U.S. patent application number 13/774600 was filed with the patent office on 2013-08-22 for containment vessel and scale-up method for chemical processes.
The applicant listed for this patent is William Rex Clingan. Invention is credited to William Rex Clingan.
Application Number | 20130216446 13/774600 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 48982401 |
Filed Date | 2013-08-22 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130216446 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Clingan; William Rex |
August 22, 2013 |
CONTAINMENT VESSEL AND SCALE-UP METHOD FOR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
Abstract
A process container for use in a chemical process comprising two
planar faces parallel to each other wherein the edges of the faces
are joined together by adjacent curved bullnose portions. The
process of scaling up a chemical process operation from a small
scale apparatus to a large scale unit comprising the steps of:
maintaining the diameter of the small scale apparatus as a critical
dimension; inserting a rectangularly cross-sectioned extension
between two half-cylindrically shaped ends corresponding to halves
of the apparatus.
Inventors: |
Clingan; William Rex; (St.
Paul, MO) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Clingan; William Rex |
St. Paul |
MO |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
48982401 |
Appl. No.: |
13/774600 |
Filed: |
February 22, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61601631 |
Feb 22, 2012 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
422/198 ; 137/1;
29/401.1; 422/129 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B01J 2219/0077 20130101;
B01J 19/24 20130101; B01J 2219/1923 20130101; B01J 2219/00015
20130101; B01J 19/20 20130101; Y10T 137/0318 20150401; B01J
2219/1945 20130101; Y10T 29/49716 20150115 |
Class at
Publication: |
422/198 ;
422/129; 29/401.1; 137/1 |
International
Class: |
B01J 19/24 20060101
B01J019/24 |
Claims
1. A process container for use in a chemical process comprising two
planar s parallel to each other wherein the edges of the faces are
joined together by adjacent curved bullnose portions.
2. The process container of claim 1 wherein the planar surfaces are
square or rectangle.
3. The process container of claim 1 wherein the container is used
to hold gas, liquid, solid or mixtures thereof under pressure.
4. The process container of claim 1 further comprising an outer
chamber surrounding the outer surface of the container wherein a
supply of cooling fluid passes through the outer chamber to cool
the process container.
5. The process container of claim 1 further comprising an outer
chamber surrounding the outer surface of the container wherein a
supply of heating passes through the outer eh amber to heat the
process container.
6. The process container of claim 1 wherein the process container
is used as a reactor.
7. The process container of aim 1 wherein the process container has
an oblong ductwork cross-section.
8. The process container of claim 1 wherein the process container
has a ring-shaped form of one of various non-circular
cross-sectional shapes.
9. The process container of claim 1 wherein the depth of the
container is larger than the width of the bullnose portions.
10. The process of designing new process equipment components
comprising the steps of: taking an existing process equipment
component possessing symmetry about one axis, dividing it along a
plane running through that axis, separating the two pieces produced
in this dividing operation by a finite distance, and joining them
with linear elements of similar profile.
11. The process of scaling up a chemical process operation from a
small scale apparatus to a large scale unit comprising the steps
of: maintaining the diameter of the small scale apparatus critical
dimension; inserting a rectangularly cross-sectioned extension
between two half-cylindrically shaped ends corresponding to halves
of the apparatus.
12. The process of scaling up a chemical process operation from a
small scale apparatus to a large scale unit comprising the steps
of: maintaining the ratio of surface area of the small scale
apparatus to its contained volume maintained as critical dimension;
inserting a rectangularly cross-sectioned extension between two
half-cylindrically shaped ends corresponding to halves an apparatus
of with the aspect ratio of the two dimensions of the cross section
perpendicular to the direction of normal flow.
13. The process of intensification of reaction or separation
processes by a three-dimensional approach featuring flow or thermal
intensification techniques along the direction of normal flow,
volume-dependent intensification along one direction perpendicular
to the direction of normal flow, or surface-area dependent along a
second direction perpendicular to the direction of normal flow, in
a manner that would tend to disrupt normal flow in conventional
cylindrical process vessel geometry.
14. The process of thermal or mechanical integration of individual
process reaction or separation steps by shaping the flow path in
nested, layered, serpentine, and other patterns possible with
planar channel geometry not possible with conventional cylindrical
process vessels.
Description
[0001] The present application claims priority to U.S. Patent
Application No. 61/601,631, filed Feb. 22, 2012, entitled
Containment Vessel and Scale-Up Method For Chemical Processes, the
disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their
entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The disclosure relates generally to a containment vessel
used in chemical processing. More specifically, the present
disclosure relates to the scale-up and design of process
equipment.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Chemical manufacture relies on the use of small-scale
experimentation to predict large-scale performance. The first
requirement for a piece of processing equipment is that it function
as a container, to isolate the materials processed from the
environment. Spherical, cylindrical, and conical geometries have
historically dominated as the shapes in which material containers
are constructed. Specifically, cylinders of low aspect ratio
deriving from cooking pots and pans, and cylinders of high aspect
ratio deriving from piping used for transport and conveying
material are the predominant containers chemical processes are
conducted in.
[0004] The best approach to the scale-up of chemical processes is
generally regarded to be to scale down from intended large-scale
equipment to the smallest geometrically similar apparatus in which
experimentation can be performed. One problem with this approach is
that the commercially available and practiced equipment types were
virtually all scaled up from small units in the conventional pot
and pipe shapes. Focusing on chemical reactions as the heart of
most chemical processes, the flasks and beakers employed on the
laboratory scale are spherical, cylindrical, or conical. As solid
surfaces of rotation, these are symmetric about at least one axis,
and lend themselves to containment of fluid and solid mixtures in
motion imparted by rotating shafts.
[0005] Those skilled in the art of scale-up insist on cylindrical
geometry in preference to the spherical geometry of the chemists'
round-bottomed flask, because process results determined by the
swirling flow in such containers scales up very poorly. A
theoretical basis for this has recently shown that the maximum
scale factor in any dimension that maintains the same eddy
structure is approximately 3.
[0006] In the field of chemical reaction engineering, the three
fundamental, ideal reactor types--the batch stirred tank reactor,
the continuous stirred tank reactor, and the tubular or plug flow
reactor are all cylindrical. The scale-up of cylindrical reactors
follows one of three methods: increase diameter, increase length,
and increase the number of reactors operating in parallel (often
referred to as scale-out). The preference for geometric similarity
in scale-up as a first resort is a combination of increase of
diameter and increase of length by similar ratios.
[0007] The requirement of operation of a 10% scale demonstration
facility to be considered for a recent US Department of Energy loan
guarantee program for advanced biofuels is indicative of the state
of scale-up in the chemical process industries. Similarly, the
claims made by designers, manufacturers, and integrators of
chemical process equipment regarding expertise in the challenging
task of scale-up highlights the needs in this area
[0008] The adoption of the cylinder as the default and rarely
departed from geometry for chemical process equipment appears to
date from the days when the simplification of the mathematics
needed to describe the physics taking place within the process
container and its physical shell was justifiable in savings of
effort hours spent working with tables of logarithms and later
slide rules. It is hardly justified in the current era in which the
average cell phone offers greater computing power than many
generations of the most powerful computers available. Vast
computing and manpower resources are currently devoted through
computational fluid dynamics and similar advanced computation
techniques to the study of the poor large scale performance
attendant with continued reliance on cylindrical geometry.
[0009] There have been very few attempts to depart from the
cylindrical geometry for process containers and for the scale-up of
chemical processes. Known process containers and reactors that are
non-cylindrical in shape include rectangular shaped reactors, slot
reaction chambers, octagonal geometry reactors, and toroidal shaped
reactors. These known non-cylindrical shapes however, have several
drawbacks. For example, these known vessels are limited to
essentially atmospheric operation and are only suitable for certain
applications. These vessels also suffer from the same difficulties
related to scale-up described above.
[0010] There are many difficulties in the scale-up of process
equipment from the laboratory or pilot plant. For example, changing
the scale of a reaction alters the heat removal and mixing
characteristics of the reaction zone, which may result in
differences in temperature and concentration profiles. This may
then result in altered chemistry, thus adversely influencing
productivity, selectivity, catalyst deactivation, and other
performance metrics associated with the reactor. This leads to the
performance of a large reactor being difficult to predict on the
basis of the performance a small reactor. Extensive scale-up tests,
reactor modeling, and basic reactor study are therefore typically
required for the scale-up of new and/or existing chemical reactors,
for new as well for existing chemical reactions.
[0011] Consequently, there exists a need for an improved method for
scaling- up a chemical process and a process container that
overcomes the aforementioned difficulties.
SUMMARY
[0012] In accordance with some aspects of the disclosure, a process
container and a method for scaling-up a chemical process is
provided. The process container is used in a chemical process and
has two planar faces that are parallel to each. The edges of the
faces are joined together by adjacent curved bullnose portions.
[0013] In accordance with some aspects of the disclosure, a process
of designing new process equipment components is provided. The
process includes taking an existing process equipment component
possessing symmetry about one axis, dividing it along a plane
running through that axis, separating the two pieces produced in
this dividing operation by a finite distance, and joining them with
linear elements of similar profile.
[0014] In accordance with some aspects of the disclosure, a process
of scaling up a chemical process operation from a small scale
apparatus to a large scale unit is provided. The process includes
the steps of maintaining the diameter of the small scale apparatus
as a critical dimension; inserting a rectangularly cross-sectioned
extension between two half-cylindrically shaped ends corresponding
to halves of the apparatus.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of a process container
according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0016] FIG. 2A illustrates a perspective view of a process
container that is nested according to an embodiment of the present
invention.
[0017] FIG. 2B illustrates a cross-sectional view of the nested
process container shown in FIG. 2A.
[0018] FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view of a process container
according to an embodiment of the present invention that is ring
shaped with a stadium-form cross-sectional area.
[0019] FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view of a process container
according to an embodiment of the present invention showing an
oblate form.
[0020] FIG. 5 illustrates a perspective view of a process container
according to an embodiment of the present invention that has a
serpentine form,
[0021] FIG. 6 illustrates a perspective view of a process container
according to an embodiment of the present invention that has a
conical bottom.
[0022] FIG. 7A illustrates a perspective view of a process
container according to an embodiment of the present invention
having a ball valve component.
[0023] FIG. 7B illustrates a cross-sectional view of a process
container according to an embodiment of the present invention of
process container in FIG. 7A.
[0024] FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view of a process container
according to an embodiment of the present invention that has a
fluid educator or ejector.
[0025] FIG. 9A illustrates a perspective view of a process
container according to an embodiment of the present invention
having a spring check valve.
[0026] FIG. 9B illustrates a perspective view of the process
container depicted in FIG. 9A where the valve is open.
[0027] FIG. 10 illustrates a perspective view of a process
container according to an embodiment of the present invention
having pairs of opposed screw conveyors.
[0028] FIG. 11 illustrates a perspective view of a chemical process
using multiple process containers according to an embodiment of the
present invention.
[0029] FIG. 12 illustrates a frontal view of process containers in
series according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0030] FIG. 13 illustrates a perspective view of process containers
according to an embodiment of the present invention that are in
nested perpendicular ribbon form.
[0031] FIG. 14A illustrates a perspective view of a process
container according to an embodiment of the present invention
having a conveyor bottom.
[0032] FIG. 14B illustrates an enlarged perspective view of the
conveyor illustrated in FIG. 14A according to an embodiment of the
present invention.
[0033] FIG. 15 illustrates a perspective view of a cassette furnace
using process containers according to an embodiment of the present
invention.
[0034] FIG. 16 illustrates a perspective view of a conventional
process container having cylindrical geometry.
[0035] There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, certain
embodiments of the invention in order that the detailed description
thereof herein may be better understood, and in order that the
present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There
are, of course, additional embodiments of the invention that will
be described below and which will form the subject matter of the
claims appended hereto.
[0036] In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment
of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the
invention is not limited in its application to the details of
construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in
the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The
invention is capable of aspects in addition to those described and
of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to
be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein,
as well as the abstract, are for the purpose of description and
should not be regarded as limiting.
[0037] As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the
conception upon which this disclosure is based may readily be
utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods
and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the invention.
It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as
including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not
depart from the spirit and scope of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0038] A process container and method for scaling-up a chemical
process are provided and described below.
[0039] Description of the Process Container
[0040] A conventional process container known in the prior art is
shown in FIG. 16. As shown the conventional process container has a
cylindrical shape. A process container according to an embodiment
of the present disclosure is shown in FIG. 1. This process
container does not have a cylindrical shape but rather has two
planar surfaces that are parallel to each other, joined at their
edges by half cylinders and at their corners by quarter
spheres.
[0041] By abandoning the cylindrical geometry of FIG. 16 in favor
of the modified superquadic geometry of FIG. 1, the process
demonstrated on the small scale in the cylindrical container of
FIG. 16 can be performed at larger scale without the deterioration
in process performance attendant with scale-up to a larger scale
version of FIG. 16. This is achieved using a scale-up rule for the
modified superquadratic she in FIG. 1 which preserves either the
characteristic length across which physical processes, e.g., heat
transfer, must occur, or, alternately, preserving the ratio of
surface area to volume of the smaller scale experiment performed in
the cylindrical shell of FIG. 16.
[0042] The present, invention replaces the scale-up problem
associated with cylindrically scaling up the container in FIG. 16
with a flow control problem of maintaining uniform flow along the
axis of scale-up, into the page and toward the upper right in FIG.
1. As shown in FIG. 1, the process container for has two planar
faces parallel to each other wherein the edges of the faces are
joined together by adjacent curved bullnose portions. In some
embodiments according to the present disclosure, the depth of the
container is larger than the width of the bullnose portions.
[0043] The shape of the present invention process container may be
described as a generalization of the shape known mathematically as
a capsule. The geometry of the generalized capsule shape may be
described using superellipsoidal, superquadratic, and superquadric
terminology. The use of this geometry is fairly recent and its
penetration into engineering has to date been limited to the field
of image processing. The use of this geometry in the field of
chemical processing represents a fundamental shift in paradigm for
chemical process development and design professionals.
[0044] In one embodiment of the present invention, a container is
provided that is suitable for carrying out operations of combining
(including mixing) chemical species with a method of direct
scale-up from laboratory experiments to commercial-scale
operation.
[0045] In another embodiment of the present invention, a container
is provided that is suitable for carrying out operations of
reacting chemical species with a method of direct scale-up from
laboratory experiments to commercial-scale operation, with
residence time distributions approximating either mixed flow or
plug flow ideal reactor types.
[0046] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a
container is provided with a reciprocating agitator featuring
isotropic turbulence, that is suitable for carrying out operations
of combining, reacting, and/or separating chemical species with a
method of direct scale-up from laboratory experiments to
commercial-scale operation.
[0047] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a
container is provided with a reciprocating fluid mover featuring
unidirectional fluid motion on one side of a central baffle,
providing for circulation around baffle, for mixed flow operation,
that is suitable for carrying out operations of combining and/or
reacting chemical species with a method of direct scale-up from
laboratory experiments to commercial-scale operation.
[0048] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a
container is provided with a central inner container, providing for
introduction of one or more reactants or treating agents in a
cross-flow pattern which allows better control of local
concentrations of chemical species to improve selectivity or yield,
which is suitable for carrying out operations of combining and/or
reacting chemical species with a method of direct scale-up from
laboratory experiments to commercial-scale operation.
[0049] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a
container is provided with a central inner container, providing for
selective removal of one or more chemical or by-product species in
a cross-flow pattern which allows better control of local
concentrations of chemical species to improve selectivity or yield,
which is suitable for carrying out operations of reacting and/or
separating chemical species with a method of direct scale-up from
laboratory experiments to commercial-scale operation.
[0050] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a
container is provided in a ring configuration, to offer
characteristics approaching those of an ideal mixed flow reactor,
that is suitable far carrying out operations of combining and/or
reacting chemical species with a method of direct scale-up from
laboratory experiments to commercial-scale operation.
[0051] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a
container is provided with a pigging device, allowing the container
to be swept clear of incrustations, provide compression and/or
expansion cycles, provide size reduction of solid feedstock,
intermediate, or final solid matter, or to be isolated into
discrete lots of material, that is suitable for carrying out
operations of combining and/or reacting chemical species with a
method of direct scale-up from laboratory experiments to
commercial-scale operation.
[0052] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a
container is provided with a ram device, allowing the container to
be discharged, provide compression and/or expansion cycles, provide
size reduction of solid feedstock, intermediate, or final solid
matter, that is suitable for carrying out operations of reacting
and/or separating chemical species with a method of direct scale-up
from laboratory experiments to commercial-scale operation.
[0053] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a
container is provided with walls profiled to provide the cascading
gas-solid contacting action that is suitable for carrying out
operations of reacting, separating, or transferring heat to/from
chemical species with a method of direct scale-up from laboratory
experiments to commercial-scale operation.
[0054] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a
container is provided with walls profiled with, e.g., the riblet
texture derived from patterns observed on the skins of
fast-swimming sharks, or textures known to take advantage of the
Coanda effect, to enhance surface renewal on process side and/or
hot gas adherence to wall for transferring heat to/from chemical
species, with a method of direct scale-up from laboratory
experiments to commercial-scale operation.
[0055] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a
container is provided with geometry matching that of, e.g., bales
of energy crops/agricultural waste or cords of cut and split
firewood, and porous media false bottom/top/ends/faces to afford
the fixed bed treatment of solid feedstocks with once-through or
recirculated flow of gases or liquids in any of six directions,
that is suitable for carrying out operations of reacting,
separating, or transferring heat to/from chemical species with a
method of direct scale-up from laboratory experiments to
commercial-scale operation.
[0056] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a
plurality of containers is provided as individual retorts which
process a variety feedstocks in a common furnace, using a variety
of reactants or treating agents, for a variety of holding times, to
produce a variety of products as extruded or pelletized solids,
including dried, pretreated, torrefied, pyrolized, gasified, and
combusted feedstocks, including, e,g., woods, energy crops, native
prairie grasses, polyculture and monoculture agriculture residues,
scrap tires, waste paper and cardboard, wood processing scrap,
forestry residues, animal waste, anaerobic digestor sludge,
municipal solid waste, construction and disaster cleanup spoils,
etc., with a method of direct scale-up from laboratory experiments
to commercial-scale operation.
[0057] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a
container is provided that is suitable for carrying out operations
of separating chemical species with a method of direct scale-up
from laboratory experiments to commercial-scale operation.
[0058] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a
container is provided that is suitable for carrying out operations
of simultaneously reacting and separating chemical species with a
method of direct scale-up from laboratory experiments to
commercial-scale operation.
[0059] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a
plurality of stadium cross section tubes are arranged in between
tubesheets in a container is provided that is suitable for the e
transfer of heat between fluids and solids, in a new heat exchanger
that is a hybrid of tube and plate types.
[0060] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a
container is provided with a reciprocating or rotating fluid mover
featuring unidirectional fluid motion on one or both sides of a
central baffle, providing pumping action that is suitable for
carrying out operations of moving liquids, solids, or mixtures of
both in commercial-scale operation.
[0061] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a
container is used for the holding or storage of chemical species in
commercial-scale operation.
[0062] A vertical (or otherwise oriented) reactor chamber, produced
from a squircular or stadium tube in the shape of a vertical prism
of squircular or stadium cross-section, joined to top and bottom
heads of semi-cylindrical cross-section, with 1/4-ell half-pipe
corner transitions is provided according to one embodiment of the
present invention.
[0063] Reactor internal elements for catalysis, adsorption, etc.,
chosen from, e.g., monoliths, foam, mesh may be used. There may be
a means of distributing the feed(s) to the reaction chamber. There
may also be a means of providing desired level of mixing to feeds,
e.g., impinging jet mixer.
[0064] The reactor may also include the following additional
components or features according to various embodiments of the
present invention: a means of collecting the product from opposite
end of the reaction chamber, a means of preheating the feeds) to
the reaction chamber, especially vertical plena similar in shape to
the reaction chamber forming outer walls of furnace; a means to
transfer heat from product exiting reaction chamber to feed(s),
preferable in similar form factor to cross section of outer
chamber; interconnecting piping or ductwork between internal feed
heater plena and, and between reaction chamber and external feed
preheater.
[0065] Feed supply and product transfer systems may be used with
the container/reactor. It may also have a control system (feed,
sequence, temperature, composition, heating system,
startup/shutdown, etc., and process safety and environmental
systems. There may be process Intensification internals for
reaction chamber, preheaters, etc., e.g., fins, static mixer
elements, baffles, etc., to improve heat transfer and mixing as
appropriate.
[0066] The container/reactor operating mode may be chosen from
among batch, continuous, semi-batch, semi-continuous,
controlled-cycle, periodic, etc.
[0067] The flow pattern for the container/reactor may be chosen
from among concurrent, cross-current, countercurrent, fixed-bed
circulating/recycle, oscillatory, pulsed, separative, mixed,
bubbling, slugging, explosive, etc. The heat transfer mode may be
chosen from among direct, indirect, thermally coupled, heat pipe,
ohmic, radiative, magnetocaloric, etc. External heat integration
may be used.
[0068] The scale-up process according to one embodiment of the
present invention is described below using the following steps:
[0069] 1. Scale up a tubular flow reactor characterized by
volumetrically determined performance by constant critical
dimension:
[0070] 1.1 Take an experiment performed in a cylindrical w reactor,
of dimensions x1(=D, y1(=D), z1(=L).
[0071] 1.2. Set D, Las critical dimensions.
[0072] 1.3. Define (volumetric) scaleup factor SV.
[0073] 1.4. Maintain D, L upon scaleup as follows:
[0074] 1.4.1. Set dimension x2=x1=D.
[0075] 1.4.2. Set dimension y2=(SV+4/.pi.-1).pi.D/4.
[0076] 1.4.3. Set dimension z2=z1=L.
[0077] 2. Scale up a tubular flow reactor characterized by surface
area determined performance by constant surface area to volume
ratio:
[0078] 2.1 Take an experiment performed in a cylindrical flow
reactor, of dimensions x1(=D), y1(=D), z1(=L).
[0079] 2.2. Set D, L as critical dimensions
[0080] 2.3. Define (surface/volume) scaleup factor SA.
[0081] 21.4. Maintain D, L upon scaleup as follows:
[0082] 241.1. Set dimension x2=x1=D.
[0083] 2.4.2. Set dimension y2=(.pi.SVx1{circumflex over
(0)}2+4x2{circumflex over (0)}2-.pi.x2{circumflex over
(0)}2)/(4x{circumflex over (0)}2).
[0084] 2.4.3. Set dimension z2=z1=L.
[0085] 3. Scale up a batch or mixed flow reactor characterized by
agitation determined performance by various scale-up rules, e.g.,
power per unit volume, blending time, agitator tip speed,
agitator-induced flow, agitator-induced shear, etc.
[0086] 3.1 Take an experiment performed in a cylindrical flow
reactor, of dimensions x1(=D), y1(=D), z1(=L).
[0087] 3.2. Define volumetric scale-up factor SV.
[0088] 3.3. Construct scaled up process vessel of working volume
equal to the product of small scale vessel working volume and
scale-up factor SV in the form of a ring with non-cylindrical
cross-section as described herein.
[0089] 3.4. Set agitation level to correspond to that corresponding
to scale-up rule chosen.
[0090] A process of designing new process equipment components may
include the steps of: taking an existing process equipment
component possessing symmetry about one axis, dividing it along a
plane running through that axis, separating the two pieces produced
in this dividing operation by a finite distance, and joining them
with linear elements of similar profile.
[0091] The process of scaling up a chemical process operation from
a small scale apparatus to a large scale unit may be performed by
maintaining the diameter of the small scale apparatus as a critical
dimension; and inserting a rectangularly cross-sectioned extension
between two half-cylindrically shaped ends corresponding to halves
of the apparatus. Alternatively, the process of scaling up a
chemical process operation from a small scale apparatus to a large
scale unit may be performed by maintaining the ratio of surface
area of the small scale apparatus to its contained volume
maintained as critical dimension; inserting a rectangularly
cross-sectioned extension between two half-cylindrically shaped
ends corresponding to halves an apparatus of with the aspect ratio
of the two dimensions of the cross section perpendicular to the
direction of normal flow.
[0092] A process of intensification of reaction or separation by a
three- dimensional approach may feature flow or thermal
intensification techniques along the direction of normal flow,
volume-dependent intensification along one direction perpendicular
to the direction of normal flow, or surface-area dependent along a
second direction perpendicular to the direction of normal flow, in
a manner that would tend to disrupt normal flow in conventional
cylindrical process vessel geometry.
[0093] The process of thermal or mechanical integration of
individual process reaction or separation steps may be performed by
shaping the flow path in nested, layered, serpentine, and other
patterns possible with planar channel geometry not possible with
conventional cylindrical process vessels.
[0094] Using the scale-up process described above, scaled-up
process containers having various geometries are may be formed.
FIGS. 1-6 illustrate process containers having various geometries
according to embodiments of the present invention. For example, as
previously discussed, the process containers shown in FIGS. 1 and 2
have a superquadratic shape also described as the rectangular
bullet shape. The process container in FIG. 3 is ring-shaped with a
stadium-form cross-sectional area. The process container in FIG. 4
is an oblate form. The process container in FIG. 5 has a wavy or
serpentine form. The process container in FIG. 6 has a conical
bottom.
[0095] FIG. 6 depicts the rectangular bullet analog of a
cylindroconical process vessel, with conical bottom generalized to
a triangular prism. As illustrated, it features steeply sloped
sides, corresponding to the design for mass flow hoppers for poorly
flowing solids. The utility of this will be readily apparent to
those who have struggled with the poorly behaving solids typical of
renewable feedstock process operations.
[0096] FIGS. 7-10 illustrate embodiments according to the present
invention in which the process containers include additional
components to assist in the chemical process. For example, FIGS. 7A
and 7B illustrate how a ball valve possessing axisymmetry is
generalized into a long axis capsular valve. It is intended as a
component in any of the rectangular bullet, ringform, and
ribbonform process vessel geometries depicted herein. This utility
in constructing process plants from these geometries is
inestimable. FIGS. 7A illustrates a perspective view of the process
having a ball valve component. FIG. 7B illustrates a
cross-sectional view of a process container according to an
embodiment of the present invention of process container in FIG.
7A.
[0097] FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view of a process container
according to an embodiment of the present invention that has a
fluid eductor or ejector. FIG. 8 shows a rectangular generalization
of a fluid eductor or ejector, for use as a component in the
rectangular bullet or ring vessel geometries depicted in earlier
figures. It can be used as a scalable mixing or fluid moving
device.
[0098] FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate a possible method of producing a
spring check valve using a principle that today's cylindrical
paradigm does not allow. It is intended as a component in any of
the rectangular bullet, ringform, and ribbonform process vessel
geometries depicted herein. FIG. 9A illustrates a perspective view
of a process container according to an embodiment of the present
invention having a spring check valve that is closed, FIG. 9B
illustrates a perspective view of the process container depicted in
FIG. 9A where the valve is open.
[0099] FIG. 10 illustrates a perspective view of a process
container according an embodiment of the present invention having
pairs of opposed screw conveyors. A rectangular bullet process
vessel is shown arranged with pairs of opposed screw conveyors to
discharge processed solids in a manner to minimize short circuiting
and dead spots associated with a single screw.
[0100] FIG. 11 illustrates a perspective view of a chemical process
using multiple process containers according to an embodiment of the
present invention. FIG. 11 illustrates how a basic rectangular
bullet vessel would be deployed with internal vertical baffling for
duplex up/down flow arrangements and integrated in a process
consisting of 2 reaction steps with a separation following each. An
example of such a process scheme from renewable fuels would be
selective oxidation of methane from biogas into methanol and water,
with separation of by-product water, followed by reaction of
methanol to dimethyl ether, and purification of DME to vehicular
fuel specifications.
[0101] FIG. 12 illustrates a frontal view of process containers in
series according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 12
depicts a serpentine ribbonform approach to connecting multiple
rectangular bullet vessels in series. The utility this offers
integrated process operations that is unparalleled in today's
cylindrical vessel landscape.
[0102] FIG. 13 illustrates a perspective view of process containers
according to an embodiment of the present invention that are in
nested perpendicular ribbon form. FIG. 13 depicts serpentine
ribbonform rectangular bullet process vessels in series tightly
integrated with a serpentine ribbonform utility chase body. The
spatial utilization possibilities of this approach for the process
industries are endless.
[0103] FIG. 14A illustrates a perspective view of a process
container according to an embodiment of the present invention
having a conveyor bottom. FIG. 14B illustrates an enlarged
perspective view of the conveyor illustrated in FIG. 14A according
to an embodiment of the present invention. These figures depicts an
embodiment featuring a slot deck solids conveyor at the bottom, and
an olds elevator for processed solids discharge. This arrangement
offers, for example, a means of conducting fluidized bed catalytic
cracking reactions in a flow pattern closer to plug flow than
today's state of the art mixed flow operation, with obvious
advantages.
[0104] FIG. 15 illustrates a cassette furnace application featuring
rectangular bullet retorts. A temperature gradient from firebox to
flue offers the possibility of treating a variety of feedstocks at
a variety of conditions depending on feedstock mix available and
product mix desired from thermal treatment of renewable feedstocks.
Serpentine ribbonform (resembling ribbon candy) flue gas channels
intertwined between retort vessels offers superior recuperative
thermal integration. Sealed containers as shown could be handled
with tray loading/unloading robotics for batch recipe management.
Retort docking systems could be used to offer cross-flow and
counter-flow interactions of gases produced by one process with the
solids of another.
[0105] Additional features, advantages, and aspects of the
disclosure may be set forth or apparent from consideration of the
following detailed description, drawings, and claims. Moreover, it
is to be understood that both the foregoing summary of the
disclosure and the following detailed description are exemplary and
intended to provide further explanation without limiting the scope
of the disclosure as claimed.
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