U.S. patent application number 13/819537 was filed with the patent office on 2013-08-29 for w/o nanoemulsion and method for producing same.
The applicant listed for this patent is Mikio Aramata, Gjergi Dodbiba, Toyohisa Fujita, Asana Kokubun, Takayuki Shimizu. Invention is credited to Mikio Aramata, Gjergi Dodbiba, Toyohisa Fujita, Asana Kokubun, Takayuki Shimizu.
Application Number | 20130219772 13/819537 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 45772903 |
Filed Date | 2013-08-29 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130219772 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Fujita; Toyohisa ; et
al. |
August 29, 2013 |
W/O NANOEMULSION AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME
Abstract
The present invention provides a W/O nanoemulsion which remains
stable even if stored for long periods of six months, for example.
The W/O nanoemulsion of the present invention comprises: a) a water
content of greater than 0 wt % but no greater than 30 wt %; b) an
oil content of less than 100 wt % but no less than 70 wt %; c) 1 to
30 parts by weight of at least one nonionic surfactant for every
100 parts by weight of oil, the nonionic surfactant having an HLB
value of 1 to 10; and d) 0.1 to 30 parts by weight of at least one
selected from the group consisting of an anionic surfactant, a
cationic surfactant, and an amphoteric surfactant, for every 100
parts by weight of water, wherein the average particle size of 50%
of the water particles in the W/O nanoemulsion is 100 nm or
less.
Inventors: |
Fujita; Toyohisa;
(Bunkyo-ku, JP) ; Kokubun; Asana; (Bunkyo-ku,
JP) ; Dodbiba; Gjergi; (Bunkyo-ku, JP) ;
Aramata; Mikio; (Bunkyo-ku, JP) ; Shimizu;
Takayuki; (Ota-ku, JP) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Fujita; Toyohisa
Kokubun; Asana
Dodbiba; Gjergi
Aramata; Mikio
Shimizu; Takayuki |
Bunkyo-ku
Bunkyo-ku
Bunkyo-ku
Bunkyo-ku
Ota-ku |
|
JP
JP
JP
JP
JP |
|
|
Family ID: |
45772903 |
Appl. No.: |
13/819537 |
Filed: |
August 31, 2011 |
PCT Filed: |
August 31, 2011 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/JP2011/069698 |
371 Date: |
May 13, 2013 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
44/301 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C10L 1/328 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
44/301 |
International
Class: |
C10L 1/32 20060101
C10L001/32 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Aug 31, 2010 |
JP |
2010-193523 |
Mar 10, 2011 |
JP |
2011-052706 |
Claims
1. A W/O type emulsion comprising: a) water: more than 0 wt % but
no more than 30 wt %; b) oil: less than 100 wt % but no less than
70 wt %; c) at least one nonionic surfactant having an HLB value of
1 to 10:1 to 30 parts by weight, which are normalized in a case
where an amount of the oil is considered as 100 parts by weight;
and d) at least one selected from the group consisting of anionic
surfactants, cationic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants: 0.1
to 30 parts by weight, which are normalized in a case where an
amount of the water is considered as 100 parts by weight, wherein
50% average particle size of the water particle in the W/O type
emulsion is 100 nm or less.
2. The W/O type emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the 50%
average particle size of the water particle in the W/O type
emulsion is 5 to 100 nm.
3. The W/O type emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the b) oil
is at least one selected from the group consisting of kerosene,
gasoline, light oil, heavy oil, alcohol, biofuel and ethyl
tert-butyl ether.
4. The W/O type emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the c)
nonionic surfactant is at least one selected from the group
consisting of polyoxyethylene glycol, fatty acid sorbitan esters,
alkyl polyglucosides, fatty acid diethanolamides, alkyl
monoglyceryl ethers, alkyl glycosides, polyethylene glycol, and
polyvinyl alcohol.
5. The W/O type emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the d)
surfactant comprises an anionic surfactant.
6. The W/O type emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the d)
surfactant consists of an anionic surfactant(s).
7. The W/O type emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the anionic
surfactant is at least one selected from the group consisting of
fatty acid salts, monoalkyl sulfates, alkyl polyoxyethylene
sulfates, alkylbenezene sulfonates, monoalkyl phosphates, and
sulfosuccinate-type surfactants.
8. The W/O type emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the
surfactant d) comprises a cationic surfactant.
9. The W/O type emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the
surfactant d) consists of a cationic surfactant(s).
10. The W/O type emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the
cationic surfactant is at least one selected from the group
consisting of alkyltrimethyl ammonium salts, dialkyldimethyl
ammonium salts, and alkylbenzyldimethyl ammonium salts.
11. The W/O type emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the
surfactant d) comprises an amphoteric surfactant.
12. The W/O type emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the
surfactant d) consists of an amphoteric surfactant(s).
13. The W/O type emulsion according to claim 1, wherein the
amphoteric surfactant is at least one selected from the group
consisting of alkyldimethylamine oxides and alkylcarboxy
betaines.
14. A fuel comprising the W/O type emulsion according to claim
1.
15. A fuel consisting of the W/O type emulsion according to claim
1.
16. A method for producing a W/O type emulsion comprising: a)
water: more than 0 wt % but no more than 30 wt %; b) oil: less than
100 wt % but no less than 70 wt %; c) at least one nonionic
surfactant having an HLB value of 1 to 10:1 to 30 parts by weight,
which are normalized in a case where an amount of the oil is
considered as 100 parts by weight; and d) at least one selected
from the group consisting of anionic surfactants, cationic
surfactants and amphoteric surfactants: 0.1 to 30 parts by weight,
which are normalized in a case where an amount of the water is
considered as 100 parts by weight, wherein 50% average particle
size of the water particle in the W/O type emulsion is 100 nm or
less, the method comprising the steps of: i) preparing the a)
water; ii) preparing the b) oil; iii) preparing the c) nonionic
surfactant; iv) preparing the d) surfactant; and v) mixing the a)
to d); to obtain the W/O type emulsion.
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the mixing step v)
comprises the steps of v-1) mixing the oil of the step ii); and the
nonionic surfactant of the step iii), separately from step v-1),
v-2) mixing the water of the step i) and the surfactant of the step
iv) and v-3) mixing the mixture obtained in the step v-1) and the
mixture obtained in the step v-2).
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This is the National Stage of International Application
PCT/JP2011/069698, with an international filing date of Aug. 31,
2011, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by
reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention relates to a W/O nanoemulsion and a
method for producing the W/O nanoemuision, and a fuel, comprising
the W/O nanoemuision.
BACKGROUND ART
[0003] It is said that an emulsion fuel has effects to suppress
generation of nitrogen oxides and particulate matters and to reduce
the environmental load caused by gas exhausted from internal
combustion engines. It is thought that, when the filet is ignited
in the internal combustion engine, water droplets evaporate first
because of low boiling temperature and, at this time, the
surrounding oil flies apart to make particles smaller in size.
Since the area per their volume of the oil particles in contact
with oxygen increases and the local imperfect combustion is
suppressed, the efficiency of combustion increases and the
generation of particulate matters (PMs) decreases. At the same
time, since the temperature of the internal combustion engine
decreases due to the influence of water contained, the generation
of nitrogen oxides due to the production reaction of Zeldovich NO
can also be suppressed. Increased combustion efficiency also leads
to decrease of CO and reduction of CO.sub.2.
PRIOR ART DOCUMENTS
Non-Patent Documents
[0004] Non-patent Document 1: CHIESA M et al.: Thermal conductivity
and viscosity of water-in-oil nanoemulsions, Colloids Surf A, Vol.
326 No. 1-2 Page 67-72 (2008). [0005] Non-patent Document 2:
MAGDASSI S. et al.: A new method for preparation of poly-lauryl
acrylate nanoparticles from nanoemulsions obtained by the phase
inversion temperature process, Polym. Adv. Technol., Vol. 18 No. 9
Page 705-711 (2007). [0006] Non-patent Document 3: PORRAS M et al.:
Studies of formation of W/O nanoemulsions, Colloids Surf A, Vol.
249 No. 1/3 Page 115-118 (2004).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Problems to be Solved by the Invention
[0007] However, in many cases, the conventional emulsion fuel
should be used immediately after production since it causes
oil/water separation over time. Even the high-quality emulsion fuel
which does not separate for a long time preserves its quality for
about three months at the longest.
[0008] In addition, there were problems that the conventional
technique can only produce and use microemulsion, but cannot
produce nanoemulsion, even if possible, nanoemulsion is not stable
for a long time.
[0009] An object of the present invention is to solve the above
problems.
[0010] Specifically, an object of the present invention is to
provide a W/O type nanoemulsion which remains stable even if stored
for long periods, for example, six months.
[0011] Further, other than or in addition to the above-described
object, an object of the present invention is to provide a W/O type
nanoemuision having a combustion efficiency better than kerosene,
light oil or the like, or a fuel comprising the W/O type
nanoemulsion.
[0012] More, other than or in addition to the above-described
objects, an object of the present invention is to provide a W/O
type nanoemulsion which can suppress the amount of NO.sub.x and/or
CO generated by combustion, or a fuel comprising the W/O type
nanoemulsion.
Means to Solve the Problem
[0013] The present invention have found the following inventions:
[0014] <1> A W/O type emulsion comprising: [0015] water: more
than 0 wt % but no more than 30 wt %, preferably 5 to 20*t %;
[0016] oil: less than 100 wt % but no less than 70 wt %, preferably
95 to 80 wt %; at least one nonionic surfactant having an HUB value
of 1 to 10, preferably 3 to 8: 1 to 30 parts by weight, preferably
10 to 20 parts by weight, which are normalized in a case where an
amount of the oil is considered as 100 parts by weight; and [0017]
at least one selected from the group consisting of anionic
surfactants, cationic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants: 0.1
to 30 parts by weight, preferably 0.5 to 20 parts by weight, which
are normalized in a case where an amount of the water is considered
as 100 parts by weight, wherein 50% average particle size of the
water particle in the W/O type emulsion is 100 nm or less,
[0018] <2> In the above item <1>, the 50% average
particle size of the water particle in the W/O type emulsion may be
5 to 100 nm, preferably 5 to 50 nm, more preferably 5 to 30 nm,
most preferably 5 to 20 nm.
[0019] <3> In the above item <1> or <2>, the b)
oil may be at least one selected from the group consisting of
kerosene, gasoline, light oil, heavy oil (including A-type heavy
oil, B-type heavy oil and C-type heavy oil), alcohol, biofuel and
ethyl tert-butyl ether, preferably at least one selected from the
group consisting of kerosene, light oil, A-type heavy oil and
B-type heavy oil, more preferably kerosene or light oil.
[0020] <4> In any one of the above items <1> to
<3>, the c) nonionic surfactant may be at least one selected
from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene glycol, fatty acid
sorbitan esters, alkyl polyglucosides, fatty acid diethanolamides,
alkyl monoglyceryl ethers, alkyl glycosides, polyethylene glycol,
and polyvinyl alcohol, preferably at least one selected from the
group consisting of polyoxyethylene glycol, fatty acid sorbitan
esters, and alkyl polyglucosides, more preferably polyoxyethylene
glycol.
[0021] <5> In any one of the above items <1> to
<4>, the d) surfactant may comprise an anionic
surfactant.
[0022] <6> In any one of the above items <1> to
<4>, the d) surfactant may consist of an anionic
surfactant(s).
[0023] <7> In any one of the above items <1> to
<6>, the anionic surfactant may be at least one selected from
the group consisting of fatty acid salts, monoalkyl sulfates, alkyl
polyoxyethylene sulfates, alkylbenezene sulfonates, monoalkyl
phosphates, and sulfosuccinate-type surfactants (such as ethylhexyl
sulfosuccinate and the like), preferably at least one selected from
the group consisting of fatty acid salts, monoalkyl sulfates, alkyl
polyoxyethylene sulfates, and alkylbenezene sulfonates, more
preferably monoalkyl sulfates.
[0024] <8> In any one of the above items <1> to
<5> and <7>, the d) surfactant may comprise a cationic
surfactant.
[0025] <9> In any one of the above items <1> to
<4>, the d) surfactant may consist of a cationic
surfactant(s).
[0026] <10> In any one of the above items <1> to
<5> and <7> to <9>, the cationic surfactant may
be at least one selected from the group consisting of
alkyltrimethyl ammonium salts, dialkyldimethyl ammonium salts, and
alkylbenzyldimethyl ammonium salts, preferably alkyltrimethyl
ammonium salts.
[0027] <11> In any one of the above items <1> to
<5>, <7>, <8> and <10>, the d) surfactant
may comprise an amphoteric surfactant.
[0028] <12> In any one of the above items <1> to
<4>, the d) surfactant may consist of an amphoteric
surfactant(s).
[0029] <13> In any one of the above items <1> to
<5>, <7>, <8> and <10> to <12>, the
amphoteric surfactant may be at least one selected from the group
consisting of alkyldimethylamine oxides and alkylcarboxy
betaines.
[0030] <14> A fuel comprising the W/O type emulsion described
in the above items <1> to <13>.
[0031] <15> A fuel consisting of the W/O type emulsion
described in the above items <1> to <13>.
[0032] <16> A fuel consisting essentially of the W/O type
emulsion described in the above items <1> to <13>.
[0033] <16> A method for producing a W/O type emulsion
comprising: [0034] water: more than 0 wt % but no more than 30 wt
%, preferably 5 to 20 wt %; [0035] oil: less than 100 wt % but no
less than 70 wt %, preferably 95 to 80 wt %; at least one nonionic
surfactant having an HLB value of 1 to 10, preferably 3 to 8: 1 to
30 parts by weight, preferably 10 to 20 parts by weight, which are
normalized in a case where an amount of the oil is considered as
100 parts by weight; and [0036] at least one selected from the
group consisting of anionic surfactants, a cationic surfactants and
an amphoteric surfactants: 0.1 to 30 parts by weight, preferably
0.5 to 20 parts by weight, which are normalized in a case where an
amount of the water is considered as 100 parts by weight, wherein
50% average particle size of the water particle in the W/O type
emulsion is 100 nm or less, preferably 5 to 100 nm, preferably 5 to
50 nm, more preferably 5 to 30 nm, most preferably 5 to 20 nm, the
method comprising the steps of: [0037] i) preparing the a) later;
[0038] ii) preparing the b) [0039] iii) preparing the c) nonionic
surfactant; [0040] iv) preparing the d) surfactant; and [0041] v)
mixing the a) to d); to obtain the W/O type emulsion.
[0042] <17> In the above item <16>, the mixing step v)
may comprises the steps of [0043] v-1) mixing the oil of the step
ii); and the nonionic surfactant of the step iii), separately from
the step v-1), v-2) mixing the water of the step i) and the
surfactant of the step iv) and [0044] v-3) mixing the mixture
obtained in the step v-1) and the mixture obtained in the step
v-2).
[0045] <18> In the above item <16> or <17>, the
b) oil may be at least one selected from the group consisting of
kerosene, gasoline, light oil, heavy oil (including A-type heavy
oil, B-type heavy oil and C-type heavy oil), alcohol, biofuel and
ethyl tert-butyl ether, preferably at least one selected from the
group consisting of kerosene, light oil, A-type heavy oil and
B-type heavy oil, more preferably kerosene or light oil.
[0046] <19> In any one of the above items <16> to
<18>, the c) nonionic surfactant may be at least one selected
from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene glycol, fatty acid
sorbitan esters, alkyl polyglucosides, fatty acid diethanolamides,
alkyl monoglyceryl ethers, alkyl glycosides, polyethylene glycol,
and polyvinyl alcohol, preferably at least one selected from the
group consisting of polyoxyethylene glycol, fatty acid sorbitan
esters and alkyl polyglucosides, more preferably polyoxyethylene
glycol.
[0047] <20> In any one of the above items <16> to
<19>, the d) surfactant may comprise an anionic
surfactant.
[0048] <21> In any one of the above items <16> to
<19>, the d) surfactant may consist of an anionic
surfactant(s).
[0049] <22> In any one of the above items <16> to
<21>, the anionic surfactant may be at least one selected
from the group consisting of fatty acid salts, monoalkyl sulfates,
alkyl polyoxyethylene sulfates, alkylbenezene sulfonates, monoalkyl
phosphates, and sulfosuccinate-type surfactants (such as ethylhexyl
sulfosuccinate and the like), preferably at least one selected from
the group consisting of fatty acid salts, monoalkyl sulfates, alkyl
polyoxyethylene sulfates and alkylbenezene sultanates, more
preferably monoalkyl sulfates.
[0050] <23> In any one of the above items <16> to
<20> and <22>, the surfactant may comprise a cationic
surfactant.
[0051] <24> In any one of the above items <16> to
<19>, the d) surfactant may consist of a cationic
surfactant(s).
[0052] <25> In any one of the above items <16> to
<20> and <22> to <24>, the cationic surfactant
may be at least one selected from the group consisting of
alkyltrimethyl ammonium salts, dialkyldimethyl ammonium salts, and
alkylbenzyldimethyl ammonium salts, preferably alkyltrimethyl
ammonium salts.
[0053] <26> In any one of the above items <16> to
<20>, <22>, <23> and <25>, the d)
surfactant may comprise an amphoteric surfactant.
[0054] <27> In any one of the above items <16> to
<19>, the d) surfactant may consist of an amphoteric
surfactant(s).
[0055] <28> In any one of the above items <16> to
<20>, <22>, <23> and <25> to <27>,
the amphoteric surfactant may be at least one selected from the
group consisting of alkyldimethylamine oxides and alkylcarboxy
betaines.
Effects of the Invention
[0056] The present invention can provide a W/O type nanoemulsion
which remains stable even if stored for long periods, for example,
six months.
[0057] Further, other than or in addition to the above-described
effect, the present invention can provide a W/O type nanoemulsion
having a combustion efficiency better than kerosene, light oil or
the like, or a fuel comprising the W/O type nanoemulsion.
[0058] More, other than or in addition to the above-described
effects, the present invention can provide a W/O type nanoemulsion
which can suppress the amount of NO.sub.x and/or CO generated by
combustion, or a fuel comprising the W/O type nanoemulsion.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0059] FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of the W/O type emulsion
according to the present application.
[0060] FIG. 2 shows the results of the ignition/combustion test for
the W/O type emulsion of Example 2.
[0061] FIG. 3 shows the results of the ignition/combustion test for
Comparative Example 1 (kerosene alone).
[0062] FIG. 4 shows the results of the ignition/combustion test for
Comparative Example 2 (a combination of nonionic surfactants).
[0063] FIG. 5 shows the average particle size dependent on the
amount of the anionic surfactants for the W/O type emulsions of
Examples 1 and 7 to 9.
EMBODIMENTS CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
[0064] The present invention will be described in detail
hereinafter.
[0065] The present invention provides a "W/O type emulsion", a fuel
comprising the "W/O type emulsion", a production method for the
"W/O type emulsion", and the like. The present invention will be
described in order hereinafter,
<W/O Type Emulsion>
[0066] The present application provides a W/O type emulsion in
which the 50% average particle size of the water particle is 100 nm
or less.
[0067] The term "50% average particle size" used herein means a
median diameter at which the accumulated distribution is 0.5.
[0068] In addition, the term "50% average particle size of the
water particle in the W/O type emulsion" used herein means the
following. Namely, the W/O type emulsion according to the present
application has a structure as shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 shows, as an
example, the W/O type emulsion formed firstly by mixing water and a
nonionic surfactant to form a microemulsion, followed by further
mixing an anionic surfactant to form the nanoemulsion according to
the present application. The nanoemulsion in FIG. 1 is configured
having a water particle at its center with a hydrocarbon chain
arranged at its periphery. Therefore, "water particle in the W/O
type emulsion" is a water particle disposed at the center of the
nanoemulsion in FIG. 1. Therefore, "50% average particle size of
the water particle in the W/O type emulsion" means a median
diameter at which the accumulated distribution is 0.5 for a water
particle disposed at the center of the nanoemulsion illustrated in
FIG. 1.
[0069] The W/O type emulsion according to the present invention
comprises a) water, b) oil, c) a nonionic surfactant having an HUB
value of 1 to 10, preferably 3 to 8, and d) at least one selected
from the group consisting of anionic surfactants, cationic
surfactants and amphoteric surfactants, or consists essentially of
a) to d), or consists of a) to d).
[0070] A nonionic surfactant having an HLB value of 1 to 10,
preferably 3 to 8, means that, when only one nonionic surfactant is
used, the HLB value of such nonionic surfactant is within the
above-mentioned range. Note that the HLB value is defined according
to the following equation (1):
HLB value of a nonionic surfactant={(Molecular weight of
hydrophilic moiety)100}/{(Molecular weight of surfactant).times.5}
Equation (1)
[0071] In addition, when two or more nonionic surfactants are
added, the total HLB.sub.t value of the two or more nonionic
surfactants used is calculated as the weight average of the HLB
values of the two or more nonionic surfactants (see following
equation (2), wherein W.sub.i and HLB.sub.i indicate the weight and
the HLB value of the i-th nonionic surfactant, respectively.). The
HLB.sub.t value is used as the HLB value in this application.
HLB.sub.t=(.SIGMA.W.sub.iHLB.sub.i)/(.SIGMA.W.sub.i) Equation
(2)
[0072] Furthermore, when two nonionic surfactants (nonionic
surfactant A and nonionic surfactant B) are used, the total
HLB.sub.t value is defined according to equation (3) which is
derived from equation (2).
HLB.sub.t={(W.sub.AHLB.sub.A)+(W.sub.BHLB.sub.B)}/(W.sub.A+W.sub.B)
Equation (3)
[0073] In addition, the mixing ratio of the above-mentioned a) to
d) is preferably as follows. [0074] water: more than 0 wt % but no
more than 30 wt %, preferably 5 to 20 wt %; [0075] oil: less than
100 wt % but no less than 70 wt %, preferably 95 to 80 wt %; at
least one nonionic surfactant having an HLB value of 1 to 10,
preferably 3 to 8: 1 to 30 pads by weight, preferably 10 to 20
parts by weight, which are normalized in a case where an amount of
the oil is considered as 100 parts by weight; and [0076] at least
one selected from the group consisting of anionic surfactants,
cationic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants: 0.1 to 30 parts by
weight, preferably 0.5 to 20 parts by weight, which are normalized
in a case where an amount of the water is considered as 100 parts
by weight.
[0077] The oil b) may be at least one selected from the group
consisting of kerosene, gasoline, light oil, heavy oil (including
A-type heavy oil, B-type heavy oil and C-type heavy oil), alcohol,
biofuel and ethyl tert-butyl ether, preferably at least one
selected from the group consisting of kerosene, light oil, A-type
heavy oil and B-type heavy oil, more preferably kerosene or light
oil.
[0078] The nonionic surfactant c) may be at least one selected from
the group consisting of polyoxyethylene glycol, fatty acid sorbitan
esters, alkyl polyglucosides, fatty acid diethanolamides, alkyl
monoglyceryl ethers, alkyl glycosides, polyethylene glycol, and
polyvinyl alcohol, preferably at least one selected from the group
consisting of polyoxyethylene fatty acid sorbitan esters, and alkyl
polyglucosides, more preferably polyoxyethylene glycol.
[0079] In one embodiment, the surfactant d) may comprise an anionic
surfactant, or may consist of an anionic surfactant(s). In this
case, the anionic surfactant may be at least one selected from the
group consisting of fatty acid salts (for example, sodium
linoleate, sodium oleate), monoalkyl sulfates (for example, sodium
dodecylsulfonate), alkyl polyoxyethylene sulfates (for example,
sodium polyoxyethylene lauryl ether sulfate), alkylbenezene
sulfonates (for example, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate),
monoalkyl phosphates (for example, sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl
ether phosphate), and sulfosuccinate-type surfactants (such as
ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate and the like), preferably at least one
selected from the group consisting of fatty acid salts (for
example, sodium linoleate, preferably sodium oleate), monoalkyl
sulfates, alkyl polyoxyethylene sulfates, and alkylbenezene
sulfonates, more preferably monoalkyl sulfates. Furthermore,
examples of the salts may include sodium salts, ammonium salts,
potassium salts and the like. Preferably, the salts may be sodium
salts or ammonium salts, more preferably sodium salts.
[0080] In one embodiment, the surfactant d) may comprise a cationic
surfactant, or may consist of a cationic surfactant(s). In this
case, the cationic surfactant may be at least one selected from the
group consisting of alkyltrimethyl ammonium salts (for example,
C.sub.12H.sub.25--N.sup.+(CH.sub.3).sub.3Cl.sup.- and the like),
dialkyldimethyl ammonium salts (for example,
C.sub.12H.sub.25--N.sup.+(C.sub.8H.sub.17)(CH.sub.3).sub.2Cl.sup.-
and the like), and alkylbenzyldimethyl ammonium salts (for example,
decylisononyldimethyl ammonium salt), preferably alkyltrimethyl
ammonium salts (for example,
C.sub.12H.sub.25--N.sup.+(CH.sub.3).sub.3Cl.sup.-).
[0081] In one embodiment, the surfactant d) may comprise an
amphoteric surfactant, or may consist of an amphoteric
surfactant(s). In this case, the amphoteric surfactant may be at
least one selected from the group consisting of alkyldimethylamine
oxides (for example, C.sub.12H.sub.25-(CH.sub.3).sub.2NO and the
like) and alkylcarboxy betaines (for example,
C.sub.12H.sub.25-(CH.sub.3).sub.2N.sup.+CH.sub.2COO.sup.- and the
like).
<Fuel>
[0082] The present application provides i) a fuel comprising the
above-mentioned W/O type emulsion; ii) a fuel consisting of the
above-mentioned W/O type emulsion; or iii) a fuel essentially
consisting of the above-mentioned W/O type emulsion.
[0083] In case of the i) fuel comprising the above-mentioned W/O
type emulsion, the fuel may contain alcohols (for example,
methanol, ethanol and the like) other than the W/O type emulsion
according to the present application. Furthermore, the component
which may be contained other than the W/O type emulsion is not
limited to them.
[0084] The W/O type emulsion according to the present application
may be produced, for example, according to the following
method:
[0085] i) the step of preparing the a) water;
[0086] ii) the step of preparing the b) oil;
[0087] iii) the step of preparing the c) nonionic surfactant;
[0088] iv) the step of preparing the d) surfactant; and
[0089] v) the step of mixing the a) to d);
to obtain the above W/O type emulsion,
[0090] Furthermore, the a) water, the b) oil, the c) nonionic
surfactant and the d) surfactant used herein have the same
definition as mentioned above.
[0091] For the mixing step v), various techniques are utilized for
production of the emulsion. Examples of the techniques may include,
but are not limited to, mechanical emulsification, phase transition
process, phase transfer emulsification, D-phase emulsification, gel
emulsification and the like. Furthermore, a homogenizer, a counter
impact machine, a screw type machine, an ultrasound type machine
and the like based on the mechanical emulsification may be used in
order to produce the emulsion in a large amount.
[0092] As the mixing step v), components a) to d) prepared in the
steps i) to iv) mentioned above may be sequentially mixed or may be
mixed all together. The emulsion of the present application may be
obtained by either method.
[0093] The preferred method is, however, sequential mixing
including the steps of: [0094] v-1) mixing the oil of the step ii)
and the nonionic surfactant of the step iii); [0095] v-2)
separately from the step v-'1), mixing the water of the step 1) and
the surfactant of the step iv); and [0096] v-3) mixing the mixture
obtained in the step v-1) and the mixture obtained in the step
v-2).
[0097] Conventional mixing techniques may be used for the steps
v-1), v-2) and v-3).
[0098] The present invention will be illustrated in more detail
referring to the Examples, to which the present invention is not
limited.
Example 1
[0099] To a liquid of 850 g of kerosene (85 wt % of kerosene, based
on 100 wt % of the total of 150 g of water described later and 850
g of kerosene), 136 g of a nonionic surfactant DSK NL-15
(polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, manufactured by Dai-ichi Kogyo
Seiyaku Co., Ltd., HLB: 5.0, average molecular weight of
polyoxyethylene moiety: 2,900) (16 parts by weight, normalized in a
case where an amount of kerosene is considered as 100 parts by
weight) and 34 g of a nonionic surfactant DSK NL-50
(polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, manufactured by Dai-ichi Kogyo
Seiyaku Co., Ltd., HLB: 10.6) (4 parts by weight, normalized in a
case where an amount of kerosene is considered as 100 parts by
weight) were added, and mixed by stirring to obtain a liquid A. The
total HLB value of the nonionic surfactants in the liquid A was
6.12, according to the above-mentioned equation (2).
[0100] Separately from the liquid A, to 150 g of water (15 wt % of
water, based on 100 wt % of the total of 150 g of water and 850 g
of kerosene) was added 15 g of an anionic surfactant, sodium
dodecyl sulfate (manufactured by NACALAI) (10 parts by weight,
normalized in a case where an amount of water is considered as 100
parts by weight) and mixed by stirring to obtain a liquid B.
[0101] The liquid A and the liquid B were mixed and stirred using a
homogenizer (PH91 manufactured by SMT Company) for 5 minutes, to
obtain a colorless clear liquid, i.e., a W/O nanoemulsion.
[0102] The particle size distribution of the W/O nanoemulsion was
determined by using the laser light scattering method (LS-200F
manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.), showing that the 50%
average particle size of the water particle was about 10 nm.
[0103] Regarding the stability, separation was not observed after
centrifugation (Type 4000 manufactured by Kubota Corporation) at
2200 G at ambient temperature for 60 minutes. In addition, the W/O
nanoemulsion was clear even after standing still at ambient
temperature for one year.
Example 2
[0104] A W/O nanoemulsion was prepared using the liquids A and B in
mixing ratio same as Example 1, except that a counter impact
machine (manufactured by Kankyou Kakushin Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was used
instead of the homogenizer (PH91 manufactured by SMT Company) used
in Example 1.
[0105] The resulting nanoemulsion was tested for
ignition/combustion properties using a fuel combustion analyzer
FIA-100 manufactured by Fuel Tech Japan Ltd.
[0106] The results are shown in Table 1 and FIG. 2. The fuel
ignition/combustion tests were done ten times in the upper graph of
FIG. 2. In the upper graph of FIG. 2, the horizontal axis indicates
time (ms) and the vertical axis indicates pressure (bar). The upper
graph of FIG. 2 shows the pressure at the beginning of and after
combustion, and the average value of the pressure can be calculated
from the graph. In the lower graph of FIG. 2, the horizontal axis
indicates time (ms) a id the vertical axis indicates pressure/time
bar/ms). The lower graph of FIG. 2 shows the temporal
differentiation of the upper graph of FIG. 2, for comparison of the
combustion efficiency. Furthermore, a W/O nanoemulsion was formed
in a manner similar to Example 1, except that a blender (HBB type,
manufactured by Yamato Scientific Co., Ltd.) was used instead of
the homogenizer used in Example 1 (PH91 manufactured by SMT
Company), to confirm that the results similar to the present
Example were obtained.
Comparative Example 1
[0107] A fuel consisting of kerosene was tested for
ignition/combustion properties using a fuel combustion analyzer
FIA-100 manufactured by Fuel Tech Japan Ltd.
[0108] The results are shown in Table 2 and FIG. 3. The upper and
lower graphs of FIG. 3 are similar to those in FIG. 2,
respectively.
Comparative Example 2
[0109] A mixture of the nonionic surfactants DSK NL-1.5 (same as
described above) and DSK NL-50 (same as described above) mixed in
the weight ratio of 4:1 was tested for ignition/combustion
properties using a fuel combustion analyzer FIA-100 manufactured by
Fuel Tech Japan Ltd.
[0110] The results are shown in Table 3 and FIG. 4. The upper and
lower graphs of FIG. 4 are similar to those in FIGS. 2 and 3,
respectively.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Results of ignition/combustion test for W/O
nanoemulsion of Example 2 Ignition (ID) dP = 0.2 bar 7.75 ms Start
of main combustion (MRD) dP = 1.0 bar 9.07 ms Ignition to main
combustion period (PCP) 1.32 ms End of combustion (EC) 20.8 ms
Total combustion period (EMP) dP = 1.0 bar 14.30 ms Main combustion
period (MCP) dP = 1.0 bar 5.23 ms MD standard deviation dP = 1.0
bar 0.44 FIA Cetane number (FIA CN) dP = 1.0 bar 48.5 ROHR index
152.9 ROHR maximum time 11.0 ms After burning period (ABP) 6.5
ms
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Results of ignition/combustion test for
kerosene alone (Comparative Example 1) Ignition (ID) dP = 0.2 bar
10.95 ms Start of main combustion (MRD) dP = 1.0 bar 12.81 ms
Ignition to main combustion period (PCP) 1.86 ms End of combustion
(EC) 31.15 ms Total combustion period (EMP) dP = 1.0 bar 20.15 ms
Main combustion period (MCP) dP = 1.0 bar 7.34 ms MD standard
deviation dP = 1.0 bar 0.67 FIA Cetane number (FLA CN) dP = 1.0 bar
41 ROHR index 144.4 ROHR maximum time 16.3 ms After burning time
(ABP) 9.00 ms
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Results of ignition/combustion test for
nonionic surfactant alone (Comparative Example 2) Ignition (ID) dP
= 0.2 bar 4.50 ms Start of main combustion (MRD) dP = 1.0 bar 5.22
ms Ignition to main combustion period (PCP) 0.72 ms End of
combustion (EC) 15.20 ms Total combustion period (EMP) dP = 1.0 bar
11.00 ms Main combustion period (MCP) dP = 1.0 bar 5.78 ms MD
standard deviation dP = 1.0 bar 0.41 FIA Cetane number (FIA CN) dP
= 1.0 bar 71.5 ROHR index 174.7 ROHR maximum time 6.1 ms After
burning time (ABP) 4.20 ms
[0111] Tables 1 to 3 and FIGS. 2 to 4 show that the W/O type
nanoemulsion according to Example 2 ignites faster than kerosene
alone (kerosene alone: 10.95 ms, W/O type nanoemulsion according to
Example 2: 7.75 ins).
[0112] It is also shown that the main combustion period (MCP) of
the W/O type nanoemulsion is shorter than kerosene alone and
shorter than the nonionic surfactant alone (kerosene alone: 7.34
ms, nonionic surfactant alone: 5.78 ms, W/O type nanoemulsion
according to Example 2: 5.23 ms).
[0113] It is also shown that the cetane number of the W/O type
nanoemulsion according to Example 2 is higher than kerosene
(kerosene alone: 41, W/O type nanoemulsion according to Example 2:
48.5).
[0114] These data show that the W/O type nanoemulsion according to
Example 2 has the excellent combustion properties.
Example 3
[0115] To a liquid of 900 g of kerosene (90 wt % of kerosene, based
on 100 wt % of the total of 100 g of water described later and 900
g of kerosene) were added 144 g of a nonionic surfactant DSK NL-15
(same as described above) (16 parts by weight, normalized in a case
where an amount of kereosene is considered as 100 parts by weight)
and 36 g of a nonionic surfactant DSK NL-50 (same as described
above) (4 parts by weight, normalized in a case where an amount of
kereosene is considered as 100 parts by weight), and mixed by
stirring to obtain a liquid A. The total HLB value of the nonionic
surfactants in the liquid A was 6.12, according to the
above-mentioned equation (2).
[0116] Separately from the liquid A, to 100 g of water (10 wt % of
water, based on 100 wt % of the total of 100 g of water and 900 g
of kerosene) was added 10 g of an anionic surfactant, sodium
dodecyl sulfate (manufactured by NACALAI) (10 parts by weight,
normalized in a case where an amount of water is considered as 100
parts by weight), and mixed by stirring to obtain a liquid B.
[0117] The liquids A and B were mixed in a manner similar to
Example 1, to obtain a colorless clear liquid, i.e., a W/O
nanoemulsion.
[0118] The particle size distribution of the W/O nanoemulsion was
determined by using the laser light scattering method similar to
Example 1, showing that the 50% average particle size of the water
particle was about 10 nm.
[0119] Regarding the stability, observation was done in a manner
similar to Example 1, and separation was not observed. In addition,
the W/O nanoemulsion was clear even after standing still at ambient
temperature for one year.
Example 4
[0120] To a liquid of 800 g of kerosene (80 wt % of kerosene, based
on 100 wt % of the total of 200 g of water described later and 800
g of kerosene) were added 128 g of a nonionic surfactant DSK NL 15
(same as described above) (16 parts by weight, normalized in a case
where an amount of kereosene is considered as 100 parts by weight)
and 32 g of a nonionic surfactant DSK NL-50 (same as described
above) (4 parts by weight, normalized in a case where an amount of
kereosene is considered as 100 parts by weight), and mixed by
stirring to obtain a liquid A. The total HLB value of the nonionic
surfactants in the liquid A was 6.12, according to the
above-mentioned equation (2).
[0121] Separately from the liquid A, to 200 g of water (20 wt % of
water, based on 100 wt % of the total of 200 g of water and 800 g
of kerosene) was added 20 g of an anionic surfactant, sodium
dodecyl sulfate (manufactured by NACALAI) (10 parts by weight,
normalized in a case where an amount of water is considered as 100
parts by weight), and mixed by stirring to obtain a liquid B.
[0122] The liquids A and B were mixed in a manner similar to
Example 1, to obtain a colorless clear liquid, i.e., a W/O
nanoemulsion.
[0123] The particle size distribution of the W/O nanoemulsion was
determined by using the laser light scattering method similar to
Example 1, showing that the 50% average particle size of the water
particle was about 10 nm.
[0124] Regarding the stability, observation was done in a manner
similar to Example 1, and separation was not observed. In addition,
the W/O nanoemulsion was clear even after standing still at ambient
temperature for one year.
<Steam Boiler Test> and <Color Test of Black Particles
onto White Paper>
[0125] Steam boiler test was carried out for kerosene alone
according to Comparative Example 1, a W/O type nanoemulsion
according to Example 3 (water 10%), a W/O type nanoemulsion
according to Example 2 (water 15%) and a W/O type nanoemulsion
according to Example 4 (water 20%).
[0126] As the test, kerosene alone according to Comparative Example
1, a W/O type nanoemulsion according to Example 3 (water 10%), a
W/O type nanoemulsion according to Example 2 (water 15%) and a W/O
type nanoemulsion according to Example 4 (water 20%) were charged
in a steam boiler tester (SF350-3 manufactured by Ogata Ironworks,
Inc.) in this order and burned. The exhaust gas was analyzed
qualitatively and quantitatively by gas chromatography (GC
manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) on a timely basis.
[0127] The results are shown in Table 4.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Results of steam boiler test for Comparative
Example 1 and Examples 2 to 4 Exhaust NO.sub.x concen- CO concen-
temperature (.degree. C.) tration, ppm tration, ppm Comparative 271
141 133 Example 1 (kerosene alone) Example 3 258 97 113 (water 10
wt %) Example 2 254 97 101 (water 15 wt %) Example 4 249 92 101
(water 20 wt %)
[0128] From Table 4, it was confirmed that the increase in water
mixing ratio in the W/O type nanoemulsion causes reduction of
NO.sub.x as well as CO, due to lowering of combustion temperature
(Although "exhaust temperature" in Table 4 does not indicate the
combustion temperature itself, low "exhaust temperature" means low
combustion temperature).
[0129] Color test of black particles onto white paper was carried
out simultaneously with the steam boiler test. As the result, black
particles were very hardly observed in the test of the W/O type
nanoemulsion (Examples 2 to 4). On the other hand, in the case of
kerosene alone (Comparative Example 1), slightly gray color and a
small number of black particles were observed.
Example 5
[0130] A colorless clear liquid, W/O nanoemulsion, was prepared by
mixing the liquids A and B with the mixing ratio similar to Example
1 in a manner similar to Example 1, except that sulfosuccinic acid
dioctyl ester (Aerosol OT manufactured by Wako Pure Industries,
Ltd.) was used instead of the anionic surfactant, sodium
dodecylsulfate used in Example 1.
[0131] The particle size distribution of the resulting W/O
nanoemulsion was determined by using the laser light scattering
method similar to Example 1, showing that the 50% average particle
size of the water particle was about 10 nm.
[0132] Regarding the stability, observation was done in a manner
similar to Example 1, and separation was not observed.
Example 6
[0133] A colorless clear liquid, W/O nanoemulsion, was prepared in
a manner similar to Example 1, except that 7.5 g of sodium dodecyl
sulfate and 7.5 g of sulfosuccinic acid dioctyl ester were used
instead of 15 g of the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate
used in Example 1 and that a stirrer (MS3 manufactured by IKA
Company) was used instead of the homogenizer (PH91 manufactured by
SMT Company) for mixing of the liquids A and B.
[0134] The particle size distribution of the resulting W/O
nanoemulsion was determined by using the laser light scattering
method similar to Example 1, showing that the 50% average particle
size of the water particle was about 10 nm.
[0135] Regarding the stability, observation was done in a manner
similar to Example 1, and separation was not observed.
Examples 7 to 9
[0136] The liquid A was prepared in a manner similar to Example
1.
[0137] The liquid B was also prepared in a manner similar to
Example 1, except that 0.75 g (0.5 parts by weight, normalized in a
case where an amount of water is considered as 100 parts by weight)
(Example 7), 4.2 g (2.8 parts by weight, normalized in a case where
an amount of water is considered as 100 parts by weight) (Example
8), and 7.5 g (5 parts by weight, normalized in a case where an
amount of water is considered as 100 parts by weight) (Example 9)
of sodium dodecyl sulfate were used instead of 15 g for the liquid
B in Example 1. The liquids A and B were mixed in a manner similar
to Example 1, to obtain a colorless clear liquid, a W/O
nanoemulsion.
[0138] The particle size distribution of the resulting W/O
nanoemulsion was determined by using the laser light scattering
method similar to Example 1, and the results are shown in FIG. 5
(The point of 10 wt % of the ionic surfactant was derived from
Example 1). FIG. 5 shows a trend that the smaller amount of the
anionic surfactant causes larger average particle size of the
emulsion and the larger amount of the anionic surfactant causes
smaller average particle size of the emulsion in the formulation of
Examples 1 and 7 to 9.
Example 10
[0139] A colorless clear liquid, i.e., W/O nanoemulsion, was
obtained in a manner similar to Example 1, except that a nonionic
surfactant, DSK NL-40 (polyoxyethylene lauryl ether manufactured by
Dai-ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd., HLB:9.5) was used instead of the
nonionic surfactant, DSK NL-50 in Example 1. The total HLB value of
the nonionic surfactants in the liquid A was 5.9 according to the
above-mentioned equation (2).
[0140] The particle size distribution of the resulting W/O
nanoemulsion was determined in a manner similar to Example 1,
showing that the 50% average particle size of the water particle
was about 10 nm.
[0141] Regarding the stability, observation was done in a manner
similar to Example 1, and separation was not observed.
Example 11
[0142] A colorless clear liquid, W/O nanoemulsion, was obtained in
a manner similar to Example 10, except that an anionic surfactant,
sodium oleate (manufactured by NACALAI) was used instead of the
anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate in Example 10. The total
HLB value of the nonionic surfactants in the liquid A was 5.9, same
as that of Example 10.
[0143] The particle size distribution of the resulting W/O
nanoemulsion was determined in a manner similar to Example 1,
showing that the 50% average particle size of the water particle
was about 50 nm.
[0144] Regarding the stability, observation was done in a manner
similar to Example 1, and separation was not observed.
Example 12
[0145] A colorless clear liquid, i.e., W/O nanoemulsion, was
obtained in a manner similar to Example 3, except that the amount
of sodium dodecyl sulfate was changed to 20 g (20 parts by weight,
normalized in a case where an amount of water is considered as 100
parts by weight) from 10 g in Example 3.
[0146] The particle size distribution of the resulting W/O
nanoemulsion was determined in a manner similar to Example 1,
showing that the 50% average particle size of the water particle
was about 8 nm.
[0147] Regarding the stability, Observation was done in a manner
similar to Example 1, and separation was not observed.
Example 13
[0148] A colorless clear liquid, i.e., W/O nanoemulsion, was
obtained in a manner similar to Example 4, except that the amount
of sodium dodecyl sulfate was changed to 40 g (20 parts by weight,
normalized in a case where an amount of water is considered as 100
parts by weight) from 20 g Example 4.
[0149] The particle size distribution of the resulting W/O
nanoemulsion was determined in a manner similar to Example 1,
showing that the 50% average particle size of the water particle
was about 20 nm.
[0150] Regarding the stability, observation was done in a manner
similar to Example 1, and separation was not observed.
Example 14
[0151] To a liquid of 850 g of gasoline (85 wt % of gasoline, based
on 100 wt % of the total of 150 g of water described later and 850
g of gasoline) were added 136 g of a nonionic surfactant DSK NL-15
(polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, manufactured by Dai-ichi Kogyo
Seiyaku Co., Ltd., HLB: 5.0, average molecular weight of
polyoxyethylene moiety: 2,900) (16 parts by weight, normalized in a
case where an amount of gasoline is considered as 100 parts by
weight) and 34 g of a nonionic surfactant DSK NL-50
(polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, manufactured by Dai-ichi Kogyo
Seiyaku Ltd., HLB: 10.6) (4 parts by weight, normalized in a case
where an amount of gasoline is considered as 100 parts by weight),
and mixed by stirring to obtain a liquid A. The total HLB value of
the nonionic surfactants in the liquid A was 6.12, according to the
above-mentioned equation (2).
[0152] Separately from the liquid A, to 150 g of water (15 wt % of
water, based on 100 wt % of the total of 150 g of water and 850 g
of gasoline) was added 15 g of an anionic surfactant, sodium
dodecyl sulfate (manufactured by NACALAI) (10 parts by weight,
normalized in a case where an amount of water is considered as 100
parts by weight), and mixed by stirring to obtain a liquid B.
[0153] The liquids A and B were mixed and stirred using a
homogenizer (PH91 manufactured by SMT Company) for 5 minutes, to
obtain a colorless clear liquid, i.e., a W/O nanoemulsion.
[0154] The particle size distribution of the resulting W/O
nanoemulsion could not be determined in a manner similar to Example
1, due to its higher transmittance. However, since the resulting
W/O emulsion was colorless and clear with no phase separation, it
is estimated that the 50% average particle size of the water
particle was 100 nm or less.
[0155] Regarding the stability, observation was done in a manner
similar to Example 1, and separation was not observed. In addition,
the W/O nanoemulsion was clear even after standing still at ambient
temperature for one month.
Example 15
[0156] To a liquid of 850 g of gasoline (85 wt % of gasoline, based
on 100 wt % of the total of 150 g of water described later and 850
g of gasoline) was added 170 g of a nonionic surfactant DSK NL-15
(polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, manufactured by Dai-ichi Kogyo
Seiyaku Co., HLB: 5.0, average molecular weight of polyoxyethylene
moiety: 2,900) (20 parts by weight, normalized in a case where an
amount of gasoline is considered as 100 parts by weight), and mixed
by stirring to obtain a liquid A.
[0157] Separately from the liquid A, to 150 g of water (15 wt % of
water, based on 100 wt % of the total of 150 g of water and 850 g
of gasoline) were added 10 g, 15 g and 30 g of an anionic
surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (manufactured by NACALAI) (7, 10
and 20 parts by weight, normalized in a case where an amount of
water is considered as 100 parts by weight, respectively), and
mixed by stirring to obtain a liquid B.
[0158] The liquids A and B were mixed and stirred using a
homogenizer (PH91 manufactured by SMT Company) for 5 minutes, to
obtain each of a colorless clear liquid, i.e., a W/O
nanoemulsion.
[0159] The particle size distribution of the resulting W/O
nanoemuision could not be determined in a manner similar to Example
1, due to its higher transmittance. However, since the resulting
W/O emulsion was colorless and clear with no phase separation, it
is estimated that the 50% average particle size of the water
particle was 100 nm or less.
[0160] Regarding the stability, Observation was done in a manner
similar to Example 1, and separation was not observed. In addition,
the W/O nanoemulsion was clear even after standing still at ambient
temperature for one month.
Example 16
[0161] To a liquid of 850 g of light oil (85 wt % of light oil,
based on 100 wt % of the total of 150 g of water described later
and 850 g of light oil) were added 136 g of a nonionic surfactant
DSK NL-15 (polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, manufactured by Dai-ichi
Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd., HLB: 5.0, average molecular weight of
polyoxyethylene moiety: 2,900) (16 parts by weight, normalized in a
case where an amount of light oil is considered as 100 parts by
weight) and 34 g of a nonionic surfactant DSK NL-50
(polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, manufactured by Dai-ichi Kogyo
Seiyaku Co., Ltd., HLB: 10.6) (4 parts by weight, normalized in a
case where an amount of light oil is considered as 100 parts by
weight), and mixed by stirring to obtain a liquid A. The total HLB
value of the nonionic surfactants in the liquid A was 6.12,
according to the above-mentioned equation (2).
[0162] Separately from the liquid A, to 150 g of water (15 wt % of
water, based on 100 wt % of the total of 150 g of water and 850 g
of light oil) was added 15 g of an anionic surfactant, sodium
dodecyl sulfate (manufactured by NACALAI) (10 parts by weight,
normalized in a case where an amount of water is considered as 100
parts by weight), and mixed by stirring to obtain a liquid B.
[0163] The liquids A and B were mixed and stirred using a
homogenizer (PH91 manufactured by SMT Company) for 5 minutes, to
obtain a colorless clear liquid, i.e., a W/O nanoemulsion.
[0164] The particle size distribution of the resulting W/O
nanoemulsion was determined in a manner similar to Example 1,
showing that the 50% average particle size of the water particle
was about 10 nm.
[0165] Regarding the stability, observation was done in a manner
similar to Example 1, and separation was not observed. In addition,
the W/O nanoemulsion was clear even after standing still at ambient
temperature for one month.
Example 17
[0166] To a liquid of 850 g of light oil (85 wt % of light oil,
based on 100 wt % of the total of 150 g of water described later
and 850 g of light oil) was added 170 g of a nonionic surfactant
DSK NL-15 (polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, manufactured by Dai-ichi
Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd., HLB: 5.0, average molecular weight of
polyoxyethylene moiety: 2,900) (20 parts by weight, normalized in a
case where an amount of light oil is considered as 100 parts by
weight), and mixed by stirring to obtain a liquid A.
[0167] Separately from the liquid A, to 150 g of water (15 wt % of
water, based on 100 wt % of the total of 150 g of water and 850 g
of light oil) were added 2.5 g and 7.5 g of anionic surfactant,
sodium dodecyl sulfate (manufactured by NACALAI) (1.7 and 5 parts
by weight, normalized in a case where an amount of water is
considered as 100 parts by weight, respectively), and mixed by
stirring to obtain a liquid B.
[0168] The liquids A and B were mixed and stirred using a
homogenizer (PH91 manufactured by SMT Company) for 5 minutes, to
obtain a colorless clear liquid, i.e., a W/O nanoemulsion.
[0169] The particle size distribution of each of the resulting W/O
nanoemulsions was determined in a manner similar to Example 1,
showing that each 50% average particle size of the water particle
was about 10 nm, respectively.
[0170] Regarding the stability, observation was done in a manner
similar to Example 1, and separation was not observed. In addition,
the W/O nanoemulsion was clear even after standing still at ambient
temperature for one month.
Example 18
[0171] A colorless clear liquid, i.e., a W/O nanoemulsion was
obtained in a manner similar to Example 17, except that "A-type
heavy oil" was used instead of "light oil" in Example 17.
[0172] The particle size distribution of the resulting W/O
nanoemulsion was determined in a manner similar to Example 1,
showing that the 50% average particle size of the water particle
was about 10 nm, respectively.
[0173] Regarding the stability, observation was done in a manner
similar to Example 1, and separation was not observed. In addition,
the W/O nanoemulsion was clear even after standing still at ambient
temperature for one month.
Example 19
[0174] To a liquid of 850 g of C-type heavy oil (85 wt % of C-type
heavy oil, based on 100 wt % of the total of 150 g of water
described later and 850 g of C-type heavy oil) were added 136 g of
a nonionic surfactant DSK NL-15 (polyoxyethylene lauryl ether,
manufactured by Dai-ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd., 5.0, average
molecular weight of polyoxyethylene moiety: 2,900) (16 parts by
weight, normalized in a case where an amount of C-type heavy oil is
considered as 100 parts by weight) and 34 g of a nonionic
surfactant DSK NL-50 (polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, manufactured by
Dai-ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd., HLB: 10.6) (4 parts by weight,
normalized in a case where an amount of C-type heavy oil is
considered as 100 parts by weight), and mixed by stirring to obtain
a liquid A. The total HLB value of the nonionic surfactants in the
liquid A was 6.12, according to the above-mentioned equation
(2).
[0175] Separately from the liquid A, to 150 g of water (15 with %
of water, based on 100 wt % of the total of 1150 g of water and 850
g of C-type heavy oil) was added 15 g of an anionic surfactant,
sodium dodecyl sulfate (manufactured by NACALAI) (10 parts by
weight, normalized in a case where an amount of water is considered
as 100 parts by weight), and mixed by stirring to obtain a liquid
13.
[0176] The liquids A and B were mixed and stirred using a
homogenizer (PH91 manufactured by SMT Company) for 5 minutes, to
obtain a colorless clear liquid, i.e., a W/O nanoemulsion.
[0177] The particle size distribution of the resulting W/O
nanoemulsion could not be determined in a manner similar to Example
1, due to its lower transmittance. However, since the resulting W/O
emulsion was colorless and clear with no phase separation upon
observation similar to Example 1 regarding the stability, it is
estimated that the 50% average particle size of the water particle
was 100 nm or less.
[0178] In addition, the W/O nanoemulsion was clear even after
standing still at ambient temperature for one month.
Example 20
[0179] To a liquid of 850 g of C-type heavy oil (85 wt % of C-type
heavy oil, based on 100 wt % of the total of 150 g of water
described later and 850 g of C-type heavy oil) was added 170 g of a
nonionic surfactant DSK NL-15 (polyoxyethylene lauryl ether,
manufactured by Dai-ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd., HLB: 5.0, average
molecular weight of polyoxyethylene moiety: 2,900) (20 parts by
weight, normalized in a case where an amount of C-type heavy oil is
considered as 100 parts by weight), and mixed by stirring to obtain
a liquid A.
[0180] Separately from the liquid A, to 150 g of water (15 wt % of
water, based on 100 wt % of the total of 150 g of water and 850 g
of C-type heavy oil) were added 2.5 g, 10 g and 15 g of anionic
surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfite (manufactured by NACALAI) (1.7,
6.7 and 10 parts by weight, normalized in a case where an amount of
water is considered as 100 parts by weight, respectively), and
mixed by stirring to obtain a liquid B.
[0181] The liquids A and B were mixed and stirred using a
homogenizer (PH91 manufactured by SMT Company) for 5 minutes, to
obtain a colorless clear liquid, i.e., a W/O nanoemulsion.
[0182] The particle size distribution of the resulting W/O
nanoemulsion could not be determined in a manner similar to Example
1, due to its lower transmittance. However, since the resulting W/O
emulsion was colorless and clear with no phase separation upon
observation similar to Example 1 regarding the stability, it is
estimated that the 50% average particle size of the water particle
was 100 nm or less.
[0183] In addition, the W/O nanoemulsion was clear even after
standing still at ambient temperature for one month.
Example 21
[0184] To a liquid of 850 g of kerosene (85 wt % of kerosene, based
on 100 wt % of the total of 150 g of water described later and 850
g of kerosene) were added 136 g of a nonionic surfactant DSK NL-15
(polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, manufactured by Dai-ichi Kogyo
Seiyaku Co., Ltd., HLB: 5.0, average molecular weight of
polyoxyethylene moiety: 2,900) (16 parts by weight, normalized in a
case where an amount of kerosene is considered as 100 parts by
weight) and 34 g of a nonionic surfactant DSK NL-50
(polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, manufactured by Dai-ichi Kogyo
Seiyaku Co., Ltd., HLB: 10.6) (4 parts by weight, normalized in a
case where an amount of kerosene is considered as 100 parts by
weight), and mixed by stirring to obtain a liquid A. The total HLB
value of the nonionic surfactants in the liquid A was 6.12,
according to the above-mentioned equation (2).
[0185] Separately from the liquid A, to 150 g of water (15 wt % of
water, based on 100 wt % of the total of 150 g of water and 850 g
of kerosene) was added 15 g of an anionic surfactant, sodium oleate
(manufactured by NACALAI) (10 parts by weight, normalized in a case
where an amount of water is considered as 100 parts by weight), and
mixed by stirring. Then, the aqueous solution of sodium oleate was
placed in a direct current field across the cation exchange
membrane, to obtain the aqueous alkaline solution containing oleate
ion at the anode as a liquid B. The resulting liquid B contained no
sulfur (S) and smaller amount of sodium ion compared to aqueous
solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate.
[0186] The liquids A and B were mixed and stirred using a
homogenizer (PH91 manufactured by SMT Company) for 5 minutes, to
obtain a colorless clear liquid, i.e., a W/O nanoemulsion.
[0187] The particle size distribution of the resulting W/O
nanoemulsion was determined by using the laser light scattering
method similar to Example 1, showing that the 50% average particle
size of the water particle was about 10 nm.
[0188] Regarding the stability, observation was done in a manner
similar to Example 1, and separation was not observed. In addition,
the W/O nanoemulsion was clear even after standing still at ambient
temperature for one month.
* * * * *