C(.dbd.O)NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NHC(.dbd.O), N(R.sub.4), --N(R.sub.4)C(.dbd.O),
--CO.sub.2, --C(.dbd.O), --OC(.dbd.O), --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sub.4), --S,
--S(.dbd.O), and --S(.dbd.O).sub.2, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene, C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, or
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene, wherein
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, and
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene is optionally substituted with
at least one R;
[0319] R.sub.1 is CO.sub.2R.sub.2 or a carboxylic acid bioisostere,
wherein R.sub.2 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6cycloalkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl, phenyl or
benzyl;
[0320] Z is O, S, NH, N--CN, or CHNO.sub.2;
[0321] X is B or W-L-B, wherein B is optionally substituted with at
least one R;
[0322] W is NR.sub.2, O or a bond;
[0323] L is C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, or
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene, wherein
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylene, C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkenylene,
C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkynylene, C.sub.1-C.sub.6heteroalkylene,
C.sub.3-C.sub.6cycloalkylene, and
C.sub.2-C.sub.6heterocycloalkylene is optionally substituted with
at least one R;
[0324] B is C.sub.3-C.sub.10cycloalkyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.9heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;
[0325] each R.sub.3 is independently selected from
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.8cycloalkyl, phenyl, and benzyl;
each R.sub.4 is independently selected from hydrogen,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6haloalkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.8cycloalkyl,
[0326] phenyl, and benzyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof.
[0327] In one embodiment is a method of modulating store-operated
calcium channel activity comprising contacting the store-operated
calcium (SOC) channel complex, or portion thereof, with a compound
of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate,
N-oxide or prodrug thereof, wherein the contacting occurs in
vitro.
[0328] In another embodiment is a method of modulating
store-operated calcium channel activity comprising contacting the
store-operated calcium (SOC) channel complex, or portion thereof,
with a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof, wherein the contacting
occurs in vivo.
[0329] In yet another embodiment is a method of modulating
store-operated calcium channel activity comprising contacting the
store-operated calcium (SOC) channel complex, or portion thereof,
with a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof, wherein the compound of
Formula (I) modulates an activity of, modulates an interaction of,
or modulates the level of, or distributions of, or binds to, or
interacts with at least one portion of the store operated calcium
channel complex selected from stromal interaction molecules (STIM)
family of proteins.
[0330] In a further embodiment is a method of modulating
store-operated calcium channel activity comprising contacting the
store-operated calcium (SOC) channel complex, or portion thereof,
with a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof, wherein the compound of
Formula (I) modulates an activity of, modulates an interaction of,
or modulates the level of, or distributions of, or binds to, or
interacts with at least one portion of STIM1 or STIM2.
[0331] In another embodiment is a method of modulating
store-operated calcium channel activity comprising contacting the
store-operated calcium (SOC) channel complex, or portion thereof,
with a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof, wherein modulating store
operated calcium channel activity with a compound of Formula (I)
inhibits store-operated calcium entry (SOCE).
[0332] In yet another embodiment is a method of modulating
store-operated calcium channel activity comprising contacting the
store-operated calcium (SOC) channel complex, or portion thereof,
with a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof, wherein the store
operated calcium channel complex is calcium-release activated
calcium (CRAC) channel complex.
[0333] In a further embodiment is a method of modulating
store-operated calcium channel activity comprising contacting the
store-operated calcium (SOC) channel complex, or portion thereof,
with a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof, wherein modulating
calcium release activated calcium (CRAC) activity with a compound
of Formula (I) inhibits the electrophysiological current
(I.sub.CRAC) directly associated with activated CRAC channels.
[0334] In yet a further embodiment is a method of modulating
store-operated calcium channel activity comprising contacting the
store-operated calcium (SOC) channel complex, or portion thereof,
with a compound of Formula (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof, (III), (IV) or
(III).
[0335] Also presented herein is a method of modulating calcium
release activated calcium channel (CRAC) activity in a mammal
comprising administering a compound of Formulas (I)-(III), or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof.
[0336] In one embodiment is a method of modulating calcium release
activated calcium channel (CRAC) activity in a mammal comprising
administering a compound of Formulas (I)-(III), or pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof wherein the
compound of Formulas (I)-(III) modulates an activity of, modulates
an interaction of, or modulates the level of, or distributions of,
or binds to, or interacts with at least one component of the
calcium release activated (CRAC) channel complex selected from
stromal interaction molecules (STIM) family of proteins.
[0337] In another embodiment is a method of modulating calcium
release activated calcium channel (CRAC) activity in a mammal
comprising administering a compound of Formulas (I)-(III), or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof wherein the compound of Formulas (I)-(III) modulates an
activity of, modulates an interaction of, or modulates the level
of, or distributions of, or binds to, or interacts with STIM1 or
STIM2.
[0338] In yet another embodiment is a method of modulating calcium
release activated calcium channel (CRAC) activity in a mammal
comprising administering a compound of Formulas (I)-(III), or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable
solvate, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug thereof
wherein modulating calcium release activated calcium (CRAC) channel
activity with a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) inhibits
store-operated calcium entry (SOCE).
[0339] In a further embodiment is a method of modulating calcium
release activated calcium channel (CRAC) activity in a mammal
comprising administering a compound of Formulas (I)-(III), or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof wherein modulating calcium release activated calcium (CRAC)
channel activity with a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) inhibits the
electrophysiological current (I.sub.CRAC) directly associated with
activated CRAC channels.
[0340] In yet a further embodiment is a method of modulating
calcium release activated calcium channel (CRAC) activity in a
mammal comprising administering a compound of Formulas (I)-(III),
or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof wherein the compound of Formulas (I)-(III) inhibits SOCE
with an IC.sub.50 below 10 .mu.M.
[0341] In another embodiment is a method of modulating calcium
release activated calcium channel (CRAC) activity in a mammal
comprising administering a compound of Formulas (I)-(III), or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof wherein the compound of Formulas (I)-(III) inhibits
electrophysiological current (I.sub.CRAC) directly associated with
activated CRAC channels at a concentration below 10 .mu.M.
[0342] In one aspect is a method of treating a disease, disorder or
condition in a mammal that would benefit from inhibition of store
operated calcium channel activity comprising administering to the
mammal a compound of Formulas (I)-(III), or pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof.
[0343] In one embodiment is a method of treating a disease,
disorder or condition in a mammal that would benefit from
inhibition of store operated calcium channel activity comprising
administering to the mammal a compound of Formulas (I)-(III), or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof wherein the compound of Formulas (I)-(III) modulates the
activity of, modulates an interaction of, or binds to, or interacts
with a mammalian STIM1 protein, or a mammalian STIM2 protein.
[0344] In one aspect is a method for treating an autoimmune
disease, heteroimmune disease or condition, or inflammatory disease
in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a compound of
Formula (I) or (II) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate,
N-oxide or prodrug thereof.
[0345] In one embodiment, the autoimmune disease is inflammatory
bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, multiple
sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, type I diabetes, lupus
erythematosus, psoriasis, osteoarthritis, scleroderma, and
autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
[0346] In another embodiment, the heteroimmune disease or condition
is graft-versus-host disease, graft rejection, atopic dermatitis,
allergic conjunctivitis, organ transplant rejection, allogeneic or
xenogenic transplantation, and allergic rhinitis.
[0347] In a further embodiment, the inflammatory disease is
uveitis, vasculitis, vaginitis, asthma, inflammatory muscle
disease, dermatitis, interstitial cystitis, dermatomyositis,
hepatitis, and chronic relapsing hepatitis.
[0348] In another aspect is a method of treating a disease,
disorder or condition in a mammal that would benefit from
inhibition of store operated calcium channel activity comprising
administering to the mammal a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof.
[0349] In one embodiment, the disease, disorder or condition in the
mammal is selected from glomerulonephritis, hepatic diseases or
disorders, renal diseases or disorders, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, osteoporosis, eczema, pulmonary fibrosis,
thyroiditis, cystic fibrosis, and primary biliary cirrhosis.
[0350] In yet another embodiment is a method of treating a disease,
disorder or condition in a mammal that would benefit from
inhibition of store operated calcium channel activity comprising
administering to the mammal a compound of Formula (I), or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof wherein the disease, disorder or condition is rheumatoid
arthritis.
[0351] In a further embodiment is a method of treating a disease,
disorder or condition in a mammal that would benefit from
inhibition of store operated calcium channel activity comprising
administering to the mammal a compound of Formulas (I)-(III), or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof wherein the disease, disorder or condition is
psoriasis.
[0352] In one embodiment is a method of treating a disease,
disorder or condition in a mammal that would benefit from
inhibition of store operated calcium channel activity comprising
administering to the mammal a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof wherein the disease, disorder or condition is an
inflammatory bowel disease.
[0353] In a further embodiment the inflammatory bowel disease is
ulcerative colitis.
[0354] In a further embodiment is a method of treating a disease,
disorder or condition in a mammal that would benefit from
inhibition of store operated calcium channel activity comprising
administering to the mammal a compound of Formulas (I)-(III), or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof wherein the disease, disorder or condition is organ
transplant rejection.
[0355] In a further embodiment is a method of treating a disease,
disorder or condition in a mammal that would benefit from
inhibition of store operated calcium channel activity comprising
administering to the mammal a compound of Formulas (I)-(III), or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof wherein the disease, disorder or condition is multiple
sclerosis.
[0356] In yet a further embodiment is a method of treating a
disease, disorder or condition in a mammal that would benefit from
inhibition of store operated calcium channel activity comprising
administering to the mammal a compound of Formulas (I)-(III), or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof further comprising administering to the mammal a second
therapeutic agent.
[0357] In another embodiment is a method of treating a disease,
disorder or condition in a mammal that would benefit from
inhibition of store operated calcium channel activity comprising
administering to the mammal a compound of Formulas (I)-(III), or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof, wherein the second therapeutic agent is selected from
immunosuppressants, glucocorticoids, non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs, Cox-2-specific inhibitors, leflunomide,
gold thioglucose, gold thiomalate, aurofin, sulfasalazine,
hydroxychloroquinine, minocycline, anti-TNF-.alpha. agents,
abatacept, anakinra, interferon-.beta., interferon-.gamma.,
interleukin-2, allergy vaccines, antihistamines, antileukotrienes,
beta-agonists, theophylline, and anticholinergics.
[0358] In yet another embodiment is a method of treating a disease,
disorder or condition in a mammal that would benefit from
inhibition of store operated calcium channel activity comprising
administering to the mammal a compound of Formulas (I)-(III), or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug
thereof, wherein the second therapeutic agent is selected from
tacrolimus, cyclosporin, rapamicin, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide,
azathioprine, mercaptopurine, mycophenolate, or FTY720, prednisone,
cortisone acetate, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone,
betamethasone, triamcinolone, beclometasone, fludrocortisone
acetate, deoxycorticosterone acetate, aldosterone, aspirin,
salicylic acid, gentisic acid, choline magnesium salicylate,
choline salicylate, choline magnesium salicylate, choline
salicylate, magnesium salicylate, sodium salicylate, diflunisal,
carprofen, fenoprofen, fenoprofen calcium, fluorobiprofen,
ibuprofen, ketoprofen, nabutone, ketolorac, ketorolac tromethamine,
naproxen, oxaprozin, diclofenac, etodolac, indomethacin, sulindac,
tolmetin, meclofenamate, meclofenamate sodium, mefenamic acid,
piroxicam, meloxicam, celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, parecoxib,
etoricoxib, lumiracoxib, CS-502, JTE-522, L-745,337 and NS398,
leflunomide, gold thioglucose, gold thiomalate, aurofin,
sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquinine, minocycline, infliximab,
etanercept, adalimumab, abatacept, anakinra, interferon-.beta.,
interferon-.gamma., interleukin-2, allergy vaccines,
antihistamines, antileukotrienes, beta-agonists, theophylline, and
anticholinergics.
[0359] Also described herein is a method of inhibiting
store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) activation of nuclear factor of
activated T cells (NFAT) in a mammal comprising administering a
compound of Formulas (I)-(III), or pharmaceutically acceptable
salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof.
[0360] In one embodiment is a method of inhibiting store-operated
calcium entry (SOCE) activation of nuclear factor of activated T
cells (NFAT) in a mammal comprising administering a compound of
Formulas (I)-(III), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate,
N-oxide or prodrug thereof, wherein the compound of Formulas
(I)-(III) modulates an interaction of, or modulates the level of,
or distributions of, or binds to, or interacts with a mammalian
STIM1 protein, or a mammalian STIM2 protein.
[0361] In another aspect is a method of decreasing cytokine release
by inhibiting the store-operated calcium entry activation of NFAT
in a mammal comprising administering a compound of Formulas
(I)-(III), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or
prodrug thereof.
[0362] In another embodiment is a method of decreasing cytokine
release by inhibiting the store-operated calcium entry activation
of NFAT in a mammal comprising administering a compound of Formulas
(I)-(III), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or
prodrug thereof wherein the compound of Formulas (I)-(III)
modulates an interaction of, or modulates the level of, or
distributions of, or binds to, or interacts with a mammalian STIM1
protein or a mammalian STIM2 protein.
[0363] In yet another embodiment is a method of decreasing cytokine
release by inhibiting the store-operated calcium entry activation
of NFAT in a mammal comprising administering a compound of Formulas
(I)-(III), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, N-oxide or
prodrug thereof wherein the cytokine is selected from IL-2, IL-3,
IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13,
IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-1.alpha., IL-1.beta., IL-1 RA,
granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF),
granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF),
oncostatin M, erythropoietin, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF),
interferons, gamma-interferon (.gamma.-IFN), B7.1 (CD80), B7.2
(B70, CD86), TNF-.alpha., TNF-.beta., LT-3, CD40 ligand, Fas
ligand, CD27 ligand, CD30 ligand, 4-1BBL, Trail, and migration
inhibitory factor (MIF).
[0364] In one aspect, provided herein is a pharmaceutical
composition, which includes an effective amount of a compound
provided herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In a
further aspect, provided are compositions further including a
second pharmaceutically active ingredient.
[0365] In certain embodiments, provided herein is a pharmaceutical
composition containing: i) a physiologically acceptable carrier,
diluent, and/or excipient; and ii) one or more compounds described
herein.
[0366] In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments
that include single administrations of the effective amount of the
compounds disclosed herein, including further embodiments in which:
(i) the compound of (I)-(IV) is administered once; (ii) the
compound of Formulas (I)-(III) is administered to the mammal
multiple times over the span of one day; (iii) continually; or (iv)
continuously.
[0367] In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments
that include multiple administrations of the effective amount of
the compound of Formulas (I)-(III), including further embodiments
in which (i) the compound of Formulas (I)-(III) is administered in
a single dose; (ii) the time between multiple administrations is
every 6 hours; (iii) the compound of Formulas (I)-(III) is
administered to the mammal every 8 hours. In further or alternative
embodiments, the method comprises a drug holiday, wherein the
administration of the compound of Formulas (I)-(III) is temporarily
suspended or the dose of the compound of Formulas (I)-(III) being
administered is temporarily reduced; at the end of the drug
holiday, dosing of the compound of Formulas (I)-(III) is resumed.
The length of the drug holiday can vary from 2 days to 1 year.
[0368] In one aspect, compounds described herein are administered
to a human. In some embodiments, compounds described herein are
orally administered.
Examples of Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of
Administration
[0369] Pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a
conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable
carriers including excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate
processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be
used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the
route of administration chosen. Additional details about suitable
excipients for pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be
found, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of
Pharmacy, Nineteenth Ed (Easton, Pa.: Mack Publishing Company,
1995); Hoover, John E., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack
Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 1975; Liberman, H. A. and Lachman, L.,
Eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y.,
1980; and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems,
Seventh Ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1999), herein
incorporated by reference for such disclosure.
[0370] A pharmaceutical composition, as used herein, refers to a
mixture of a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) described herein, with
other chemical components, such as carriers, stabilizers, diluents,
dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, and/or
excipients. The pharmaceutical composition facilitates
administration of the compound to an organism. In practicing the
methods of treatment or use provided herein, therapeutically
effective amounts of compounds described herein are administered in
a pharmaceutical composition to a mammal having a disease,
disorder, or condition to be treated. In some embodiments, the
mammal is a human. A therapeutically effective amount can vary
widely depending on the severity of the disease, the age and
relative health of the subject, the potency of the compound used
and other factors. The compounds of Formulas (I)-(III) can be used
singly or in combination with one or more therapeutic agents as
components of mixtures (as in combination therapy).
[0371] The pharmaceutical formulations described herein can be
administered to a subject by multiple administration routes,
including but not limited to, oral, parenteral (e.g., intravenous,
subcutaneous, intramuscular), intranasal, buccal, topical, rectal,
or transdermal administration routes. Moreover, the pharmaceutical
compositions described herein, which include a compound of Formulas
(I)-(III) described herein, can be formulated into any suitable
dosage form, including but not limited to, aqueous oral
dispersions, liquids, gels, syrups, elixirs, slurries, suspensions,
aerosols, controlled release formulations, fast melt formulations,
effervescent formulations, lyophilized formulations, tablets,
powders, pills, dragees, capsules, delayed release formulations,
extended release formulations, pulsatile release formulations,
multiparticulate formulations, and mixed immediate release and
controlled release formulations.
[0372] One may administer the compounds and/or compositions in a
local rather than systemic manner, for example, via injection of
the compound directly into an organ or tissue, often in a depot
preparation or sustained release formulation. Such long acting
formulations may be administered by implantation (for example
subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
Furthermore, one may administer the drug in a targeted drug
delivery system, for example, in a liposome coated with
organ-specific antibody. The liposomes will be targeted to and
taken up selectively by the organ. In addition, the drug may be
provided in the form of a rapid release formulation, in the form of
an extended release formulation, or in the form of an intermediate
release formulation.
[0373] Pharmaceutical compositions including a compound described
herein may be manufactured in a conventional manner, such as, by
way of example only, by means of conventional mixing, dissolving,
granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating,
entrapping or compression processes.
[0374] The pharmaceutical compositions will include at least one
compound of Formulas (I)-(III) described herein, as an active
ingredient in free-acid or free-base form, or in a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt form. In addition, the methods and pharmaceutical
compositions described herein include the use of crystalline forms
(also known as polymorphs), as well as active metabolites of these
compounds having the same type of activity. In some situations,
compounds may exist as tautomers. All tautomers are included within
the scope of the compounds presented herein. Additionally, the
compounds described herein can exist in unsolvated as well as
solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as
water, ethanol, and the like. The solvated forms of the compounds
presented herein are also considered to be disclosed herein.
[0375] In certain embodiments, compositions provided herein may
also include one or more preservatives to inhibit microbial
activity. Suitable preservatives include quaternary ammonium
compounds such as benzalkonium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium
bromide and cetylpyridinium chloride.
[0376] Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained by
mixing one or more solid excipient with one or more of the
compounds described herein (e.g. compounds of Formulas (I)-(III)),
optionally grinding the resulting mixture, and processing the
mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired,
to obtain tablets, pills, or capsules. Suitable excipients include,
for example, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose,
mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example,
maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin,
gum tragacanth, methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose,
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose; or
others such as: polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP or povidone) or calcium
phosphate. If desired, disintegrating agents may be added, such as
the cross-linked croscarmellose sodium, polyvinylpyrrolidone, agar,
or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.
[0377] Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings. For this
purpose, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may
optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carbopol
gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer
solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee
coatings for identification or to characterize different
combinations of active compound doses.
[0378] Pharmaceutical preparations that can be used orally include
push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules
made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
The push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in
admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches,
and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and,
optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds may
be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils,
liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. In addition,
stabilizers may be added.
[0379] In some embodiments, the solid dosage forms disclosed herein
may be in the form of a tablet, (including a suspension tablet, a
fast-melt tablet, a bite-disintegration tablet, a
rapid-disintegration tablet, an effervescent tablet, or a caplet),
a pill, a powder (including a sterile packaged powder, a
dispensable powder, or an effervescent powder), a capsule
(including both soft or hard capsules, e.g., capsules made from
animal-derived gelatin or plant-derived HPMC, or "sprinkle
capsules"), solid dispersion, solid solution, bioerodible dosage
form, controlled release formulations, pulsatile release dosage
forms, multiparticulate dosage forms, pellets, granules, or an
aerosol. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is in
the form of a powder. In still other embodiments, the
pharmaceutical formulation is in the form of a tablet, including
but not limited to, a fast-melt tablet. Additionally,
pharmaceutical formulations of the compounds described herein may
be administered as a single capsule or in multiple capsule dosage
form. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is
administered in two, or three, or four, capsules or tablets.
[0380] In some embodiments, solid dosage forms, e.g., tablets,
effervescent tablets, and capsules, are prepared by mixing
particles of a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) described herein,
with one or more pharmaceutical excipients to form a bulk blend
composition. When referring to these bulk blend compositions as
homogeneous, it is meant that the particles of the compound of
Formulas (I)-(III) described herein, are dispersed evenly
throughout the composition so that the composition may be
subdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms, such as
tablets, pills, and capsules. The individual unit dosages may also
include film coatings, which disintegrate upon oral ingestion or
upon contact with diluent. These formulations can be manufactured
by conventional pharmacological techniques.
[0381] The pharmaceutical solid dosage forms described herein can
include a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) described herein, and one
or more pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as a compatible
carrier, binder, filling agent, suspending agent, flavoring agent,
sweetening agent, disintegrating agent, dispersing agent,
surfactant, lubricant, colorant, diluent, solubilizer, moistening
agent, plasticizer, stabilizer, penetration enhancer, wetting
agent, anti-foaming agent, antioxidant, preservative, or one or
more combination thereof. In still other aspects, using standard
coating procedures, such as those described in Remington's
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th Edition (2000), a film coating is
provided around the formulation of the compound described herein.
In one embodiment, some or all of the particles of the compound
described herein are coated. In another embodiment, some or all of
the particles of the compound described herein are
microencapsulated. In still another embodiment, the particles of
the compound described herein are not microencapsulated and are
uncoated.
[0382] Suitable carriers for use in the solid dosage forms
described herein include, but are not limited to, acacia, gelatin,
colloidal silicon dioxide, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium
lactate, maltodextrin, glycerine, magnesium silicate, sodium
caseinate, soy lecithin, sodium chloride, tricalcium phosphate,
dipotassium phosphate, sodium stearoyl lactylate, carrageenan,
monoglyceride, diglyceride, pregelatinized starch,
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate
stearate, sucrose, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, mannitol
and the like.
[0383] Suitable filling agents for use in the solid dosage forms
described herein include, but are not limited to, lactose, calcium
carbonate, calcium phosphate, dibasic calcium phosphate, calcium
sulfate, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose powder, dextrose,
dextrates, dextran, starches, pregelatinized starch,
hydroxypropylmethycellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropylmethycellulose
phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate stearate (HPMCAS),
sucrose, xylitol, lactitol, mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride,
polyethylene glycol, and the like.
[0384] In order to release the compound of Formulas (I)-(III) from
a solid dosage form matrix as efficiently as possible,
disintegrants are often used in the formulation, especially when
the dosage forms are compressed with binder. Disintegrants help
rupturing the dosage form matrix by swelling or capillary action
when moisture is absorbed into the dosage form. Suitable
disintegrants for use in the solid dosage forms described herein
include, but are not limited to, natural starch such as corn starch
or potato starch, a pregelatinized starch such as National 1551 or
Amijel.RTM., or sodium starch glycolate such as Promogel.RTM. or
Explotab.RTM., a cellulose such as a wood product,
methylcrystalline cellulose, e.g., Avicel.RTM., Avicel.RTM. PH101,
Avicel.RTM.PH102, Avicel.RTM.PH105, Elcema.RTM.P100, Emcocel.RTM.,
Vivacel.RTM., Ming Tia.RTM., and Solka-Floc.RTM., methylcellulose,
croscarmellose, or a cross-linked cellulose, such as cross-linked
sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Ac-Di-Sol.RTM.), cross-linked
carboxymethylcellulose, or cross-linked croscarmellose, a
cross-linked starch such as sodium starch glycolate, a cross-linked
polymer such as crospovidone, a cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone,
alginate such as alginic acid or a salt of alginic acid such as
sodium alginate, a clay such as Veegum.RTM. HV (magnesium aluminum
silicate), a gum such as agar, guar, locust bean, Karaya, pectin,
or tragacanth, sodium starch glycolate, bentonite, a natural
sponge, a surfactant, a resin such as a cation-exchange resin,
citrus pulp, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate in
combination starch, and the like.
[0385] Binders impart cohesiveness to solid oral dosage form
formulations: for powder filled capsule formulation, they aid in
plug formation that can be filled into soft or hard shell capsules
and for tablet formulation, they ensure the tablet remaining intact
after compression and help assure blend uniformity prior to a
compression or fill step. Materials suitable for use as binders in
the solid dosage forms described herein include, but are not
limited to, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose (e.g.,
Methocel.RTM.), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (e.g. Hypromellose USP
Pharmacoat-603, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate stearate
(Aqoate HS-LF and HS), hydroxyethylcellulose,
hydroxypropylcellulose (e.g., Klucel.RTM.), ethylcellulose (e.g.,
Ethocel.RTM.), and microcrystalline cellulose (e.g., Avicel.RTM.),
microcrystalline dextrose, amylose, magnesium aluminum silicate,
polysaccharide acids, bentonites, gelatin,
polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer, crospovidone,
povidone, starch, pregelatinized starch, tragacanth, dextrin, a
sugar, such as sucrose (e.g., Dipac.RTM.), glucose, dextrose,
molasses, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol (e.g., Xylitab.RTM.),
lactose, a natural or synthetic gum such as acacia, tragacanth,
ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone
(e.g., Povidone.RTM.CL, Kollidon.RTM.CL, Polyplasdone.RTM.XL-10,
and Povidone.RTM.K-12), larch arabogalactan, Veegum.RTM.,
polyethylene glycol, waxes, sodium alginate, and the like.
[0386] In general, binder levels of 20-70% are used in
powder-filled gelatin capsule formulations. Binder usage level in
tablet formulations varies whether direct compression, wet
granulation, roller compaction, or usage of other excipients such
as fillers which itself can act as moderate binder. In some
embodiments, formulators determine the binder level for the
formulations, but binder usage level of up to 70% in tablet
formulations is common.
[0387] Suitable lubricants or glidants for use in the solid dosage
forms described herein include, but are not limited to, stearic
acid, calcium hydroxide, talc, corn starch, sodium stearyl
fumerate, alkali-metal and alkaline earth metal salts, such as
aluminum, calcium, magnesium, zinc, stearic acid, sodium stearates,
magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, waxes, Stearowet.RTM., boric
acid, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, a
polyethylene glycol or a methoxypolyethylene glycol such as
Carbowax.TM., PEG 4000, PEG 5000, PEG 6000, propylene glycol,
sodium oleate, glyceryl behenate, glyceryl palmitostearate,
glyceryl benzoate, magnesium or sodium lauryl sulfate, and the
like.
[0388] Suitable diluents for use in the solid dosage forms
described herein include, but are not limited to, sugars (including
lactose, sucrose, and dextrose), polysaccharides (including
dextrates and maltodextrin), polyols (including mannitol, xylitol,
and sorbitol), cyclodextrins and the like.
[0389] Suitable wetting agents for use in the solid dosage forms
described herein include, for example, oleic acid, glyceryl
monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monolaurate,
triethanolamine oleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate,
polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, quaternary ammonium compounds
(e.g., Polyquat 10.RTM.), sodium oleate, sodium lauryl sulfate,
magnesium stearate, sodium docusate, triacetin, vitamin E TPGS and
the like.
[0390] Suitable surfactants for use in the solid dosage forms
described herein include, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate,
sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate,
polysorbates, polaxomers, bile salts, glyceryl monostearate,
copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, e.g.,
Pluronic.RTM. (BASF), and the like.
[0391] Suitable suspending agents for use in the solid dosage forms
described here include, but are not limited to,
polyvinylpyrrolidone, e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone K12,
polyvinylpyrrolidone K17, polyvinylpyrrolidone K25, or
polyvinylpyrrolidone K30, polyethylene glycol, e.g., the
polyethylene glycol can have a molecular weight of about 300 to
about 6000, or about 3350 to about 4000, or about 5400 to about
7000, vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer (S630), sodium
carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose,
hydroxy-propylmethylcellulose, polysorbate-80,
hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium alginate, gums, such as, e.g., gum
tragacanth and gum acacia, guar gum, xanthans, including xanthan
gum, sugars, cellulosics, such as, e.g., sodium
carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, sodium
carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose,
hydroxyethylcellulose, polysorbate-80, sodium alginate,
polyethoxylated sorbitan monolaurate, polyethoxylated sorbitan
monolaurate, povidone and the like.
[0392] Suitable antioxidants for use in the solid dosage forms
described herein include, for example, e.g., butylated
hydroxytoluene (BHT), sodium ascorbate, and tocopherol.
[0393] There is considerable overlap between additives used in the
solid dosage forms described herein. Thus, the above-listed
additives should be taken as merely exemplary, and not limiting, of
the types of additives that can be included in solid dosage forms
of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein.
[0394] In other embodiments, one or more layers of the
pharmaceutical formulation are plasticized. Illustratively, a
plasticizer is generally a high boiling point solid or liquid.
Suitable plasticizers can be added from about 0.01% to about 50% by
weight (w/w) of the coating composition. Plasticizers include, but
are not limited to, diethyl phthalate, citrate esters, polyethylene
glycol, glycerol, acetylated glycerides, triacetin, polypropylene
glycol, polyethylene glycol, triethyl citrate, dibutyl sebacate,
stearic acid, stearol, stearate, and castor oil.
[0395] Compressed tablets are solid dosage forms prepared by
compacting the bulk blend of the formulations described above. In
various embodiments, compressed tablets which are designed to
dissolve in the mouth will include one or more flavoring agents. In
other embodiments, the compressed tablets will include a film
surrounding the final compressed tablet. In some embodiments, the
film coating can provide a delayed release of the compounds of
Formulas (I)-(III) described herein from the formulation. In other
embodiments, the film coating aids in patient compliance (e.g.,
Opadry.RTM. coatings or sugar coating). Film coatings including
Opadry.RTM. typically range from about 1% to about 3% of the tablet
weight. In other embodiments, the compressed tablets include one or
more excipients.
[0396] A capsule may be prepared, for example, by placing the bulk
blend of the formulation of the compound described above, inside of
a capsule. In some embodiments, the formulations (non-aqueous
suspensions and solutions) are placed in a soft gelatin capsule. In
other embodiments, the formulations are placed in standard gelatin
capsules or non-gelatin capsules such as capsules comprising HPMC.
In other embodiments, the formulation is placed in a sprinkle
capsule, wherein the capsule may be swallowed whole or the capsule
may be opened and the contents sprinkled on food prior to eating.
In some embodiments, the therapeutic dose is split into multiple
(e.g., two, three, or four) capsules. In some embodiments, the
entire dose of the formulation is delivered in a capsule form.
[0397] In various embodiments, the particles of the compound of
Formulas (I)-(III) described herein and one or more excipients are
dry blended and compressed into a mass, such as a tablet, having a
hardness sufficient to provide a pharmaceutical composition that
substantially disintegrates within less than about 30 minutes, less
than about 35 minutes, less than about 40 minutes, less than about
45 minutes, less than about 50 minutes, less than about 55 minutes,
or less than about 60 minutes, after oral administration, thereby
releasing the formulation into the gastrointestinal fluid.
[0398] In another aspect, dosage forms may include
microencapsulated formulations. In some embodiments, one or more
other compatible materials are present in the microencapsulation
material. Exemplary materials include, but are not limited to, pH
modifiers, erosion facilitators, anti-foaming agents, antioxidants,
flavoring agents, and carrier materials such as binders, suspending
agents, disintegration agents, filling agents, surfactants,
solubilizers, stabilizers, lubricants, wetting agents, and
diluents.
[0399] Materials useful for the microencapsulation described herein
include materials compatible with compounds described herein, which
sufficiently isolate the compound from other non-compatible
excipients. Materials compatible with compounds described herein
are those that delay the release of the compounds of Formulas
(I)-(III) in vivo.
[0400] Exemplary microencapsulation materials useful for delaying
the release of the formulations including compounds described
herein, include, but are not limited to, hydroxypropyl cellulose
ethers (HPC) such as Klucel.RTM. or Nisso HPC, low-substituted
hydroxypropyl cellulose ethers (L-HPC), hydroxypropyl methyl
cellulose ethers (HPMC) such as Seppifilm-LC, Pharmacoat.RTM.,
Metolose SR, Methocel.RTM.-E, Opadry YS, PrimaFlo, Benecel MP824,
and Benecel MP843, methylcellulose polymers such as
Methocel.RTM.-A, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate stearate
Aqoat (HF-LS, HF-LG, HF-MS) and Metolose.RTM., Ethylcelluloses (EC)
and mixtures thereof such as E461, Ethocel.RTM., Aqualon.RTM.-EC,
Surelease.RTM., Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) such as Opadry AMB,
hydroxyethylcelluloses such as Natrosol.RTM.,
carboxymethylcelluloses and salts of carboxymethylcelluloses (CMC)
such as Aqualon.RTM.-CMC, polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol
co-polymers such as Kollicoat IR.RTM., monoglycerides (Myverol),
triglycerides (KLX), polyethylene glycols, modified food starch,
acrylic polymers and mixtures of acrylic polymers with cellulose
ethers such as Eudragit.RTM. EPO, Eudragit.RTM. L30D-55,
Eudragit.RTM. FS 30D Eudragit.RTM. L100-55, Eudragit.RTM. L100,
Eudragit.RTM. S100, Eudragit.RTM. RD100, Eudragit.RTM. E100,
Eudragit.RTM. L12.5, Eudragit.RTM. S12.5, Eudragit.RTM. NE30D, and
Eudragit.RTM. NE 40D, cellulose acetate phthalate, sepifilms such
as mixtures of HPMC and stearic acid, cyclodextrins, and mixtures
of these materials.
[0401] In still other embodiments, plasticizers such as
polyethylene glycols, e.g., PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 600, PEG 1450,
PEG 3350, and PEG 800, stearic acid, propylene glycol, oleic acid,
and triacetin are incorporated into the microencapsulation
material. In other embodiments, the microencapsulating material
useful for delaying the release of the pharmaceutical compositions
is from the USP or the National Formulary (NF). In yet other
embodiments, the microencapsulation material is Klucel. In still
other embodiments, the microencapsulation material is methocel.
[0402] Microencapsulated compounds described herein may be
formulated by methods that include, e.g., spray drying processes,
spinning disk-solvent processes, hot melt processes, spray chilling
methods, fluidized bed, electrostatic deposition, centrifugal
extrusion, rotational suspension separation, polymerization at
liquid-gas or solid-gas interface, pressure extrusion, or spraying
solvent extraction bath. In addition to these, several chemical
techniques, e.g., complex coacervation, solvent evaporation,
polymer-polymer incompatibility, interfacial polymerization in
liquid media, in situ polymerization, in-liquid drying, and
desolvation in liquid media could also be used. Furthermore, other
methods such as roller compaction, extrusion/spheronization,
coacervation, or nanoparticle coating may also be used.
[0403] In still other embodiments, effervescent powders are also
prepared in accordance with the present disclosure. Effervescent
salts have been used to disperse medicines in water for oral
administration. Effervescent salts are granules or coarse powders
containing a medicinal agent in a dry mixture, usually composed of
sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and/or tartaric acid. When such
salts are added to water, the acids and the base react to liberate
carbon dioxide gas, thereby causing "effervescence." Examples of
effervescent salts include, e.g., the following ingredients: sodium
bicarbonate or a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and sodium
carbonate, citric acid and/or tartaric acid. Any acid-base
combination that results in the liberation of carbon dioxide can be
used in place of the combination of sodium bicarbonate and citric
and tartaric acids, as long as the ingredients were suitable for
pharmaceutical use and result in a pH of about 6.0 or higher.
[0404] In other embodiments, the formulations described herein,
which include a compound described herein, are solid dispersions.
Methods of producing such solid dispersions include, but are not
limited to, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,343,789, 5,340,591,
5,456,923, 5,700,485, 5,723,269, and U.S. patent publication no.
2004/0013734. In still other embodiments, the formulations
described herein are solid solutions. Solid solutions incorporate a
substance together with the active agent and other excipients such
that heating the mixture results in dissolution of the drug and the
resulting composition is then cooled to provide a solid blend which
can be further formulated or directly added to a capsule or
compressed into a tablet. Methods of producing such solid solutions
include, but are not limited to, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos.
4,151,273, 5,281,420, and 6,083,518.
[0405] The pharmaceutical solid oral dosage forms including
formulations described herein, which include a compounds described
herein, can be further formulated to provide a controlled release
of the compound of Formulas (I)-(III). Controlled release refers to
the release of the compounds described herein from a dosage form in
which it is incorporated according to a desired profile over an
extended period of time. Controlled release profiles include, for
example, sustained release, prolonged release, pulsatile release,
and delayed release profiles. In contrast to immediate release
compositions, controlled release compositions allow delivery of an
agent to a subject over an extended period of time according to a
predetermined profile. Such release rates can provide
therapeutically effective levels of agent for an extended period of
time and thereby provide a longer period of pharmacologic response
while minimizing side effects as compared to conventional rapid
release dosage forms. Such longer periods of response provide for
many inherent benefits that are not achieved with the corresponding
short acting, immediate release preparations.
[0406] In some embodiments, the solid dosage forms described herein
can be formulated as enteric coated delayed release oral dosage
forms, i.e., as an oral dosage form of a pharmaceutical composition
as described herein which utilizes an enteric coating to affect
release in the small intestine of the gastrointestinal tract. The
enteric coated dosage form may be a compressed or molded or
extruded tablet/mold (coated or uncoated) containing granules,
powder, pellets, beads or particles of the active ingredient and/or
other composition components, which are themselves coated or
uncoated. The enteric coated oral dosage form may also be a capsule
(coated or uncoated) containing pellets, beads or granules of the
solid carrier or the composition, which are themselves coated or
uncoated.
[0407] The term "delayed release" as used herein refers to the
delivery so that the release can be accomplished at some generally
predictable location in the intestinal tract more distal to that
which would have been accomplished if there had been no delayed
release alterations. In some embodiments the method for delay of
release is coating. Any coatings should be applied to a sufficient
thickness such that the entire coating does not dissolve in the
gastrointestinal fluids at pH below about 5, but does dissolve at
pH about 5 and above. Coatings may be made from:
[0408] Acrylic polymers. The performance of acrylic polymers
(primarily their solubility in biological fluids) can vary based on
the degree and type of substitution. Examples of suitable acrylic
polymers include methacrylic acid copolymers and ammonium
methacrylate copolymers. The Eudragit series E, L, S, RL, RS and NE
(Rohm Pharma) are available as solubilized in organic solvent,
aqueous dispersion, or dry powders. The Eudragit series RL, NE, and
RS are insoluble in the gastrointestinal tract but are permeable
and are used primarily for colonic targeting. The Eudragit series E
dissolve in the stomach. The Eudragit series L, L-30D and S are
insoluble in stomach and dissolve in the intestine;
[0409] Cellulose Derivatives. Examples of suitable cellulose
derivatives are: ethyl cellulose; reaction mixtures of partial
acetate esters of cellulose with phthalic anhydride. The
performance can vary based on the degree and type of substitution.
Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) dissolves in pH >6. Aquateric
(FMC) is an aqueous based system and is a spray dried CAP
pseudolatex with particles <1 .mu.m. Other components in
Aquateric can include pluronics, Tweens, and acetylated
monoglycerides. Other suitable cellulose derivatives include:
cellulose acetate trimellitate (Eastman); methylcellulose
(Pharmacoat, Methocel); hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate
(HPMCP); hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose succinate (HPMCS); and
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (e.g., AQOAT (Shin
Etsu)). The performance can vary based on the degree and type of
substitution. For example, HPMCP such as, HP-50, HP-55, HP-55S,
HP-55F grades are suitable. The performance can vary based on the
degree and type of substitution. For example, suitable grades of
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate include, but are not
limited to, AS-LG (LF), which dissolves at pH 5, AS-MG (MF), which
dissolves at pH 5.5, and AS-HG (HF), which dissolves at higher pH.
These polymers are offered as granules, or as fine powders for
aqueous dispersions;
[0410] Poly Vinyl Acetate Phthalate (PVAP). PVAP dissolves in
pH>5, and it is much less permeable to water vapor and gastric
fluids.
[0411] In some embodiments, the coating can, and usually does,
contain a plasticizer and possibly other coating excipients such as
colorants, talc, and/or magnesium stearate. Suitable plasticizers
include triethyl citrate (Citroflex 2), triacetin (glyceryl
triacetate), acetyl triethyl citrate (Citroflec A2), Carbowax 400
(polyethylene glycol 400), diethyl phthalate, tributyl citrate,
acetylated monoglycerides, glycerol, fatty acid esters, propylene
glycol, and dibutyl phthalate. In particular, anionic carboxylic
acrylic polymers usually will contain 10-25% by weight of a
plasticizer, especially dibutyl phthalate, polyethylene glycol,
triethyl citrate and triacetin. Conventional coating techniques
such as spray or pan coating are employed to apply coatings. The
coating thickness must be sufficient to ensure that the oral dosage
form remains intact until the desired site of topical delivery in
the intestinal tract is reached.
[0412] Colorants, detackifiers, surfactants, antifoaming agents,
lubricants (e.g., camuba wax or PEG) may be added to the coatings
besides plasticizers to solubilize or disperse the coating
material, and to improve coating performance and the coated
product.
[0413] In other embodiments, the formulations described herein,
which include a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) described herein,
are delivered using a pulsatile dosage form. A pulsatile dosage
form is capable of providing one or more immediate release pulses
at predetermined time points after a controlled lag time or at
specific sites. Pulsatile dosage forms may be administered using a
variety of pulsatile formulations including, but are not limited
to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,011,692; 5,017,381;
5,229,135; 5,840,329; 4,871,549; 5,260,068; 5,260,069; 5,508,040;
5,567,441 and 5,837,284.
[0414] Many other types of controlled release systems are suitable
for use with the formulations described herein. Examples of such
delivery systems include, e.g., polymer-based systems, such as
polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyanhydrides and
polycaprolactone; porous matrices, nonpolymer-based systems that
are lipids, including sterols, such as cholesterol, cholesterol
esters and fatty acids, or neutral fats, such as mono-, di- and
triglycerides; hydrogel release systems; silastic systems;
peptide-based systems; wax coatings, bioerodible dosage forms,
compressed tablets using conventional binders and the like. See,
e.g., Liberman et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 2 Ed., Vol. 1,
pp. 209-214 (1990); Singh et al., Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical
Technology, 2nd Ed., pp. 751-753 (2002); U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,327,725;
4,624,848; 4,968,509; 5,461,140; 5,456,923; 5,516,527; 5,622,721;
5,686,105; 5,700,410; 5,977,175; 6,465,014; and 6,932,983.
[0415] In some embodiments, pharmaceutical formulations are
provided that include particles of the compounds described herein,
e.g. compounds of Formulas (I)-(III), and at least one dispersing
agent or suspending agent for oral administration to a subject. The
formulations may be a powder and/or granules for suspension, and
upon admixture with water, a substantially uniform suspension is
obtained.
[0416] Liquid formulation dosage forms for oral administration can
be aqueous suspensions selected from the group including, but not
limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous oral dispersions,
emulsions, solutions, elixirs, gels, and syrups. See, e.g., Singh
et al., Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, 2nd Ed., pp.
754-757 (2002).
[0417] The aqueous suspensions and dispersions described herein can
remain in a homogenous state, as defined in The USP Pharmacists'
Pharmacopeia (2005 edition, chapter 905), for at least 4 hours. The
homogeneity should be determined by a sampling method consistent
with regard to determining homogeneity of the entire composition.
In one embodiment, an aqueous suspension can be re-suspended into a
homogenous suspension by physical agitation lasting less than 1
minute. In another embodiment, an aqueous suspension can be
re-suspended into a homogenous suspension by physical agitation
lasting less than 45 seconds. In yet another embodiment, an aqueous
suspension can be re-suspended into a homogenous suspension by
physical agitation lasting less than 30 seconds. In still another
embodiment, no agitation is necessary to maintain a homogeneous
aqueous dispersion.
[0418] The pharmaceutical compositions described herein may include
sweetening agents such as, but not limited to, acacia syrup,
acesulfame K, alitame, anise, apple, aspartame, banana, Bavarian
cream, berry, black currant, butterscotch, calcium citrate,
camphor, caramel, cherry, cherry cream, chocolate, cinnamon, bubble
gum, citrus, citrus punch, citrus cream, cotton candy, cocoa, cola,
cool cherry, cool citrus, cyclamate, cylamate, dextrose,
eucalyptus, eugenol, fructose, fruit punch, ginger,
glycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhiza (licorice) syrup, grape, grapefruit,
honey, isomalt, lemon, lime, lemon cream, monoammonium
glyrrhizinate (MagnaSweet.RTM.), maltol, mannitol, maple,
marshmallow, menthol, mint cream, mixed berry, neohesperidine DC,
neotame, orange, pear, peach, peppermint, peppermint cream,
Prosweet.RTM. Powder, raspberry, root beer, rum, saccharin,
safrole, sorbitol, spearmint, spearmint cream, strawberry,
strawberry cream, stevia, sucralose, sucrose, sodium saccharin,
saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, mannitol, talin,
sucralose, sorbitol, swiss cream, tagatose, tangerine, thaumatin,
tutti fruitti, vanilla, walnut, watermelon, wild cherry,
wintergreen, xylitol, or any combination of these flavoring
ingredients, e.g., anise-menthol, cherry-anise, cinnamon-orange,
cherry-cinnamon, chocolate-mint, honey-lemon, lemon-lime,
lemon-mint, menthol-eucalyptus, orange-cream, vanilla-mint, and
mixtures thereof.
[0419] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulations
described herein can be self-emulsifying drug delivery systems
(SEDDS). Emulsions are dispersions of one immiscible phase in
another, usually in the form of droplets. Generally, emulsions are
created by vigorous mechanical dispersion. SEDDS, as opposed to
emulsions or microemulsions, spontaneously form emulsions when
added to an excess of water without any external mechanical
dispersion or agitation. An advantage of SEDDS is that only gentle
mixing is required to distribute the droplets throughout the
solution. Additionally, water or the aqueous phase can be added
just prior to administration, which ensures stability of an
unstable or hydrophobic active ingredient. Thus, the SEDDS provides
an effective delivery system for oral and parenteral delivery of
hydrophobic active ingredients. SEDDS may provide improvements in
the bioavailability of hydrophobic active ingredients. Methods of
producing self-emulsifying dosage forms include, but are not
limited to, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,858,401, 6,667,048, and
6,960,563.
[0420] There is overlap between the above-listed additives used in
the aqueous dispersions or suspensions described herein, since a
given additive is often classified differently by different
practitioners in the field, or is commonly used for any of several
different functions. Thus, the above-listed additives should be
taken as merely exemplary, and not limiting, of the types of
additives that can be included in formulations described
herein.
[0421] Potential excipients for intranasal formulations include,
for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,476,116, 5,116,817 and 6,391,452.
Formulations solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other
suitable preservatives, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or
dispersing agents. See, for example, Ansel, H. C. et al.,
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Sixth Ed.
(1995). Preferably these compositions and formulations are prepared
with suitable nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients. The
choice of suitable carriers is highly dependent upon the exact
nature of the nasal dosage form desired, e.g., solutions,
suspensions, ointments, or gels. Nasal dosage forms generally
contain large amounts of water in addition to the active
ingredient. Minor amounts of other ingredients such as pH
adjusters, emulsifiers or dispersing agents, preservatives,
surfactants, gelling agents, or buffering and other stabilizing and
solubilizing agents may also be present. Preferably, the nasal
dosage form should be isotonic with nasal secretions.
[0422] For administration by inhalation, the compounds described
herein may be in a form as an aerosol, a mist or a powder.
Pharmaceutical compositions described herein are conveniently
delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from
pressurized packs or a nebuliser, with the use of a suitable
propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane,
dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In
the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit may be
determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
Capsules and cartridges of, such as, by way of example only,
gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated
containing a powder mix of the compound described herein and a
suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
[0423] Buccal formulations that include compounds described herein
may be administered using a variety of formulations which include,
but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,229,447, 4,596,795,
4,755,386, and 5,739,136. In addition, the buccal dosage forms
described herein can further include a bioerodible (hydrolysable)
polymeric carrier that also serves to adhere the dosage form to the
buccal mucosa. The buccal dosage form is fabricated so as to erode
gradually over a predetermined time period, wherein the delivery of
the compound is provided essentially throughout. Buccal drug
delivery avoids the disadvantages encountered with oral drug
administration, e.g., slow absorption, degradation of the active
agent by fluids present in the gastrointestinal tract and/or
first-pass inactivation in the liver. With regard to the
bioerodible (hydrolysable) polymeric carrier, virtually any such
carrier can be used, so long as the desired drug release profile is
not compromised, and the carrier is compatible with the compounds
described herein, and any other components that may be present in
the buccal dosage unit. Generally, the polymeric carrier comprises
hydrophilic (water-soluble and water-swellable) polymers that
adhere to the wet surface of the buccal mucosa. Examples of
polymeric carriers useful herein include acrylic acid polymers and
co, e.g., those known as "carbomers" (Carbopol.RTM., which may be
obtained from B.F. Goodrich, is one such polymer). Other components
may also be incorporated into the buccal dosage forms described
herein include, but are not limited to, disintegrants, diluents,
binders, lubricants, flavoring, colorants, preservatives, and the
like. For buccal or sublingual administration, the compositions may
take the form of tablets, lozenges, or gels formulated in a
conventional manner.
[0424] Transdermal formulations described herein may be
administered using a variety of devices including but not limited
to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,598,122, 3,598,123, 3,710,795, 3,731,683,
3,742,951, 3,814,097, 3,921,636, 3,972,995, 3,993,072, 3,993,073,
3,996,934, 4,031,894, 4,060,084, 4,069,307, 4,077,407, 4,201,211,
4,230,105, 4,292,299, 4,292,303, 5,336,168, 5,665,378, 5,837,280,
5,869,090, 6,923,983, 6,929,801 and 6,946,144.
[0425] The transdermal dosage forms described herein may
incorporate certain pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which
are conventional in the art. In one embodiment, the transdermal
formulations described herein include at least three components:
(1) a formulation of a compound of Formulas (I)-(III); (2) a
penetration enhancer; and (3) an aqueous adjuvant. In addition,
transdermal formulations can include additional components such as,
but not limited to, gelling agents, creams and ointment bases, and
the like. In some embodiments, the transdermal formulation can
further include a woven or non-woven backing material to enhance
absorption and prevent the removal of the transdermal formulation
from the skin. In other embodiments, the transdermal formulations
described herein can maintain a saturated or supersaturated state
to promote diffusion into the skin.
[0426] Formulations suitable for transdermal administration of
compounds described herein may employ transdermal delivery devices
and transdermal delivery patches and can be lipophilic emulsions or
buffered, aqueous solutions, dissolved and/or dispersed in a
polymer or an adhesive. Such patches may be constructed for
continuous, pulsatile, or on demand delivery of pharmaceutical
agents. Still further, transdermal delivery of the compounds
described herein can be accomplished by means of iontophoretic
patches and the like. Additionally, transdermal patches can provide
controlled delivery of the compounds described herein. The rate of
absorption can be slowed by using rate-controlling membranes or by
trapping the compound within a polymer matrix or gel. Conversely,
absorption enhancers can be used to increase absorption. An
absorption enhancer or carrier can include absorbable
pharmaceutically acceptable solvents to assist passage through the
skin. For example, transdermal devices are in the form of a bandage
comprising a backing member, a reservoir containing the compound
optionally with carriers, optionally a rate controlling barrier to
deliver the compound to the skin of the host at a controlled and
predetermined rate over a prolonged period of time, and means to
secure the device to the skin.
[0427] Formulations suitable for intramuscular, subcutaneous, or
intravenous injection may include physiologically acceptable
sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions
or emulsions, and sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile
injectable solutions or dispersions. Examples of suitable aqueous
and non-aqueous carriers, diluents, solvents, or vehicles including
water, ethanol, polyols (propyleneglycol, polyethylene-glycol,
glycerol, cremophor and the like), suitable mixtures thereof,
vegetable oils (such as olive oil) and injectable organic esters
such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for
example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the
maintenance of the required particle size in the case of
dispersions, and by the use of surfactants. Formulations suitable
for subcutaneous injection may also contain additives such as
preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents. Prevention
of the growth of microorganisms can be ensured by various
antibacterial and antifungal agents, such as parabens,
chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be
desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium
chloride, and the like. Prolonged absorption of the injectable
pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the use of agents
delaying absorption, such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
[0428] For intravenous injections, compounds described herein may
be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically
compatible buffers such as Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, or
physiological saline buffer. For transmucosal administration,
penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in
the formulation. Such penetrants are generally recognized in the
field. For other parenteral injections, appropriate formulations
may include aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, preferably with
physiologically compatible buffers or excipients. Such excipients
are generally recognized in the field.
[0429] Parenteral injections may involve bolus injection or
continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in
unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers,
with an added preservative. The pharmaceutical composition
described herein may be in a form suitable for parenteral injection
as a sterile suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous
vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending,
stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Pharmaceutical formulations
for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the
active compounds in water-soluble form. Additionally, suspensions
of the active compounds may be prepared as appropriate oily
injection suspensions. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles
include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid
esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes.
Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase
the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl
cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Optionally, the suspension may
also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the
solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly
concentrated solutions. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be
in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g.,
sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
[0430] In certain embodiments, delivery systems for pharmaceutical
compounds may be employed, such as, for example, liposomes and
emulsions. In certain embodiments, compositions provided herein
also include an mucoadhesive polymer, selected from among, for
example, carboxymethylcellulose, carbomer (acrylic acid polymer),
poly(methylmethacrylate), polyacrylamide, polycarbophil, acrylic
acid/butyl acrylate copolymer, sodium alginate and dextran.
[0431] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein may be
administered topically and are formulated into a variety of
topically administrable compositions, such as solutions,
suspensions, lotions, gels, pastes, medicated sticks, balms, creams
or ointments. Such pharmaceutical compounds can contain
solubilizers, stabilizers, tonicity enhancing agents, buffers and
preservatives.
[0432] The compounds described herein may also be formulated in
rectal compositions such as enemas, rectal gels, rectal foams,
rectal aerosols, suppositories, jelly suppositories, or retention
enemas, containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa
butter or other glycerides, as well as synthetic polymers such as
polyvinylpyrrolidone, PEG, and the like. In suppository forms of
the compositions, a low-melting wax such as, but not limited to, a
mixture of fatty acid glycerides, optionally in combination with
cocoa butter is first melted.
[0433] Generally, an agent, such as a compound of Formulas
(I)-(III), is administered in an amount effective for amelioration
of, or prevention of the development of symptoms of, the disease or
disorder (i.e., a therapeutically effective amount). Thus, a
therapeutically effective amount can be an amount that is capable
of at least partially preventing or reversing a disease or
disorder. The dose required to obtain an effective amount may vary
depending on the agent, formulation, disease or disorder, and
individual to whom the agent is administered.
[0434] Determination of effective amounts may also involve in vitro
assays in which varying doses of agent are administered to cells in
culture and the concentration of agent effective for ameliorating
some or all symptoms is determined in order to calculate the
concentration required in vivo. Effective amounts may also be based
in in vivo animal studies.
[0435] An agent can be administered prior to, concurrently with and
subsequent to the appearance of symptoms of a disease or disorder.
In some embodiments, an agent is administered to a subject with a
family history of the disease or disorder, or who has a phenotype
that may indicate a predisposition to a disease or disorder, or who
has a genotype which predisposes the subject to the disease or
disorder.
[0436] The particular delivery system used can depend on a number
of factors, including, for example, the intended target and the
route of administration, e.g., local or systemic. Targets for
delivery can be specific cells which are causing or contributing to
a disease or disorder, including, for example, cells that have
altered intracellular calcium or calcium dysregulation or
dyshomeostasis, and cells that do not have altered intracellular
calcium but that may have some alteration, defect or deficiency
that can be, at least in part, compensated, counteracted, reversed
or alleviated or eliminated by altering intracellular calcium of
the cell. Particular cells include, for example, immune cells
(e.g., lymphocytes, T cells, B cells, white blood cells),
fibroblasts (or cells derived from a fibroblast), epidermal, dermal
or skin cells (e.g., a keratinocytes), blood cells, kidney or renal
cells (e.g., mesangial cells), muscle cells (e.g., a smooth muscle
cell such as an airway (tracheal or bronchial) smooth muscle cell)
and exocrine or secretory (e.g., salivary, including parotid acinar
and submandibular gland) cells. For example, a target cell can be
resident or infiltrating cells in the lungs or airways that
contribute to an asthmatic illness or disease, resident or
infiltrating cells in the nervous system contributing to a
neurological, neurodegenerative or demyelinating disease or
disorder, resident or infiltrating cells involved in rejection of a
kidney graft, grafted cells that when activated lead to
graft-versus-host disease, resident or infiltrating cells involved
in rejection of a kidney graft, resident or infiltrating cells,
activation of which contributes to inflammation, e.g., in
arthritis, resident or infiltrating cells in the kidney or renal
system (e.g., mesangial cells) involved in neuropathy and
glomerulonephritis and resident or infiltrating cells in exocrine
glands (e.g., salivary and lacrimal glands) involved in autoimmune
disorders (e.g., Sjogren's disease). Administration of an agent can
be directed to one or more cell types or subsets of a cell type by
methods recognized in the field. For example, an agent can be
coupled to an antibody, ligand to a cell surface receptor or a
toxin, or can be contained in a particle that is selectively
internalized into cells, e.g., liposomes or a virus in which the
viral receptor binds specifically to a certain cell type, or a
viral particle lacking the viral nucleic acid, or can be
administered locally.
Examples of Methods of Dosing and Treatment Regimens
[0437] The compounds described herein can be used in the
preparation of medicaments for the modulation of intracellular
calcium, or for the treatment of diseases or conditions that would
benefit, at least in part, from modulation of intracellular
calcium. In addition, a method for treating any of the diseases or
conditions described herein in a subject in need of such treatment,
involves administration of pharmaceutical compositions containing
at least one compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or
pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, in therapeutically
effective amounts to said subject.
[0438] The compositions containing the compound(s) described herein
can be administered for prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments.
In therapeutic applications, the compositions are administered to a
patient already suffering from a disease or condition, in an amount
sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest the symptoms of the
disease or condition. Amounts effective for this use will depend on
the severity and course of the disease or condition, previous
therapy, the patient's health status, weight, and response to the
drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician.
[0439] In prophylactic applications, compositions containing the
compounds described herein are administered to a patient
susceptible to or otherwise at risk of a particular disease,
disorder or condition. Such an amount is defined to be a
"prophylactically effective amount or dose." In this use, the
precise amounts also depend on the patient's state of health,
weight, and the like. When used in a patient, effective amounts for
this use will depend on the severity and course of the disease,
disorder or condition, previous therapy, the patient's health
status and response to the drugs, and the judgment of the treating
physician.
[0440] In the case wherein the patient's condition does not
improve, upon the doctor's discretion the administration of the
compounds may be administered chronically, that is, for an extended
period of time, including throughout the duration of the patient's
life in order to ameliorate or otherwise control or limit the
symptoms of the patient's disease or condition.
[0441] In the case wherein the patient's status does improve, upon
the doctor's discretion the administration of the compounds may be
given continuously; alternatively, the dose of drug being
administered may be temporarily reduced or temporarily suspended
for a certain length of time (i.e., a "drug holiday"). The length
of the drug holiday can vary between 2 days and 1 year, including
by way of example only, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7
days, 10 days, 12 days, 15 days, 20 days, 28 days, 35 days, 50
days, 70 days, 100 days, 120 days, 150 days, 180 days, 200 days,
250 days, 280 days, 300 days, 320 days, 350 days, or 365 days. The
dose reduction during a drug holiday may be from about 10% to about
100%, including, by way of example only, about 10%, about 15%,
about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%,
about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%,
about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100%.
[0442] Once improvement of the patient's conditions has occurred, a
maintenance dose is administered if necessary. Subsequently, the
dosage or the frequency of administration, or both, can be reduced,
as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved
disease, disorder or condition is retained. Patients can, however,
require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any
recurrence of symptoms.
[0443] The amount of a given agent that will correspond to such an
amount will vary depending upon factors such as the particular
compound, disease or condition and its severity, the identity
(e.g., weight) of the subject or host in need of treatment, but can
nevertheless be determined in a manner recognized in the field
according to the particular circumstances surrounding the case,
including, e.g., the specific agent being administered, the route
of administration, the condition being treated, and the subject or
host being treated. In general, however, doses employed for adult
human treatment will typically be in the range of about 0.02-about
5000 mg per day, in some embodiments, about 1-about 1500 mg per
day. The desired dose may conveniently be presented in a single
dose or as divided doses administered simultaneously (or over a
short period of time) or at appropriate intervals, for example as
two, three, four or more sub-doses per day.
[0444] The pharmaceutical composition described herein may be in
unit dosage forms suitable for single administration of precise
dosages. In unit dosage form, the formulation is divided into unit
doses containing appropriate quantities of one or more compound.
The unit dosage may be in the form of a package containing discrete
quantities of the formulation. Non-limiting examples are packaged
tablets or capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules. Aqueous
suspension compositions can be packaged in single-dose
non-reclosable containers. Alternatively, multiple-dose reclosable
containers can be used, in which case it is typical to include a
preservative in the composition. By way of example only,
formulations for parenteral injection may be presented in unit
dosage form, which include, but are not limited to ampoules, or in
multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
[0445] The daily dosages appropriate for the compounds described
herein described herein are from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 20
mg/kg. In one embodiment, the daily dosages are from about 0.1
mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg. An indicated daily dosage in the larger
mammal, including, but not limited to, humans, is in the range from
about 0.5 mg to about 1000 mg, conveniently administered in a
single dose or in divided doses, including, but not limited to, up
to four times a day or in extended release form. Suitable unit
dosage forms for oral administration include from about 1 to about
500 mg active ingredient. In one embodiment, the unit dosage is
about 1 mg, about 5 mg, about, 10 mg, about 20 mg, about 50 mg,
about 100 mg, about 200 mg, about 250 mg, about 400 mg, or about
500 mg. The foregoing ranges are merely suggestive, as the number
of variables in regard to an individual treatment regime is large,
and considerable excursions from these recommended values are not
uncommon. Such dosages may be altered depending on a number of
variables, not limited to the activity of the compound used, the
disease or condition to be treated, the mode of administration, the
requirements of the individual subject, the severity of the disease
or condition being treated, and the judgment of the
practitioner.
[0446] Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such therapeutic
regimens can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in
cell cultures or experimental animals, including, but not limited
to, the determination of the LD.sub.50 (the dose lethal to 50% of
the population) and the ED.sub.50 (the dose therapeutically
effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between the
toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can
be expressed as the ratio between LD.sub.50 and ED.sub.50.
Compounds exhibiting high therapeutic indices are preferred. The
data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be
used in formulating a range of dosage for use in human. The dosage
of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating
concentrations that include the ED.sub.50 with minimal toxicity.
The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage
form employed and the route of administration utilized.
Combination Treatments
[0447] The compounds of Formulas (I)-(III), and compositions
thereof, may also be used in combination with other therapeutic
agents that are selected for their therapeutic value for the
condition to be treated. In general, the compositions described
herein and, in embodiments where combinational therapy is employed,
other agents do not have to be administered in the same
pharmaceutical composition, and may, because of different physical
and chemical characteristics, have to be administered by different
routes. The determination of the mode of administration and the
advisability of administration, where possible, in the same
pharmaceutical composition, is well within the knowledge of the
clinician. The initial administration can be made according to
established protocols recognized in the field, and then, based upon
the observed effects, the dosage, modes of administration and times
of administration can be modified by the clinician.
[0448] In certain instances, it may be appropriate to administer at
least one compound described herein in combination with another
therapeutic agent. By way of example only, if one of the side
effects experienced by a patient upon receiving one of the
compounds herein, such as a compound of Formulas (I)-(III), is
nausea, then it may be appropriate to administer an anti-nausea
agent in combination with the initial therapeutic agent. Or, by way
of example only, the therapeutic effectiveness of one of the
compounds described herein may be enhanced by administration of an
adjuvant (i.e., by itself the adjuvant may have minimal therapeutic
benefit, but in combination with another therapeutic agent, the
overall therapeutic benefit to the patient is enhanced). Or, by way
of example only, the benefit experienced by a patient may be
increased by administering one of the compounds described herein
with another therapeutic agent (which also includes a therapeutic
regimen) that also has therapeutic benefit. In any case, regardless
of the disease, disorder or condition being treated, the overall
benefit experienced by the patient may simply be additive of the
two therapeutic agents or the patient may experience a synergistic
benefit.
[0449] The particular choice of compounds used will depend upon the
diagnosis of the attending physicians and their judgment of the
condition of the patient and the appropriate treatment protocol.
The compounds may be administered concurrently (e.g.,
simultaneously, essentially simultaneously or within the same
treatment protocol) or sequentially, depending upon the nature of
the disease, disorder, or condition, the condition of the patient,
and the actual choice of compounds used. The determination of the
order of administration, and the number of repetitions of
administration of each therapeutic agent during a treatment
protocol, is well within the knowledge of the physician after
evaluation of the disease being treated and the condition of the
patient.
[0450] Therapeutically-effective dosages can vary when the drugs
are used in treatment combinations. Methods for experimentally
determining therapeutically-effective dosages of drugs and other
agents for use in combination treatment regimens are described in
the literature. For example, the use of metronomic dosing, i.e.,
providing more frequent, lower doses in order to minimize toxic
side effects, has been described extensively in the literature
Combination treatment further includes periodic treatments that
start and stop at various times to assist with the clinical
management of the patient.
[0451] For combination therapies described herein, dosages of the
co-administered compounds will of course vary depending on the type
of co-drug employed, on the specific drug employed, on the disease
or condition being treated and so forth. In addition, when
co-administered with one or more biologically active agents, the
compound provided herein may be administered either simultaneously
with the biologically active agent(s), or sequentially. If
administered sequentially, the attending physician will decide on
the appropriate sequence of administering protein in combination
with the biologically active agent(s).
[0452] In any case, the multiple therapeutic agents (one of which
is a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) described herein) may be
administered in any order or even simultaneously. If
simultaneously, the multiple therapeutic agents may be provided in
a single, unified form, or in multiple forms (by way of example
only, either as a single pill or as two separate pills). One of the
therapeutic agents may be given in multiple doses, or both may be
given as multiple doses. If not simultaneous, the timing between
the multiple doses may vary from more than zero weeks to less than
four weeks. In addition, the combination methods, compositions and
formulations are not to be limited to the use of only two agents;
the use of multiple therapeutic combinations are also
envisioned.
[0453] It is understood that the dosage regimen to treat, prevent,
or ameliorate the condition(s) for which relief is sought, can be
modified in accordance with a variety of factors. These factors
include the disorder or condition from which the subject suffers,
as well as the age, weight, sex, diet, and medical condition of the
subject. Thus, the dosage regimen actually employed can vary widely
and therefore can deviate from the dosage regimens set forth
herein.
[0454] The pharmaceutical agents which make up the combination
therapy disclosed herein may be a combined dosage form or in
separate dosage forms intended for substantially simultaneous
administration. The pharmaceutical agents that make up the
combination therapy may also be administered sequentially, with
either therapeutic compound being administered by a regimen calling
for two-step administration. The two-step administration regimen
may call for sequential administration of the active agents or
spaced-apart administration of the separate active agents. The time
period between the multiple administration steps may range from, a
few minutes to several hours, depending upon the properties of each
pharmaceutical agent, such as potency, solubility, bioavailability,
plasma half-life and kinetic profile of the pharmaceutical agent.
Circadian variation of the target molecule concentration may also
determine the optimal dose interval.
[0455] In addition, the compounds described herein also may be used
in combination with procedures that may provide additional or
synergistic benefit to the patient. By way of example only,
patients are expected to find therapeutic and/or prophylactic
benefit in the methods described herein, wherein pharmaceutical
composition of a compound disclosed herein and/or combinations with
other therapeutics are combined with genetic testing to determine
whether that individual is a carrier of a mutant gene that is known
to be correlated with certain diseases or conditions.
[0456] The compounds described herein and combination therapies can
be administered before, during or after the occurrence of a disease
or condition, and the timing of administering the composition
containing a compound can vary. Thus, for example, the compounds
can be used as a prophylactic and can be administered continuously
to subjects with a propensity to develop conditions or diseases in
order to prevent the occurrence of the disease or condition. The
compounds and compositions can be administered to a subject during
or as soon as possible after the onset of the symptoms. The
administration of the compounds can be initiated within the first
48 hours of the onset of the symptoms, preferably within the first
48 hours of the onset of the symptoms, more preferably within the
first 6 hours of the onset of the symptoms, and most preferably
within 3 hours of the onset of the symptoms. The initial
administration can be via any route practical, such as, for
example, an intravenous injection, a bolus injection, infusion over
about 5 minutes to about 5 hours, a pill, a capsule, transdermal
patch, buccal delivery, and the like, or combination thereof. A
compound is preferably administered as soon as is practicable after
the onset of a disease or condition is detected or suspected, and
for a length of time necessary for the treatment of the disease,
such as, for example, from 1 day to about 3 months. The length of
treatment can vary for each subject, and the length can be
determined using the known criteria. For example, the compound or a
formulation containing the compound can be administered for at
least 2 weeks, preferably about 1 month to about 5 years.
Inhibitors of SOCE
[0457] In one aspect, compounds of Formulas (I)-(III) are
administered or used in conjunction with other inhibitors of SOCE.
In one aspect, the inhibitors of SOCE are non-selective
inhibitors.
[0458] A variety of inhibitors of SOCE have been described.
Inhibitors of SOCE include:
a) Cations, which include lanthanide cations, such as for example,
Gd.sup.3+, La.sup.3+; b) P-450 inhibitors, which include econazole,
miconazole, clotrimazole, ketoconazole; c) Cyclooxygenase
inhibitors, which include niflumic acid, flufenamic acid, tenidap;
d) Lipoxygenase inhibitors, which include nordihydroguaiaretic
acid, eicosatetraynoic acid; e) Compounds that are channel
blockers, which include SK&F 96365, SC38249, LU52396,
L-651,582, tetrandrine, 2-APB; f) Compounds that inhibit SOCE not
by an action on the SOC channels themselves, which include U73122
(phospholipase C inhibitor), wortmannin (phosphatidylinositol
kinase inhibitor).
[0459] Some of these inhibitors of SOCE have non-specific actions
and/or multiple modes of action that contribute to the inhibition
of SOCE, which include blocking the pore of the SOC channel
(Channel blockers), inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthesis that
appears to support SOCE (Gamberucci et al., J. Biol. Chem., 269,
23597-23602, 1994; Marriott et al., Am. J. Physiol., 269,
C766-C774, 1995), disturbances of cytoplasmic pH (Muallem et al.,
Am. J. Physiol., 257, G917-G924, 1989), as well as inhibiting the
activation of SOC channels.
Immunosuppresants
[0460] In one embodiment, compounds described herein are
administered as single agents in immunosuppressive therapy to
reduce, inhibit, or prevent activity of the immune system.
Immunosuppressive therapy is clinically used to: prevent the
rejection of transplanted organs and tissues (e.g. bone marrow,
heart, kidney, liver); treatment of autoimmune diseases or diseases
that are most likely of autoimmune origin (e.g. rheumatoid
arthritis, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Crohn's
disease, and ulcerative colitis); and treatment of some other
non-autoimmune inflammatory diseases (e.g. long term allergic
asthma control).
[0461] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are
administered with other immunosuppresants selected from among:
Calcineurin inhibitors (such as, but not limited to, cyclosporin,
tacrolimus); mTOR inhibitors (such as, but not limited to,
sirolimus, everolimus); anti-proliferatives (such as, but not
limited to, azathioprine, mycophenolic acid); corticosteroids (such
as, but not limited to, prednisone, cortisone acetate,
prednisolone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, betamethasone,
triamcinolone, beclometasone, fludrocortisone acetate,
deoxycorticosterone acetate, aldosterone, hydrocortisone);
antibodies (such as, but not limited to, monoclonal
anti-IL-2R.alpha. receptor antibodies (basiliximab, daclizumab),
polyclonal anti-T-cell antibodies (anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG),
anti-lymphocyte globulin (ALG))).
[0462] Other immunosuppresants include, but are not limited to:
glucocorticoids (alclometasone, aldosterone, amcinonide,
beclometasone, betamethasone, budesonide, ciclesonide, clobetasol,
clobetasone, clocortolone, cloprednol, cortisone, cortivazol,
deflazacort, deoxycorticosterone, desonide, desoximetasone,
desoxycortone, dexamethasone, diflorasone, diflucortolone,
difluprednate, fluclorolone, Fludrocortisone, fludroxycortide,
flumetasone, flunisolide, fluocinolone acetonide, fluocinonide,
fluocortin, fluocortolone, fluorometholone, fluperolone,
fluprednidene, fluticasone, formocortal, halcinonide, halometasone,
hydrocortisone/cortisol, hydrocortisone aceponate, hydrocortisone
buteprate, hydrocortisone butyrate, loteprednol, medrysone,
meprednisone, methylprednisolone, methylprednisolone aceponate,
mometasone furoate, paramethasone, prednicarbate, prednisone,
prednisolone, prednylidene, rimexolone, tixocortol, triamcinolone,
ulobetasol), cyclophosphamide, nitrosoureas, cisplatin,
carboplatin, oxaliplatin, methotrexate, azathioprine,
mercaptopurine, pyrimidine analogues, protein synthesis inhibitors,
methotrexate, azathioprine, mercaptopurine, dactinomycin,
anthracyclines, mitomycin C, bleomycin, mithramycin, Atgam.RTM.,
Thymoglobuline.RTM., OKT3.RTM., basiliximab, daclizumab,
cyclosporin, tacrolimus, sirolimus, Interferons (IFN-.beta.,
IFN-.gamma.), opioids, TNF binding proteins (infliximab,
etanercept, adalimumab, golimumab), mycophenolic acid,
mycophenolate mofetil, FTY720, as well as those listed in U.S. Pat.
No. 7,060,697.
Agents for Treating Autoimmune Diseases, Inflammatory Diseases
[0463] Where the subject is suffering from or at risk of suffering
from an autoimmune disease, disorder or condition, or an
inflammatory disease, disorder or condition, a compound described
herein is administered in any combination with one or more of the
following therapeutic agents: immunosuppressants (e.g., tacrolimus,
cyclosporin, rapamicin, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide,
azathioprine, mercaptopurine, mycophenolate, or FTY720),
glucocorticoids (e.g., prednisone, cortisone acetate, prednisolone,
methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, betamethasone, triamcinolone,
beclometasone, fludrocortisone acetate, deoxycorticosterone
acetate, aldosterone), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g.,
salicylates, arylalkanoic acids, 2-arylpropionic acids,
N-arylanthranilic acids, oxicams, coxibs, or sulphonanilides),
Cox-2-specific inhibitors (e.g., valdecoxib, etoricoxib,
lumiracoxib, celecoxib, or rofecoxib), leflunomide, gold
thioglucose, gold thiomalate, aurofin, sulfasalazine,
hydroxychloroquinine, minocycline, TNF-.alpha. binding proteins
(e.g., infliximab, etanercept, or adalimumab), abatacept, anakinra,
interferon-.beta., interferon-.gamma., interleukin-2,
antileukotrienes, theophylline, or anticholinergics.
[0464] In one embodiment, compounds described herein, are
administered in combination with inhibitors of NFAT-calcineurin
pathway. In one embodiment, the inhibitors of NFAT-calcineurin
pathway include, but are not limited to, Cyclosporin A (CsA) and
tacrolimus (FK506).
[0465] In one embodiment, a compound described herein, or
compositions and medicaments that include a compound of Formulas
(I)-(III), are administered to a patient in combination with an
anti-inflammatory agent including, but not limited to,
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids
(glucocorticoids).
[0466] NSAIDs include, but are not limited to: aspirin, salicylic
acid, gentisic acid, choline magnesium salicylate, choline
salicylate, choline magnesium salicylate, choline salicylate,
magnesium salicylate, sodium salicylate, diflunisal, carprofen,
fenoprofen, fenoprofen calcium, fluorobiprofen, ibuprofen,
ketoprofen, nabutone, ketolorac, ketorolac tromethamine, naproxen,
oxaprozin, diclofenac, etodolac, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin,
meclofenamate, meclofenamate sodium, mefenamic acid, piroxicam,
meloxicam, COX-2 specific inhibitors (such as, but not limited to,
celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, parecoxib, etoricoxib,
lumiracoxib, CS-502, JTE-522, L-745,337 and NS398).
[0467] Combinations with NSAIDs, which are selective COX-2
inhibitors, are contemplated herein. Such compounds include, but
are not limited to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,995; U.S.
Pat. No. 5,861,419; U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,843; U.S. Pat. No.
6,020,343, U.S. Pat. No. 5,409,944; U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,265; U.S.
Pat. No. 5,536,752; U.S. Pat. No. 5,550,142; U.S. Pat. No.
5,604,260; U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,584; U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,140; WO
94/15932; U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,991; U.S. Pat. No. 5,134,142; U.S.
Pat. No. 5,380,738; U.S. Pat. No. 5,393,790; U.S. Pat. No.
5,466,823; U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,272; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,932,598 and
6,313,138; all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
[0468] Compounds that have been described as selective COX-2
inhibitors and are therefore useful in the methods or
pharmaceutical compositions described herein include, but are not
limited to, celecoxib, rofecoxib, lumiracoxib, etoricoxib,
valdecoxib, and parecoxib, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof.
[0469] Corticosteroids, include, but are not limited to:
betamethasone, prednisone, alclometasone, aldosterone, amcinonide,
beclometasone, betamethasone, budesonide, ciclesonide, clobetasol,
clobetasone, clocortolone, cloprednol, cortisone, cortivazol,
deflazacort, deoxycorticosterone, desonide, desoximetasone,
desoxycortone, dexamethasone, diflorasone, diflucortolone,
difluprednate, fluclorolone, fludrocortisone, fludroxycortide,
flumetasone, flunisolide, fluocinolone acetonide, fluocinonide,
fluocortin, fluocortolone, fluorometholone, fluperolone,
fluprednidene, fluticasone, formocortal, halcinonide, halometasone,
hydrocortisone/cortisol, hydrocortisone aceponate, hydrocortisone
buteprate, hydrocortisone butyrate, loteprednol, medrysone,
meprednisone, methylprednisolone, methylprednisolone aceponate,
mometasone furoate, paramethasone, prednicarbate,
prednisone/prednisolone, rimexolone, tixocortol, triamcinolone, and
ulobetasol.
[0470] Other agents used as anti-inflammatories include those
disclosed in U.S. patent publication 2005/0227929, herein
incorporated by reference.
[0471] Some commercially available anti-inflammatories include, but
are not limited to: Arthrotec.RTM. (diclofenac and misoprostol),
Asacol.RTM. (5-aminosalicyclic acid), Salofalk.RTM.
(5-aminosalicyclic acid), Auralgan.RTM. (antipyrine and
benzocaine), Azulfidine.RTM. (sulfasalazine), Daypro.RTM.
(oxaprozin), Lodine.RTM. (etodolac), Ponstan.RTM. (mefenamic acid),
Solumedrol.RTM. (methylprednisolone), Bayer (aspirin),
Bufferin.RTM. (aspirin), Indocin.RTM. (indomethacin), Vioxx.RTM.
(rofecoxib), Celebrex.RTM. (celecoxib), Bextra.RTM. (valdecoxib),
Arcoxia.RTM. (etoricoxib), Prexige.RTM. (lumiracoxib), Advil.RTM.,
Motrin.RTM. (ibuprofen), Voltaren.RTM. (diclofenac), Orudis.RTM.
(ketoprofen), Mobic.RTM. (meloxicam), Relafen.RTM. (nabumetone),
Aleve.RTM., Naprosyn.RTM. (naproxen), Feldene.RTM. (piroxicam).
[0472] In one embodiment, compounds described herein are
administered in combination with leukotriene receptor antagonists
including, but are not limited to, BAY u9773 (see EP 00791576;
published 27 Aug. 1997), DUO-LT (Tsuji et al, Org. Biomol. Chem.,
1, 3139-3141, 2003), zafirlukast (Accolate.RTM.), montelukast
(Singulair.RTM.), prankulast (Onon.RTM.), and derivatives or
analogs thereof.
Kits/Articles of Manufacture
[0473] For use in the therapeutic applications described herein,
kits and articles of manufacture are also described herein. Such
kits can include a carrier, package, or container that is
compartmentalized to receive one or more containers such as vials,
tubes, and the like, each of the container(s) including one of the
separate elements to be used in a method described herein. Suitable
containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, and test
tubes. The containers can be formed from a variety of materials
such as glass or plastic.
[0474] The articles of manufacture provided herein contain
packaging materials. Packaging materials for use in packaging
pharmaceutical products include, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,323,907,
5,052,558 and 5,033,252. Examples of pharmaceutical packaging
materials include, but are not limited to, blister packs, bottles,
tubes, inhalers, pumps, bags, vials, containers, syringes, bottles,
and any packaging material suitable for a selected formulation and
intended mode of administration and treatment. A wide array of
formulations of the compounds and compositions provided herein are
contemplated as are a variety of treatments for any disease,
disorder, or condition that would benefit by inhibition of CRAC
channel activity.
[0475] For example, the container(s) can include one or more
compounds described herein, optionally in a composition or in
combination with another agent as disclosed herein. The
container(s) optionally have a sterile access port (for example the
container can be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a
stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle). Such kits
optionally comprising a compound with an identifying description or
label or instructions relating to its use in the methods described
herein.
[0476] A kit will typically may include one or more additional
containers, each with one or more of various materials (such as
reagents, optionally in concentrated form, and/or devices)
desirable from a commercial and user standpoint for use of a
compound described herein. Non-limiting examples of such materials
include, but not limited to, buffers, diluents, filters, needles,
syringes; carrier, package, container, vial and/or tube labels
listing contents and/or instructions for use, and package inserts
with instructions for use. A set of instructions will also
typically be included.
[0477] A label can be on or associated with the container. A label
can be on a container when letters, numbers or other characters
forming the label are attached, molded or etched into the container
itself; a label can be associated with a container when it is
present within a receptacle or carrier that also holds the
container, e.g., as a package insert. A label can be used to
indicate that the contents are to be used for a specific
therapeutic application. The label can also indicate directions for
use of the contents, such as in the methods described herein.
[0478] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions can
be presented in a pack or dispenser device which can contain one or
more unit dosage forms containing a compound provided herein. The
pack can for example contain metal or plastic foil, such as a
blister pack. The pack or dispenser device can be accompanied by
instructions for administration. The pack or dispenser can also be
accompanied with a notice associated with the container in form
prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture,
use, or sale of pharmaceuticals, which notice is reflective of
approval by the agency of the form of the drug for human or
veterinary administration. Such notice, for example, can be the
labeling approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for
prescription drugs, or the approved product insert. Compositions
containing a compound provided herein formulated in a compatible
pharmaceutical carrier can also be prepared, placed in an
appropriate container, and labeled for treatment of an indicated
condition.
Assays
[0479] Several techniques may be used to evaluate store operated
calcium entry and calcium signaling in cells. Such techniques
include, but are not limited to, patch clamp electrophysiology
(measurement of calcium ions or other ions across cell membranes,
such as plasma membranes), capacitance measurements (allows
exocytosis to be followed at the level of single cells), calcium
imaging using fluorescent dyes allows patterns of calcium movement
within the cytoplasm to be tracked, fluorescence resonance energy
transfer (FRET) enables protein-protein interactions to be
evaluated, and molecular biology methods allow for the manipulation
of the levels of expression of proteins of interest.
[0480] A wide variety of assay methods may be used to examine the
modulation of intracellular calcium by compounds of Formulas
(I)-(III). Such assays include in vitro cell based assays as well
as in vivo animal models. Any assays that detect, monitor or
measure an effect on intracellular calcium, including calcium
entry-mediated events can be used. Such assays include, but are not
limited to, assays monitoring, measuring and/or detecting
intracellular calcium levels, modulation of calcium levels, and
movement of calcium into, out of or within cells and intracellular
organelles. Assays can also include monitoring, measuring and/or
detecting calcium entry-mediated events and molecules involved in
calcium entry-mediated events such as, but not limited to, signal
transduction molecules, transcription factors, secreted molecules
and other molecules that are affected by changes in calcium
homeostasis. Assays include, but are not limited to, those
described herein and those described in US patent publication no.
2007/0031814 and WO 07/081,804, herein incorporated by
reference.
Cells and Cell Models
[0481] For in vitro testing of the modulation of intracellular
calcium by compounds of Formulas (I)-(III), a wide variety of cell
types for such assays are available. In a particular embodiment,
the cell is one in which store-operated calcium entry occurs or
that can be manipulated such that store-operated calcium entry
occurs in the cell. In particular embodiments, the cell contains
one or more proteins involved in modulating intracellular calcium
(and, in particular, is involved in, participates in and/or
provides for store-operated calcium entry, movement of calcium
into, out of or within an intracellular organelle or calcium store,
modulation of calcium levels in an intracellular organelle or
calcium store (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum) and/or calcium
buffering), such as those provided herein. In particular
embodiments, the protein(s) include STIM proteins (including STIM1,
STIM2, DSTIM and CSTIM protein) and/or Orai proteins (Orai1, Orai2,
Orai3). The cell may endogenously express the protein(s) or
recombinantly express the protein(s).
[0482] Cells for use in the methods may be of any species. In one
embodiment, the cells can be eukaryotic cells. In one embodiment,
the cells can be yeast, insect (e.g., Drosophila or Anopheles), or
mammalian cells. Mammalian cells include, but are not limited to,
rodent (e.g., mouse, rat and hamster), primate, monkey, dog,
bovine, rabbit and human cells. A variety of cell types can be used
in the methods, including, for example, neuronal, nervous system,
brain, immune system cells, e.g., T lymphocytes and B cells,
primary cells, blood and hematopoietic cells, stromal cells,
myeloid cells, lymphoid cells, and a variety of tumor and cancer
cells. Particular cells include Drosophila Schneider 2 or S2 cells,
human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells, rat basophilic leukemia
(RBL-2H3) cells, Jurkat cells, epithelial cells, rhabdomyosarcoma
cells, rhabdoid cells, retinoblastoma cells, neuroepithelioma
cells, neuroblastoma cells, osteosarcoma cells, fibroblasts, bone
marrow stroma cells, erythroleukemia cells and lymphoblast cells.
Other cell lines include HEK 293 and 293T, CHO (including CHO-K1),
LTK-, N2A, H6, and HGB. Many such cells and cell lines are
available through cell depositories such as, for example, the
American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, Va.). Primary
cells can be obtained by isolation from tissue sources.
[0483] Cells from a known cell line can be used, such as
neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, pheochromocytoma PC12 cells,
neuroblastoma SK-N-BE(2)C or SK-N-SH cells, human SK-N-MC
neuroepithelioma cells, SMS-KCNR cells, human LAN-5 neuroblastoma
cells, human GI-CA-N neuroblastoma cells, human GOTO neuroblastoma
cells, mouse Neuro 2a (N2A) neuroblastoma cells and/or human IMR 32
neuroblastoma cells, chronic myeloid leukemia cells (e.g., human
K562 cells), promyelocytic leukemia cells (e.g., HL60 cells) and
histiocytic lymphoma cells (e.g., U937 cells), Burkitt's lymphoma
cells (e.g., CA46 cells), B-cells (e.g., NALM6), acute
lymphoblastic leukemia cells (e.g., MOLT4 cells), T cells (e.g.
Jurkat cells) and early T-ALL (e.g., DU528) cells.
[0484] In one embodiment, the choice of a cell for use in an in
vitro assay to test the modulation of intracellular calcium by
compounds described herein involves several considerations,
including, for example, a particular protein that is being used in
the method and a particular aspect or activity of intracellular
calcium modulation that is being monitored or assessed in the
method.
[0485] In one embodiment, the modulation of intracellular calcium
by a compound described herein, or (XIIIA) is examined by
monitoring or assessing the effect on store-operated calcium entry.
Cells typically used in such methods exhibit store-operated calcium
entry either naturally or through manipulation of the cells. Cells
that endogenously exhibit store-operated calcium entry include some
excitable cells and most non-excitable cells and can be identified
using methods described herein and/or recognized in the field.
[0486] In one embodiment, it may be desirable to utilize a cell
that contains components of signaling and messenger systems that
can effect release of calcium from intracellular stores. For
example, cells containing components of receptor-mediated
phospholipase C (PLC) activation systems can be used for
physiological activation (via generation of IP.sub.3) of store
depletion to facilitate monitoring of store-operated calcium entry.
Receptor-mediated PLC activation occurs through distinct coupling
mechanisms: PLC-.beta. activation by G protein-coupled receptors
(GPCRs) and PLC-.gamma. activation by tyrosine kinase receptors and
nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. Thus, cells containing a
receptor-mediated PLC-activation system can be monitored or
assessed for store-operated calcium entry upon agonist activation
of one or more receptors known to participate in the system. (see
e.g. Bouron (2000) FEBS Lett 470:269-272; Millar et al. (1995) J.
Exp. Biol. 198:1843-1850; Yagodin et al. (1998) Cell Calcium
23:219-228; Yagodin et al. (1999) Cell Calcium 25:429-438; and
Patterson et al. (2002) Cell 111:1-20).
[0487] An assessment of intracellular calcium after treatment with
a compound described herein can be made under a variety of
conditions. Conditions can be selected to evaluate the effect of
test agent on a specific aspect of intracellular calcium. For
example, reagents and conditions are used, for specifically
evaluating store-operated calcium entry, resting cytosolic calcium
levels, calcium buffering, and calcium levels of and calcium uptake
by or release from intracellular organelles. Resting cytosolic
calcium levels, intracellular organelle calcium levels and cation
movement may be assessed using any of the methods described herein
or recognized in the field. Such methods of assessing modulation in
intracellular calcium include, but are not limited to,
calcium-sensitive indicator-based measurements, such as fluo-3,
mag-fura 2 and ER-targeted aequorin, labeled calcium (such as
.sup.45Ca.sup.2+)-based measurements, and electrophysiological
measurements. Particular aspects of ion flux that may be assessed
include, but are not limited to, a reduction (including
elimination) in the amount of ion flux, altered biophysical
properties of the ion current, and altered sensitivities of the
flux to activators or inhibitors of calcium flux processes, such
as, for example, store-operated calcium entry. Reagents and
conditions for use in specifically evaluating receptor-mediated
calcium movement and second messenger-operated calcium movement are
also available.
Evaluation of Store-Operated Calcium Entry
[0488] In one aspect, compounds described herein are added to cells
under conditions that permit store-operated calcium entry to occur
in order to assess the effects of Formulas (I)-(XIV) on
store-operated calcium entry. Such conditions are described herein
and are recognized in the field.
[0489] For example, in one method cells may be treated to reduce
the calcium levels of intracellular calcium stores and then
analyzed for evidence of ion (e.g., calcium) influx in response
thereto in the presence of a compound described herein. Techniques
for reducing calcium levels of intracellular stores and for
analyzing cells for evidence of ion (e.g., calcium) influx are
recognized in the field and described herein.
[0490] In other methods, electrophysiological analysis of currents
across a cell-detached plasma membrane patch or an outside-out
membrane vesicle may be used to detect or monitor store-operated
channel currents (e.g., I.sub.SOC, I.sub.CRAC) in the presence of a
compound described herein.
Evaluation of Calcium Entry-Mediated Events
[0491] A number of molecules involved in calcium-regulated pathways
are known. Evaluation of molecules involved in calcium-entry
mediated events can be used to monitor intracellular calcium, and
can be used, for example in screening assays described herein to
monitor the effects of the compounds presented herein. Examples of
assays include but are not limited to assays which detect, or
determine the presence, levels, alteration of levels, production,
modification (such as phosphorylation and dephosphorylation),
translocation, degradation and activity of molecules involved in
calcium-entry mediated events (see for example, Trevillyan et al.
(2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276:48118-26). The assays described herein
can be used with cells that have been treated with or contacted
with a compound presented herein, or that express an altered amount
of a test molecule (such as a protein involved in calcium
regulation, including a STIM protein, Orai protein), or with
control cells. The assays can also be conducted in cells that have
been stimulated with a physiological or non-physiological
activator, or in unstimulated cells. The following are
representative assays for molecules involved in calcium-entry
mediated events and are meant to be exemplary only. Other assays
for these molecules and assays for other molecules involved in
calcium-entry mediated events can also be employed in any of the
screening and/or modulation methods described herein.
.beta.-Hexosaminidase Release
[0492] In mast cells, Ca.sup.2+ influx results in degranulation and
release of inflammatory mediators such as heparin, histamine and
enzymes such as .beta.-hexosaminidase. Detecting and/or measuring
release of such molecules can thus be used to monitor intracellular
calcium. For example, media from mast cells can be collected. A
suitable substrate for .beta.-hexosaminidase (e.g.
p-nitrophenyl-acetyl-glucosamide) can then be added and the
absorbance of the resulting mixture assessed to measure the
relative amount of .beta.-hexosaminidase activity in the samples
(Funaba et al. (2003) Cell Biol. International 27:879-85).
Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent CaN Phosphatase Activity
[0493] The phosphatase calcineurin (CaN) dephosphorylates various
proteins, affecting their activity and localization. CaN activity
can be assessed by incubating purified CaN and a CaN substrate, for
example a radiolabeled peptide corresponding to a sequence in the
RII subunit of cAMP-dependent kinase, either with or without a
compound of Formulas (I)-(III) (see, Trevillyan et al. (2001) J.
Biol. Chem. 276:48118-26). The level of radiolabeled peptide and/or
the amount of free inorganic phosphate released can be measured to
assess CaN dephosphorylation activity.
NFAT Transcriptional Activity
[0494] The NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) transcription
factor regulates a number of genes in response to intracellular
calcium levels. For example, NFAT proteins regulate the
transcription of cytokine genes involved in the immune response.
Promoters from NFAT-regulated genes, and/or regulatory regions and
elements from these genes, can be used to monitor NFAT regulated
expression and thereby monitor intracellular calcium. Reporter gene
fusions can be constructed with NFAT regulated promoters or
NFAT-regulated elements operably linked to a reporter gene such as
luciferase, (3-galactosidase, green fluorescent protein (GFP) or
any other known reporter in the art (see for example, Published
U.S. Application no. 2002-0034728). The amount of reporter protein
or activity is a measure of NFAT activity.
NFAT Phosphorylation
[0495] NFAT activation is regulated primarily through its
phosphorylation, which in turn regulates its subcellular
localization. In unstimulated cells, NFAT is a hyperphosphorylated
cytosolic protein. An elevation in intracellular Ca.sup.2+, induced
by a variety of mechanisms, increases the activity of the
Ca.sup.2+-calmodulin-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin. Activated
calcineurin dephosphorylates multiple serine residues within the
regulatory region of the NFAT molecule. NFAT is rephosphorylated in
response to decreases in Ca.sup.2+ levels or CaN inhibition.
[0496] The phosphorylation state of NFAT can be monitored for
example, by expressing a detectably tagged NFAT protein in cells,
such as a His6 tagged-NFAT. Tagged NFAT can be purified from cells
using Ni.sup.2+ chromatography and subjected to gel electrophoresis
and staining or western blotting. More highly phosphorylated forms
of NFAT can be distinguished by their slower migration. The state
of phosphorylated NFAT can be used as a measure of NFAT activation
(see, Trevillyan et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276:48118-26).
NFAT Nuclear Localization
[0497] NFAT localization between the cytoplasm and nucleus is
regulated by the phosphorylation state of NFAT. Phosphorylation of
NFAT prevents nuclear localization by masking the nuclear
localization sequence. NFAT nuclear localization can be monitored,
for example, by expressing fluorescently tagged NFAT, for example,
GFP-NFAT, in cells. Confocal microscopy can be used to monitor
nuclear localization of the tagged NFAT (see, Trevillyan et al.
(2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276:48118-26).
Cytokine Secretion
[0498] Cytokine secretion, such as IL-2 secretion, can be monitored
using protein detection assays. For example, supernatant can be
collected from immune cells. An ELISA assay or other suitable
format with IL-2 antibodies can be used to detect and/or measure
the amount of IL-2 secreted as compared to control cells. Secretion
of other cytokines, for example, TNF-.alpha., can also be detected
in similar assays.
Cytokine Expression
[0499] Expression of cytokines, such as, but not limited to IL-2,
can be assessed either directly or indirectly in cells. For
example, in indirect methods, an IL-2 promoter can be operably
linked to a reporter gene such as luciferase or
.beta.-galactosidase, and the reporter construct introduced into
cells. Reporter gene expression can be monitored and compared to
gene expression in control cells (see, Trevillyan et al. (2001) J.
Biol. Chem. 276:48118-26). Alternatively, expression of endogenous
or recombinant IL-2 mRNA or protein can be assessed.
T Cell Proliferation
[0500] Cytokines such as IL-2 are necessary for T-cell
proliferation in response to mitogen or alloantigen stimulation,
and thus T-cell proliferation is altered by changes in cytokine
expression or secretion. T cells can be induced, such as with
concanavalin A or alloreactive lymphocytes and T cell proliferation
measured, for example, by subjecting cells to a pulse of
.sup.3H-thymidine and measuring .sup.3H-thymidine incorporation
(see, Trevillyan et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276:48118-26).
[0501] In some embodiments, the modulation (e.g. inhibition or
reduction) of SOCE by compounds presented herein are determined by
evaluation of any of the following criteria:
a. there is direct inhibition of increased [Ca.sup.2+]i as measured
by a calcium indicator; b. there is a direct inhibition of
I.sub.SOC or I.sub.CRAC as measured by patch clamp; c. there is
inhibition of downstream signaling functions such as calcineurin
activity, NFAT subcellular localization, NFAT phosphorylation,
and/or cytokine, e.g., IL-2, production; or d. there are
modifications in activation-induced cell proliferation,
differentiation and/or apoptotic signaling pathways.
Animal Models
[0502] Animal models that can be used in embodiments of the methods
further include animals, such as, but not limited to non-human
animals, which have, in at least some of their cells, an alteration
or defect in, or aberrant functioning of, a cellular process which
relies on or is regulated by intracellular calcium. Cellular
processes that rely on or are regulated by intracellular calcium
include, for example, cellular activation, gene expression,
cellular trafficking, and apoptosis. Diseases/disorders that
involve defects that may be at least partially compensated for by
modulation of intracellular calcium include, but are not limited
to: autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis,
inflammatory bowel disease, Sjogren's syndrome (cytokines
associated with lymphocyte invasion of salivary epithelial cells
can reduce calcium mobilization in parotid cells; also, T-cell
activation, including activation of transcription factors, cytokine
gene expression and cell proliferation, depends on sustained
elevation of intracellular calcium level provided by store-operated
calcium influx), asthma (store-operated calcium entry may play an
important role in mediating bronchial chonstriction and bronchial
smooth muscle cell proliferation), glomerulonephritis and
glomerular inflammation (changes in intracellular calcium, such as
by store-operated calcium entry, signal monocyte adhesion in a
co-culture model of glomerular inflammation).
[0503] Types of animal models include, but are not limited to,
non-human animals, such as non-human invertebrates and vertebrates
and non-human mammals, rodents (e.g., mice, rat and hamster), cows,
chickens, pigs, goats, dogs, sheep, insects, Drosophila, nematodes,
worms, C. elegans, monkeys, gorillas, and other primates.
[0504] Animal models include transgenic and non-transgenic animals.
One example of such an animal model that can be used in particular
embodiments of the methods is a rodent model of airway
hyperresponsiveness (AHR), a characteristic of asthma. This model
can be generated, for example, by sensitization through
immunization with ovalbumin followed by exposure to aerosolized
ovalbumin and challenge by cholinergic stimulation (e.g., via
administration of methacholine or acetylcholine) (see, e.g., Xu et
al. (2002) J. Appl. Physiol. 93:1833-1840; Humbles et al (2002)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 99:1479-1484). Airway hyperresponsiveness
(which can be evaluated using methods, such as for e.g., using
barometric plethysmography to record respiratory pressure curves
and through measurement of pulmonary parameters such as pulmonary
conductance and pulmonary compliance) can be assessed and compared
in animals treated and not treated with a compound presented
herein. A further example of an animal model that can be used in
particular embodiments of the methods is a rodent model of
mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, which can be generated,
for example, by administration of anti-Thy1.1 antibody (see, e.g.,
Jefferson and Johnson (1999) J. Nephrol. 12:297-307). Any number of
parameters indicative of glomerulonephritis or renal dysfunction
(e.g., mesangial cell proliferation, blood pressure, urinary
protein excretion, creatinine clearance, glomerulosclerosis index
and other parameters) can be evaluated and compared in animals
treated with and not treated with test agent. The non-obese
diabetic (NOD) mouse, an inbred mouse strain that spontaneously
develops an autoimmune diabetes that shares many immunogenetic
features with Type 1 diabetes mellitus, is another example of an
animal model that can be used in a particular embodiment of the
methods. These mice also manifest many characteristics of
autoimmune exocrinopathy (such as Sjorgen's syndrome) including
declining exocrine tissue secretory function (see, e.g.,
Humphreys-Beher and Peck (1999) Arch. Oral Biol. 44 Suppl 1:S21-25
and Brayer et al. (2000) J Rheumatol. 27:1896-1904).
Characteristics relevant to Sjorgen's syndrome (e.g., lymphocytic
infiltrates in exocrine glands (e.g., salivary and lacrimal
glands), presence of dendritic cells and macrophages in
submandibular glands, integrity of the lacrimal gland by
measurement of basal and stimulated tear secretion, saliva flow
rates and amylase activity) can be evaluated and compared in
animals treated with and not treated with a compound described
herein. An animal (e.g., rodent) model of autoimmune disease can
also be used in particular embodiments of the methods. Such animals
include rat models available through the National Institutes of
Health (NIH) Autoimmune Rat Model Repository and Development Center
(Bethesda, Md.; accessible at
www.ors.od.nih.gov/dirs/vrp/ratcenter). One rat model of rheumatoid
arthritis (RA) and related chronic/inflammatory autoimmune diseases
is the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model (see, e.g., Griffiths
and Remmers (2001) Immunol. Rev. 184:172-183). Characteristic
phenotypes of autoimmune disease (e.g. altered levels of immune
reactivity to self-antigens, chronic inflammation of
autoantigen-expressing target organs, and activation and
participation of invading mononuclear cells and tissue fibroblasts
in organ damage) can be evaluated and compared in animals treated
with and not treated with a compound presented herein. An animal
(e.g., rodent) model of neuropathic or inflammatory pain can also
be used in a particular embodiment of the methods. For example, one
rat model of neuropathic pain involves development of tactile
allodynia (exaggerated response to otherwise innocuous stimuli)
after ligation of lumbar spinal nerves (see, e.g., Chaplan et al.
(1994) J. Neurosci. Methods 53:55-63 and Luo et al. (2001) J.
Neurosci. 21:1868-1875). Tactile allodynia, one characteristic
feature of neuropathic pain, can be evaluated (e.g., by evaluating
paw withdrawal threshold in response to application of pressure)
and compared in animals treated and not treated with a compound
described herein.
EXAMPLES
[0505] These examples are provided for illustrative purposes only
and not to limit the scope of the claims provided herein. The
starting materials and reagents used for the synthesis of the
compounds described herein may be synthesized or can be obtained
from commercial sources, such as, but not limited to,
Sigma-Aldrich, Acros Organics, Fluka, and Fischer Scientific.
Example A
Synthesis of
2-[3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)propanoylamino]-4-[1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)p-
yrazol-5-yl]thiophene-3-carboxylic acid (6)
##STR00051##
[0507] A solution of 1 (642 mg, 2 mmol, M=321) in 20 ml dry THF was
cooled down to -50.degree. C. To the above solution was added a
solution of 2M LDA (2.5 ml, 5 mmol) in heptane/THF drop-wise. After
stirred for 30 min at the same temperature Tf.sub.2NPh (1.43 g, 4
mmol, M=357.25) was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm
up slowly to -20.degree. C. within 30 min. Then it was stirred at
0.degree. C. for 10 min before addition of 20 ml aq. sodium
bicarbonate solution to quench the reaction. The reaction mixture
was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was dried over
sodium sulfate, concentrated and then subjected to silica gel
column purification using 0-50% B (A: hexane; B: 50% ethyl acetate
in hexane) as eluent. 788 mg of 2 was isolated as yellow oil, which
solidified after standing at r.t for couple of days.
[0508] A mixture of 2 (450 mg, 1 mmol),
1-methyl-3-trifluoromethylpyrazole-5-boronic acid (193 mg, 1 mmol),
Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 (115 mg, 10% mol eq.) and sodium carbonate (318
mg, 3 eq) in 6 ml of DME/EtOH/H.sub.2O (4:1:1) was heat with
microwave for 30 min at 110.degree. C. Silica gel column
purification furnished 160 mg 3 as light oil.
[0509] 46 mg (0.1 mmol) of 3 was hydrogenated in 3 ml MeOH with
Pd/C and H.sub.2 balloon for 1.5 h. After filter via celite the
filtrate was concentrated to dryness. The resulting 4 was coupled
with 2,6-dichlorophenpropanoyl chloride at r.t in 2 ml DCM in
presence of 106 .mu.l DIEA and 2 mg DMAP. After aq. NaHCO.sub.3
work-up the crude product was purified on prep HPLC to give 23.5 mg
5 as brown solid, which was then hydrolyzed at 75.degree. C. for 15
min with 68 .mu.l (3 eq.) 1 N NaOH in 1 ml of THF/EtOH (1:1). Prep
HPLC purification furnished 3.6 mg of the title compound 6 as brown
solid. LC-MS: calculated M=492.30; observed M=493.95.
Example B
Synthesis of
2-(benzo[d]furan-2-ylcarbonylamino)-4-(5-chloro(2-thienyl))thiophene-3-ca-
rboxylic acid (8)
##STR00052##
[0511] Tert-Butyl
2-(benzo[d]furan-2-ylcarbonylamino)-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyloxy]-thio-
phene-3-carboxylate is prepared by reacting tert-butyl
2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrothiophene-3-carboxylate
with Tf.sub.2O in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 in the presence of
triethylamine. Following workup, the amine-protecting group is
removed followed by reaction with benzofuran-2-carbonyl chloride to
give 7. The tert-Butyl
2-(benzo[d]furan-2-ylcarbonylamino)-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyloxy]-thio-
phene-3-carboxylate (7, 35 mg, 0.071 mmol) and
5-chloro-2-thienylboronic acid (23 mg, 0.14 mmol) were dissolved in
toluene (2 mL) and ethanol (0.40 mL). Aqueous sodium carbonate (2.0
M, 0.40 mL, 0.80 mmol) was added and argon was bubbled through the
mixture for five minutes. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (10
mg, 0.009 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated at 80.degree.
C. for 20 minutes. After cooling, the mixture was diluted with
aqueous sodium chloride (2 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate
(3.times.2 mL). The combined extracts were concentrated under
vacuum and the residue was purified by flash LC to afford the
tert-butyl ester of 2. This material was stirred in DCM (2 mL) and
trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) for 1 h and concentrated under vacuum.
The residue was triturated twice with methanol and dried under
vacuum to afford 19 mg (66%) of 8 as an off-white powder: .sup.1H
NMR (6, DMSO-d.sub.6) 13.70 (br s, 1H), 12.48 (s, 1H), 7.87-7.86
(m, 2H), 7.75 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (ddd, J=7.3, 7.3, 1.3 Hz,
1H), 7.42 (dd, J=7.4, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=3.8 Hz,
1H), 7.03 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 1H).
Example C
Synthesis of
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-
-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid (14)
##STR00053##
[0512] tert-butyl
2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-4-(1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-y-
l)thiophene-3-carboxylate (11)
[0513] To a degassed solution of triflate 9 (100 mg, 210 mmol),
boronic acid 10 (40.3 mg, 210 mmol) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (88 mg,
830 mmol) in ethanol:water:toluene (2:1:1, 780 .mu.L) was added
Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 (12 mg, 10 mmol). The solution was sealed and
heated at 85.degree. C. for 3 hours. The mixture was filtered
through celite and concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash
chromatography (ISCO system, silica, 0-50% ethyl acetate in hexane)
provided 11 (24.4 mg, 24%) as a solid: LRESIMS m/z 482 [M+H].sup.+,
calcd. for C.sub.22H.sub.22F.sub.3N.sub.3O.sub.4S.sub.1 482.1.
tert-butyl
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-
-pyrazol-5-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylate (13)
[0514] Under an atmosphere of argon, acid chloride 12 (10.8 mg, 60
.mu.mol) was added in portions to a stirred solution of 11 (24 mg,
50 .mu.mol), Hunig's base (26 .mu.L, 19 mg, 15 .mu.mol), and DMAP
(0.6 mg, 5.0 .mu.mol) in dichloromethane (250 .mu.L) at room
temperature. The reaction was stirred for 10 minutes then heated to
30.degree. C. for 20 minutes. The mixture was concentrated under
reduced pressure. Flash chromatography (ISCO system, silica, 0-50%
ethyl acetate in hexane) provided 13 (21.3 mg, 87%) as a solid:
LRESIMS m/z 492 [M+H].sup.+, calcd. for
C.sub.23H.sub.20F.sub.3N.sub.3O.sub.4S.sub.1 492.1.
[0515] Under an atmosphere of argon, trifluoroacetic acid (1.0 mL)
was added to a stirred solution of 13 (21 mg, 43 .mu.mol) in
dichloromethane (1.0 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was
stirred for 45 minutes then concentrated under reduced pressure.
The material was washed with dichloromethane to provided 14 (3.4
mg, 18%) as a solid: .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO) .delta. 13.60
(bs, 1H), 12.55 (bs, 1H), 7.87 (m, 2H), 7.76 (dd, J=8.4, 1.3 Hz,
1H), 7.58 (ddd, J=7.8, 7.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (ddd, J=7.7, 7.7, 0.7
Hz, 1H), 7.34, (s, 1H), 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.37 (s, 3H); LRESIMS m/z 436
[M+H].sup.+, calcd. for
C.sub.19H.sub.12F.sub.3N.sub.3O.sub.4S.sub.1 436.1.
Example D
Synthesis of tert-butyl
2-(3-fluorobenzamido)-4-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylic
acid (18)
##STR00054##
[0516] Synthesis of tert-butyl
2-amino-4-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylate (16)
[0517] To a solution of 15 (0.6 g, 4 mmol) in tert-BuOH/toluene
(1/1, 10 ml) was added morpholine (0.42 ml, 4.8 mmol), tert-butyl
2-cyanoacetate (0.63 ml, 4.4 mmol) and sulfur (0.14 g, 4.4 mmol).
The mixture was stirred at 60.degree. C. for 48 hours. The solvent
was removed under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc,
washed with water, saturated sodium bicarbonate (aq.), water, 1N
HCl (aq.) and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The
drying agent was removed by filtration. The filtrate was
concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified on a
silica gel column to give 16 as a yellow solid (0.254 g). LC-MS for
C.sub.15H.sub.18N.sub.2O.sub.3S: 306; found: 307.
Synthesis of tert-butyl
2-(3-fluorobenzamido)-4-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylate
(17)
[0518] To a solution of 16 (31 mg 0.1 mmol) in DCM (5 ml) was added
DIEA (0.052 ml, 0.3 mmole), 3-fluorobenzoyl chloride (0.018 ml,
0.15 mmol) and catalytic amount of DMAP. The mixture was stirred at
rt for 17 hrs, diluted with DCM (15 ml), washed with water,
saturated sodium bicarbonate (aq.), water, 10% citric acid (aq.)
and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The drying agent
was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated under
vacuum. The crude product was used in the next step without further
purification. LC-MS for C.sub.22H.sub.21FN.sub.2O.sub.4S: 428;
found: 429.
[0519] The crude 17 from previous step was dissolved in 50% TFA in
DCM (5 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 hr. The solvent was
removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified using
preparative HPLC to give 18 as a white solid (25.1 mg). .sup.1H NMR
(DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 3.87 (s, 3H), 6.81 (d, 1H), 7.58 (m, 1H),
7.72 (m, 3H), 7.77 (m, 1H), 8.13 (d, 1H), 12.42 (s, 1H), 13.39 (b,
1H) ppm.
[0520] Using the procedure illustrated above, the following
compounds were prepared:
##STR00055##
2-(3-fluorobenzamido)-4-(4-methylthiazol-2-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylic
acid
[0521] LC-MS for C.sub.16H.sub.11FN.sub.2O.sub.3S.sub.2: 362;
found: 363.
##STR00056##
5'-(3-fluorobenzamido)-5-methyl-2,3'-bithiophene-4'-carboxylic
acid
[0522] LC-MS for C.sub.17H.sub.12FNO.sub.3S2: 361 found: 362.
##STR00057##
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)thiophene-3-carboxy-
lic acid
[0523] LC-MS for C.sub.20H.sub.14N.sub.2O.sub.5S: 394 found:
395.
Example E
Synthesis of
2-(benzo[d]oxazole-2-carboxamido)-4-(5-methoxypyrazin-2-yl)thiophene-3-ca-
rboxylic acid (22)
##STR00058##
[0524] Synthesis of tert-butyl
2-(benzo[d]oxazole-2-carboxamido)-4-(5-methoxypyrazin-2-yl)thiophene-3-ca-
rboxylate (21)
[0525] To a solution of 19 (14 mg, 0.09 mmol), 20 (44 mg, 0.09
mmol), sodium carbonate (38 mg, 0.36 mmol) in EtOH/toluene/H.sub.2O
(2/1/1) (2 ml) under argon was added Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4. The
mixture was stirred at 80.degree. C. for 3 hrs. The solvent was
removed under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc, washed
with water, saturated sodium bicarbonate (aq.), water, 1N HCl (aq.)
and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The drying agent
was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated under
vacuum. The crude product was used in the next step without further
purification. LC-MS for C.sub.22H.sub.20N.sub.4O.sub.5S: 452;
found: 453.
[0526] The crude 21 from previous step was dissolved in 50% TFA in
DCM (5 ml). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr. The solvent
was removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified using
preparative HPLC to give 22 as a yellow solid (4.1 mg). LC-MS for
C.sub.18H.sub.12N.sub.4O.sub.5S: 396; found: 397.
Example F
Synthesis of
2-[(3-fluorophenyl)carbonylamino]-4-pyrazin-2-ylthiophene-3-carboxylic
acid (28)
##STR00059##
[0528] S (346 mg, 10.8 mol) and morpholine (2 mL, 20 mmol) were
added to a solution of 23 (664 mg, 5.4 mmol) and 24 (1 mL, 6.5
mmol) in t-BuOH (20 mL). The mixture was heated to 60.degree. C.
for 18 h. After evaporating t-BuOH, the residue was purified by
column chromatography (PE/EtOAc=100:1) to give 25 (545 mg, 36%
yield).
[0529] A solution of aminothiophene 25 (60 mg, 0.22 mmol), acid
chloride 26 (32 .mu.l, 1.2 eq.), DMAP (5 mg) and DIEA (197 .mu.l)
in 2 ml DCM was stirred for 2 h at r.t. The reaction mixture was
quenched with saturated NaHCO.sub.3 (10 ml) and the tert-butyl
ester 27 was extracted with EtOAc (10 ml.times.2). The combined
organic layers were dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4) and concentrated in
vacuo. The residue was dissolved in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2 ml) and TFA
(0.5 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred for 2 h at r.t. The
solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was treated with MeOH (2
mL) and the solid was collected by filtration and washed with MeOH.
Compound 28 (42.5 mg, 57%) was obtained as yellow solid.
Example G
Synthesis of
4-(6-bromo(2-pyridyl))-2-[3-(3-fluorophenyl)propanoylamino]thiophene-3-ca-
rboxylic acid (32)
##STR00060##
[0531] A mixture of 2-acetyl-6-bromopyridine (29) (600 mg, 3 mmol),
t-butyl cyanoacetate (429 .mu.l, 3 mmol, 1 eq.), sulfur (96 mg, 3
mmol) and morpholine (314 .mu.l, 1.2 eq) in t-BuOH (1.5 ml) was
heated at 60.degree. C. for 90 h. The red reaction mixture was
evaporated to remove morpholine and t-BuOH. The residue was
dissolved in DCM and subjected to silica gel column purification.
Fractions containing desired product were collected. Concentration
furnished 559 mg 30 as yellow solid (yield: 52%).
[0532] A mixture of aminothiophene 30 (71 mg, 0.2 mmol),
3-fluoro-phenpropanoyl chloride (0.2 mmol), which was freshly
generated from the corresponding acid using oxalyl chloride method,
and 100 .mu.l DIEA in 2 ml DCM was stirred overnight at r.t. After
worked up with aq. NaHCO.sub.3, the DCM layer was separated,
concentrated and subjected to silica gel column purification using
0-50% B (A: hexane; B: 50% EA in hexane) as eluent to give 102 mg
31 as yellow solid, which was subsequently stirred in TFA/DCM (1:1,
3 ml) at r.t. for 80 min. After evaporated to dryness, the solid
residue was dissolved in DMF and subjected to prep HPLC
purification to give 21.6 mg 32 as off-white solid. LC-MS:
calculated M=449.29; observed M=450.88.
Example H
Synthesis of
4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2-(3-fluorobenzamido)thiophene-3-carboxylic
acid (36)
##STR00061##
[0534] A mixture of 2-acetyl-benzimidazole (33, 320 mg, 2 mmol),
t-butyl cyanoacetate (24, 314 .mu.l, 2.2 mmol, 1.1 eq.), sulfur (70
mg, 2.2 mmol) and morpholine (210 .mu.l, 1.2 eq) in t-BuOH (1.5 ml)
was heated at 60.degree. C. for 72 h. The red reaction mixture was
evaporated to remove morpholine and t-BuOH. The residue was
dissolved in DCM and subjected to prep HPLC purification. Fractions
containing desired product were collected. Concentration furnished
334 mg of 34 as a yellow solid (yield: 53%).
[0535] A mixture of aminothiophene 34 (63 mg, 0.2 mmol),
3-fluoro-benzoyl chloride (30 .mu.l, 0.25 mmol) and 130 .mu.l DIEA
in 2 ml DCM was stirred overnight at r.t. After worked up with aq.
NaHCO.sub.3, the DCM layer was separated, concentrated and
subjected to prep HPLC purification to give 39.8 mg 35 as brown
solid, which was subsequently stirred in TFA/DCM (1:1, 3 ml) at
r.t. for 2 h. After evaporated to dryness, the solid residue was
dissolved in DMF and subjected to prep HPLC purification to give
7.2 mg of 36 as a tan solid. LC-MS: calculated M=337.37; observed
M=338.10.
Example I
Synthesis of
2-(benzo[d]furan-2-ylcarbonylamino)-4-benzothiazol-5-ylthiophene-3-carbox-
ylic acid (40)
##STR00062##
[0537] To a solution of 7 (49 mg, 0.1 mmol) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane
(DME, 2 mL) and EtOH (1 mL) was added 37 (31 mg, 0.12 mmol), 0.5 M
NaHCO.sub.3 (1 mL). The suspension was bubbled with argon for 5 min
before adding Pd(PPh.sub.3) (38, 12 mg, 0.01 mmol). The reaction
mixture was heated at 110.degree. C. for 30 min using microwave
initiator. The solid was filtered off and the filtrate was
extracted with EtOAc (10 ml.times.2). The combined organic layers
were dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4) and concentrated in vacuo. The
compound 39 was purified by HPLC. The 39 was dissolved in
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2 ml) and TFA (0.5 ml) was added. The mixture was
stirred for 2 h at r.t. The solvent was removed in vacuo. The
residue was treated with MeOH (2 mL) and the solid was collected by
centrifuge and washed with MeOH. Compound 40 (20 mg, 48%) was
obtained as yellow solid. LC-MS: calcd. for
C.sub.21H.sub.12N.sub.2O.sub.4S.sub.2: 419 (M-1).
[0538] .sup.1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 7.13 (s, 1H), 7.42 (t,
1H, J=7.2), 7.50 (dd, 1H, J=1.6, 8.3), 7.58 (t, 1H, J=7.2), 7.76
(d, 1H, J=8.4), 7.87-7.88 (m, 2H), 8.05 (d, 1H, J=1.5), 8.14 (d,
1H, J=8.3), 9.42 (s, 1H), 12.55 (s, 1H), 13.42 (bs, 1H).
Example J
Synthesis of
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(1-(difluoromethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2--
yl)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid (44)
##STR00063##
[0539] tert-butyl
2-amino-4-(1-(difluoromethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thiophene-3-carbox-
ylate (42)
[0540] Under an atmosphere of argon, ketone 41 (210 mg, 1.0 mmol),
cyanoester 24 (157 .mu.L, 155 mg, 1.1 mmol), sulfur (35 mg, 1.1
mmol) and morpholine (105 .mu.L, 104 mg, 1.2 mmol) in tert-butanol
(1.0 mL) was stirred at 60.degree. C. for 48 hours. The mixture was
concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash chromatography (ISCO
system, silica, 0-50% ethyl acetate in hexane) provided 42 (78 mg,
21%) as a crystalline solid: LRESIMS m/z 366 [M+H].sup.+, calcd.
for C.sub.17H.sub.7F.sub.2N.sub.3O.sub.2S.sub.1 366.1.
tert-butyl
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(1-(difluoromethyl)-1H-benzo[d]i-
midazol-2-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylate (43)
[0541] Under an atmosphere of argon, acid chloride 12 (15.0 mg, 82
.mu.mol) was added in portions to a stirred solution of 42 (25 mg,
68 .mu.mol), Hunig's base (36 .mu.L, 27 mg, 205 .mu.mol), and DMAP
(0.8 mg, 8.0 .mu.mol) in dichloromethane (340 .mu.L) at room
temperature. The reaction was stirred for 2 hours then quenched by
addition of a saturated solution of NaHCO.sub.3 (3 mL). The mixture
was extracted with ethyl acetate (3.times.3 mL) and combined
extracts washed with brine (3 mL), dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and
concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash chromatography (ISCO
system, silica, 0-50% ethyl acetate in hexane) provided 43 (33.4
mg, 95%) as a solid: LRESIMS m/z 510 [M+H].sup.+, calcd. for
C.sub.26H.sub.21F.sub.2N.sub.3O.sub.4S.sub.1 510.1.
[0542] Under an atmosphere of argon, trifluoroacetic acid (0.75 mL)
was added to a stirred solution of 43 (33 mg, 65 .mu.mol) in
dichloromethane (0.75 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was
stirred for 6 hours then concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash
chromatography (silica, 5% methanol in dichloromethane) provided 44
(26.2 mg, 90%) as a solid: .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, d6-DMSO) .delta.
13.70 (bs, 1H), 12.46 (s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=7.9 Hz,
1H), 7.81-7.72, (m, 3H), 7.65-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.44-7.38 (m, 4H);
LRESIMS m/z 454 [M+H].sup.+, calcd. for
C.sub.22H.sub.13F.sub.2N.sub.3O.sub.4S.sub.1 454.1.
Example K
Synthesis of
2-(benzofuran-2-carbonylamino)-4-(4-methyl-1-naphthyl)thiophene-3-carboxy-
lic acid (47A)
##STR00064##
[0544] Tert-butyl
2-(benzofuran-2-carbonylamino)-4-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)thiophene-3--
carboxylate (7), (4-methyl-1-naphthyl)boronic acid (46),
tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), and sodium carbonate were
combined in 2:1:1 ethanol, toluene and water the biphasic mixture
was stirred vigorously in sealed vial at 70.degree. C. After 2
hours, the mixture was filtered through Celite and the Celite
rinsed with methylene chloride. The organic fraction of the
filtrate was washed with water, dried with sodium sulfate,
filtered, concentrated, purified by preparative layer
chromatography (10% ethyl acetate/Hexane) then treated with a 1:1
mixture of methylene chloride and trifluoroacetic acid. After 4
hours the mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue
triturated in methylene chloride, centrifuged, decanted and dried
under high vacuum to give 47A as a white powder (12.0 mg, 26%).
.sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO d.sub.6.quadrature..quadrature.)
.delta.=12.80 (br, 1H), 12.60 (s, 1H), 8.04 (d, 1H), 7.88 (s, 1H),
7.87 (d, 1H), 7.74 (d, 1H), 7.57-7.52 (m, 3H), 7.46-740 (m, 2H),
7.37 (d 1H), 7.28 (d, 1H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 2.68 (s, 3H) ppm. ESI MS
[M+H] 428.21.
Example L
Synthesis of
2-(benzofuran-2-carbonylamino)-4-(8-methyl-5-quinolyl)thiophene-3-carboxy-
lic acid (49A)
##STR00065##
[0546] Tert-butyl
2-(benzofuran-2-carbonylamino)-4-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)thiophene-3--
carboxylate (7), (8-methyl-5-quinolyl)boronic acid (48),
Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), and sodium carbonate,
were combined in 2:1:1 ethanol, toluene and water the biphasic
mixture was stirred vigorously in sealed vial at 70.degree. C.
After 2 hours, the mixture was filtered through Celite and the
Celite rinsed with methylene chloride. The organic fraction of the
filtrate was washed with water, dried with sodium sulfate,
filtered, concentrated, triturated in methanol, centrifuged,
decanted and the resulting solid was dried under vacuum and treated
with a 1:1 mixture of methylene chloride and trifluoroacetic acid.
After 4 hours the mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and the
residue triturated in methylene chloride, centrifuged, decanted and
dried under high vacuum to give 49A as a white powder (18.1 mg,
31%). .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO d.sub.6.quadrature..quadrature.)
.delta.=12.93 (br, 1H), 12.60 (s, 1H), 8.94 (m, 1H), 8.01 (d, 1H),
7.89 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, 1H), 7.75 (d, 1H), 7.66 (d, 1H), 7.57 (t,
1H), 7.54 (dd, 1H), 7.44-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 2.76 (s, 3H)
ppm. ESI MS [M+H] 429.22.
Example M
Synthesis of
4-cyclohexyl-2-(3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)ureido)thiophene-3-carboxylic
acid (52)
##STR00066##
[0547] Synthesis of ethyl
4-cyclohexyl-2-(3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)ureido)thiophene-3-carboxylate
(51)
[0548] To a solution of ethyl
2-amino-4-cyclohexylthiophene-3-carboxylate (50, 51 mg, 0.20 mmol)
in dioxane (5 ml) at r.t., was added 3,4-difluoro-phenylisocyanate
(0.5 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 100.degree. C. for 17 hrs.
The reaction was quenched with water (5 ml) and extracted with
ethyl acetate (3.times.10 ml). The combined organic layers were
dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The drying agent was removed
by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to give
the crude product as a light brown oil which was used in the next
step without further purification. LC-MS for
C.sub.20H.sub.22F.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3S calcd: 408; found: 409.
[0549] To a solution of 51 (0.2 mmol) in EtOH (2 ml) at room was
added 1.0 N NaOH (aq.) (0.2 ml). The mixture was stirred at
100.degree. C. for 17 hrs. The solvent was removed under vacuum.
The residue was suspended in 1.0 N HCl (aq.) (2 ml) and extracted
with ethyl acetate (3.times.5 ml). The combined organic layers were
dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The drying agent was removed
by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to give
the crude product which was purified using preparative HPLC to give
52 (40.9 mg). .sup.1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 1.27 (m, 6H), 1.73
(m, 2H), 1.90 (m, 2H), 3.09 (m, 1H) 3.57 (s, 1H), 6.74 (s, 1H).
7.20 (m, 1H), 7.53 (m, 2H), 12.34 (s, 1H) ppm.
Example N
Synthesis of benzyl
3-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-5-(3-fluorobenzamido)thiophen-3-yl)piperidine-1-car-
boxylic acid (57)
##STR00067##
[0550] Synthesis of benzyl 3-acetylpiperidine-1-carboxylate
(54)
[0551] To a solution of 1-(piperidin-3-yl)ethanone (53, 2.6 g, 20
mmol) in DCM (100 ml) at room temperature was added DIEA (5.2 ml,
30 mmol). A solution of Cbz-Cl (4.4 ml, 30 mmol) in DCM (20 ml) was
added dropwise over 2 hrs. The mixture was stirred at room
temperature for 17 hrs, washed with water, saturated sodium
bicarbonate (aq.), water, 1N HCl (aq.) and brine, dried over
anhydrous sodium sulfate. The drying agent was removed by
filtration. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to give the
benzyl 3-acetylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (54) which was used in the
next step without further purification. LC-MS for
C.sub.15H.sub.19NO.sub.3 calcd: 261. found: 262.
Synthesis of benzyl
3-(5-amino-4-(ethoxycarbonyl)thiophen-3-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate
(55)
[0552] To a solution of 54 (1.6 g, 6 mmole) in EtOH (5 ml) was
added morpholine (1.05 ml, 12 mmole), ethyl 2-cyanoacetate (1.02 g,
9 mmole) and sulfur (0.38 g, 12 mmole). The mixture was stirred at
60.degree. C. for 48 hours. The solvent was removed under vacuum.
The residue was dissolved in EtOAc, washed with water, saturated
sodium bicarbonate (aq.), water, 1N HCl (aq.) and brine, dried over
anhydrous sodium sulfate. The drying agent was removed by
filtration. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to give the
crude 55 as a dark brown oil (3.1 g). LC-MS for
C.sub.20H.sub.24N.sub.2O.sub.4S calcd: 388. found: 389.
Synthesis of benzyl
3-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-5-(3-fluorobenzamido)thiophen-3-yl)piperidine-1-car-
boxylate (56)
[0553] To a solution of 55 (.about.2 mmol) in DCM (10 ml) was added
DIEA (0.7 ml, 4 mmol), 3-fluorobenzoyl chloride (0.48 ml, 4 mmol)
and catalytic amount of DMAP. The mixture was stirred at rt for 17
hrs, diluted with DCM (50 ml), washed with water, saturated sodium
bicarbonate (aq.), water, 1N HCl (aq.) and brine, dried over
anhydrous sodium sulfate. The drying agent was removed by
filtration. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The crude
product was purified on a silica gel column to give 56 as a yellow
oil (0.48 g). LC-MS for C.sub.27H.sub.27FN.sub.2O.sub.5S: 510;
found: 511.
[0554] To a solution of 56 (96 mg, 0.19 mmol) in EtOH (5 ml) at
room was added 1.0 N NaOH (aq.) (0.4 ml). The mixture was stirred
at 60.degree. C. for 2 hrs. The solvent was removed under vacuum.
The residue was suspended in 1.0 N HCl (aq.) (2 ml) and extracted
with ethyl acetate (3.times.5 ml). The combined organic layers were
dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The drying agent was removed
by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to give
the crude product which was purified using preparative HPLC to give
57 (40.2 mg). .sup.1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 1.44 (m, 1H), 1.51
(m, 1H), 1.73 (m, 1H), 2.01 (m, 1H), 2.88 (m, 2H), 4.03 (m, 1H),
4.21 (m, 1H), 5.10 (m, 2H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 7.36 (m, 5H), 7.54 (m,
1H), 7.68 (m, 2H), 7.75 (m, 1H), 12.58 (b, 1H), 13.74 (b, 1H)
ppm.
[0555] Using a similar procedure as illustrated in 54 and 55,
compound 58 was prepared.
##STR00068##
4-(1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)piperidin-3-yl)-2-(3-phenylpropanamido)thiophene--
3-carboxylic acid (58)
[0556] LC-MS for C.sub.27H.sub.28N.sub.2O.sub.5S: 492; found:
493.
Biological Examples
In Vitro Examples
Example 1
In Vitro Screening for Agents that Modulate Intracellular Calcium
Levels
[0557] Fluorescence-based assays were used for screening the
compounds described herein, such as compounds of Formulas (I)-(III)
which modulate intracellular calcium.
[0558] A. Fluorescence-Based Assay of Store-Operated Calcium Entry
in Orai1/STIM1 Stable Cells.
Cells:
[0559] Cells stably expressing recombinant human STIM1 and Orai1
were generated by transfecting a human Orai1 expression plasmid
(pcDNA3.1-Orai1-cmyc) into HEK-293 cells stably overexpressing
human STIM1 (Roos et al. 2005 JCB 169(3): 435-445). Colonies of
cells stably expressing both STIM1 and Orai1 proteins were selected
and then subcloned by limiting dilution. Cells were cultured at
37.degree. C./6% CO.sub.2 in complete medium with 10% FBS and
appropriate selection markers.
Assay:
[0560] The day prior to performing the assay Orai1/STIM1 stable
cells were plated in 50 .mu.L of complete medium at 90-95%
confluence in a 384 well plate. Cells were grown at 37.degree.
C./6% CO.sub.2 overnight. On the day of the assay, 1.5 .mu.M
fluo-4-AM (Invitrogen) in complete medium was added to the cells,
which were then incubated for 1 hour at RT. Cells were washed once
in Ca.sup.2+-free HBSS (Hank's buffered saline solution) and 35
.mu.l of Ca.sup.2+-free HBSS was added to each well. Test compounds
were added to wells in a 10 .mu.L Ca.sup.2+-free HBSS solution,
prepared at 4.5.times. the desired final concentration, and
incubated for 30 minutes at RT. The initial baseline fluorescence
signal was then measured with a FLIPR.sup.384 (Molecular Devices)
plate reader. Calcium entry was initiated by adding 5 .mu.l of
10.times. CaCl.sub.2 (10 mM) in HBSS, and changes in cellular
fluorescence were measured with the FLIPR.sup.384 plate reader. In
each well, the magnitude of the fluorescence signal as a result of
calcium entry into the cell was determined by calculating the
difference between the peak fluorescence signal measured after
calcium addition and the initial baseline fluorescence signal
(designated Peak-Basal). IC.sub.50 values were typically calculated
as the concentration that inhibited 50% of the Peak-Basal signal
(Table A).
[0561] B. Fluorescence-Based Assay of Store-Operated Calcium Entry
in RBL-2H.sub.3Cells.
Cells:
[0562] RBL-2H3 cells were obtained from ATCC and maintained in
complete medium with 10% FBS at 37.degree. C./6% CO.sub.2.
Assay:
[0563] The day prior to performing the assay, RBL-2H3 cells are
plated in 50 .mu.L of complete medium in a 384 well plate. Cells
are grown at 37.degree. C./6% CO.sub.2 overnight and grow to 50-60%
confluence by the next day. On the assay day, 1.5 .mu.M Fluo-4-AM
dye (Invitrogen) in complete medium is added and incubated for 1
hour at RT. Cells are washed twice in Ca.sup.2+-free HBSS buffer
and 35 .mu.L Ca.sup.2+-free HBSS buffer is added to each well. 10
.mu.L of a test compound prepared in a Ca.sup.2+-free HBSS solution
at 4.5.times. of the desired concentration is added to a well and
incubated for 5 minutes at RT. 10 .mu.L of thapsigargin prepared in
a Ca.sup.2+-free HBSS solution at 5.5.times. of the desired
concentration (5.5 uM) is added to each well and incubated for an
additional 25 minutes. The initial baseline fluorescence signal is
measured with a FLIPR.sup.384 (Molecular Devices) plate reader. 5
.mu.L of 12.times. calcium in HBSS (12 mM) is added and changes in
cellular fluorescence are measured with the FLIPR.sup.384 plate
reader. In each well, the change in the fluorescent signal as a
function of time due to calcium entry into the cell is determined
by calculating the difference between the fluorescent signal
measured 7 seconds after calcium addition and the initial baseline
fluorescence signal at time zero (t=0). This parameter is
designated Upslope. The IC.sub.50 value is calculated as the
concentration at which 50% of the Upslope is inhibited.
[0564] Compounds of Formula (I)-(III) are inhibitory in this
assay.
[0565] C. Fluorescence-Based Assay of Store-Operated Calcium Entry
in Jurkat Cells.
Cells:
[0566] Jurkat E6-1 cells were obtained from ATCC and maintained in
complete medium with 10% FBS at 37.degree. C./6% CO.sub.2.
Assay:
[0567] The day prior to performing the assay, Jurkat E6-1 cells are
seeded at a density of 2 million cells/mL in complete medium in a
T-175 flask. Cells are grown at 37.degree. C./6% CO.sub.2
overnight. On the following day, 1.5 M Fluo-4-AM dye (Invitrogen)
in complete medium is added and incubated for 1 hour at RT. Cells
are harvested, washed twice in Ca.sup.2+-free HBSS buffer and
plated in 35 .mu.L Ca.sup.2+-free HBSS buffer in a 384 well plate.
10 .mu.L of a test compound prepared in a Ca.sup.2+-free HBSS
solution at 4.5.times. of the desired concentration is added to a
well and incubated for 5 minutes at RT. L of thapsigargin prepared
in a Ca.sup.2+-free HBSS solution at 5.5.times. of the desired
concentration (5.5 uM) is added to each well and incubated for an
additional 25 minutes. The initial baseline fluorescence signal is
measured with a FLIPR.sup.384 (Molecular Devices) plate reader. 5
.mu.L of 12.times. calcium in HBSS (12 mM) is added and changes in
cellular fluorescence are measured with the FLIPR.sup.384 plate
reader. In each well, the change in the fluorescent signal as a
function of time due to calcium entry into the cell is determined
by calculating the difference between the fluorescent signal
measured 7 seconds after calcium addition and the initial baseline
fluorescence signal at time zero (t=0). This parameter is
designated Upslope. The IC.sub.50 value is calculated as the
concentration at which 50% of the Upslope is inhibited.
[0568] Compounds of Formula (I)-(III) are inhibitory in this
assay.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE A In vitro data for representative compounds:
Compound IC.sub.50(.mu.M) IC.sub.50(.mu.M) No. Structure JR251 RBL
A ##STR00069## -- C B ##STR00070## -- A C ##STR00071## -- C D
##STR00072## -- C E ##STR00073## -- C F ##STR00074## A A G
##STR00075## C -- H ##STR00076## -- C I ##STR00077## -- C J
##STR00078## A A K ##STR00079## A C L ##STR00080## A A -- = not
determined; IC.sub.50 (.mu.M): 0 .ltoreq. A .ltoreq. 0.5; 0.5 <
B .ltoreq. 1.0; 1.0 < C .ltoreq. 10
[0569] Also disclosed herein are compounds which have an IC.sub.50
(.mu.M) less than 10 .mu.M in either JR251 or RBL cells, such as by
way of example only: [0570]
2-(3-fluorobenzamido)-4-(4-methyl-2-(piperidin-1-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl)thioph-
ene-3-carboxylic acid [0571]
2-(3-fluorobenzamido)-4-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylic
acid [0572]
2-(3-fluorobenzamido)-4-(pyrazin-2-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid
[0573]
4-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-2-(3-(3-fluorophenyl)propanamido)thiophene-3-car-
boxylic acid [0574]
4-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-2-(3-fluorobenzamido)thiophene-3-carboxylic
acid [0575]
N-(4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-3-fluorobenzamide
2-(3-fluorobenzamido)-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid
[0576]
4-(1-(difluoromethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2-(3-fluorobenzamido)thio-
phene-3-carboxylic acid [0577]
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(1-(difluoromethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2--
yl)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [0578]
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(1-methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)thiophene-3-carbox-
ylic acid [0579]
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylic
acid [0580]
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)thio-
phene-3-carboxylic acid [0581]
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(7-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)thiophene-3-carbo-
xylic acid [0582]
4-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)thiophene-3-carboxy-
lic acid [0583]
4-(benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-5-yl)-2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)thiophene-3-
-carboxylic acid [0584]
4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)thiophene-3-carboxyl-
ic acid [0585]
4-(benzo[d]thiazol-5-yl)-2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)thiophene-3-carboxyl-
ic acid [0586]
2-(benzo[d]oxazole-2-carboxamido)-4-(4-methylnaphthalen-1-yl)thiophene-3--
carboxylic acid [0587]
2-(benzo[d]oxazole-2-carboxamido)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)thiophene-3-carboxyl-
ic acid [0588]
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(4-methylnaphthalen-1-yl)thiophene-3-carbo-
xylic acid [0589]
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylic
acid [0590]
2-(4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxamido)-4-(4-methyl-2-(piperidin-1-y-
l)pyrimidin-5-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [0591]
2-(4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxamido)-4-(pyrazin-2-yl)thiophene-3--
carboxylic acid [0592]
2-(5-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamido)-4-(4-methyl-2-(piperidin--
1-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [0593]
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(2,6-difluoropyridin-3-yl)thiophene-3-carb-
oxylic acid [0594]
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl)thiophe-
ne-3-carboxylic acid [0595]
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)thiophene-3-carboxyl-
ic acid [0596]
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(6-ethoxypyridin-3-yl)thiophene-3-carboxyl-
ic acid [0597]
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)thiophene-3-carboxyl-
ic acid [0598]
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)thiophene-3-carboxy-
lic acid [0599]
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)thiophene-3-carboxyl-
ic acid [0600]
4-(4-methyl-2-(piperidin-1-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl)-2-(pyrazine-2-carboxamido)t-
hiophene-3-carboxylic acid [0601]
4-(4-methyl-2-(piperidin-1-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl)-2-(pyridazine-4-carboxamido-
)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [0602]
4-(4-methyl-2-(piperidin-1-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl)-2-(pyrimidine-5-carboxamido-
)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [0603]
4-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2-(pyridazine-4-carboxamido)thiophene-3-carboxylic
acid tert-butyl
4-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(pyrazine-2-carboxamido)thiophen-
e-3-carboxylic acid [0604]
2-(5-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamido)-4-(1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazo-
l-5-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [0605]
2-(5-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamido)-4-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H--
pyrazol-4-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [0606]
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-
-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [0607]
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl)thiophene-3-carb-
oxylic acid [0608]
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(4-methylthiazol-2-yl)thiophene-3-carboxyl-
ic acid [0609]
4-(1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-(4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxam-
ido)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [0610]
4-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(1-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxa-
mido)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [0611]
4-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-ca-
rboxamido)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [0612]
4-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(pyrazine-2-carboxamido)thiophen-
e-3-carboxylic acid [0613]
4-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(pyridazine-4-carboxamido)thioph-
ene-3-carboxylic acid [0614]
4-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(pyrimidine-5-carboxamido)thioph-
ene-3-carboxylic acid [0615]
4-(3,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-
-carboxamido)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [0616]
5'-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-5-bromo-2,3'-bithiophene-4'-carboxylic
acid [0617]
5'-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-5-chloro-2,3'-bithiophene-4'-carboxy-
lic acid [0618]
5'-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-5-methyl-2,3'-bithiophene-4'-carboxylic
acid tert-butyl
4-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(3-fluorobenzamido)thiophene-3-c-
arboxylic acid [0619]
(E)-5'-(3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylamido)-2,3'-bithiophene-4'-carboxylic
acid
2-(3-fluorobenzamido)-4-(4-methylthiazol-2-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylic
acid [0620]
2-(4-fluorobenzamido)-4-(oxazol-2-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid
[0621] 2-benzamido-4-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylic
acid [0622]
4-(1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-(3-fluorobenzamido)thiophene-3--
carboxylic acid [0623]
5'-(2-chlorobenzamido)-2,3'-bithiophene-4'-carboxylic acid [0624]
5'-(3-fluorobenzamido)-5-methyl-2,3'-bithiophene-4'-carboxylic acid
[0625] 5'-(4-fluorobenzamido)-2,3'-bithiophene-4'-carboxylic acid
[0626]
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(8-methylquinolin-5-yl)thiophene-3-carboxy-
lic acid; and [0627]
2-(benzofuran-2-carboxamido)-4-(quinoxalin-6-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylic
acid.
Example 2
In Vitro I.sub.CRAC Patch Clamp Assay
Objective
[0628] The objective of this assay is to examine the in vitro
effects of test compounds on cloned CRAC channels (Orai1 and STIM1
genes stably expressed in HEK293 cells), responsible for
I.sub.CRAC, the calcium release activated calcium channel
current.
Test and Control Articles
[0629] Formulation: Test article stock solutions are prepared in
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and stored frozen. Test article
concentrations are prepared fresh daily by diluting stock solutions
into an appropriate external recording buffer. If necessary, test
article formulations are sonicated (Model 2510, Branson
Ultrasonics, Danbury, Conn.), at ambient room temperature to
facilitate dissolution. In certain instances, the test solutions
contain up to 0.1% DMSO and the presence of 0.1% DMSO does not
affect channel current.
Test Article Concentrations and Quantity
[0630] Typically, the effects of three (3) concentrations of each
test article are evaluated (0.1, 1, and 10 .mu.M). Test articles
are weighed and prepared as 30 mM or 10 mM stock solutions in DMSO.
The DMSO stock is diluted in external recording buffer to prepare a
10 .mu.M test solution (final DMSO 0.03% or 0.1%). The 10 .mu.M
test solution is diluted in external recording buffer to prepare 1
.mu.M and 0.1 .mu.M test solutions. Test solutions contain up to
0.1% DMSO at the highest concentration which are diluted in test
solutions at lower concentrations.
Positive Control Article
[0631] Stock solutions of the positive control article are prepared
in batches, aliquoted for individual use, stored frozen and used
within six months. The positive control concentration is prepared
fresh daily by diluting stock solutions into external recording
buffer. The final DMSO concentration in the test positive control
article is up to 0.1% of the solution.
Negative Control Article
[0632] The negative control article is 0.1% DMSO in external
recording buffer.
Cloned Ion Channel Test Systems
[0633] Cells are maintained in tissue culture incubators per
CalciMedica standard protocols. Stocks are maintained in cryogenic
storage. Cells used for electrophysiology are plated in plastic
tissue culture dishes.
HEK293 Cells
[0634] HEK293 cells are stably transfected with the appropriate ion
channel cDNAs (Orai1/STIM1). Cells are cultured in DMEM (Gibco
11960) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco 10082), 100
U/mL penicillin G sodium, 1 mM Na pyruvate (Gibco 11360), 100
.mu.g/mL streptomycin sulfate (Gibco 10378), 0.5 mg/ml geneticin
(Gibco 10131-035) and 50 g/ml zeocin (Invitrogen 45-0430). Cells
should be maintained at .ltoreq.80% confluence. The day before
testing, cells in culture dishes are washed once with
calcium/magnesium-free D-PBS, treated with trypsin/EDTA and
re-suspended in the culture media and counted. Cells are then
diluted in culture medium with 1% fetal bovine serum and plated at
low density (5-10K) onto poly-D-lysine coated glass coverslips in
24-well tissue culture dishes and placed in a tissue culture
incubator set at 37.degree. C. in a humidified 95% air, 6% CO.sub.2
atmosphere.
Test Methods
[0635] Recording Chamber and Perfusion of Test Articles
[0636] Glass coverslips containing cells are transferred to a
recording chamber (Warner Instruments) with continuous perfusion of
external recording buffer. During recordings of I.sub.CRAC, all
treatments are delivered by gravity-fed bath perfusion from
disposable syringe reservoirs via disposable polyethylene tubing
feeding into a Teflon manifold. The flow rate is set between
1.2-1.5 ml/min assuring complete solution exchange in .about.1 min.
All experiments are performed at ambient temperature.
[0637] Test Article Treatment Groups
[0638] For experiments where the test article is applied for 10
minutes the treatment paradigm is summarized in Table 1. Control
recording buffer is perfused for five (5) minutes while I.sub.CRAC
develops and a stable baseline is established; each cell is used as
its own control. Each test article is applied to naive cells
(n.gtoreq.2, where n=the number cells/concentration; at 1
concentration/cell) for a duration of ten (10) minutes (Table 1).
The test article is washed off for ten (10) minutes to look for
reversibility of the effect. External recording saline with no
calcium is perfused for two (2) minutes to determine the background
current in the absence of I.sub.CRAC. Control saline containing
calcium is reapplied for three (3) minutes.
[0639] For experiments where the test article is applied for 30
minutes prior to recording of I.sub.CRAC, the treatment paradigm is
summarized in Table 2. Prior to the start of each experiment, cells
are incubated with compound for 30 minutes at room temperature, and
compound remains present throughout I.sub.CRAC recordings. Control
cells are exposed to vehicle only. After break-in and establishment
of the whole-cell patch clamp configuration, recording
buffer.+-.compound is perfused for ten (10) minutes. At the end of
the 10 min period the amplitude of I.sub.CRAC is measured. The
effects of compounds are determined by comparing the I.sub.CRAC
signal in cells pretreated with compound to the signal in cells
pretreated with vehicle. Compounds in Table A inhibit the
I.sub.CRAC signal in this assay.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 1 Test Article Schedule for 10-minute
Application Studies Epoch Solution Exposure time 1 Baseline
control/ 5 minutes stabilization 2 Test article 10 minutes 3 Wash
10 minutes 4 0 calcium 2 minutes 5 control 3 minutes
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 2 Test Article Schedule for 40-minute
Application Studies Epoch Solution Exposure time Test article 30
minutes 1 Test article 10 minutes 2 Wash 10 minutes 3 0 calcium 2
minutes 4 control 3 minutes
Control Treatment Groups
[0640] As a negative control, 0.1% DMSO is applied to naive cells
(n.gtoreq.2, where n=the number cells. This is used to monitor the
magnitude of rundown of I.sub.CRAC. As a positive control, 1 .mu.M
of 4-(4-bromophenyl)-2-(3-fluorobenzamido)thiophene-3-carboxylic
acid is routinely applied to naive cells (n.gtoreq.2, where n=the
number cells).
Whole Cell Patch Clamp Procedures
[0641] Standard whole cell patch clamp procedures are used. The
compositions of the extracellular and intracellular solutions are
shown in Tables 3 and 4. Cells are visualized on an inverted
microscope (Olympus IX71) and voltage clamped using a Multiclamp
700B amplifier and PClamp software (Axon Instruments). Briefly,
borosilicate patch pipettes filled with intracellular solution
(Appendix 1) are positioned onto the cell membrane. Once a GQ seal
is formed, suction is applied until the patch ruptures and the
whole cell configuration is established. The quality of the
configuration will be evaluated with the "membrane test" in Clampex
to determine cell capacitance (Cm), input resistance (Rm), access
resistance (Ra), and holding current at -50 mV (Ih). Data are
stored on the CalciMedica computer network (and backed-up nightly)
for off-line analysis.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 3 Extracellular Solution Composition
(concentration in mM) NaCl 120 TEA-Cl 10 HEPES 10 CaCl2 10 (and 0)
MgCl2 2 (and 12) glucose 10
[0642] The pH is adjusted to 7.2 with NaOH and the final osmolarity
is adjusted to 325 with sucrose. Solutions are prepared daily.
Chemicals used in solution preparation are purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.), unless otherwise noted, and are of
ACS reagent grade purity or higher.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 4 Intracellular Solution Composition
(concentration in mM) Cs-glutamate 120 HEPES 10 BAPTA 20 MgCl2
3
[0643] The pH is adjusted to 7.2 with CsOH. Solutions are prepared
in batches, aliquoted, and refrigerated until use. A fresh aliquot
is used each day and stored on ice throughout the day. Chemicals
used in solution preparation are purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St.
Louis, Mo.), unless otherwise noted, and are of ACS reagent
grade.
I.sub.CRAC Test Procedures
[0644] I.sub.CRAC from the Orai1/STIM1 channel complex is activated
by passive depletion of intracellular calcium stores using 20 mM
BAPTA in the intracellular solution. Voltage clamp data is acquired
using Clampex software to elicit a stimulus voltage protocol (shown
in Table 5) applied every six (6) seconds. Currents are digitized
at 10 kHz and filtered at 2 kHz. Whole cell capacitive compensation
is employed. Representative I.sub.CRAC traces are shown in FIG.
2.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 5 Voltage Clamp Protocol Voltage Description
Vh +30 mV to minimize calcium entry in-between sweeps Vstep to 0 mV
for 10 ms to evaluate "zero" current Vstep to -100 mV for 10 ms to
measure I.sub.CRAC at high driving force Vramp to +100 mV over 50
ms to monitor inwardly rectifying profile of I.sub.CRAC Vstep to
+50 mV for 10 ms to estimate leak current
Data Analysis
[0645] Data analysis is performed using Clampfit software.
I.sub.CRAC is measured at -100 mV and the current measured after 5
min is used as the baseline control. For 10-minute application
studies, the current measured after 10 min application of the test
article is normalized to the baseline current and expressed as %
control. For 40-min application studies, the current measured at
the end of 10 minutes of I.sub.CRAC recording time is used as the
comparator. The current measured in "0 calcium" buffer is used to
subtract background leak current. Data points for each test article
concentration (n.gtoreq.2) are fitted to a sigmoid function
(SigmaPlot) to determine the IC.sub.50 and Hill slope.
[0646] Compounds of Formula (I)-(III) inhibit I.sub.CRAC using both
the 10-minute and 40-minute application protocol.
In Vivo Examples
Example 3
In Vitro Assay of Mast Cell Degranulation
Cells:
[0647] RBL-2H3 cells were obtained from ATCC and maintained in
complete medium with 10% FBS at 37.degree. C./6% CO.sub.2.
Assay:
[0648] a) Stimulation with 1 .mu.M Thapsigargin/20 nM TPA
[0649] The day prior to performing the assay, RBL-2H3 cells are
plated in a 96 well plate. Cells are grown at 37.degree. C./6% CO2
overnight. On the following day, cells are washed twice in HBSS
Buffer with 1.8 mM CaCl.sub.2 and 1.75% fetal bovine serum (FBS).
70 .mu.L of a test compound prepared in HBSS Buffer with 1.8 mM
CaCl.sub.2+1.75% FBS is added and incubated for 10 minutes at
37.degree. C./6% CO2. Cells are stimulated by the addition of 7
.mu.L of 11.times. thapsigargin/TPA (11 .mu.M thapsigargin/220 nM
TPA) and incubated at 37.degree. C./6% CO2 for 120 minutes. Media
is collected and cell lysates are prepared by the addition of 70
.mu.L of 0.05% Triton X-100 in HBSS with 1.8 mM CaCl.sub.2. Levels
of 13-hexosaminidase are measured in both the media and the cell
lysates. The .beta.-hexosaminidase assay is performed by adding 40
.mu.L of 1 mM p-nitrophenyl-acetyl-glucosamide substrate in 0.05M
sodium citrate (pH 4.5) to 10 .mu.L of sample (conditioned medium
or cell lysate), incubating 60 minutes at 37.degree. C., then
adding 100 .mu.L 0.05M sodium carbonate/0.05M sodium bicarbonate
(pH 10.5), mixing thoroughly and reading the absorbance at 405 nm.
The percentage of .beta.-hexosaminidase released is calculated as
follows: A405 (media)/[A405 (media)+A405 (lysate)]. The IC.sub.50
value is calculated as the concentration at which 50% of the
.beta.-hexosaminidase released in vehicle treated cells is
inhibited.
[0650] Compounds of Formula (I)-(III) are inhibitory in this
assay.
[0651] b) Stimulation with IgE-DNP
[0652] The day prior to performing the assay, RBL-2H3 cells are
plated in 200 .mu.L of complete medium in a 96 well plate for 1
hour. 20 .mu.L of 11.times.DNP-IgE are added and cells are grown at
37.degree. C./6% CO2 overnight. On the following day, cells are
washed twice in HBSS Buffer with 1.8 mM CaCl.sub.2 and 1.75% fetal
bovine serum (FBS). 70 .mu.L of a test compound prepared in HBSS
Buffer with 1.8 mM CaCl.sub.2 and 1.75% is added and incubated for
10 minutes at 37.degree. C./6% CO.sub.2. Cells are stimulated by
the addition of 7 .mu.L of 11.times.DNP-BSA and incubated at
37.degree. C./6% CO2 for 30 minutes. Media is collected and cell
lysates are prepared by the addition of 70 ul of 0.05% Triton X-100
in HBSS with 1.8 mM CaCl.sub.2. Levels of .beta.-hexosaminidase are
measured in both the media and the cell lysates. The
.beta.-hexosaminidase assay is performed by adding 40 .mu.L of 1 mM
p-nitrophenyl-acetyl-glucosamide substrate in 0.05M sodium citrate
(pH 4.5) to 10 .mu.L of sample (conditioned medium or cell lysate),
incubating 60 minutes at 37.degree. C., then adding 100 .mu.L 0.05M
sodium carbonate/0.05M sodium bicarbonate (pH 10.5), mixing
thoroughly and reading the absorbance at 405 nm. The percentage of
.beta.-hexosaminidase released is calculated as follows: A405
(media)/[A405 (media)+A405 (lysate)]. The IC.sub.50 value is
calculated as the concentration at which 50% of the
.beta.-hexosaminidase released in vehicle treated cells is
inhibited.
[0653] Compounds of Formula (I)-(III) are inhibitory in this
assay.
Example 4
In Vitro Assay of Cytokine Release from T Cells
Cells:
[0654] Jurkat E6-1 cells were obtained from ATCC and maintained in
complete medium with 10% FBS at 37.degree. C./6% CO2.
Assay:
[0655] The day prior to performing the assay, Jurkat T cells are
plated in 90 .mu.L of HBSS Buffer with 1.8 mM CaCl.sub.2 and 1.75%
fetal bovine serum (FBS) in a 96 well plate at a density of
1.5.times.105 cells/well for 3 hours. 10 .mu.L of 10.times. test
compound prepared in HBSS is added and incubated for 10 minutes at
37.degree. C./6% CO2. Cells are stimulated by the addition of 10
.mu.L of 11.times.PHA/TPA (27.5 .mu.g/mL PHA/880 nM TPA) and
incubated at 37.degree. C./6% CO.sub.2 for 20 hours. On the
following day, the supernatants are collected and assayed for IL-2
levels by ELISA according to the manufacturer's protocols. The
IC.sub.50 value is calculated as the concentration at which 50% of
secreted IL-2 in vehicle treated cells is inhibited.
[0656] Compounds of Formula (I)-(III) are inhibitory in this
assay.
Example 5
Dose-Response Effects of a Compound of Formulas (I)-(III), CSA or
Rapamycin in Mouse Footpad DTH
[0657] Purpose: Determine dose-response effects of Test Compound on
mBSA induced DTH response in foot pads when dosing is done during
the sensitization as well as induction phase.
[0658] Animals: Male Swiss Webster Mice approx. 20-25 grams at
start of study.
[0659] Materials: Methylated BSA (Sigma) Freund's complete adjuvant
(Difco) plus supplemental M. tuberculosis H37 RA (Difco).
[0660] General Study Design:
[0661] Mice are anesthetized with Isoflurane and given intradermal
antigen injections of 0.1 ml at the base of the tail (D0, D07).
Antigen is prepared by making a 4 mg/ml solution in sterile water.
Equal volumes of antigen and Freund's complete adjuvant to which 4
mg/ml MTB are added (sonicate for 5 minutes after adding MTB to
oil), are emulsified by hand mixing until a bead of this material
holds its form when placed in water. Treatment with test compound
is initiated on day 0, qd (24 hr intervals) and continued through
day 10 when challenge is done.
[0662] On day 10 animals are injected into the right hind footpad
with 20 .mu.l of 10 mg/ml mBSA. Five unsensitized males are
injected with mBSA into the footpad. Twenty-four hours later (day
11) the right and left hind paws are transected at the medial and
lateral malleolus and weighed and the weight difference induced by
injection of antigen is determined.
[0663] Statistical Analysis. Paw weights (mean.+-.SE) for each
group are analyzed for differences using a Student's t test or
ANOVA with Dunnett's post test. Statistical significance is set at
p.ltoreq.0.05.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 5 Treatment Groups Males Group N Treatment 10
ml/kg qd, po 1 5 Normal controls (no sensitization) Inject mBSA
into right only 2 8 DTH+Vehicle (70% PEG400/30% Water) 3 8 DTH+
Test Compound (50 mg/kg, po, qd) 4 8 DTH+ Test Compound (100 mg/kg,
po, qd) 5 8 DTH+ Test Compound (200 mg/kg, po, qd) 6 8 DTH+ Test
Compound (300 mg/kg, po, qd) 7 8 DTH+ CSA (100 mg/kg qd, ip) 8 8
DTH+Rapamycin (5 mg/kg qd, ip)
[0664] Compounds of Formula (I)-(III) are expected to be effective
in this model.
Example 5A
Pharmacokinetic Data of a Compound of Formulas (I)-(III) in
Rats
[0665] The bioavailability and plasma pharmacokinetic properties in
rats of Compound of Formulas (I)-(III) administered orally in 25%
PEG400/20% ethanol/55% H.sub.2O vehicle. Two treatment groups, 1)
an i.v. dose group at 2 mg/kg; and 2) an oral dose group at 10
mg/kg are administered to Male Sprague-Dawley rats (3 rats per
group), weighing approximately 250-300 gm. Up to 10 time points are
collected for each group. Typical time points are: predose, 15, 30
minutes, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hrs. Up to 300 .mu.L of whole
blood are collected via jugular vein cannula at each time point.
Whole blood is collected into anticoagulant containing
microcentrifuge tubes and centrifuged at 5000 rpm in a
microcentrifuge for 5 minutes before plasma is transferred to a
clean microcentrifuge tube. The plasma samples undergo
bioanalytical analysis.
Example 6
Effect of Test Compound in Rat Collagen Induced Arthritis (CIA)
Model
[0666] Purpose: Determine efficacy of Test Compound administered by
oral dosing qd, in inhibiting the inflammation, cartilage
destruction and bone resorption of developing type II collagen
arthritis in rats.
[0667] Animals:
[0668] Female Lewis rats (Charles River#7246950), weighing 125-150
g at the start of the study. 40 rats are injected with collagen to
get solid responders on days 10 and 11. Four nonimmunized animals
serve as normal controls.
[0669] Materials:
[0670] Test Compound, Type II collagen, Freund's incomplete
adjuvant, acetic acid. Test Compound is prepared at a concentration
of 10 mg/ml in 50% PEG400/50% water. Collagen is prepared by making
a 4 mg/ml solution in 0.01N Acetic acid. Equal volumes of collagen
and Freund's incomplete adjuvant, are emulsified by hand mixing
until a bead of this material holds its form when placed in
water.
[0671] General Study Design:
[0672] Animals (10 rats/group for arthritis, 4 rats/group for
normal control).
[0673] Animals in the arthritis groups are anesthetized with
isoflurane and given collagen injections (D0); each animal gets 300
.mu.l of the mixture spread over 3 subcutaneous sites on the back.
On Day 6 (D6) the animals are anesthetized again and given a second
collagen injection, as before.
[0674] Oral dosing of Test Compound at 24 hour intervals (qd) is
initiated on Day 0 using a dose volume of 5 ml/kg for oral
solutions. Rats are weighed on Days 0, 3, 6, and 9-17 of arthritis,
and caliper measurements of ankles taken every day beginning on Day
9. Final body weights are taken on Day 17 of arthritis. On Day 17,
all animals are anesthetized for terminal blood draw and then
euthanized. Subsequently, hind paws and knees are removed, the hind
paws are weighed and then (with knees) placed in formalin for
processing for microscopy. Livers, spleen and thymus and kidneys
are also removed, trimmed of extraneous tissue and weighed. Kidneys
are retained in formalin for histopathology.
[0675] Sampling will occur over 1 day and involves groups 2-5 with
samples retained from all groups. This results in all animals being
treated similarly and is important for clinical parameters and
final liver weights.
[0676] Compounds of Formulas (I)-(III) produce a significant
reduction of arthritis in this model.
Example 7
Effect of Compounds of Formulas (I)-(III) on DNBS-Induced Colitis
in Rats
[0677] Procedure: Male Wistar rats weighing 200.+-.20 g are fasted
for 24 hours prior to use. Distal colitis is induced by
intra-colonic instillation of DNBS (2,4-dinotrobenzene sulfonic
acid, 20 mg in 0.5 ml ethanol 30%) with a catheter of 12 cm in
length, followed by gentle injection of air (2 ml) through the
catheter to ensure that the solution remain in the colon. The
animals are divided into groups of 5 each. Test substance and
vehicle are administered either daily or twice daily by appropriate
route of administration 24 hour and 1 hour before DNBS instillation
and then for 6 consecutive days thereafter. One normal control
group is treated with 0.9% NaCl alone without DNBS challenge. The
animals are sacrificed 12 hours after the final bid dose and 24
hours after the final daily dose and the colon is removed and
weighed. During the experiment, body weight, fecal occult blood and
stool consistency are monitored daily. Furthermore, when the
abdominal cavity is opened before removal of the colon, adhesions
between the colon and other organs are noted as is the presence of
colonic ulceration after removal and weighing of each colon (a
macroscopic damage score is recorded according to established score
criteria). The colon-to-body weight ratio is calculated according
to the formula: Colon (g)/BW.times.100. The "Net" increase in ratio
of Vehicle-control+DNBS group relative to Vehicle-control group is
used as a base for comparison with individual treated groups and
expressed as "Dec. (%)" (percent decrease). A 30% or more
(.gtoreq.30%) reduction in colon-to-body weight ratio, relative to
the vehicle treated control group, is considered significant.
[0678] Sulfasalazine is used as the standard test agent. (Hogaboam
C M, et al., An orally active non-selective endothelin receptor
antagonist, bosentan, markedly reduces injury in a rat model of
colitis. Eur J Pharmacol. 309: 261-269, 1996; Yue G, et al., In
some embodiments, the 21-aminosteroid tirilazid mesylate
ameliorates inflammatory bowel disease in rats. J Pharmacol Exp
Ther. 276: 265-270, 1996.)
[0679] Compound of Formula (I)-(III) are expected to reduce colitis
in this model.
Example 8
Effect of compounds of Formulas (I)-(III) on Rejection of Skin
Transplants in Rats
[0680] Procedure. Specific pathogen free Lewis and Brown Norway
rats 10 weeks of age are purchased from Charles River and housed
under clean conventional conditions. The animals are handled and
allowed to acclimatize for a period of two weeks. Skin donors:
female Brown Norway rats, 10 weeks of age. Skin recipients: female
Lewis rats, 10 weeks of age.
[0681] The donor Brown Norway rats are killed to serve as donors of
5 to 8 skin transplants. Directly after killing the Brown Norway
rats, the abdominal skin of the rats is shaved and skin transplants
of 20 mm in diameter in size are taken. After removal of connective
tissue, these grafts are transplanted onto Lewis rats. This is
performed by shaving the upper dorsal skin of the Lewis rat under
isoflurane anesthesia, removing a piece of skin of 15 mm in
diameter by punching and replacement with a skin transplant derived
from the Brown Norway rat.
[0682] During the study each graft is fixated by 4-6 stitches using
Safil 6/0 violet (B Braun, Aesculap) and covered by Paraffin Gauze
Dressing BP (3.times.3 cm, Smith & Nephew), a piece of gauze
and surgical tape. This adaptation minimizes the chance of loosing
a transplant for reasons different from rejection.
[0683] In all cases, transplants are protected with a bandage;
these are removed after six days to enable daily inspection of the
transplant.
[0684] Rejection is monitored by evaluating first signs of
inflammation (redness) and necrosis (hardening and blackening of
the graft).
Phase II Clinical Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Compounds of
Formulas (I)-(III) in Patients with Active Rheumatoid
Arthritis.
[0685] The purpose of this phase II trial is to investigate the
safety, tolerability, PK, PD, and efficacy of single and repeat
intravenous infusions of a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) in
patients with active rheumatoid arthritis.
[0686] Patients:
[0687] Eligible subjects will be men and women between the ages of
18 and 75
[0688] Criteria:
[0689] Inclusion Criteria: [0690] All subjects must use acceptable
contraception to ensure that no pregnancies occur during the course
of the study and for at least 12 weeks after dosing for males and
for 32 weeks after dosing for females; [0691] Body mass index
within the range 18.5-35 kg/m.sup.2 inclusive, in addition to a
weight range of 55-95 kg; [0692] The subject must be capable of
giving informed consent and can comply with the study requirements
and timetable; [0693] The subject must have a diagnosis of RA
according to the revised 1987 criteria of the American College of
Rheumatology (ACR); [0694] The subject must have a DAS28 disease
activity score of greater than 4.2 at screening and pre-dose;
[0695] The subject must have a CRP serum level of >/0.5 mg/dl or
an ESR level 28 mm/hour at screening and pre-dose; [0696] The
subject has NOT received any biological therapy in the past,
including biologicals for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis;
[0697] The subject must have liver function tests including alanine
transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) within 1.5
times the upper limit of normal (ULN) and alkaline phosphatase
(ALP) within 3 times ULN at screening. The patient must also have
total bilirubin within the ULN at screening; [0698] The subject
must have received at least 3 months of methotrexate and must be on
a stable dose of methotrexate (up to 25 mg/week) for at least 8
weeks prior to screening and be willing to remain on this dose
throughout the study; [0699] If sulfasalazine is being taken in
addition to methotrexate, the subject must be on a stable dose for
at least 4 weeks prior to screening and be willing to remain on
this dose throughout the study; [0700] If hydroxychloroquine or
chloroquine is being taken in addition to methotrexate, the subject
must be on a stable dose for at least 3 months prior to screening
and be willing to remain on this dose throughout the study; [0701]
Those subjects on other oral anti-rheumatic therapies, which may
include Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), COX-2
inhibitors, oral glucocorticoids e.g. prednisolone (.about.10
mg/day) must be on stable dosing regimens for at least 4 weeks
prior to screening and be willing to remain on this regime
throughout the study. Subjects receiving intramuscular
glucocorticoids e.g methylprednisolone (.about.120 mg/month) must
be on a stable dosing regimen for at least 3 months prior to
screening and be willing to remain on this regimen throughout the
study; [0702] The subject must be on a stable dose of folate
supplements (5 mg/week) for at least 4 weeks prior.
[0703] Exclusion Criteria: [0704] Any clinically relevant
abnormality identified on the screening medical assessment,
laboratory examination (e.g. haematology parameter outside the
normal limits), or ECG (12 Lead or Holter); [0705] The subject has
a positive Hepatitis B surface antigen or Hepatitis C antibody
result at screening; [0706] The subject has a history of elevated
liver function tests on more than one occasion (ALT, AST and ALP
>3.times. Upper Limit of Normal (ULN); total bilirubin
>1.5.times.ULN) in the past 6 months; [0707] Previous exposure
or past infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; [0708] The
subject has an acute infection; [0709] The subject has a history of
repeated, chronic or opportunistic infections that, in the opinion
of the investigator and/or GSK medical monitor, places the subject
at an unacceptable risk as a participant in this trial; [0710] The
subject has a history of malignancy, except for surgically cured
basal cell carcinoma or females with cured cervical carcinoma
(>2 yrs prior); [0711] The subject has a history of human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or other immunodeficiency disease;
[0712] The subject whose calculated creatinine clearance is less
than 50 ml/min; [0713] The subject has significant cardiac,
pulmonary, metabolic, renal, hepatic or gastrointestinal conditions
that, in the opinion of the investigator and/or GSK medical
monitor, places the subject at an unacceptable risk as a
participant in this trial; [0714] The subject has taken
cyclosporine, leflonomide, cyclophophamide or azathioprine within 1
month of screening. Subjects that have taken cyclosporine,
leflonomide, cyclophophamide or azathioprine in the past must have
recovered from all drug related adverse events; [0715] The subject
has taken gold salts or d-penicillamine within 1 month prior to
screening. Subjects that have taken gold salts or d-penicillamine
in the past must have recovered from all drug related adverse
events; [0716] The subject has received intra-articular
glucocorticoids within 1 month of screening; [0717] Recent history
of bleeding disorders, anaemia, peptic ulcer disease, haematemesis
or gastrointestinal bleeding; [0718] Subjects with a history of
haematological disease or acquired platelet disorders, including
drug-induced thrombocytopaenia, acute idiopathic thrombocytopaenia
or von Willebrand's disease; [0719] Subjects with a known risk of
intra-cranial haemorrhage including Central Nervous System (CNS)
surgery within the last 12 months, arterial vascular malformations,
aneurysms, significant closed head trauma within 6 months or any
other incident the investigator and/or medical monitor considers to
be relevant; [0720] The subject has Hb <10 g/deciliter (dL) and
platelet count <150.times.109/Liter (L); [0721] Donation of
blood in excess of 500 ml within a 56 day period prior to dosing;
[0722] An unwillingness of male subjects to abstain from sexual
intercourse with pregnant or lactating women; or an unwillingness
of the male subject to use a condom with spermicide in addition to
having their female partner use another form of contraception such
as an interuterine device (IUD), diaphragm with spermicide, oral
contraceptives, injectable progesterone, subdermal implants of
levonorgestrel or a tubal ligation if the woman could become
pregnant for at least 12 weeks after dosing; [0723] An
unwillingness of female subject of child bearing potential to use
adequate contraception, as defined in the study restriction
section. If necessary, women of non-child bearing potential (i.e.
post-menopausal or surgically sterile e.g. tubal ligation or
hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy) will be confirmed.
Postmenopausal status will be confirmed by serum follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH) and oestradiol concentrations at
screening. Surgical sterility will be defined as females who have
had a documented hysterectomy, tubal ligation or bilateral
oophorectomy; [0724] The subject has a history of use of drugs of
abuse within 12 months prior to screening; [0725] History of
regular alcohol consumption exceeding average weekly intake of
greater than 21 units or an average daily intake of greater than 3
units (males) or an average weekly intake of greater than 14 units
or an average daily intake of greater than 2 units (females).
Subjects who regularly consume more than 12 units of alcohol in a
24 h period will also be excluded. 1 unit is equivalent to a
half-pint (220 ml) of beer/lager or 1 (25 ml) measure of spirits or
1 .mu.lass (125 ml) of wine; [0726] Positive pregnancy test or
lactating at screening; [0727] Participation in a trial with any
investigational drug within 3 months or 5 half-lives (whichever is
longer) before.
[0728] Study Design:
[0729] This is a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled
adaptive, dose finding study to investigate the safety,
tolerability, PK, PD and efficacy of single and repeat intravenous
infusions of a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) in patients with
active rheumatoid arthritis. The study is divided into 2 parts:
Part A is an adaptive, dose finding phase which will provide
safety, tolerability, PK and PD on single intravenous infusions.
Part B is a repeat dose phase which will provide safety,
tolerability, PK, PD and efficacy following repeat intravenous
infusions of a selected dose level.
[0730] Primary Outcome Measures: [0731] Safety and Tolerability
following single ascending doses of a compound of Formula (I), (II)
or (III) at 1 month and following 3 repeat doses of a compound of
Formulas (I)-(III) at 3 months. Clinical Efficacy (DAS28 score) of
a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) at 1 month
[0732] Secondary Outcome Measures: [0733] Weighted mean DAS28 after
single and repeat intravenous doses [0734] Plasma PK parameters of
a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) after single and repeat
intravenous doses including free, and bound a compound of Formulas
(I)-(III) (serum) concentrations, AUC.sub.(0-.infin.)), C.sub.max,
clearance, volume of distribution and accumulation ratio [0735]
DAS28 and EULAR response criteria after single and repeat
intravenous doses [0736] ACR20/ACR50/ACR70 response after single
and repeat intravenous doses [0737] Number of swollen joints
assessed using 28-joint counts [0738] Number of tender/painful
joints assessed using 28-joint counts [0739] Subject's pain
assessment [0740] Physician's global assessment of arthritis
condition [0741] Patients' global assessment of arthritis condition
[0742] Functional disability index (Health Assessment
Questionnaire) [0743] C-reactive Protein (CRP) [0744] ESR [0745]
Global Fatigue Index [0746] HAQ disability index [0747]
Pharmacodynamic biomarkers after single and repeat intravenous
doses [0748] Characteristic AUC.sub.50 and EC.sub.50 for clinical
endpoint changes with plasma exposure model, as assessed by sigmoid
E.sub.max and indirect response PK/PD models. [0749] Immunogenicity
(Human anti-compound of Formulas (I)-(III) antibodies) Phase II
Clinical Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Compounds of Formulas
(I)-(III) in Patients with Severe, Recalcitrant, Plaque-Type
Psoriasis.
[0750] The purpose of this phase II trial is to investigate the
safety, efficacy, and tolerability of a compound of Formulas
(I)-(III) in patients with severe, recalcitrant, plaque-type
psoriasis.
[0751] Patients:
[0752] Eligible subjects will be men and women between the ages of
18 and 75.
[0753] Criteria:
[0754] Inclusion Criteria: [0755] The patient has severe,
recalcitrant, plaque-type psoriasis and has failed at least 1
systemic therapy (for the purposes of this study psoralen with
ultraviolet light A is considered to be a systemic therapy); [0756]
The patient has psoriatic involvement of at least 10% of BSA;
[0757] The patient has a PSGA score of 4 or greater; [0758] The
patient, if a woman, is surgically sterile or 2 years
postmenopausal, or if of childbearing potential is currently using
a medically accepted method of contraception, and agrees to
continue use of this method for the duration of the study (and for
30 days after participation in the study). Acceptable methods of
contraception include: abstinence, steroidal contraceptive (oral,
transdermal, implanted, or injected) in conjunction with a barrier
method, or intrauterine device (IUD); [0759] The patient, if a
main, is surgically sterile, or if capable of producing offspring,
is currently using an approved method of birth control, and agrees
to continued use of this method for the duration of the study (and
for 60 days after taking the last dose of a compound of Formulas
(I)-(III) because of the possible effects on spermatogenesis);
[0760] The patient must be willing and able to comply with study
procedures and restrictions and willing to return to the clinic for
the follow-up evaluation as specified in this protocol.
[0761] Exclusion Criteria: [0762] The patient has received
treatment with systemic psoriasis treatments (specifically,
retinoids, methotrexate, cyclosporine A, etanercept, efalizumab,
other biological agents or other immunomodulators) within 4 weeks,
or UV based therapy within 2 weeks, or alefacept within 6 weeks of
the planned 1st day of study treatment; [0763] The patient has
received treatment with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors including
cyclosporine, clotrimazole, fluconazole, itraconazole,
ketoconazole, voriconazole, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and
troleandomycin, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease
inhibitors, or nefazodone within 1 week (7 days) of the planned 1st
day of study treatment; [0764] The patient is currently receiving
warfarin; [0765] The patient has hypersensitivity to a compound of
Formulas (I)-(III) or any component of a compound of Formula (I),
(II) or (III); [0766] The patient has one or more of the following
serum chemistry values as determined at the screening visit (visit
1): [0767] bilirubin levels greater than 2 times the upper limit of
normal (ULN); [0768] ALT or AST levels greater than 2 times the
ULN; [0769] serum creatinine levels or more than 2 mg/dL; [0770]
The patient requires current treatment for HIV with protease
inhibitors; [0771] The patient is taking medication for a clinical
diagnosis of gastrointestinal ulceration or has experienced melena
or hematoemesis in the previous 3 weeks; [0772] The patient is a
woman who is pregnant or lactating; [0773] The patient has received
treatment with an investigation drug within 4 weeks of the planned
1st day of study treatment.
[0774] Study Design:
[0775] This is an exploratory, open-label, nonrandomized,
dose-escalation study of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of
a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) in patients with severe,
recalcitrant, plaque-type psoriasis.
Phase II Clinical Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Compounds of
Formulas (I)-(III) for Prophylaxis of Acute Rejection after Renal
Transplantation
[0776] The standard immunosuppressive treatment after renal
transplantation is a combination of tacrolimus, mycophenolate
mofetil, and prednisolone. With this regimen the incidence of acute
rejection within the first six months after transplantation can
drop to about 20%. The main challenge at present remains to improve
long-term outcome by preventing chronic allograft nephropathy
(CAN). Since acute rejection is a strong predictor of CAN, a
further decrease in the incidence of acute rejection can improve
the long-term graft survival. The purpose of this phase II clinical
trial is to investigate the effectiveness and safety of a compound
of Formulas (I)-(III) for prophylaxis of acute rejection after
renal transplantation.
[0777] Patients:
[0778] Eligible subjects will be men and women ages 18 and
older
[0779] Criteria:
[0780] Inclusion Criteria: [0781] Renal transplant recipients;
[0782] Signed, dated, and witnessed IRB approved informed
consent;
[0783] Exclusion Criteria: [0784] Pregnancy; [0785] Living donor,
who is HLA identical; [0786] Hemolytic uremic syndrome as original
kidney disease; [0787] Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis that had
recurred in a previous graft; [0788] More than two previously
failed grafts and/or PRA >85%; [0789] Diabetes mellitus that is
currently not treated with insulin; [0790] Total white blood cell
count <3,000/mm3 or platelet count <75,000/mm3; [0791] Active
infection with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or HIV; [0792] History of
tuberculosis.
[0793] Study Design:
[0794] This is a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled
intervention study on the efficacy and safety of the prophylactic
use of a compound of Formulas (I)-(III). One group will receive a
single dose of a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) intravenously at
the time of transplantation, and the other group receives a placebo
infusion.
[0795] Primary Outcome: [0796] To determine the incidence and
severity of biopsy-confirmed acute rejection within the first six
months after transplantation
[0797] Secondary Outcomes: [0798] Renal function as estimated by
the endogenous creatinine clearance at 6 months [0799] Occurrence
of chronic allograft nephropathy at 6 months [0800] Cumulative
incidence of infections and malignancies at 6 months [0801] Medical
costs during the first 6 months after transplantation [0802]
Patient and graft survival Phase II Clinical Trial of the Safety
and Tolerability of a Compound of Formulas (I)-(III) in Patients
with Active Ulcerative Colitis (UC)
[0803] The purpose of this phase II trial is to investigate the
safety, tolerability of a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) regimen in
patients with active ulcerative colitis.
[0804] Patients:
[0805] Eligible subjects will be men and women aged 18 and
older
[0806] Criteria:
[0807] Inclusion Criteria: [0808] Active UC on 5-ASA therapy and
also treated with 6-MP and/or corticosteroids or who have
previously been treated with AZA, 6-MP or corticosteroids and could
not tolerate them; [0809] Mayo score of 6 to 10 points with
moderate to severe disease on endoscopy (Mayo score of at least 2)
performed .ltoreq.14 days of study drug administration; [0810]
Subjects on the following medications may be enrolled into the
study if the medications were according to the following schedules
prior to study drug administration and if no changes are
anticipated during the study; [0811] prednisolone .ltoreq.20 mg
daily (or equivalent) (dose must be stable for at least 2 weeks
prior to study drug administration); [0812] 5-ASA (dose must be
stable for at least 4 weeks prior to study drug administration);
[0813] AZA or 6-MP (dose must be stable for at least 3 months prior
to study drug administration); [0814] Rectal steroids or 5-ASA
(must have been stable for at least 4 weeks prior to study drug);
[0815] Subjects using rectal medications must have visible disease
on sigmoidoscopy at >20 cm; [0816] Screening laboratory values
must meet certain criteria: [0817] Women must be postmenopausal
(>12 months without menses) or surgically sterile (e.g., by
hysterectomy and/or bilateral oophorectomy) or must be using
effective contraception (e.g., oral contraceptives, intrauterine
device (IUD), double barrier method of condom and spermicidal) for
at least 4 weeks prior to study drug administration and agree to
continue contraception for the duration of their participation in
the study; and [0818] Sexually active male subjects must use a
barrier method of contraception during the duration of the
study
[0819] Exclusion Criteria:
[0820] Anti-TNF therapy within 8 weeks before study drug
administration;
[0821] Any experimental therapy more therapy .ltoreq.4 weeks before
study drug administration;
[0822] Prior treatment with any monoclonal antibody or
immunoglobulin-based fusion proteins .ltoreq.8 weeks prior to study
treatment;
[0823] Presence of Cushing's syndrome;
[0824] Toxic megacolon or fulminant disease likely to require
colectomy;
[0825] Contraindication to colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy;
[0826] Primary or secondary immunodeficiency;
[0827] Autoimmune disease besides UC, with the exceptions of
Sjogren's syndrome or hypothyroidism;
[0828] History of malignancy, excluding adequately treated and
cured basal or squamous cell of the skin, or cervical carcinoma in
situ;
[0829] Major psychiatric disease (subjects with stable depression
receiving appropriate management will be permitted in the
study);
[0830] Evidence of acute or chronic infection as evidenced by:
[0831] stool culture positive for pathogens and/or Clostridium
difficile toxin;
[0832] findings on Screening chest radiography such as pulmonary
infiltrate(s) or adenopathy;
[0833] current treatment for tuberculosis infection, clinical or
radiological evidence of active TB, or for subjects in North
America, a positive PPD without prior prophylaxis;
[0834] Herpes zoster .ltoreq.3 months prior to study drug
administration;
[0835] active infectious disease requiring i.v. antibiotics within
4 weeks prior to study treatment or oral antibiotics at the time of
enrollment;
[0836] HIV or AIDS;
[0837] positive tests for HBV, or HCV indicating active or chronic
infection;
[0838] Clinically significant cardiac disease requiring medication,
unstable angina, myocardial within 6 months, or congestive heart
failure;
[0839] Arrhythmia requiring active therapy, with the exception of
clinically insignificant or minor conduction abnormalities;
[0840] History of cerebrovascular disease requiring
medication/treatment;
[0841] Anticoagulation therapy or a known bleeding disorder;
[0842] Seizure disorder requiring active therapy;
[0843] Known drug or alcohol abuse;
[0844] Pregnant or nursing;
[0845] Any underlying medical condition that in the Principal
Investigator's opinion will make the study drug hazardous to the
subject or would obscure the interpretation of treatment efficacy
or safety; or
[0846] Inability or unwillingness to return for Follow-up visits
and comply with study protocol
[0847] Primary Outcome Measures: [0848] Change in Mayo score at Day
57 compared with Screening
[0849] Secondary Outcome Measures: [0850] Remission rate
[0851] Study Design:
[0852] This is a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled,
randomized, multi-dose study of a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) in
subjects with active UC experiencing flare. All subjects will have
active disease while on a 5-ASA containing medication and are
either on stable doses of corticosteroids and/or azathioprine or
6-mercaptopurine, or who have previously been on these medications
but could not tolerate them. Flare is defined as a Mayo score of 6
to 10 with moderate to severe disease activity on endoscopy (Mayo
endoscopic subscore of at least 2) within 2 weeks of receiving
study drug administration. Doses of permitted concomitant
medications (corticosteroids, azathioprine (AZA), 6-mercaptopurine
(6-MP), and 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASA) containing compounds) should
remain constant during the course of the study. Subjects will be
randomized to receive placebo or a compound of Formulas (I)-(III)
intravenously on Days 1, 15, 29, and 43. All subjects will be seen
in the clinic at regular intervals up to Day 85 for safety,
efficacy, pharmacokinetic, and/or pharmacodynamic assessments. All
subjects will be contacted 70 days after the last dose of study
drug. Assessment of safety will be determined by vital sign
measurements, clinical laboratory tests, physical examinations,
immunogenicity assessments, chest x-ray, electrocardiograms, and
the incidence and severity of treatment emergent adverse events.
The primary clinical assessment of activity will be determined by
the change in Mayo score at Day 57 compared with Screening.
Secondary endpoints include determination of remission rate by the
mayo score at Day 57, evaluation of mucosal healing and change from
baseline in the IBDQ score.
Phase II Clinical Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Compounds of
Formulas (I)-(III) in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
[0853] The purpose of this phase II trial is to investigate the
safety, efficacy and tolerability of a compound of Formulas
(I)-(III) in patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple
Schlerosis.
[0854] Patients:
[0855] Eligible subjects will be men and women between the ages of
18 and 65.
[0856] Criteria:
[0857] Inclusion Criteria: [0858] Have a definite diagnosis of
Relapsing remitting Multiple Sclerosis [0859] Have a history of at
least 1 of the following: a. A minimum of 2 relapses of MS within
the previous 2 years but not within the 1-month period prior to
screening. b. A relapse of MS within the previous 6 months but not
within the 1-month period prior to screening
[0860] Exclusion Criteria: [0861] Have a CNS disease (e.g., CNS
lymphoma, systemic lupus erythematous) [0862] Have significant
bulbar involvement of MS or other neurologic deficits [0863] Have a
decubitus ulcer [0864] Have received immunomodulatory therapies
within 3 months of screening
[0865] Primary Outcome Measures: [0866] The cumulative number of
newly Gd-enhancing Ti-weighted lesions on cranial MRIs through week
23
[0867] Secondary Outcome Measures: [0868] The total number of
relapses of MS through week 23; change from baseline in Expanded
Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score at week 23
[0869] Study Design:
[0870] This is a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled,
randomized, dose-ranging study of multiple subcutaneous injections
of a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) in patients with
relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Patients will receive
subcutaneous injections of a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) or
placebo at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 15, and 19 or 100.
Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0871] Parenteral Composition
[0872] To prepare a parenteral pharmaceutical composition suitable
for administration by injection, 100 mg of a compound of Formulas
(I)-(III) is dissolved in DMSO and then mixed with mL of 0.9%
sterile saline. The mixture is incorporated into a dosage unit form
suitable for administration by injection.
[0873] In another embodiment, the following ingredients are mixed
to form an injectable formulation:
TABLE-US-00009 Ingredient Amount Compound of Formulas (I)-(III) 1.2
g sodium acetate buffer solution (0.4M) 2.0 mL HCl (1N) or NaOH
(1M) q.s. to suitable pH water (distilled, sterile) q.s. to 20
mL
[0874] All of the above ingredients, except water, are combined and
stirred and if necessary, with slight heating if necessary. A
sufficient quantity of water is then added.
[0875] Oral Composition
[0876] To prepare a pharmaceutical composition for oral delivery,
100 mg of a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) is mixed with 750 mg of
starch. The mixture is incorporated into an oral dosage unit, such
as a hard gelatin capsule, which is suitable for oral
administration.
[0877] In another embodiment, the following ingredients are mixed
intimately and pressed into single scored tablets.
TABLE-US-00010 Ingredient Quantity per tablet, mg compound of
Formulas (I)-(III) 200 Cornstarch 50 croscarmellose sodium 25
Lactose 120 magnesium stearate 5
[0878] In yet another embodiment, the following ingredients are
mixed intimately and loaded into a hard-shell gelatin capsule.
TABLE-US-00011 Ingredient Quantity per tablet, mg compound of
Formulas (I)-(III) 200 lactose, spray-dried 148 magnesium stearate
2
[0879] In yet another embodiment, the following ingredients are
mixed to form a solution/suspension for oral administration:
TABLE-US-00012 Ingredient Amount Compound of Formulas (I)-(III) 1 g
Anhydrous Sodium Carbonate 0.1 g Ethanol (200 proof), USP 10 mL
Purified Water, USP 90 mL Aspartame 0.003 g
[0880] Sublingual (Hard Lozenge) Composition
[0881] To prepare a pharmaceutical composition for buccal delivery,
such as a hard lozenge, mix 100 mg of a compound of Formulas
(I)-(III) with 420 mg of powdered sugar mixed with 1.6 mL of light
corn syrup, 2.4 mL distilled water, and 0.42 mL mint extract. The
mixture is gently blended and poured into a mold to form a lozenge
suitable for buccal administration.
[0882] Inhalation Composition
[0883] To prepare a pharmaceutical composition for inhalation
delivery, 20 mg of a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) is mixed with
50 mg of anhydrous citric acid and 100 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride
solution. The mixture is incorporated into an inhalation delivery
unit, such as a nebulizer, which is suitable for inhalation
administration.
[0884] Rectal Gel Composition
[0885] To prepare a pharmaceutical composition for rectal delivery,
100 mg of a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) is mixed with 2.5 g of
methylcelluose (1500 mPa), 100 mg of methylparapen, 5 g of glycerin
and 100 mL of purified water. The resulting gel mixture is then
incorporated into rectal delivery units, such as syringes, which
are suitable for rectal administration.
[0886] Suppository Formulation
[0887] A suppository of total weight 2.5 g is prepared by mixing a
compound of Formulas (I)-(III) with Witepsol.TM. H-15
(triglycerides of saturated vegetable fatty acid; Riches-Nelson,
New York), and has the following composition:
TABLE-US-00013 Ingredient Quantity per suppository, mg compound of
Formulas (I)-(III) 500 Witepsol .RTM. H-15 balance
[0888] Topical Gel Composition
[0889] To prepare a pharmaceutical topical gel composition, 100 mg
of a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) is mixed with 1.75 g of
hydroxypropyl cellulose, 10 mL of propylene glycol, 10 mL of
isopropyl myristate and 100 mL of purified alcohol USP. The
resulting gel mixture is then incorporated into containers, such as
tubes, which are suitable for topical administration.
[0890] Ophthalmic Solution Composition
[0891] To prepare a pharmaceutical opthalmic solution composition,
100 mg of a compound of Formulas (I)-(III) is mixed with 0.9 g of
NaCl in 100 mL of purified water and filtered using a 0.2 micron
filter. The resulting isotonic solution is then incorporated into
ophthalmic delivery units, such as eye drop containers, which are
suitable for ophthalmic administration.
[0892] The examples and embodiments described herein are for
illustrative purposes only and in some embodiments, various
modifications or changes are to be included within the purview of
disclosure and scope of the appended claims.
Sequence CWU 1
1
311497DNAHomo Sapiens 1agcggcgccg cgggcctgcg tgctggggca gcgggcactt
cttcgacctc gtcctcctcg 60tcctgtgcgg ccggccgggt gaggccgggc ccgcgtaggg
ggcagtcggc ggctgcctcc 120ggcggaggtg cctcgcggcg cccgggccgg
cccgcgcctc ggcggcgtgc tccatgcatc 180cggagcccgc cccgcccccg
agccgcagca gtcccgagct tcccccaagc ggcggcagca 240ccaccagcgg
cagccgccgg agccgccgcc gcagcgggga cggggagccc ccgggggccc
300cgccaccgcc gccgtccgcc gtcacctacc cggactggat cggccagagt
tactccgagg 360tgatgagcct caacgagcac tccatgcagg cgctgtcctg
gcgcaagctc tacttgagcc 420gcgccaagct taaagcctcc agccggacct
cggctctgct ctccggcttc gccatggtgg 480caatggtgga ggtgcagctg
gacgctgacc acgactaccc accggggctg ctcatcgcct 540tcagtgcctg
caccacagtg ctggtggctg tgcacctgtt tgcgctcatg atcagcacct
600gcatcctgcc caacatcgag gcggtgagca acgtgcacaa tctcaactcg
gtcaaggagt 660ccccccatga gcgcatgcac cgccacatcg agctggcctg
ggccttctcc accgtcatcg 720gcacgctgct cttcctagct gaggtggtgc
tgctctgctg ggtcaagttc ttgcccctca 780agaagcagcc aggccagcca
aggcccacca gcaagccccc cgccagtggc gcagcagcca 840acgtcagcac
cagcggcatc accccgggcc aggcagctgc catcgcctcg accaccatca
900tggtgccctt cggcctgatc tttatcgtct tcgccgtcca cttctaccgc
tcactggtta 960gccataagac tgaccgacag ttccaggagc tcaacgagct
ggcggagttt gcccgcttac 1020aggaccagct ggaccacaga ggggaccacc
ccctgacgcc cggcagccac tatgcctagg 1080cccatgtggt ctgggccctt
ccagtgcttt ggccttacgc ccttcccctt gaccttgtcc 1140tgccccagcc
tcacggacag cctgcgcagg gggctgggct tcagcaaggg gcagagcatg
1200gagggaagag gatttttata agagaaattt ctgcactttg aaactgtcct
ctaagagaat 1260aagcatttcc tgttcttcca gctccaggtc cacctcctgt
tgggaggcgg tggggggcca 1320aagtggggcc acacactcgc tgtgtcccct
ctcctcccct gtgccagtgc cacctgggtg 1380cctcctcctg tcctgtccgt
ctcaacctcc ctcccgtcca gcattgagtg tgtacatgtg 1440tgtgtgacac
ataaatatac tcataaggaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaa
149722495DNAHomo sapiens 2ggagagcctg agttggcatt cgtataaatg
acctgcctgg ctcccaccat gagtgctgag 60cttaacgtgc ctatcgaccc ctctgctcct
gcctgccctg agccaggcca taagggcatg 120gattaccggg actgggtccg
ccgcagctac ctggaactgg tcacctctaa ccaccactcg 180gtacaggccc
tgtcgtggcg gaagctctac ctgagcaggg ccaagctgaa ggcctccagc
240aggacctccg ccctcctctc cggctttgcc atggtggcca tggtggaggt
gcagctggag 300acgcagtacc agtacccgcg gccgctgctg attgccttca
gcgcctgcac cacggtgctg 360gtggccgtgc acctgttcgc cctcctcatc
agcacctgca tcctgcccaa tgtggaggcc 420gtgagcaaca tccacaacct
gaactccatc agcgagtccc cgcatgagcg catgcacccc 480tacatcgagc
tggcctgggg cttctccacc gtgcttggca tcctactctt cctggccgag
540gtggtgctgc tctgctggat caagttcctc cccgtggatg cccggcgcca
gcctggcccc 600ccacctggcc ctgggagtca cacgggctgg caggccgccc
tggtgtccac catcatcatg 660gtgcccgtgg gcctcatctt cgtggtcttc
accatccact tctaccgctc cctggtgcgc 720cacaaaacgg agcgccacaa
ccgcgagatc gaggagctcc acaagctcaa ggtccagctg 780gacgggcatg
agcgcagcct gcaggtcttg tgaggggccg agggccgggg ctgggagcgg
840ccctgtgccc gggagtccgc agaggcgggg atttgtcaga tgcagacatt
ttgcaaggct 900gccgggtagt tcaagaccaa agttttcctc ttgtcttaat
accataagga ctggatgact 960tctcctgaga tagaaccgtt tggttcaatg
agggactgtg ttgctaagag cgttgggggc 1020aaagccaggc tggttccttg
gcctcggggt ttcctgggtc ggggacacgg tgaagaggct 1080ccagcgggac
ctgcccatca gtcctgggcc aggaggggct ccaagcagca cccagcggtc
1140cgggggagtc tcagacccgg catgcgtggc tggcagacct gggagagcca
gggcagggtt 1200ttgcgttcag agaaggattg ccccagagac ccgtggtgga
cttcatgggt gctgagtggc 1260ccgtgtgaca gtgatgacac gaaggcttcg
gcgtttgagt gggtgcaggt gcacgccagg 1320gcttggtgct tccctgcctg
gccctggagg gagctgggtg gcctggcttc aggggaagac 1380aggagccagg
acacacgtca gcccagcagg tgtggggggt gctgcagccc tcggcagtgg
1440ggtcaggccc tgggggatgt ttccaatggt gggcagcctg gccaggccgg
agaagacatg 1500ttcacgggca tctatcagat gcccccttga ggaggctgag
ttatttgagg gctgctgcaa 1560agtacgctag gctcaaattc tcttttccca
gccagagccc tggccacacg gactcagagg 1620ggccaccggg gtggggaaag
gacccctccc cgaccccccg cagccactgg cctccagctc 1680tcggccacag
aatggcctct aaggctgact cagccgctcc cttgggctgt ggcagcagga
1740ggcgggggct ctggctcagg ccccggagcc tgtgcagctt gcccatggcc
ctaggcagcg 1800aggggacagc ctgggggact tcctgcctag gcaaggtcat
tggccgggcc tggcctgtgg 1860atagtggggc caggggccgg cccaggccaa
atgagtgccc tccttgttat gacaccaagt 1920gactacaagg gaggcaagac
ccctccaggc ctctcagccg acactgggtc ccaccacaca 1980cagtgactgt
gccgtgcagt gcaggttctg gccttttcct tgaaggcatc tggtagaccc
2040gaagccacgc tctcgggccg cacatgcacg ccgcagcacc agctgccctg
agctgcttgt 2100acaaccaaac acctttcccc tcttctccag ctgtaacctg
gagagtcagc catgccttgt 2160cttttgttct cataaatagt cactggggcc
gggcgcagtg actcacgcct gtaatcccag 2220cactttggga ggcctaggtg
ggcggatcac ttgaggtcag gagttcgaga ccagcctggc 2280caacatggtg
aaaccctgtc tctactaaaa aaatacagaa aattagctgg gcgtggtggc
2340gggcgcctgt agccccagct acttgggagg ctgaggtggg agaatggcaa
tggcgtgaac 2400ccgggaggca gagcttgcag tgagctgaga tggcgccact
gcactccagc ctgggcgaca 2460gagccagact caatctcaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaa
249532239DNAHomo sapiens 3cgctccggct cctggggctc cccgcagacg
ctgcttttct tgctccactg ggggtgcctc 60ttcctgggcg cccgccgcct gcatcctgct
cgccctgtct gggaatgggg ccgcccccgg 120gcttgggccg gcccggctgg
ggcccccgag gcgcttccgc cccgtagtga ccgcctggtg 180ccgccccccc
ccaggatgaa gggcggcgag ggggacgcgg gcgagcaggc cccgctgaac
240cctgagggcg agagccctgc aggctcggcc acgtaccggg agttcgtgca
ccgcggctac 300ctggacctca tgggggccag tcagcactcg ctgcgggcgc
tcagctggcg ccgcctctac 360ctcagccggg ccaagctcaa agcttccagc
cgcacgtctg ccttgctctc gggcttcgcc 420atggtggcca tggtggaggt
gcagctggag agtgaccacg agtacccacc aggcctgctg 480gtggccttca
gtgcctgcac caccgtgctg gtggctgtgc acctctttgc actcatggtc
540tccacgtgtc tgctgcccca cattgaagct gtgagcaaca tccacaacct
caactctgtc 600caccagtcgc cacaccagag actgcaccgc tacgtggagc
tggcctgggg cttctccact 660gccctgggca cctttctctt ccttgctgaa
gttgtcctgg ttggttgggt caagtttgtg 720cccattgggg ctcccttgga
cacaccgacc cccatggtgc ccacatcccg ggtgcccggg 780actctggcac
cagtggctac ctcccttagt ccagcttcca atctcccacg gtcctctgcg
840tctgcagcac cgtcccaggc tgagccagcc tgcccacccc ggcaagcctg
tggtggtggt 900ggggcccatg ggccaggctg gcaagcagcc atggcctcca
cagccatcat ggtacccgtg 960gggctcgtgt ttgtggcctt tgccctgcat
ttctaccgct ccttggtggc acacaagaca 1020gaccgctaca agcaggaact
agaggaactg aatcgcctgc agggggagct gcaggctgtg 1080tgagactggt
gttagccacc gctcactgca agcactgcct ccctccgggg tctgtaagag
1140gccgcagggg cctacagacc tcatcccccc atcccctggc tggagccact
tccagtggcc 1200actctcaggc agagttcaga ttcctgcccg cagggtcctc
tgggctgggc cttggggcag 1260ctcccacatt cccagggatt ttccccatca
gtctgtccct tgggttttgc aagctactct 1320gcacctgggc tggcctcagt
tgaaggatca tgcagtagat agaggggagg cagggagagc 1380ttgtgggacc
ttcagtgctg actttagcca ccatttccat tcctatacag gatgtgaagg
1440tcagaaggca gccaattgtt ggtttaattt tttttttttt tgagacagtc
tgtttcccag 1500gctggagtgt agtgatacag tcacagctca ctgtagcctc
gaccttccag gctcaaaaga 1560tgctcccacc acagcctccc aggtagtgag
tagctggtac tacaggtgtg tgctgccaca 1620cccgactaat ttttttgtag
agacggggtt tcgctgttcc caggctggtc tcaaactcct 1680gggctcaagt
gaacctcccg cctcggcctc ccaaagtgct gggattcctt tctttatttc
1740tgtagaatct attttatggt tggcattttg ggggaagatt tcgatgggtt
ccacattctt 1800gctttagttg ttgtagaggg atttgggtgt ttctacccaa
ggcattggtc tagcttttcc 1860tacaatgaac ctatctttgg aggtttaagc
tccccacctt cccccactgt ggtgacctgt 1920ggccacttgc agaagggatg
gtgcctgacc cactgcccta gccccacgct atgcaccaaa 1980cttgttctcc
ccgtcctggt ccagggctgg ggtctttaga gactgacagc ctctgcccca
2040ggcctgagtc cttagcaagg gttgggtaag gaggttttaa gggagaaggt
ccagtcctta 2100gcccttgaaa tacaaagctc ttctgacact gaatttggat
gcaccttgtt ttatataata 2160aatcgtgttt cacagaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 2220aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaa 2239
* * * * *
References