U.S. patent application number 13/852634 was filed with the patent office on 2013-08-22 for handover signaling in wireless networks.
This patent application is currently assigned to Ofinno Technologies, LLC. The applicant listed for this patent is Esmael Hejazi Dinan. Invention is credited to Esmael Hejazi Dinan.
Application Number | 20130215871 13/852634 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 47429004 |
Filed Date | 2013-08-22 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130215871 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Dinan; Esmael Hejazi |
August 22, 2013 |
Handover Signaling in Wireless Networks
Abstract
A base station receives a first radio resource control (RRC)
message comprising parameter(s) indicating whether a wireless
device supports an enhanced physical downlink control channel
(ePDCCH). The base station selectively transmits second RRC
message(s) configuring first radio resources of a first ePDCCH. The
base station makes a handover decision for the wireless device. The
base station transmits a third message to a target base station.
The third message comprises at least one of: parameter(s)
indicating whether the wireless device supports an ePDCCH, and
configuration information of the first ePDCCH.
Inventors: |
Dinan; Esmael Hejazi;
(Herndon, VA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Dinan; Esmael Hejazi |
Herndon |
VA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Ofinno Technologies, LLC
Herndon
VA
|
Family ID: |
47429004 |
Appl. No.: |
13/852634 |
Filed: |
March 28, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13691722 |
Nov 30, 2012 |
8446844 |
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13852634 |
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61566670 |
Dec 4, 2011 |
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61566671 |
Dec 4, 2011 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
370/331 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L 27/2601 20130101;
H04W 36/30 20130101; H04W 36/0072 20130101; H04W 24/08 20130101;
H04W 72/042 20130101; H04W 36/0083 20130101; H04W 72/0406 20130101;
H04W 36/0005 20130101; H04W 72/0446 20130101; H04W 36/12 20130101;
H04W 72/0453 20130101; H04W 36/06 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
370/331 |
International
Class: |
H04W 36/06 20060101
H04W036/06 |
Claims
1. A method comprising: a) receiving, by a serving base station, a
first radio resource control (RRC) message from a wireless device,
said first RRC message comprising one or more parameters indicating
whether said wireless device supports an enhanced physical downlink
control channel (ePDCCH); b) transmitting, by said serving base
station, selectively and if said one or more parameters indicates
support of said ePDCCH, at least one second RRC message configured
to cause, in said wireless device, configuration of: i) first radio
resources of a first ePDCCH of a first carrier, said first radio
resources comprising one or more sets of resource blocks in a
subset of subframes in a plurality of subframes, said at least one
second RRC message indicating frequency resources for said first
ePDCCH in terms of resource blocks in said subset of subframes; ii)
second radio resources of a first data channel, said first radio
resources and said second radio resources starting from the same
OFDM symbol of each subframe in said subset of subframes; and iii)
measurement parameters for measuring signal quality of at least one
carrier of one or more target base stations; c) receiving, by said
serving base station, at least one measurement report from said
wireless device, said at least one measurement report comprising
signal quality information of at least one of said at least one
carrier of at least one of said one or more target base stations,
said signal quality information derived at least in part employing
measurements of at least one OFDM subcarrier; d) making a handover
decision for said wireless device, by said serving base station,
based at least in part on said at least one measurement report; and
e) transmitting, by said serving base station and in response to
said serving base station making said handover decision, at least
one third message to at least one target base station, said at
least one third message comprising at least one of: i) said one or
more parameters indicating whether said wireless device supports
said ePDCCH; and ii) configuration information of said first ePDCCH
of said first carrier.
2. The method of claim 1, before said at least one second RRC
message is transmitted, further comprising: a) encrypting said at
least one second RRC message; and a) protecting said at least one
RRC second message by an integrity header.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one second RRC
message: a) further includes configuration information for physical
channels for said wireless device; and b) is configured to cause
said wireless device to set up or modify at least one radio
bearer.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one second RRC
message further indicates a starting OFDM symbol of said first
ePDCCH in said subset of subframes.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one second RRC
message further indicates a configuration of said subset of
subframes in which said first radio resources of said first ePDCCH
are configured.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one second RRC
message comprising: a) an identifier for said first carrier in a
plurality of carriers, said plurality of carriers comprising: i) at
least one backward compatible carrier; and ii) at least one
non-backward compatible carrier; b) information identifying a
carrier type for said first carrier, said carrier type being one of
a backward compatible type and non-backward compatible type; and c)
measurement parameters.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said first carrier is a
non-backward compatible carrier.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein said serving base station is
configured to communicate employing: a) at least one non-backward
compatible carrier; and b) at least one backward compatible
carrier.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein a first common reference signal
overhead of each of said at least one non-backward compatible
carrier is lower than a second common reference signal overhead of
each of said at least one backward compatible carrier.
10. The method of claim 8, further comprising said serving base
station transmitting a channel state information reference signal
on: a) said at least one non-backward compatible carrier; and b)
said at least one backward compatible carrier.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein one of said at least one second
RRC message is configured to cause said wireless device to
configure at least one of a physical layer parameter, a media
access control layer parameter and a radio link control layer
parameter.
12. A serving base station comprising: a) one or more communication
interfaces; b) one or more processors; and c) memory storing
instructions that, when executed, cause said serving base station
to: i) receive a first radio resource control (RRC) message from a
wireless device, said first RRC message comprising one or more
parameters indicating whether said wireless device supports an
enhanced physical downlink control channel (ePDCCH); ii) transmit,
selectively and if said one or more parameters indicates support of
said ePDCCH, at least one second RRC message configured to cause,
in said wireless device, configuration of: (1) first radio
resources of a first ePDCCH of a first carrier, said first radio
resources comprising one or more sets of resource blocks in a
subset of subframes in a plurality of subframes, said at least one
second RRC message indicating frequency resources for said first
ePDCCH in terms of resource blocks in said subset of subframes; and
(2) measurement parameters for measuring signal quality of at least
one carrier of one or more target base stations; iii) receive at
least one measurement report from said wireless device in response
to said at least one second RRC message, said at least one
measurement report comprising signal quality information of at
least one of said at least one carrier of at least one of said one
or more target base stations, said signal quality information
derived at least in part employing measurements of at least one
OFDM subcarrier; iv) make a handover decision for said wireless
device, by said serving base station, based at least in part on
said at least one measurement report; and; v) transmit, in response
to said handover decision, at least one third message to at least
one target base station, said at least one third message comprising
at least one of: (1) said one or more parameters indicating whether
said wireless device supports said ePDCCH; and (2) configuration
information of said first ePDCCH of said first carrier.
13. The serving base station of claim 12, wherein said serving base
station is configured to communicate employing: a) at least one
non-backward compatible carrier; and b) at least one backward
compatible carrier.
14. The serving base station of claim 13, wherein said
instructions, when executed, further cause said serving base
station to transmit a demodulation reference signal on: a) said at
least one non-backward compatible carrier; and b) said at least one
backward compatible carrier.
15. The serving base station of claim 12, wherein one of said at
least one second RRC message is configured to cause said wireless
device to configure at least one of a physical layer parameter, a
media access control layer parameter and a radio link control layer
parameter.
16. The serving base station of claim 12, wherein one of said at
least one second RRC message comprises radio link configuration
information comprising uplink channel configuration parameters and
handover parameters.
17. A serving base station comprising: a) one or more communication
interfaces; b) one or more processors; and c) memory storing
instructions that, when executed, cause said serving base station
to: i) receive a first radio resource control (RRC) message from a
wireless device, said first RRC message comprising one or more
parameters indicating whether said wireless device supports an
enhanced physical downlink control channel (ePDCCH); ii) transmit,
selectively and if said one or more parameters indicates support of
said ePDCCH, at least one second RRC message configured to cause,
in said wireless device, configuration of first radio resources of
a first ePDCCH of a first carrier, said first radio resources
comprising one or more sets of resource blocks in a subset of
subframes in a plurality of subframes, said at least one second RRC
message indicating frequency resources for said first ePDCCH in
terms of resource blocks in said subset of subframes; iii) make a
handover decision for said wireless device; iv) transmit, in
response to said handover decision, at least one third message to
at least one target base station, said at least one third message
comprising at least one of: (1) said one or more parameters
indicating whether said wireless device supports said ePDCCH; and
(2) configuration information of said first ePDCCH of said first
carrier.
18. The serving base station of claim 17, wherein one of said at
least one second RRC message comprises radio resource configuration
parameters comprising a physical channel configuration
parameters.
19. The serving base station of claim 17, wherein a format of said
at least one measurement report is determined employing at least
one of said at least one second RRC message.
20. The serving base station of claim 17, wherein said at least one
second RRC message further indicates a configuration of said subset
of subframes in which said first radio resources of said first
ePDCCH are configured.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of application Ser. No.
13/691,722, filed Nov. 30, 2012, entitled "Handover in Multicarrier
Wireless Networks," which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application No. 61/566,670, filed Dec. 4, 2011, entitled "Carrier
Information Transmission to Wireless Devices," and U.S. Provisional
Application No. 61/566,671, filed Dec. 4, 2011, entitled "Carrier
Information Exchange between Base Stations," which are hereby
incorporated by reference in their entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
[0002] Example embodiments of the technology disclosed herein may
be related to the field of multicarrier communication systems.
[0003] FIG. 1 is a diagram depicting example sets of OFDM
subcarriers in a multicarrier communication systems. Arrow(s) in
the diagram may depict a subcarrier in a multicarrier OFDM system.
The OFDM system may use technology such as OFDM technology, SC-OFDM
(single carrier-OFDM) technology, or the like. For example, arrow
101 shows a subcarrier transmitting information symbols. FIG. 1 is
for illustration purposes, and a typical multicarrier OFDM system
may include more subcarriers in a carrier. FIG. 1 shows two guard
bands 106 and 107 in a transmission band. As illustrated in FIG. 1,
guard band 106 is between subcarriers 103 and subcarriers 104. The
example set of subcarriers A 102 includes subcarriers 103 and
subcarriers 104. FIG. 1 also illustrates an example set of
subcarriers B 105. As illustrated, there is no guard band between
any two subcarriers in the example set of subcarriers B 105.
Carriers in a multicarrier OFDM communication system may be
contiguous carriers, non-contiguous carriers, or a combination of
both contiguous and non-contiguous carriers.
[0004] A multicarrier communication network may include many base
stations, providing a user plane (PDCP: packet data convergence
protocol/RLC: radio link control/MAC: media access control/PHY:
physical) and control plane (RRC: radio resource control) protocol
terminations towards the wireless device. The base station(s) may
be interconnected with other base station(s) by means of an X2
interface. The base stations may also be connected by means of an
S1 interface to an EPC (Evolved Packet Core). For example, the base
stations may be interconnected to the MME (Mobility Management
Entity) by means of the S1-MME interface and to the Serving Gateway
(S-GW) by means of the S1-U interface. The S1 interface may support
a many-to-many relation between MMEs/Serving Gateways and base
stations. Multicarrier communication networks may handover wireless
devices between base stations.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] A base station receives a first radio resource control (RRC)
message comprising parameter(s) indicating whether a wireless
device supports an enhanced physical downlink control channel
(ePDCCH). The base station selectively transmits second RRC
message(s) configuring first radio resources of a first ePDCCH. The
base station makes a handover decision for the wireless device. The
base station transmits a third message to a target base station.
The third message comprises at least one of: parameter(s)
indicating whether the wireless device supports an ePDCCH, and
configuration information of the first ePDCCH.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
[0006] Examples of several of the various embodiments of the
present invention are described herein with reference to the
drawings, in which:
[0007] FIG. 1 is a diagram depicting example sets of OFDM
subcarriers as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present
invention;
[0008] FIG. 2 is a diagram depicting an example transmission time
and reception time for two carriers as per an aspect of an
embodiment of the present invention;
[0009] FIG. 3 is a diagram depicting OFDM radio resources as per an
aspect of an embodiment of the present invention;
[0010] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a base station and a wireless
device as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present
invention;
[0011] FIG. 5 is a diagram depicting example time and frequency
resources for two downlink carriers as per an aspect of an
embodiment of the present invention;
[0012] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a synchronization channel,
data channel and control channel as per an aspect of an embodiment
of the present invention;
[0013] FIG. 7 is a diagram depicting example control and data
transmission for downlink carriers and uplink carriers as per an
aspect of an embodiment of the present invention;
[0014] FIG. 8 is a diagram depicting example control and data
transmission for downlink carriers and uplink carriers as per an
aspect of an embodiment of the present invention;
[0015] FIG. 9 is an example flow chart for configuration of
non-backward compatible carriers as per an aspect of an embodiment
of the present invention;
[0016] FIG. 10 is an example flow chart showing communications
between two neighboring base stations including non-backward
compatible carriers as per an aspect of an embodiment of the
present invention;
[0017] FIG. 11 is an example flow chart for handover between two
neighboring base stations including non-backward compatible
carriers as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present
invention; and
[0018] FIG. 12 is an example flow chart for handover between two
neighboring base stations including non-backward compatible
carriers as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0019] Example embodiments of the present invention implement
multicarrier OFDM communications. Example embodiments of the
technology disclosed herein may be employed in the technical field
of multicarrier communication systems. More particularly, the
embodiments of the technology disclosed herein may relate to
transmission and reception of control and data traffic in a
multicarrier OFDM communication system.
[0020] Example embodiments of the invention may be implemented
using various physical layer modulation and transmission
mechanisms. Example transmission mechanisms may include, but are
not limited to: CDMA (code division multiple access), OFDM
(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing), TDMA (time division
multiple access), Wavelet technologies, and/or the like. Hybrid
transmission mechanisms such as TDMA/CDMA, and OFDM/CDMA may also
be employed. Various modulation schemes may be applied for signal
transmission in the physical layer. Examples of modulation schemes
include, but are not limited to: phase, amplitude, code, a
combination of these, and/or the like. An example radio
transmission method may implement QAM (quadrature amplitude
modulation) using BPSK (binary phase shift keying), QPSK
(quadrature phase shift keying), 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, and/or
the like. Physical radio transmission may be enhanced by
dynamically or semi-dynamically changing the modulation and coding
scheme depending on transmission requirements and radio
conditions.
[0021] FIG. 1 is a diagram depicting example sets of OFDM
subcarriers as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present
invention. As illustrated in this example, arrow(s) in the diagram
may depict a subcarrier in a multicarrier OFDM system. The OFDM
system may use technology such as OFDM technology, SC-OFDM (single
carrier-OFDM) technology, or the like. For example, arrow 101 shows
a subcarrier transmitting information symbols. FIG. 1 is for
illustration purposes, and a typical multicarrier OFDM system may
include more subcarriers in a carrier. For example, the number of
subcarriers in a carrier may be in the range of 10 to 10,000
subcarriers. FIG. 1 shows two guard bands 106 and 107 in a
transmission band. As illustrated in FIG. 1, guard band 106 is
between subcarriers 103 and subcarriers 104. The example set of
subcarriers A 102 includes subcarriers 103 and subcarriers 104.
FIG. 1 also illustrates an example set of subcarriers B 105. As
illustrated, there is no guard band between any two subcarriers in
the example set of subcarriers B 105. Carriers in a multicarrier
OFDM communication system may be contiguous carriers,
non-contiguous carriers, or a combination of both contiguous and
non-contiguous carriers.
[0022] FIG. 2 is a diagram depicting an example transmission time
and reception time for two carriers as per an aspect of an
embodiment of the present invention. A multicarrier OFDM
communication system may include one or more carriers, for example,
ranging from 1 to 10 carriers. Carrier A 204 and carrier B 205 may
have the same or different timing structures. Although FIG. 2 shows
two synchronized carriers, carrier A 204 and carrier B 205 may or
may not be synchronized with each other. Different radio frame
structures may be supported for FDD (frequency division duplex) and
TDD (time division duplex) duplex mechanisms. FIG. 2 shows an
example FDD frame timing. Downlink and uplink transmissions may be
organized into radio frames 201. In this example, radio frame
duration is 10 msec. Other frame durations, for example, in the
range of 1 to 100 msec may also be supported. In this example, a 10
ms radio frame 201 may be divided into ten equally sized sub-frames
202. Other subframe durations such as including 0.5 msec, 1 msec, 2
msec, and 5 msec may also be supported. Sub-frame(s) may consist of
two or more slots 206. For the example of FDD, 10 subframes may be
available for downlink transmission and 10 subframes may be
available for uplink transmissions in a 10 ms interval. Uplink and
downlink transmissions may be separated in the frequency domain.
Slot(s) may include a plurality of OFDM symbols 203. The number of
OFDM symbols 203 in a slot 206 may depend on the cyclic prefix
length and subcarrier spacing.
[0023] FIG. 3 is a diagram depicting OFDM radio resources as per an
aspect of an embodiment of the present invention. The resource grid
structure in time 304 and frequency 305 is illustrated in FIG. 3.
The quantity of downlink subcarriers or resource blocks (RB) (in
this example 6 to 100 RBs) may depend, at least in part, on the
downlink transmission bandwidth 306 configured in the cell. The
smallest radio resource unit may be called a resource element (e.g.
301). Resource elements may be grouped into resource blocks (e.g.
302). Resource blocks may be grouped into larger radio resources
called Resource Block Groups (RBG) (e.g. 303). The transmitted
signal in slot 206 may be described by one or several resource
grids of a plurality of subcarriers and a plurality of OFDM
symbols. Resource blocks may be used to describe the mapping of
certain physical channels to resource elements. Other pre-defined
groupings of physical resource elements may be implemented in the
system depending on the radio technology. For example, 24
subcarriers may be grouped as a radio block for a duration of 5
msec.
[0024] FIG. 4 is an example block diagram of a base station 401 and
a wireless device 406, as per an aspect of an embodiment of the
present invention. A communication network 400 may include at least
one base station 401 and at least one wireless device 406. The base
station 401 may include at least one communication interface 402,
at least one processor 403, and at least one set of program code
instructions 405 stored in non-transitory memory 404 and executable
by the at least one processor 403. The wireless device 406 may
include at least one communication interface 407, at least one
processor 408, and at least one set of program code instructions
410 stored in non-transitory memory 409 and executable by the at
least one processor 408. Communication interface 402 in base
station 401 may be configured to engage in communication with
communication interface 407 in wireless device 406 via a
communication path that includes at least one wireless link 411.
Wireless link 411 may be a bi-directional link. Communication
interface 407 in wireless device 406 may also be configured to
engage in a communication with communication interface 402 in base
station 401. Base station 401 and wireless device 406 may be
configured to send and receive data over wireless link 411 using
multiple frequency carriers. According to some of the various
aspects of embodiments, transceiver(s) may be employed. A
transceiver is a device that includes both a transmitter and
receiver. Transceivers may be employed in devices such as wireless
devices, base stations, relay nodes, and/or the like. Some example
embodiments for radio technology implemented in communication
interface 402, 407 and wireless link 411 are illustrated in FIG. 1,
FIG. 2, and FIG. 3. and associated text.
[0025] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, an
LTE network may include many base stations, providing a user plane
(PDCP: packet data convergence protocol/RLC: radio link
control/MAC: media access control/PHY: physical) and control plane
(RRC: radio resource control) protocol terminations towards the
wireless device. The base station(s) may be interconnected with
other base station(s) by means of an X2 interface. The base
stations may also be connected by means of an S1 interface to an
EPC (Evolved Packet Core). For example, the base stations may be
interconnected to the MME (Mobility Management Entity) by means of
the S1-MME interface and to the Serving Gateway (S-GW) by means of
the S1-U interface. The S1 interface may support a many-to-many
relation between MMEs/Serving Gateways and base stations. A base
station may include many sectors for example: 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6
sectors. A base station may include many cells, for example,
ranging from 1 to 50 cells or more. A cell may be categorized, for
example, as a primary cell or secondary cell. When carrier
aggregation is configured, a wireless device may have one RRC
connection with the network. At RRC connection
establishment/re-establishment/handover, one serving cell may
provide the NAS (non-access stratum) mobility information (e.g.
TAI-tracking area identifier), and at RRC connection
re-establishment/handover, one serving cell may provide the
security input. This cell may be referred to as the Primary Cell
(PCell). In the downlink, the carrier corresponding to the PCell
may be the Downlink Primary Component Carrier (DL PCC), while in
the uplink, it may be the Uplink Primary Component Carrier (UL
PCC). Depending on wireless device capabilities, Secondary Cells
(SCells) may be configured to form together with the PCell a set of
serving cells. In the downlink, the carrier corresponding to an
SCell may be a Downlink Secondary Component Carrier (DL SCC), while
in the uplink, it may be an Uplink Secondary Component Carrier (UL
SCC). An SCell may or may not have an uplink carrier.
[0026] A cell, comprising a downlink carrier and optionally an
uplink carrier, is assigned a physical cell ID and a cell index. A
carrier (downlink or uplink) may belong to one cell, the cell ID or
Cell index may also identify the downlink carrier or uplink carrier
of the cell (depending on the context it is used). In the
specification, cell ID may be equally referred to a carrier ID, and
cell index may be referred to carrier index. In implementation, the
physical cell ID or cell index may be assigned to a cell. Cell ID
may be determined using the synchronization signal transmitted on a
downlink carrier. Cell index may be determined using RRC messages.
For example, when the specification refers to a first physical cell
ID for a first downlink carrier, it may mean the first physical
cell ID is for a cell comprising the first downlink carrier. The
same concept may apply to, for example, carrier activation. When
the specification indicates that a first carrier is activated, it
equally means that the cell comprising the first carrier is
activated.
[0027] Embodiments may be configured to operate as needed. The
disclosed mechanism may be performed when certain criteria are met,
for example, in wireless device, base station, radio environment,
network, a combination of the above, and/or the like. Example
criteria may be based, at least in part, on for example, traffic
load, initial system set up, packet sizes, traffic characteristics,
a combination of the above, and/or the like. When the one or more
criteria are met, the example embodiments may be applied.
Therefore, it may be possible to implement example embodiments that
selectively implement disclosed protocols.
[0028] In carrier aggregation, two or more carriers may be
aggregated in order to support wider transmission bandwidths. A
wireless device may simultaneously receive or transmit on one or
multiple carriers depending on its capabilities. An LTE Rel-10 or
above wireless device with reception and/or transmission
capabilities for carrier aggregation may simultaneously receive
and/or transmit on multiple carriers corresponding to multiple
serving cells. An LTE Rel-8/9 wireless device may receive on a
single carrier and transmit on a single carrier corresponding to
one serving cell. Carrier aggregation may be supported for both
contiguous and non-contiguous carriers. A carrier may comprise a
plurality of resource blocks in the frequency domain. A wireless
device may be configured to aggregate a different number of
carriers originating from the same base station and of possibly
different bandwidths in the uplink and the downlink. The number of
downlink carriers that may be configured may depend, at least in
part, on the downlink aggregation capability of the wireless
device. The number of uplink carriers that may be configured may
depend, at least in part, on the uplink aggregation capability of
the wireless device. A wireless device may not be configured with
more uplink carriers than downlink carriers. In typical TDD
deployments, the number of carriers and the bandwidth of a carrier
in uplink and downlink may be the same. Carriers originating from
the same base station may or may not provide the same coverage.
[0029] According to the LTE release 10 standard, carriers should be
LTE Rel-8/9 compatible. Existing mechanisms (e.g. barring) may be
used to avoid Rel-8/9 wireless devices to camp on a given carrier.
The backward compatibility of release 10 carriers may introduce
additional overhead and reduce air interface spectral efficiency.
To overcome this issue, a new carrier type, called non-prime
carrier or non-backward compatible carrier in this specification,
may be introduced for carrier aggregation to enhance spectral
efficiency, improve support for overlapping cells and increase
energy efficiency. Non-prime carriers may not include the same
radio structure as legacy carriers and may not be backward
compatible. Legacy carriers are sometimes referred to prime
carriers in this specification. A prime carrier (backward
compatible carrier) may be different from a primary carrier as
defined in LTE release 10. A prime carrier in this specification
may be a legacy carrier, for example, a carrier compatible with LTE
release 8, 9, or 10. Prime carriers may comprise primary carriers
and secondary carriers as defined in LTE release 10. In this
specification, a prime carrier may be a backward compatible carrier
and may be a primary carrier or a secondary carrier.
[0030] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments,
enhanced spectral efficiency may be possible by removing or
reducing some legacy control signaling and overhead (for example,
PSS, SSS, PBCH, SIB, PCH, PDCCH, and/or the like) and/or common
reference signal symbols in the downlink. According to some of the
various aspects of embodiments, some of the legacy control
signaling overhead may be maintained, for example, PSS/SSS may be
transmitted in unsynchronized non-prime carriers. Spectral
efficiency in the downlink of non-prime carriers may be improved.
An enhanced PDCCH for a non-prime carrier may be adopted instead of
legacy PDCCH to improve the spectral efficiency of the downlink
control channel. The enhanced PDCCH may also improve network
performance in overlapping cells. A non-prime carrier may be
implemented without legacy PDCCH. Common reference signal overhead
may be removed or reduced. The changes in PDCCH and common
reference signal may improve network performance in overlapping
cells. According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, a
subframe may become empty or include a reduced number of symbols.
This may reduce power consumption in the base station. A base
station may be configured to: not transmit any signal in a subframe
(for example, enter sleep mode or a power saving mode); and/or
reduce power consumption when the base station does not transmit
any data packet or control packets in that subframe. In prime
carriers, a base station may transmit signals in all subframes,
even the almost blank subframes. In a non-prime carrier, there may
be at least one sub-frame in which the base station does not
transmit any data, control, or reference signals on the non-prime
carrier. This mechanism may enhance energy efficiency in a base
station.
[0031] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, a
non-prime carrier may be associated with a prime carrier (backward
compatible carrier). A non-prime carrier may not be configured as a
primary carrier and may serve as a secondary carrier. An uplink
primary carrier may contain PUCCH radio resources. The uplink
non-prime carrier may be configured to operate without PUCCH radio
resources. In LTE Rel-10, the primary cell configuration and PUCCH
configuration may be wireless device-specific. In legacy LTE uplink
carriers (Release 10 and before), resource blocks at the two ends
of an uplink carrier may be allocated to PUCCH radio resources. A
non-prime carrier may be configured to operate without PUCCH.
Resource blocks at the two ends of the uplink carrier may be
available for PUSCH transmission. In another example embodiment, a
non-prime carrier may be configured to operate without any uplink
random access channel resources. Carriers may be grouped in a
carrier group. Uplink transmissions in a group may have its own
reference timing. A non-prime carrier may be grouped with at least
a prime carrier, and the uplink timing of a non-prime carrier may
be tied to a prime uplink carrier in the same group. A downlink
synchronization signal in a reference cell of the group is employed
to synchronize the timing of cells in a cell group. A group may be
configured with a group index. Timing groups in a wireless device
may be configured employing RRC configuration messages that
associate a cell group index to at least one cell
identifier/index.
[0032] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, a
non-prime carrier may be configured to operate as a synchronous
carrier with another carrier. In another example embodiment, a
non-prime carrier may operate as an unsynchronized carrier. In
synchronized non-prime carriers, the legacy and additional
non-prime carriers may be synchronized in time and frequency. A
minimum or a reduced synchronization processing may be needed in
the receiver. Synchronization is considered from the perspective of
the wireless device receiver. In unsynchronized non-prime carriers,
the legacy and additional carriers may not be synchronized with the
same degree of accuracy as for the synchronized carriers. In
unsynchronized non-prime carriers, the associated legacy and
additional carriers may operate without being synchronized with the
same degree of accuracy as for the synchronized carriers. Wireless
devices may need to perform synchronization on unsynchronized
non-prime carriers. According to some of the various aspects of
embodiments, when a non-prime carrier and the associated prime
carrier are in the same band or have adjacent frequencies, the two
carriers may be considered as synchronized. In another example
embodiment, when a non-prime carrier and the associated prime
carrier are in two different bands, the two carriers may be
considered as unsynchronized carriers with respect to the wireless
device. According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, an
LTE network and/or a wireless device may support synchronized
non-prime carriers, unsynchronized non-prime carriers, none of
them, or both of them. Some wireless devices may be configured to
not support any type of non-prime carriers. Some wireless devices
may support synchronized non-prime carriers, or unsynchronized
non-prime carriers or both. Network overhead and signaling may be
implemented differently in synchronized non-prime and
unsynchronized non-prime carriers.
[0033] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, a
wireless device may need to identify the type of a non-prime
carrier before using the non-prime carrier. This may be achieved by
higher layer signaling (RRC signaling) or a wireless device may
detect a carrier type by itself (for example, by autonomous
wireless device detection). According to some of the various
aspects of embodiments, a non-prime carrier type may be configured
as an unsynchronized non-prime carrier or as a synchronized
non-prime carrier. When a base station configures a non-prime
carrier for a wireless device, the wireless device may be informed
of the carrier synchronization type (synchronized or
unsynchronized) by the base station. According to some of the
various aspects of embodiments, the wireless device may be informed
that a configured non-prime carrier is a synchronized carrier.
Information to identify a reference associated carrier for
time/frequency tracking of a synchronized carrier may be configured
in a wireless device via higher layer signaling (RRC signaling) or
may be decided by grouping carriers. According to some of the
various aspects of embodiments, a synchronized non-prime carrier
may be configured to operate without transmitting PSS/SSS. The
wireless device may skip further synchronization on the non-prime
carrier and may depend on the associated legacy carrier (prime
carrier) timing. In another example embodiment, PSS/SSS may be
transmitted in a synchronous non-prime carrier. According to some
of the various aspects of embodiments, a wireless device may be
informed that a configured non-prime carrier is an unsynchronized
carrier. The wireless device may perform synchronization by
detecting PSS/SSS and/or common reference signal on the non-prime
carrier.
[0034] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, in
non-prime carriers, the demodulation reference signal may be used
for demodulation purposes. The existing demodulation reference
signal patterns may be used on a non-prime carrier. According to
some of the various aspects of embodiments, demodulation reference
signal may be punctured if it overlaps with other signals on the
same radio resources. According to some of the various aspects of
embodiments, the common reference signal (common reference signal)
may be configured to not be transmitted in every subframe to reduce
common reference signal overhead. In another example embodiment,
the common reference signal (common reference signal) may be
configured to not be transmitted at all in a non-backward
compatible carrier. According to some of the various aspects of
embodiments, a non-prime carrier may carry one reference signal
port within one subframe with a 5 ms periodicity. For example, one
reference signal port may comprise LTE common reference signal port
0 resource elements per physical resource block and Rel-8 common
reference signal sequence. In some embodiments, common reference
signal may not be used for demodulation. In a prime carrier, common
reference signal spans substantially the entire bandwidth of the
carrier. In a non-prime carrier, bandwidth of the common reference
signal port may be one of: (a) a full carrier bandwidth; (b) the
minimum of system bandwidth and X, where X is for example 6 or 25
resource blocks; and (c) configurable (for example by base station
transmitting RRC message(s) to wireless device when the carrier is
configured) between full system bandwidth and the minimum of system
bandwidth and X. For example, X may be selected from 6 or 25
resource blocks. In a synchronized non-prime carrier, common
reference signal overhead may be reduced compared with legacy
carriers. For example, common reference signal in a synchronized
non-prime carrier may be the same as common reference signal in an
unsynchronized non-prime carrier. In another example embodiment,
common reference signal overhead may be further reduced compared
with unsynchronized non-prime carriers or may not be
transmitted.
[0035] Non-prime carriers may be configured to not support all
transmission modes. For example, transmission modes 1 to 8 may not
be supported on a non-prime carrier, since the radio resource
configuration may not be compatible with transmission modes 1 to 8.
According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, multiple
layers of transmissions may be supported on a non-prime carrier.
For example, up to eight layer transmission schemes may be
supported on a non-prime carrier.
[0036] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, for
FDD: SSS and PSS may be transmitted in OFDM symbol 1 and 2,
respectively; and may be transmitted in the first slot of subframe
0 and 5 with normal and extended cyclic prefix. For TDD, the OFDM
symbol spacing and ordering between SSS and PSS may be the same as
Rel-8. According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, SSS
may precede PSS. There may be two OFDM symbols between SSS and PSS.
The radio resource location of SSS and PSS in time may be different
when compared with legacy carriers.
[0037] Potential motivations for changing the time/frequency
location relative to LTE Rel-8, may be: preventing acquisition of a
new carrier; reducing inter-cell interference; and avoiding
demodulation reference signal overlap in central 6 physical
resource blocks. According to some of the various aspects of
embodiments, the time location of the PSS/SSS in a frame and/or
subframe may be changed and the frequency location of PSS/SSS may
not be changed. The PSS/SSS may be transmitted at a different
location in time in the same or different subframe compared with
prime carriers. There may be no overlap between PSS/SSS radio
resources of a prime carrier and a non-prime carrier operating in
the same frequency. This may reduce PSS/SSS interference in
overlapping areas. PSS/SSS configuration, such as the location
and/or sequences of PSS/SSS may be pre-defined or may be
communicated to a wireless device via higher layer signaling. The
wireless device then may acquire the PSS/SSS of a non-prime carrier
for time and/or frequency synchronization.
[0038] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments,
PSS/SSS transmission on non-prime carriers may collide with
demodulation reference signal. Many implementation options may be
available to address this issue. For example, demodulation
reference signal may be punctured when colliding with PSS/SSS to
resolve the collision between PSS/SSS and demodulation reference
signal. The non-prime carrier may use wireless device-specific
reference signal for demodulation. On the legacy carrier, the
wireless device-specific reference signal may be configured to not
transmit in subframe 0 and subframe 5 in the central 6 resource
blocks since the PSS/SSS transmitted in these resource blocks
overlaps with the wireless device-specific reference signal
locations. The motive for changing the PSS/SSS time locations would
be to address the case where the PSS/SSS collide with the
demodulation reference signal. According to some of the various
aspects of embodiments, LTE Rel-10 procedure may be employed and
the demodulation reference signal may not be transmitted in the
resource blocks where the PSS/SSS are transmitted. The difference
with Rel-10, is that for an additional carrier type in Rel-11,
common reference signal overhead may be reduced and common
reference signal may not to be used for demodulation purposes. In
another example embodiment, the same sequences as release 8 may be
employed for PSS/SSS and PSS/SSS time locations may be changed. It
may be possible to use the same (or similar) cell searcher as used
in legacy carriers (in Rel-8/9/10).
[0039] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, for
the cell acquisition/detection of a non-prime carrier, legacy
detection/acquisition signals may be employed for a non-prime
carrier. New time/frequency configurations of existing signals may
be implemented. For unsynchronized non-prime carriers, Rel-8
PSS/SSS sequences may be transmitted. The time-frequency location
of PSS/SSS relative to Rel-8 may be changed to prevent the
acquisition of a non-prime carrier. Inter-cell carrier interference
may reduce the reliability of synchronization signals (PSS/SSS) and
broadcast information (PBCH) between interfering cells (for example
between a macro cell and a small cell). A new time location of
PSS/SSS may be applied on a non-prime carrier for interference
co-ordinations so that the collision of the synchronization signals
between interfering cells may be reduced or avoided.
[0040] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, a
wireless device supporting unsynchronized non-prime carrier may
support the functionality of performing time/frequency
synchronization on the non-prime carrier using the PSS/SS
transmitted on that non-prime carrier. Implementation of
synchronization in a synchronized non-prime carrier may be simpler
and a wireless device may obtain synchronization information from
the associated prime carrier. According to some of the various
aspects of embodiments, a synchronized non-prime carrier may be
configured to operate without PSS/SSS transmission for use in time
and frequency tracking. A wireless device may use the
synchronization obtained from the associated prime carrier. If
PSS/SSS are not transmitted on the synchronized carriers, then
demodulation reference signal puncturing or other solutions for
PSS/SSS may not be needed to avoid the collision between PSS/SSS
and demodulation reference signal. In another example embodiment,
PSS/SSS may be transmitted on a synchronous non-prime carrier. A
synchronized reference carrier may be a legacy carrier (prime
carrier) synchronized with a synchronized non-prime carrier in time
and/or frequency. In order to obtain synchronization information of
the synchronized non-prime carrier, synchronization information of
the synchronization reference carrier may be employed. The
synchronization reference carrier may be configured in a wireless
device via higher-layer signaling.
[0041] A mechanism may be implemented to prevent a wireless device
(for example, an LTE release 8, 9 or 10 wireless device) from
acquiring the PSS/SSS of a non-prime carrier (e.g. during the cell
search process). The mechanism may be implemented at the physical
layer or at higher layers. A wireless device may search for the
legacy cells and may attach to a cell that transmits the legacy
PSS/SSS. The wireless device may receive configuration information
of carriers that the wireless device may employ for communications
using carrier aggregation. The carrier configuration information
may include, for example, FDD/TDD configuration, cyclic Prefix
type, bandwidth, cell index/ID, uplink configuration, downlink
configuration, configuration for physical channels, associated
prime carrier, cross carrier scheduling configuration, a
combination of the above, and/or the like.
[0042] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments,
wireless devices may consider the new time location of PSS/SSS
radio resources to identify a non-prime carrier type and not to
spend considerable resources on any subsequent procedures after
PSS/SSS acquisition (and before being barred from further camping
on the non-prime type at a later stage). Physical layer procedures
may be employed to distinguish a prime carrier from a non-prime
carrier. The wireless device may search for the prime carriers and
may be configured to not look for non-prime carriers. According to
some of the various aspects of embodiments, a physical a new time
location of PSS/SSS may not be effective mechanism to bar legacy
devices. A wireless device may be able to decode the new PSS (e.g.,
if the new PSS is identical to the old PSS except a certain symbol
offset), depending on implementation, and the wireless device may
identify a successful SSS decoding. According to some of the
various aspects of embodiments, physical layer mechanisms may
prevent legacy wireless devices from acquiring non-prime carriers.
In another example embodiment, legacy wireless devices may be
prevented from acquiring non-prime carriers by higher layers. If
physical layer mechanism does not prevent legacy wireless devices
from acquiring non-prime carries, wireless devices may be able to
detect/acquire the cell of a non-prime carrier and may try to
select/reselect a non-prime cell. This may degrade legacy wireless
devices' performance in cell selection/reselection. If PSS/SSS of a
non-prime cell is non-visible by legacy wireless devices and/or is
distinguishable by legacy wireless devices, legacy wireless devices
may not be able to select/reselect the non-prime cell. This may be
a solution for legacy wireless devices, and it may enable Rel-11
wireless devices to differentiate non-prime carriers from prime
carriers by PSS/SSS detection.
[0043] If a wireless device physical layer does not detect the
differences between prime and non-prime carriers, and if legacy
wireless device physical layer detects/acquires a non-prime
carrier, then wireless device may employ higher layer signaling
rules to prevent measurement, selecting and/or reselecting a
non-prime cell. A wireless device may not be able to receive higher
layer signaling information on a non-prime carrier, for example
broadcast control channel. Wireless device behavior when higher
level essential information is missing may be triggered and higher
layer signaling may prevent legacy wireless devices from
selecting/reselecting a non-prime cell. The higher layer mechanisms
may be implemented to prevent legacy wireless devices access to
non-prime cells.
[0044] Since non-prime carriers may operate jointly with backward
compatible carriers (prime carriers) and may only operate in an RRC
connected state, a wireless device may obtain some RRC information
(for example, cell configuration parameters) before accessing
non-prime carriers. According to some of the various aspects of
embodiments, non-prime carriers may be configured to operate
without transmitting PBCH and/or other system information blocks.
Paging may be configured to be transmitted on prime carriers, which
may include a primary cell for a wireless device. Paging may be
configured to not transmit on non-prime carriers. Random access
responses may be supported only on a primary carrier. Common
control channels may be configured to broadcast on prime carriers.
Non-primary carriers may be configured to not broadcast common
control channels. Non-prime carriers may be configured to operate
without common search space on physical control channel. Common
search space may be defined exclusively for PDCCH resources in a
primary carrier.
[0045] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments,
enhanced PDCCH on a non-prime carrier may be supported.
Cross-carrier scheduling from another carrier, for example the
associated prime, carrier may be supported. A cross-carrier
scheduling scheme may be implemented for resource allocation on
non-prime carriers. Enhanced PDCCH may be transmitted on a
non-prime carrier. Non-prime carriers may be configured to operate
without transmitting legacy PDDCH. Cross carrier scheduling from
another carrier employing a carrier indication field may be
configured. The usage of enhanced PDCCH and cross carrier
scheduling may be configurable using RRC messages. Enhanced PDCCH
configuration of a non-prime carrier may be communicated to a
wireless device employing RRC signaling when the non-prime carrier
is configured. Enhanced PDDCH configuration parameters may comprise
a frequency offset and/or bandwidth in terms of resource blocks.
According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, additional
fields such as: the starting symbol of an enhanced PDCCH, the
starting symbol of PDSCH, an enhanced PHICH configuration, a
combination of the above, and/or the like may be configured for a
non-prime carrier in the wireless device. These parameters may be
configured via RRC signaling, for example when a non-prime carrier
is configured.
[0046] A non-prime carrier may be configured to operate without
PCFICH. An enhanced PDCCH configuration may be transmitted to the
wireless device employing RRC signaling. When cross carrier
scheduling is used, the PHICH for the non-prime uplink carrier may
be transmitted on the scheduling downlink carrier. According to
some of the various aspects of embodiments, when enhanced PDCCH on
a non-prime carrier is implemented, enhanced PHICH on the non-prime
carrier may be configured. Radio resources of enhanced PHICH may
employ the resource blocks employed for the enhanced PDCCH of a
non-prime carrier. The enhanced PHICH and enhanced PDCCH on a
non-prime carrier may employ different resource elements if a given
resource block. The resource elements may not be shared between
enhanced PDCCH and enhanced PHICH. In another example embodiment,
PHICH may be transmitted on the associated prime carrier. PHICH or
enhanced PHICH may be transmitted on a downlink carrier. PHICH or
enhanced PHICH for an uplink carrier may carry ack/nack for packets
transmitted on the uplink carrier.
[0047] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments,
non-prime carriers may be configured to operate without
transmitting PBCH, SIBs, paging messages, random access responses,
legacy PDCCH, PCFICH, a combination of the above, and/or the like.
In another example embodiment, some of control channels, for
example PBCH, may be maintained in a non-prime carrier. Common
reference signal symbols overhead may also be reduced compared with
prime carriers.
[0048] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments,
non-prime carriers may be employed to reduce inter-cell
interference. In legacy systems, synchronization signals of
different carriers transmitted in the same frequency may interfere
with each other. According to some of the various aspects of
embodiments, the PSS/SSS of a prime carrier may be configured to
not overlap with PSS/SSS of a non-prime carrier. In another example
embodiment, synchronized non-prime carriers may be configured to
operate without transmitting PSS/SSS. This may reduce interference
due to synchronization signals on other downlink carriers
transmitted in the same frequency in the overlapping coverage
areas. According to some of the various aspects of embodiments,
common reference signal overhead may be reduced in non-prime
downlink carriers. Reduction in common reference signal
transmission in non-prime carriers compared with prime carriers may
reduce interference due to common reference signals on other
downlink carriers transmitted in the same frequency.
[0049] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, the
starting symbol of enhanced PDCCH and/or PDSCH on a non-prime
carrier may be configurable in all or a subset of subframes of a
non-prime carrier. At least one RRC reconfiguration message may
indicate the configuration parameters of a non-prime carrier to the
wireless device, including enhanced PDCCH and PDSCH configuration
parameters and subframes that the configuration is applicable. For
example, the starting symbol may be configured as the first,
second, third, or forth symbol in a subset of subframes or all
subframes. If PDSCH and/or enhanced PDCCH start, for example, from
the third symbol in a subframe, no or a substantially reduced
signal power may be transmitted in the first and second symbols of
a subframe. The initial symbols (first and second symbols of a
subset or all subframes in this example) on another prime downlink
carrier operating on the same frequency may be employed for
transmission of PDCCH. Such a configuration may reduce inter-cell
interference between cells with an overlapping coverage area
operating in the same frequency. A more reliable PDCCH transmission
may be achieved. For example, a potential interferer non-prime cell
may be configured to not transmit at a high power when another
prime cell is transmitting PCFICH/PDCCH/PHICH symbols in the same
cell frequency. In another example embodiment, enhanced PDCCH and
PDSCH on a non-prime carrier may start from the first symbol to
increase physical resources available to enhanced PDCCH and PDSCH
of a non-prime carrier. In this configuration, the first symbol of
a frame may be employed for control and data transmission, and base
station may start enhanced PDCCH and PDSCH transmission from the
first symbol of a frame and end at the last symbol of the
subframe.
[0050] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, a
non-prime carrier may include enhanced PDCCH resources. Enhanced
PDCCH may act as PDCCH for the non-prime carrier. Enhanced PDCCH
may carry scheduling information for downlink and uplink shared
channels and may also carry power control information for uplink
transmissions. Beamforming and/or special multiplexing may be
employed for enhanced PDCCH. For example, scheduling packets of two
different wireless devices may share the same enhanced PDCCH
resources using spatial multiplexing techniques. A non-prime
carrier may not be initially defined for standalone operation. A
non-prime carrier may be associated with a backward compatible
carrier. According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, a
non-prime carrier may be contiguously deployed next to the
associated prime carrier. In a non-prime carrier, PDSCH may be
scheduled independently from the other aggregated carriers
employing enhanced PDCCH and with independent HARQ processes. PDSCH
in a non-prime carrier may be cross-carrier scheduled by the other
aggregated carrier.
[0051] In case of cross-carrier scheduling in LTE Rel-10 carrier
aggregation, the PDSCH of a carrier may be cross carrier scheduled
by PDCCH of another carrier. The PDSCH starting position of the
scheduled carrier may be RRC-signaled to the wireless device. In
LTE Rel-10 carrier aggregation, the starting position of PDSCH
cannot be configured to be the first symbol. PCFICH transmission is
mandatory, and PDCCH and PHICH should be configured. PDCCH
transmission should be supported in all subframes. At least
transmission of system information blocks and/or other necessary
control information may be supported on a carrier without employing
cross carrier scheduling, and this require PDCCH resources of the
carrier. The mandatory configuration of PCFICH, PDCCH, and/or PHICH
on carriers including carriers that are cross carrier scheduled may
reduce spectral efficiency in release 10 or before LTE carriers.
Furthermore, in legacy systems the starting symbol of PCFICH and
PDCCH is not configurable and should always start from the first
symbol in LTE subframes.
[0052] A non-prime carrier may be configured to not transmit
enhanced PDCCH and/or PDSCH in its starting OFDM symbol(s) in a
subframe. A base station may configure the starting OFDM symbol(s)
in a subframe of a non-prime carrier in order to reduce
transmission power in some of initial OFDM symbols for the purpose
of interference coordination (e.g. scenarios where one cell employs
legacy PDCCH and another cell employs enhanced PDCCH). The PDSCH
and/or enhanced PDCCH starting position of a non-prime carrier may
be transmitted to the wireless device employing RRC messages. A
non-prime carrier may be configured to not carry the legacy PDCCH.
The RRC signaling for non-prime carrier configuration may indicate
the very first OFDM symbol in a subframe as the PDSCH starting
position, unlike legacy LTE systems. The enhanced PDCCH starting
position may be the same as the PDSCH starting position. In another
example embodiment, the enhanced PDCCH starting position may not be
same as the PDSCH starting position.
[0053] Legacy PDCCH may not be present on a non-prime carrier. In
this case, the scheduling may be done through at least one of the
following two ways: a) cross-carrier scheduling from another
carrier (for example, the associated backward-compatible carrier or
another carrier); or b) enhanced PDCCH may be configured on the
non-prime carrier so as to improve control channel capacity and
provide interference coordination on the control channel. Enhanced
PDDCH of interfering cells may be configured in a way that enhanced
PDDCH of interfering cells may not overlap or may have reduced
overlap in radio resources. If cross-carrier scheduling is
employed, there may be no need for PHICH and PCFICH on the
non-prime carrier. The HARQ ack/nack feedback may be transmitted on
the scheduling carrier. If enhanced PDCCH is used in a non-prime
carrier, a PHICH may be implemented for the non-prime carrier.
[0054] The enhanced PDCCH radio resources may be configurable. The
configuration may comprise at least one of the following: i) a
starting frequency offset in terms of a first number of radio
resource blocks; ii) bandwidth of enhanced physical downlink
control channel in terms of a second number of radio resource
blocks; iii) starting time in a subframe in terms of number of
symbols; iv) ending time in a subframe in terms of slots (or
symbols); v) beamforming information for the physical downlink
control channel, and/or vi) a combination of the some of the
parameters above. According to some of the various aspects of
embodiments, enhanced PDCCH configuration may be in the form of an
array where an element in the array may include the above
parameters. Enhanced PDCCH may include many non-overlapping radio
resource segments in a non-prime carrier.
[0055] Example embodiments of the invention may enable transmission
and reception of control and data traffic in a multicarrier OFDM
communication system. Other example embodiments may comprise a
non-transitory tangible computer readable media comprising
instructions executable by one or more processors to cause
transmission and reception of control and data traffic in a
multicarrier OFDM communication systems. Yet other example
embodiments may comprise an article of manufacture that comprises a
non-transitory tangible computer readable machine-accessible medium
having instructions encoded thereon for enabling programmable
hardware to cause a device (e.g. wireless communicator, wireless
device, base station, etc.) to enable transmission and reception of
control and data traffic in a multicarrier OFDM communication
system. The device may include processors, memory, interfaces,
and/or the like. Other example embodiments may comprise
communication networks comprising devices such as base stations,
wireless devices (wireless device), servers, switches, antennas,
and/or the like.
[0056] FIG. 5 is a diagram depicting example time and frequency
resources for prime carrier 601 and non-prime carrier 602 as per an
aspect of an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a
diagram illustrating synchronization, data and control transmission
channels as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present
invention. A base station may transmit to at least one wireless
device a synchronization signal 615, 606, 608, 609 comprising a
primary synchronization signal 606, 609 and a secondary
synchronization signal 615, 608 on the prime carrier 601. The
synchronization signal may indicate a physical cell ID for a cell
comprising the prime carrier 601. The synchronization signal may
also provide timing information for the prime carrier 601. The
synchronization signal may be transmitted employing a plurality of
subcarriers substantially in the center of the frequency band of
the prime carrier 601 on the first and sixth subframes (subframe 0
and 5) of a frame in the plurality of frames. Primary and secondary
synchronization signals may occupy a bandwidth of approximately six
resource blocks. The base station may broadcast to at least one
wireless device physical broadcast channel (PBCH) 607 in slot one
604 of subframe 0 of the prime carrier 301. At least one wireless
device may receive the synchronization signals to obtain and/or
track carrier frame and subframe timing. At least one wireless
device may receive PBCH signal to obtain at least one configuration
parameter of the downlink carrier.
[0057] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, a
base station may transmit a first synchronization signal 615, 606,
608, 609 comprising a primary synchronization signal 606, 609 and a
secondary synchronization signal 615, 608 on the prime carrier 601.
The first synchronization signal may indicate a physical cell ID
for a cell comprising the prime carrier 601. The first
synchronization signal may provide timing information for the prime
carrier 601. A second synchronization signal may be transmitted on
the non-prime carrier. The second synchronization signal may be
transmitted employing a plurality of subcarriers substantially in
the center of the frequency band of the non-prime carrier 602
employing six resource blocks. A second synchronization signal may
comprise a second primary synchronization signal and a second
secondary synchronization signal. According to some of the various
aspects of embodiments, the second synchronization signal may be
transmitted on a second time location (different from time location
of the first synchronization signal) in the same or different
subframe compared with the first synchronization signal. The second
synchronization signal may provide timing information for the
non-prime carrier 602. In another example embodiment, a non-prime
carrier may carry synchronization signal in resources 610, 611,
613, and 614 similar to prime carriers.
[0058] The base station may transmit to at least one wireless
device a first plurality of data packets on a first data channel
703 of the prime carrier 601 on a first plurality of OFDM
subcarriers. A first plurality of OFDM subcarriers may exclude a
plurality of subcarriers used for transmission of the primary 606,
609 and secondary 615, 608 synchronization signals in the first and
sixth subframes in the plurality of frames. A first plurality of
OFDM subcarriers may exclude a plurality of subcarriers used for
transmission of the PBCH 607. PSS/SSS/PBCH resources 709 on the
prime carrier 601 in an example subframe 708 are illustrated in
FIG. 6.
[0059] The base station may transmit a first plurality of broadcast
system information messages (SIB messages) on the first data
channel 703 employing, for example, radio resources 704. The
plurality of broadcast system information messages may comprise a
plurality of radio link configuration parameters of the prime
carrier 601 for a wireless device receiving the prime carrier 601
and the non-prime carrier 602 signals. An example radio resource
704 employed for SIB message transmission is illustrated in FIG. 6.
SIB messages may be transmitted continuously and may be transmitted
on a subset of the downlink subframes of the prime carrier 601.
System information of the non-prime carrier 602 may be received via
at least one unicast RRC message when the non-prime carrier 602 is
configured by higher layers. According to some of the various
aspects of embodiments, the at least one unicast RRC message may be
transmitted on the first data channel 703 of the prime carrier 601.
The non-prime carrier 602 may be configured to operate without
broadcasting the system information blocks on the non-prime carrier
602. The base station may transmit a second plurality of data
packets on a second data channel 705 on a second plurality of OFDM
subcarriers of the non-prime carrier 602.
[0060] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, the
second plurality of OFDM subcarriers of the non-prime carrier 602
may comprise the OFDM subcarriers substantially in the center of
the frequency band at symbols 610, 611, 613, and 614 of the
non-prime carrier 602 in the first and sixth subframes in the
plurality of frames. No primary synchronization signal and no
secondary synchronization signal may be transmitted on the second
carrier in radio resource 610, 611, 613, and 614. The non-prime
carrier may be configured to operate without transmitting primary
synchronization signal and secondary synchronization signal in
radio resource 610, 611, 613, and 614. No broadcast system
information message (SIB messages) may be transmitted on the second
data channel 705. The non-prime carrier 602 may be configured to
operate without transmitting or broadcasting system information
message (SIB messages). No physical broadcast channel may be
transmitted in radio resource 612. The non-prime carrier 602 may be
configured to operate without transmitting physical broadcast
channel in radio resource 612. According to some of the various
aspects of embodiments, if non-prime carrier 602 is a synchronized
non-prime carrier, subframe timing of the non-prime carrier 602 may
be provided by the synchronization signal transmitted on the prime
carrier 601. In another example embodiment, if the non-prime
carrier 602 is an unsynchronized non-prime carrier, subframe timing
of the non-prime carrier 602 may be provided by a second
synchronization signal transmitted on the non-prime carrier 602.
According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, if
synchronization signals are transmitted on a non-prime carrier 602,
radio resources 712 of synchronization signal may be in a different
time location in the same subframe 708 (as shown in FIG. 6) or in a
different subframe (not shown in the figure).
[0061] The first plurality of data packets and the second plurality
of data packets may be transmitted using a plurality of physical
resource blocks. A physical resource block may comprise reference
signal symbols and data symbols. The broadcast system information
messages may be RRC system information blocks (SIBs). The radio
link configuration information may comprise measurement
configuration, uplink channel configuration, handover parameters,
and/or the like.
[0062] The primary synchronization signal 606, 609 may be generated
using a frequency-domain Zadoff-Chu sequence. The primary
synchronization signal 606, 609 may be mapped to the last OFDM
symbol in slots zero 603 and ten 605 for an FDD frame structure.
The primary synchronization signal 606, 609 may be mapped to the
third OFDM symbol in subframes 1 and 6 for the TDD frame structure.
The secondary synchronization signal 615, 608 may be generated
employing an interleaved concatenation of two 31 bit binary
sequences. The concatenated sequence may be scrambled with a
scrambling sequence given by the primary synchronization signal
606, 609. The portion of the secondary synchronization signal
transmitted in subframe zero 615 may be different from the portion
of the secondary synchronization signal transmitted in subframe
five 608. If a non-prime carrier is configured to transmit
synchronization signals, the synchronization signals transmitted on
a prime carrier and the synchronization signals transmitted on the
non-prime carrier may be selected from the same set of available
sequences.
[0063] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments,
downlink control information may be transmitted on a physical
control channel 702 on the prime carrier 601. The base station may
transmit at least one control message on the first data channel
703. The at least one control message may be configured to cause
configuration of a non-prime carrier 602 in a wireless device. The
at least one control message may comprise the configuration of
radio resources of the non-prime carrier comprising a second data
channel. In a first carrier configuration, the control channel 702
may be configured to provide transmission format and scheduling
information for the first plurality of data packets transmitted on
the prime carrier 601 and the second plurality of data packets
transmitted on the non-prime carrier 602. The control channel 602
may be transmitted on the prime carrier 601 starting from the first
OFDM symbol of a subframe. The control channel may be a physical
downlink control channel. No physical control format indicator
channels, no physical downlink HARQ indicator channel, and no
physical downlink control channels may be transmitted on the
non-prime carrier 602. The non-prime carrier 602 may be configured
to operate without transmitting physical control format indicator
channel, physical downlink HARQ indicator channel, and physical
downlink control channel. Radio resources of the second data
channel 705 may be configured to start from the first OFDM symbol
of a subframe 708 of the non-prime carrier 602 and to end at the
last OFDM symbol of the subframe of the non-prime carrier 602. No
HARQ feedback may be transmitted on the non-prime carrier 602. The
non-prime carrier 602 may be configured to operate without
transmitting HARQ feedback on the non-prime carrier 602.
[0064] FIG. 8 is a diagram depicting example control and data
transmission for a prime downlink carrier 601, a non-prime downlink
carrier 602, a prime uplink carrier 811, and a non-prime uplink
carrier 812 as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present
invention. Downlink subframe 903 may not be transmitted at the same
time with uplink subframe 904. Radio resources 905 are employed for
transmission of PCFICH, PDCCH, and PHICH. The downlink control
channel (PDCCH) in radio resources 905 may be configured to provide
transmission format and scheduling information for a first
plurality of packets transmitted on a first downlink shared channel
906, a second plurality of packets transmitted on a second downlink
shared channel 907, a third plurality of data packets transmitted
on a first uplink shared channel 908, and a fourth plurality of
data packets transmitted on a second uplink shared channel 909. For
example control packet 916 may provide transmission format and
scheduling information for data packet 913. Control packet 922 may
provide transmission format and scheduling information for data
packet 933. Control packet 918 may provide transmission format and
scheduling information for data packet 914. Control packet 920 may
provide transmission format and scheduling information for data
packet 924. Control packets 918 and 920 may also comprise power
control information for transmission of packets 914 and 924
respectively. The prime uplink carrier 811 may comprise: a) a first
portion of bandwidth employed for the first uplink data channel
908; and b) a second portion of the bandwidth employed for a first
uplink control channel 910.
[0065] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, in
a second carrier configuration, the control channel 702 may be
configured to provide transmission format and scheduling
information for the first plurality of data packets transmitted on
the prime carrier 601. The control channel 702 may be transmitted
on the prime carrier 601 starting from the first OFDM symbol of a
subframe 708. The control channel may be a physical downlink
control channel. Second control information may be transmitted on a
second control channel 711 on the non-prime carrier 602. The second
control channel 711 may be configured to provide transmission
format and scheduling information for the second plurality of data
packets transmitted on the non-prime carrier 602. The second
control channel may be an enhanced physical downlink control
channel. Radio resources of the second data channel 705 may be
configured to start from the first OFDM symbol of a subframe of the
non-prime carrier 602 and end at the last OFDM symbol of the
subframe of the non-prime carrier 602.
[0066] FIG. 7 is a diagram depicting example control and data
transmission for a prime downlink carrier 601, a non-prime downlink
carrier 602, a prime uplink carrier 811, and a non-prime uplink
carrier 812 as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present
invention. Downlink subframe 803 may not be transmitted at the same
time with uplink subframe 804. Radio resources 805 are employed for
transmission of PCFICH, PDCCH, and PHICH. The downlink control
channel (PDCCH) in radio resources 805 may be configured to provide
transmission format and scheduling information for a first
plurality of packets transmitted on a first downlink shared channel
806, and a third plurality of data packets transmitted on a first
uplink shared channel 808. Enhance control channel 824 may be
configured to provide transmission format and scheduling
information for a second plurality of packets transmitted on a
second downlink shared channel 807, and a fourth plurality of data
packets transmitted on a second uplink shared channel 809. For
example control packet 814 may provide transmission format and
scheduling information for data packet 820. Control packet 816 may
provide transmission format and scheduling information for data
packet 830. Control packet 926 may provide transmission format and
scheduling information for data packet 818. Control packet 928 may
provide transmission format and scheduling information for data
packet 832. Control packets 816 and 928 may also comprise power
control information for transmission of packets 830 and 832
respectively. The prime uplink carrier 811 may comprise: a) a first
portion of bandwidth employed for the first uplink data channel
808; and b) a second portion of the bandwidth employed for a first
uplink control channel 810.
[0067] FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 illustrate two example carrier
configurations. Carrier configurations are wireless device
specific. A first wireless device connected to a base station may
be configured with a first carrier configuration and a second
wireless device connected to the same base station may be
configured with a second carrier configuration. Therefore, a base
station may provide both first and the second configurations. For a
first wireless device the base station may employ cross carrier
scheduling as shown in FIG. 8, and for a second wireless device the
base station may employ enhanced PDCCH as shown in FIG. 8. A base
station may support both configurations in parallel, a first
configuration may be applied to a first wireless device, and a
second configuration may be applied to a second wireless device.
For the first wireless device, the PDCCH in radio resource 905 may
be configured to provide transmission format and scheduling
information for a first plurality of packets transmitted on a first
downlink shared channel 906, a second plurality of packets
transmitted on a second downlink shared channel 907, a third
plurality of data packets transmitted on a first uplink shared
channel 908, and a fourth plurality of data packets transmitted on
a second uplink shared channel 909. During the same period, the
downlink control channel (PDCCH) in radio resources 805 may be
configured to provide transmission format and scheduling
information for a first plurality of packets transmitted on a first
downlink shared channel 806, and a third plurality of data packets
transmitted on a first uplink shared channel 808. Enhance control
channel 824 may be configured to provide transmission format and
scheduling information for a second plurality of packets
transmitted on a second downlink shared channel 807, and a fourth
plurality of data packets transmitted on a second uplink shared
channel 809.
[0068] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, in
a third carrier configuration, the control channel 702 may be
configured to provide transmission format and scheduling
information for the first plurality of data packets transmitted on
the prime carrier 601 and the second plurality of data packets
transmitted on the non-prime carrier 602. The control channel 602
may be transmitted on the prime carrier 601 starting from the first
OFDM symbol of a subframe. The control channel may be a physical
downlink control channel. No physical control format indicator
channels, no physical downlink HARQ indicator channel, and no
physical downlink control channels may be transmitted on the
non-prime carrier 602. The non-prime carrier 602 may be configured
to operate without transmitting physical control format indicator
channel, physical downlink HARQ indicator channel, and physical
downlink control channel. No HARQ feedback may be transmitted on
the non-prime carrier 602. The non-prime carrier 602 may be
configured to operate without transmitting HARQ feedback on the
non-prime carrier 602. The starting symbol of radio resources of
the second physical downlink shared channel 705 may be indicated by
at least one control message. For example, the starting symbol of
the second physical downlink shared channel 705 may be configured
to start from the third symbol of a subframe. In this
configuration, the first and second symbol of the subframe may not
be employed for transmission of control and data channels. The base
station may transmit substantially reduced power or no power in the
first two symbols of the subframe. In an implementation option, the
ending symbol of the second physical downlink shared channel 705
may be indicated by at least one control message.
[0069] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, in
a fourth carrier configuration, the control channel 702 may be
configured to provide transmission format and scheduling
information for the first plurality of data packets transmitted on
the prime carrier 601. The control channel 702 may be transmitted
on the prime carrier 601 starting from the first OFDM symbol of a
subframe 708. The control channel may be a physical downlink
control channel. Second control information may be transmitted on a
second control channel 711 on the non-prime carrier 602. The second
control channel 711 may be configured to provide transmission
format and scheduling information for the second plurality of data
packets transmitted on the non-prime carrier 602. The second
control channel may be an enhanced physical downlink control
channel. The starting symbol of radio resources of the second
physical downlink shared channel 705 and/or the second control
channel 711 may be indicated by at least one control message. For
example, the starting symbol of the second physical downlink shared
channel 705 and/or the second control channel 711 may be configured
to start from the third symbol of a subframe. In this
configuration, the first and second symbol of the subframe may not
be employed for transmission of control and data channels. The base
station may transmit substantially reduced power or no power in the
first two symbols of the subframe. In an implementation option, the
ending symbol of the second physical downlink shared channel 705
and/or the second control channel 711 may be indicated by at least
one control message.
[0070] Radio resources 709 may be configured to provide a
synchronization signal on the prime carrier 601. In an example
carrier configuration, if the non-prime carrier is configured to
carry a synchronization signal, radio resources 712 may be
configured to provide the second synchronization signal on the
non-prime carrier. In another example embodiment, the non-prime
carrier may be configured to operate without transmitting the
second synchronization signal. In that case, a wireless device may
employ the synchronization signal 709 transmitted on the prime
carrier 601 for frame and subframe timing of the prime carrier 601
and the non-prime carrier 602.
[0071] As shown in FIG. 6, radio resources employed by enhanced
PDCCH may be configured to span in a limited number of configured
resource blocks starting from an offset frequency configured in
terms of the resource blocks. PCFICH may not be transmitted on a
non-prime carrier, and enhanced PDCCH configuration may be
transmitted to the wireless device via RRC messages transmitted on
a prime carrier. Radio resources employed for PDSCH may span the
entire active prime carrier bandwidth in frequency excluding the
resource blocks employed by enhanced PDCCH. According to some of
the various aspects of embodiments, if synchronization signal
and/or PBCH are transmitted in a subframe, PDSCH resources may
exclude the resource blocks 712 employed by synchronization signal
and/or PBCH in the subframe. According to some of the various
aspects of embodiments, enhanced PDCCH 711 and PDSCH 705 radio
resources may start from the first symbol of a subframe and end at
the last symbol of the subframe. Enhanced PDCCH 711 and PDSCH 705
radio resources may span the entire duration of a subframe in time.
In another example implementation, the starting symbol and/or the
ending symbol of enhanced PDCCH and PDSCH in all or a subset of
subframes may be a configurable parameter and may be indicated to a
wireless device employing RRC signaling. In an example
implementation, some of the resource elements of resource blocks
employed for enhanced PDCCH may be employed for an enhanced PHICH
transmission. Enhanced PHICH may carry ack/nack for uplink packets
transmitted on the non-prime uplink carrier. A control packet
transmitted on enhanced PDCCH may employ a subset of resources
allocated to enhanced PDCCH. A packet transmitted on PDSCH may
employ a subset of resources allocated to PDSCH.
[0072] The first plurality of data packets and the second plurality
of data packets may be encrypted packets. The first plurality of
data packets and the second plurality of data packets may be
assigned to a radio bearer. A first plurality of packets that are
assigned to the same radio bearer may be encrypted using an
encryption key and at least one parameter that changes
substantially rapidly over time. An example of the parameter that
changes substantially rapidly over time may be a counter, for
example, a packet sequence number.
[0073] RRC messages may be encrypted and may be protected by an
integrity header before it is transmitted. The at least one control
message may be transmitted by an RRC protocol module. The at least
one control message may further comprise configuration information
for physical channels for a wireless device. The at least one
control message may set up or modify at least one radio bearer. The
at least one control message may modify configuration of at least
one parameter of a MAC layer or a physical layer. The at least one
control message may be an RRC connection reconfiguration
message.
[0074] The transmission and reception mechanisms in the example
embodiments may increase bandwidth efficiency in the system. The
proposed transmission and reception mechanisms may provide a set of
constraints for assigning wireless physical resources to data and
control packet transmission that may result in increased overall
air interface capacity. The non-prime carrier may be employed to
provide additional capacity. In the example embodiments, the
non-prime carrier may not carry some of the physical channels that
are required, for example, in LTE release 8, 9 and 10. This may
improve wireless interface spectral efficiency.
[0075] In an example embodiment of the invention implemented in an
LTE network, the first control channel may be a physical control
format indicator channel (PCFICH), the second control channel may
be a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), and the first and
second data channels may be the first and second physical downlink
shared channels (PDSCH). Downlink HARQ feedback may be transmitted
employing a physical HARQ indicator channel (PHICH), and the
physical broadcast channel may comprise at least one information
field related to system information.
[0076] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments,
PCFICH, PDCCH, PBCH, BCCH, and/or PCH may be transmitted on the
prime carrier. The non-prime carrier may be configured to operate
without transmitting PCFICH, PDCCH, PBCH, BCCH and/or PCH in any
subframe. PDCCH transmitted on the prime carrier may transmit
scheduling packets for the first and second PDSCH. An example
embodiment may eliminate PCFICH and PDCCH transmission on the
non-prime carrier and release the capacity that should have been
used for these control channels to PDSCH. This may increase the
data capacity of the second carrier, and may increase the spectral
efficiency of the system. According to some of the various aspects
of embodiments, a carrier in the plurality of carriers may be
classified as a prime carrier or a non-prime carrier, wherein the
transmitter transmits at least one prime carrier and at least one
non-prime carrier. The prime carriers may transmit PCFICH, PDCCH,
PBCH, BCCH, PCH channels, and/or the like. The non-prime carriers
may be configured to operate without transmitting the PCFICH,
PDCCH, SS, PBCH, BCCH, PCH channels, and/or the like. The
scheduling packets corresponding to data packets transmitted on
non-prime carriers may be transmitted in PDCCH channels of one of
the prime carriers. The resources allocated to the data channel in
non-prime carriers may start from the first symbol of a
subframe.
[0077] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, a
wireless device may receive from a base station a synchronization
signal 615, 606, 608, 609 comprising a primary synchronization
signal 606, 609 and a secondary synchronization signal 615, 608 on
the prime carrier 601. The synchronization signal may indicate a
physical cell ID for a cell comprising the prime carrier 601. The
synchronization signal may also provide timing information for the
prime carrier 601 and the non-prime carrier 602 in the plurality of
carriers. The synchronization signal may be received employing a
plurality of subcarriers substantially in the center of the
frequency band of the prime carrier 601 on the first and sixth
subframes (subframe 0 and 5) of each frame in the plurality of
frames. Primary and secondary synchronization signals may occupy a
bandwidth equal to six resource blocks. The wireless device may
receive a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) 607 in slot one 604 of
subframe 0 of the prime carrier 301. In one example embodiment,
radio resources 610, 611, 612, 613 and 614 may not be employed for
reception of a synchronization signal and PBCH. These resources may
be employed for receiving data on the downlink carrier. For
example, these radio resources may be employed for reception of
data packets on a non-prime carrier physical downlink shared
channel.
[0078] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, a
wireless device may receive a first synchronization signal 615,
606, 608, 609 comprising a primary synchronization signal 606, 609
and a secondary synchronization signal 615, 608 on the prime
carrier 601. The first synchronization signal may indicate a
physical cell ID for a cell comprising the prime carrier 601. The
first synchronization signal may provide timing information for the
prime carrier 601. A second synchronization signal may be received
on the non-prime carrier. The second synchronization signal may be
received employing a plurality of subcarriers substantially in the
center of the frequency band of the non-prime carrier 602 employing
six resource blocks. A second synchronization signal may comprise a
second primary synchronization signal and a second secondary
synchronization signal. According to some of the various aspects of
embodiments, the second synchronization signal may be received on a
second time location (different from time location of the first
synchronization signal) in the same or different subframe compared
with the first synchronization signal. The second synchronization
signal may provide timing information for the non-prime carrier
602.
[0079] The wireless device may receive from the base station a
first plurality of data packets on a first data channel 703 of the
prime carrier 601 on a first plurality of OFDM subcarriers. A first
plurality of OFDM subcarriers may exclude a plurality of
subcarriers used for transmission of the primary 606, 609 and
secondary 615, 608 synchronization signals in the first and sixth
subframes in the plurality of frames. A first plurality of OFDM
subcarriers may exclude a plurality of subcarriers used for
transmission of the PBCH 607. PSS/SSS/PBCH resources 709 on the
prime carrier 601 in an example subframe 708 are illustrated in
FIG. 6.
[0080] The wireless device may receive from the base station a
first plurality of broadcast system information messages (SIB
messages) on the first data channel 703 employing, for example,
radio resources 704. The plurality of broadcast system information
messages may comprise a plurality of radio link configuration
parameters of the prime carrier 601 for the wireless device
receiving the prime carrier 601 and the non-prime carrier 602
signals. An example radio resource 704 employed for SIB message
transmission is illustrated in FIG. 6. SIB messages may be received
continuously and may be received on a subset of the downlink
subframes of the prime carrier 601. System information of the
non-prime carrier 602 may be received via at least one unicast RRC
message when the non-prime carrier 602 is configured by higher
layers. According to some of the various aspects of embodiments,
the at least one unicast RRC message may be received on the first
data channel 703 of the prime carrier 601. The non-prime carrier
602 may be configured to operate without broadcasting the system
information blocks on the non-prime carrier 602. The wireless
device may receive a second plurality of data packets on a second
data channel 705 on a second plurality of OFDM subcarriers of the
non-prime carrier 602.
[0081] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, the
second plurality of OFDM subcarriers of the non-prime carrier 602
may comprise the OFDM subcarriers substantially in the center of
the frequency band at symbols 610, 611, 613, and 614 of the
non-prime carrier 602 in the first and sixth subframes in the
plurality of frames. No primary synchronization signal and no
secondary synchronization signal may be received on the second
carrier in radio resource 610, 611, 613, and 614. The non-prime
carrier may be configured to operate without receiving primary
synchronization signal and secondary synchronization signal in
radio resource 610, 611, 613, and 614. No broadcast system
information message (SIB messages) may be received on the second
data channel 705. The non-prime carrier 602 may be configured to
operate without receiving system information message (SIB
messages). No physical broadcast channel may be received in radio
resource 612. The non-prime carrier 602 may be configured to
operate without receiving physical broadcast channel in radio
resource 612. According to some of the various aspects of
embodiments, if non-prime carrier 602 is a synchronized non-prime
carrier, subframe timing of the non-prime carrier 602 may be
provided by the synchronization signal received on the prime
carrier 601. In another example embodiment, if the non-prime
carrier 602 is an unsynchronized non-prime carrier, subframe timing
of the non-prime carrier 602 may be provided by a second
synchronization signal received on the non-prime carrier 602.
According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, if
synchronization signals are received on a non-prime carrier 602,
radio resources 712 of synchronization signal may be in a different
time location in the same subframe 708 (as shown in FIG. 6) or in a
different subframe (not shown in FIG. 6). The first plurality of
data packets and the second plurality of data packets may be
received using a plurality of physical resource blocks.
[0082] Legacy release 8 and 9 LTE wireless devices may be able to
connect to a prime carrier 601. Legacy release 8 and 9 LTE wireless
devices may not be able to connect to non-prime carriers. Wireless
devices employing an example embodiment may be able to connect to a
prime carrier 601, and then employ a non-prime carrier 602 to
further enhance the data transmission rate. The initial connection
may be set up employing a prime carrier. A wireless device may
receive a paging message on a prime carrier. A wireless device may
start a random access procedure in the uplink carrier corresponding
to a prime downlink carrier to establish a connection. Signaling
radio bearer one in LTE may be established using a prime downlink
carrier and a corresponding prime uplink carrier. The wireless
device may establish other signaling and data radio bearers on a
prime carrier, a non-prime carrier, and/or both.
[0083] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, a
base station may transmit in a frame in the sequential series of
frames on a prime carrier the n most significant bits of a system
frame number. The base station may transmit the n most significant
bits of a system frame number employing a plurality of subcarriers
substantially in the center of the frequency band of the prime
carrier on the first subframe of the frame in an information
element in a control block transmitted on a physical broadcast
channel. Each frame in the sequential series of frames may be
assigned a system frame number. The system frame number may be
represented by m bits. The base station may transmit the (m-n)
least significant bits of the system frame number implicitly by
encoding control blocks in the physical broadcast channel over 2
(m-n) frames (2 to the power of m-n). Sequential position of the
encoded control blocks may determine the (m-n) least significant
bits. In other word, the timing of the encoded control blocks on
the physical broadcast channel may determine the m-n least
significant bits. The base station may transmit the same system
frame number in frames of the at least one prime carrier if the
frames are transmitted at the same time.
[0084] The base station may transmit and receive, by employing a
communication interface, a first plurality of packets in the frame
on a prime carrier. The communication interface may employ, at
least in part, the system frame number transmitted in the frame of
the prime carrier. The prime carrier may be configured to operate
broadcasting the system frame number on the prime carrier. The base
station may transmit and receive, by employing a communication
interface, a second plurality of packets in the frame on a
non-prime carrier. The communication interface may employ, at least
in part, the system frame number transmitted in the frame of the
prime carrier. The non-prime carrier may be configured to operate
without broadcasting the system frame number on the non-prime
carrier.
[0085] The physical broadcast channel received on a prime carrier
may comprise downlink bandwidth, system frame number, and/or PHICH
configuration of the prime carrier. According to some of the
various aspects of embodiments, n may be equal to 8, and m may be
equal to 10. The wireless device may descramble the control blocks
received on the physical broadcast channel with a cell-specific
sequence prior to modulation. The wireless device may demodulate
the control blocks received on the physical broadcast channel using
QPSK modulation. The wireless device may decode the control blocks
transmitted on the physical broadcast channel employing tail biting
convolutional decoding. The receiver may remove CRC bits from a
decoded control block of the physical broadcast channel. The CRC
bits may be descrambled according to the base station transmit
antenna configuration. The wireless device may receive a plurality
of control packets on the second data channel. Integrity checksum
may be calculated for the plurality of control packets using a
plurality of parameters comprising a hyper frame number.
[0086] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments,
downlink assignments transmitted on the PDCCH may indicate if there
is a transmission on a downlink shared channel for a particular
wireless device and/or may provide the relevant hybrid ARQ
information. For configured downlink assignments, the hybrid ARQ
process identifier associated with the subframe may be derived, at
least in part, as a function of transmission time interval number.
The transmission time interval number may be derived as (system
frame number.times.10)+subframe number. When a wireless device
needs to read broadcast control channel, the wireless device may
employ the system frame number for decoding.
[0087] FIG. 9 is an example flow chart for configuration of
non-backward compatible carriers as per an aspect of an embodiment
of the present invention. According to some of the various aspects
of embodiments, a base station may transmit at least one control
message to a wireless device (as shown in 950). The at least one
control message may comprise an identifier for each carrier in a
plurality of carriers and information identifying a carrier type
for each carrier in the plurality of carriers. The base station may
include other carriers besides the plurality of carriers. The
carriers that are not configured using the method described here
may not be considered as a subset of the plurality of carriers. For
example, the base station may include second carriers employing
different technologies not compatible with the disclosed method.
The second carriers may not be considered a subset of the plurality
of carriers. The plurality of carriers may comprise at least one
backward compatible carrier and at least one non-backward
compatible carrier. The carrier type may be one of backward
compatible carrier type and non-backward compatible carrier type.
The first base station may transmit a plurality of packets to the
wireless device on the at least one non-backward compatible carrier
and the at least one backward compatible carrier. FIG. 5, FIG. 6,
FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 illustrate some examples of a backward compatible
carrier (equally called a prime carrier) and a non-backward
compatible carrier (equally called a non-prime carrier).
[0088] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, a
first common reference signal overhead of each of the at least one
non-backward compatible carrier may be substantially lower than a
second common reference signal overhead of each of the at least one
backward compatible carrier. For example, backward compatible
carriers may transmit common reference signal only in a limited
region of OFDM resources, for example in a limited frequency band,
or a part of a subframe. Other embodiments, for example,
transmitting common reference signals only on a subset of subframes
may be implemented. In another example, the first common reference
signal overhead may be substantially lower than the second common
reference signal overhead at least in some of the subframes. The
term substantially lower implies that the non-backward compatible
carriers are designed and operate having a lower common reference
signal overhead to increase spectral efficiency.
[0089] The at least one control message may further comprise
information associating each of the at least one non-backward
compatible carrier with one of the at least one backward compatible
carrier. The base station may transmit a plurality of control
messages to the wireless device on a backward compatible carrier as
shown in 954. The plurality of control messages may comprise
scheduling information for transmission of packets on a
non-backward compatible carrier associated with the backward
compatible carrier. The plurality of control messages may be PDCCH
control messages. The base station may transmit a plurality of
packets to the wireless device on the non-backward compatible
carrier according to the scheduling information as shown in 956.
The base station may receive channel state information of one of
the at least one non-backward compatible carrier from the wireless
device on an uplink carrier of one of the at least one backward
compatible carrier as shown in 952. Channel state information may
be received for carriers that are activated. Base station may not
receive channel state information for inactive carriers to reduce
uplink overhead and/or wireless device processing requirements.
Scheduling information is includes modulation and coding
information, which is configured at least in part based on channel
state information received from the base station.
[0090] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, a
wireless device may receive at least one control message from a
first base station. The at least one control message may comprise
an identifier for each carrier in the plurality of carriers and
information identifying a carrier type for each carrier in the
plurality of carriers. The plurality of carriers may comprise at
least one backward compatible carrier, and at least one
non-backward compatible carrier. The carrier type may be one of
backward compatible carrier type and non-backward compatible
carrier type. The wireless device may receive a plurality of
packets from the first base station on the at least one
non-backward compatible carrier and the at least one backward
compatible carrier.
[0091] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, the
wireless device may receive a plurality of control messages from
the first base station on a backward compatible carrier. The
plurality of control messages may comprise scheduling information
for reception and/or transmission of packets on a non-backward
compatible carrier associated with the backward compatible carrier.
The wireless device may receive and/or transmit a plurality of
packets from/to the first base station on the non-backward
compatible carrier according to the scheduling information.
[0092] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, the
wireless device may transmit channel state information of one of
the at least one non-backward compatible carrier to the first base
station on an uplink carrier of one of the at least one backward
compatible carrier. In an example implementation, the one
non-backward compatible carrier may be associated with the one
backward compatible carrier. Channel state information may be
transmitted only for activated carriers.
[0093] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, the
control message may be encrypted and may be protected by an
integrity header before it is transmitted. The control message may
be transmitted by employing RRC protocol. The control message may
further include configuration information for physical channels for
the wireless device. The control message may set up or modify at
least one radio bearer. The control message may modify
configuration of at least one parameter of a MAC layer or a
physical layer. The control message may configure at least one of a
physical layer parameter, a MAC layer parameter and an RLC layer
parameter. The control message may be an RRC connection
reconfiguration message. Broadcast system information messages may
be broadcasted on at least one of the at least one backward
compatible carrier. The control message comprises radio link
configuration information comprising measurement configuration. The
control message may comprise radio link configuration information
comprising uplink channel configuration. The control message may
comprise radio link configuration information comprising handover
parameters.
[0094] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, the
base station may receive an RRC reconfiguration complete message
from the wireless device. The RRC reconfiguration complete message
may indicate that the control message is successfully processed by
the wireless device. The RRC reconfiguration complete message may
include an RRC transaction identifier. The RRC reconfiguration
message and RRC reconfiguration complete message may be encrypted
and may be protected by an integrity header before being
transmitted. The control message may be an RRC Connection
Reconfiguration message in LTE-advanced technology. The control
message may modify an RRC connection. The control message may
include an RRC transaction identifier. The control message may be
an RRC connection set up message. The wireless device may transmit
a response message after it receives the control message. The
response message may include a preferred PLMN ID.
[0095] The control message may configure the signal quality metric
that the wireless device measures. The control message may
configure measurement reporting criteria. The control message may
configure cross carrier scheduling configuration. The cross carrier
scheduling configuration may associate one non-backward compatible
carrier in the at least one non-backward compatible carrier with a
backward compatible carrier in the at least one backward compatible
carrier.
[0096] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, the
control message may comprise physical channel configuration, the
physical channel configuration may comprise cross carrier
scheduling configuration. The control message may comprise radio
resource configuration. The radio resource configuration may
comprise physical channel configuration. The carrier identifier may
a carrier index. There may be multiple alternatives for reference
signal transmission. The common reference signal may not
transmitted on the at least one non-backward compatible carrier.
The common reference signal may be transmitted in a pre-configured
subset of the subframes on the at least one non-backward compatible
carrier. The common reference signal may be transmitted in PDCCH
radio resource on the at least one non-backward compatible carrier.
The common reference signal may be transmitted on the at least one
non-backward compatible carrier. CSI reference signal may be
transmitted on the at least one non-backward compatible carrier.
CSI reference signal may be transmitted on the at least one
backward compatible carrier. Demodulation reference signal may be
transmitted on the at least one non-backward compatible carrier.
Demodulation reference signal may be transmitted on the at least
one backward compatible carrier.
[0097] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, the
base station may transmit a plurality of control messages to the
wireless device on a backward compatible carrier. The plurality of
control messages may comprise scheduling information for
transmission of packets on a non-backward compatible carrier
associated with the backward compatible carrier. The base station
may transmit a plurality of packets to the wireless device on the
non-backward compatible carrier according to the scheduling
information. The plurality of control messages may be PDCCH control
messages. One of the at least one backward compatible carrier may
be a primary cell carrier for the wireless device. The channel
state information may comprise at least CQI information, and/or
rank indicator information, and/or precoding matrix indicator
information. The format of the channel state information may be
configured by the control message.
[0098] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments,
base stations in a wireless network may be directly or indirectly
connected to each other to exchange signaling and data packets.
This interface in LTE and LTE-Advanced may be called X2 interface.
Other embodiment of the interface may also possible, for example
using S1 interface. The X2 user plane interface (X2-U) may be
defined between base stations. The X2-U interface may provide
non-guaranteed delivery of user plane PDUs. The transport network
layer may be built on IP transport and GTP-U may be used on top of
UDP/IP to carry the user plane PDUs. The X2 control plane interface
(X2-CP) may be defined between two neighbor base stations. The
transport network layer may be built on SCTP on top of IP. The
application layer signaling protocol may be referred to as X2-AP
(X2 Application Protocol). A single SCTP association per X2-C
interface instance may be used with one pair of stream identifiers
for X2-C common procedures. A few pairs of stream identifiers may
be used for X2-C dedicated procedures. The list of functions on
interface between the base stations may include the following:
mobility support, load management, inter-cell interference
coordination, and data exchange.
[0099] In order to establish an association between two base
stations, a first base station sends a first message to a second
base station to initiate an association between two endpoints. The
first initiation message may comprise the following parameters:
Initiate tag, advertised receiver window credit, number of outbound
streams, number of inbound streams, and an initial transmit
sequence number.
[0100] Initiation Tag may be a 32-bits unsigned integer. The
receiver of the initiation message (the responding end) may record
the value of the initiate tag parameter. This value may be placed
into the verification tag field of every SCTP packet that the
receiver of the initiation message transmits within this
association. The initiation tag may be allowed to have any value
except zero.
[0101] Advertised receiver window credit may be thirty-two bits
unsigned integer. This value may represent the dedicated buffer
space, in terms of the number of bytes, the sender of the
initiation message may be reserved in association with this window.
During the life of the association, this buffer space may not be
lessened (e.g., dedicated buffers taken away from this
association); however, an endpoint may change the value of window
credit it sends in a packet. Number of outbound streams may be
sixteen bits unsigned integer. It may define the number of outbound
streams the sender of this initiation message wishes to create in
this association. Number of inbound streams may be sixteen bits
unsigned integer. It may define the maximum number of streams the
sender of this initiation message may allow the peer end to create
in this association. There may be no negotiation of the actual
number of streams but instead the two endpoints may use the minimum
of requested and offered parameters. Initial transmit sequence
number may be thirty-two bits unsigned integer. Initial transmit
sequence number may define the initial transmit sequence number
that the sender may use. This field may be set to the value of the
initiate tag field.
[0102] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, the
second base station may transmit an initiation acknowledgement
message to acknowledge the initiation of an SCTP association with
the first base station. The parameter part of the initiation
acknowledgement message may be formatted similarly to the
initiation message. The parameter part may use two extra variable
parameters: The state cookie and the unrecognized parameter.
Initiate tag may be a thirty-two bits unsigned integer. The
receiver of the initiation acknowledgement message may record the
value of the initiate tag parameter. This value may be placed into
the verification tag field of every SCTP packet that the initiation
acknowledgement message receiver transmits within this association.
Advertised receiver window credit may be a thirty-two bits unsigned
integer. This value may represent the dedicated buffer space, in
terms of the number of bytes, the sender of the initiation
acknowledgement message has reserved in association with this
window. During the life of the association, this buffer space may
not be lessened (e.g., dedicated buffers taken away from this
association).
[0103] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments,
number of outbound streams may be represented by sixteen bits
unsigned integer. Number of outbound streams `may define the number
of outbound streams the sender of this initiation acknowledgement
message wishes to create in this association. Number of inbound
streams may be a represented in terms of sixteen bits unsigned
integer. It may define the maximum number of streams the sender of
this initiation acknowledgement message allows the peer end to
create in this association. There may not be negotiation of the
actual number of streams but instead the two endpoints may use the
minimum of requested and offered parameters. Initial transmit
sequence number (TSN) may be a represented by thirty-two bits
unsigned integer. Initial transmit sequence number (TSN) may define
the initial TSN that the initiation acknowledgement message sender
may use. This field may be set to the value of the initiate tag
field. The state cookie parameter may contain the needed state and
parameter information required for the sender of this initiation
acknowledgement message to create the association, along with a
message authentication code (MAC). Unrecognized parameter may be
returned to the originator of the initiation message when the
initiation message contains an unrecognized parameter that has a
value that indicates it should be reported to the sender. This
parameter value field may contain unrecognized parameters copied
from the initiation message complete with parameter type, length,
and value fields.
[0104] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments,
when sending an initiation acknowledgement message as a response to
an initiation message, the sender of initiation acknowledgement
message may create a state cookie and sends it in the state cookie
parameter of the initiation acknowledgement message. Inside this
state cookie, the sender may include a message authentication code,
a timestamp on when the state cookie is created, and the lifespan
of the state cookie, along with the information needed for it to
establish the association. The following steps may be taken to
generate the state cookie: 1) create an association transmission
control block (TCB) using information from both the received
initiation and the outgoing initiation acknowledgement messages, 2)
In the TCB, set the creation time to the current time of day, and
the lifespan to the protocol parameter to a pre-determined number,
3) From the TCB, identify and collect the minimal subset of
information needed to re-create the TCB, and generate a MAC using
this subset of information and a secret key, and/or 4) Generate the
state cookie by combining this subset of information and the
resultant MAC.
[0105] After sending the initiation acknowledgement with the state
cookie parameter, the sender may delete the TCB and any other local
resource related to the new association, so as to prevent resource
attacks. The hashing method used to generate the MAC is strictly a
private matter for the receiver of the initiation message. The use
of a MAC is used to prevent denial-of-service attacks. The secret
key may be random. It may be changed reasonably frequently, and the
timestamp in the state cookie may be used to determine which key
should be used to verify the MAC. An implementation may make the
cookie as small as possible to ensure interoperability.
[0106] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, the
first base station may transmit at least one third message to the
second base station. One of the at least one third message may be
cookie-echo message. The cookie-echo message may be used during the
initialization of an association. It may be sent by the initiator
of an association to its peer to complete the initialization
process. This message may precede any transport packet message sent
within the association, but may be bundled with one or more data
transport packet in the same packet. This message may contain the
exact cookie received in the state cookie parameter from the
previous initiation acknowledgement message. The type and flags of
the cookie-echo may be different than the cookie parameter. An
implementation may make the cookie as small as possible to ensure
interoperability. A cookie echo may not contain a state cookie
parameter, instead, the data within the state cookie's parameter
value becomes the data within the cookie echo's chunk value. This
may allow an implementation to change the first two bytes of the
state cookie parameter to become a cookie echo message. The first
base station may transmit at least one application protocol message
in cookie echo message. Or the base station may choose to transmit
application protocol messages after the association is complete and
do not include application protocol messages in cookie-echo
message. This is an implementation option.
[0107] The application protocol message may receive a cookie-ack
message from the second base station. This message may be used
during the initialization of an association. It may be used to
acknowledge the receipt of a cookie-echo message. This message may
precede any data sent within the association, but may be bundled
with one or more data packets in the same SCTP packet. The second
base station may transmit at least one application protocol message
in cookie ack message. Or the base station may choose to transmit
application protocol messages after the association is complete and
may not include application protocol messages in cookie-ack
message. This could be an implementation option.
[0108] After the initiation and initiation acknowledgement messages
are transmitted, the first base station or the second base station
may transmit an X2 setup message to set up an X2 application
interface. The first base station or the second base station may
wait until the association is complete to set up an X2 application
interface. Either first base station or second base station could
start the set up of an X2 application. The purpose of the X2 setup
procedure could be to exchange application level configuration data
needed for two base stations to interoperate correctly over the X2
interface. This procedure may erase any existing application level
configuration data in the two nodes and replace it by the one
received. This procedure may also reset the X2 interface like a
reset procedure would do.
[0109] A first base station or second base station may initiate the
procedure by sending the X2 set up request message to a candidate
base station. The candidate base station may reply with the X2 set
up response message. The initiating base station may transfer the
list of served cells. The candidate base station may reply with the
complete list of its served cells in the reply.
[0110] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, the
X2 set up request message may include the following information
about the originator of the message: a global base station
identifier, the information about the served cells, and a GU group
identifier list. GU Group identifier list is the pools to which the
base station belongs to. Each row in this list may include the PLMN
ID and MME group Identifier. The information about each served cell
may include information about the served cell configurations. It
may also include the list of neighbor cells of the served cell
including: Cell global identifier of the neighbor cell, Physical
cell identifier of the neighbor cell, and frequency. The served
cell information may include at least one of the following
parameters: Physical cell ID, global cell identifier, tracking area
code, at least one broadcast PLMN, FDD information (uplink and
downlink frequencies, uplink and downlink transmission bandwidth),
TDD information (transmission frequency, subframe assignment,
special subframe information, special subframe pattern, cyclic
prefix for downlink and uplink), number of antenna ports, PRACH
configuration, MBSFN subframe info (radio frame allocation period,
radio frame allocation offset, subframe allocation), and CSG
identifier. The X2 set up request message may also include
information identifying the served cell downlink or/and uplink
carrier type. This information may be included explicitly or
implicitly in the served cell configuration. The carrier type here
could be a first, second, or third carrier type. For example,
carrier type may be broadly identified as backward compatible
carrier and non-backward compatible carriers. In other example
embodiment, the categorization may be different. Each served cell
includes a downlink carrier. The carrier types may be called using
various names such as data carriers, data cells, control carriers,
control cells, primary cells, primary carriers, secondary cells,
secondary carriers, or other example names. Each cell includes a
downlink carrier and may or may not include an uplink carrier. A
cell type may implicitly indicate a carrier type in some example
embodiments. The backward compatible and non-backward compatible
may be functional characteristics of the carriers and may not be
reflected in the carrier types names. The carrier type may not be
explicitly indicated in the messages, but this information may be
implicitly obtained from the messages. For example, an X2 set up
request, may identify cell types A, B, C, and D. Cell type A, B,
and C may include backward compatible carrier(s), and cell type D
may include non-backward compatible carrier(s). The information
about which carrier is backward compatible and which carrier is not
backward compatible may be implicitly determined based on the
definition of cell types A, B, C, and D. For example, a backward
compatible carrier may be used by all wireless devices of release
10 and beyond. But a non-backward compatible carrier may be used by
wireless devices of release 11 and beyond.
[0111] X2 set up response messages may include most or all of the
fields of the X2 set up request message characterizing the base
station that is transmitting the message. After two base stations
exchange X2 set up request and response message, base stations may
be aware of the other base station configurations including
information about its serving cells. This information may be used
to perform various functions performed by X2 interface including
handover signaling and management, load management, and
interference coordination.
[0112] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, a
first base station may receive a second application protocol
message from a second base station in the plurality of base
stations. The second application protocol message may comprise at
least one of the following: an identifier of the second base
station, at least one MME group identifier, cell identifier for
each of the at least one backward compatible carrier, and/or
information identifying a carrier type for each carrier in the
plurality of carriers. The carrier type may be one of at least a
first carrier type and a second carrier type. The second base
station may comprise a plurality of carriers comprising at least
one backward compatible carrier, and at least one non-backward
compatible carrier. A first common reference signal overhead of
each of the at least one non-backward compatible carrier may be
substantially lower than a second common reference signal overhead
of each of the at least one backward compatible carrier. The
carrier type may be one of backward compatible carrier type and
non-backward compatible carrier type. The first base station may
operate a wireless device handover based, at least in part, on
information in the second application protocol message. The
information in the second application protocol may be used to make
a handover decision and/or to prepare the wireless device for
handover. For example, the information in the second application
protocol may be used by the first base station to communicate with
the second base station. The first base station may also use the
information to decide whether the first base station should
initiate a handover to the second base station. Some other
parameters, such as cell identifiers and MME identifiers may be
used by the first base station to analyze the measurement
information received from the UE.
[0113] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, the
application protocol messages communicated between two neighboring
base stations may exchange application level configuration data
needed for two base stations to interoperate correctly over the X2
interface. A handover between two neighboring base stations may not
take place, before the base stations exchange first and second
application protocol messages. Information in the first and second
application protocol messages may be used by a base station for
making a handover decision. For example, neighbor information, cell
information, carrier information, physical configurations, and/or
the like may be used by a first base station to handover a wireless
device to a second base station. In an example embodiment, the
first base station may consider information related to non-backward
compatible and backward compatible carriers to handover a legacy
wireless device to a base station with a higher number of backward
compatible carriers. In another example, the first base station may
handover a release 11 wireless device to a base station with higher
number of non-backward compatible carriers. Various implementation
specific alternatives may be implemented to employ the information
in application protocol messages to enhance handover mechanism.
[0114] FIG. 10 is an example flow chart showing communications
between two neighboring base stations including non-backward
compatible carriers as per an aspect of an embodiment of the
present invention. According to some of the various aspects of
embodiments, a first base station may transmit a first message to
initiate an association between the first base station and a second
base station in the plurality of base stations as shown in 1001.
The first message may comprise a first initiation tag. The first
base station may receive a second message from the second base
station as shown in 1003. The second message may comprise a second
verification tag, a second initiation tag, and a first state
parameter. The second verification tag may be equal to the first
initiation tag. A first state parameter may comprise at least one
parameter related to operational information of the association,
and a message authentication code generated as a function of a
private key. The first base station may transmit at least one third
message to the second base station as shown in 1007. The at least
one third message may comprise a first verification tag, and a
parameter comprising the first state parameter. The first
verification tag may be equal to the second initiation tag. The
first base station may receive at least one fourth message from the
second base station as shown in 1009. The at least one fourth
message may comprise an acknowledgement for the receipt of the
parameter and a second application protocol message. The second
application protocol message may comprise an identifier of the
second base station, at least one MME group identifier, cell
identifier for each of the at least one backward compatible
carrier, and information identifying a carrier type for each
carrier in the plurality of carriers. The second base station may
comprise a plurality of carriers comprising at least one backward
compatible carrier and at least one non-backward compatible
carrier. A first common reference signal overhead of each of the at
least one non-backward compatible carrier may be lower than a
second common reference signal overhead of each of the at least one
backward compatible carrier. The carrier type may be one of
backward compatible carrier type and non-backward compatible
carrier type. The first base station may operate a wireless device
handover using the association and/or based, at least in part, on
information in the at least one fourth message as shown in
1010.
[0115] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, the
first initiation tag value may be a selected in the first base
station using a pseudo-random process. The second initiation tag
value may be selected in the second base station using a
pseudo-random process. The first message may further comprise a
first base station transport address and a second base station
transport address. The first message may further comprise a first
advertised receiver window credit representing a dedicated buffer
space that the first base station reserves for a window of received
packets from the second base station. The first message may further
comprise a first initial transmission sequence number that the
first base station uses for transmission of data segments. The
first initial transmission sequence number may be equal to the
first initiation tag.
[0116] The second message may further comprise the first base
station transport address and the second base station transport
address. The second message may further comprise a second
advertised receiver window credit representing a dedicated buffer
space that the second base station reserves for a window of
received packets from the first base station. The second message
may further comprise a second initial transmission sequence number
that the second base station uses for transmission of data chunks.
The second initial transmission sequence number may be equal to the
second initiation tag. The at least one third message may further
comprise the first base station transport address and the second
base station transport address. The at least one third message may
further comprise a transmit sequence number, a stream identifier, a
stream sequence number.
[0117] The at least one fourth message may further comprise a
transmit sequence number, a stream identifier, and a stream
sequence number. The second base station may place the first
initiation tag in the verification tag of every transport layer
packet that it transmits to the first base station within the
association. The first base station may place the second initiation
tag in the verification tag of every SCTP packet that it transmits
to the second base station within the association. The association
may be an SCTP association. The at least one fourth message may
further comprise the first base station transport address and the
second base station transport address. The second application
protocol message may be an X2-Application Protocol Setup Request
message. The second application protocol message may be an
X2-Application Protocol Setup Response message. The at least one
third message may further comprise an X2-Application Protocol Setup
Request message. The at least one third message may further
comprise an X2-Application Protocol Setup Response message.
[0118] The first state parameter may further comprise a timestamp
on when the first state parameter is created. The first state
parameter may further comprise the lifespan of the first state
parameter. The message authentication code may further be a
function of at least one parameter related to operational
information of the association. The at least one third message may
further comprise a first application protocol message. The first
application protocol message may comprise a identifier of the first
base station, at least one MME group identifier, cell identifier
for each of the at least one backward compatible carrier,
information identifying a carrier type for each carrier in the
plurality of carriers. The first base station may comprise a
plurality of carriers comprising at least one backward compatible
carrier and at least one non-backward compatible carrier. The
carrier type may be one of backward compatible and non-backward
compatible.
[0119] The first verification tag and the second verification tag
in the association may not change during the life time of the
association. A new verification tag value may be used each time the
first base station or the second base station tears down and then
reestablishes an association with the same node. The operational
information comprises at least one of the following: a parameter in
the first message, a parameter in the second message, a state of
the association, a configuration parameter of the first base
station, and a configuration parameter of the second base station.
The first message and the second message may further comprise a
checksum for packet validation. The first base station transport
address and the second base station transport address may comprise
an IP address and a port address. The second application protocol
message may further comprise cell identifier for each of the at
least one non-backward compatible carrier. The second application
protocol message may further comprise information identifying for
each of the at least one non-backward compatible carrier, a
corresponding backward compatible carrier.
[0120] There may be various alternative options for transmitting
reference signal on downlink carriers. The at least one backward
compatible carrier may broadcast a common cell reference signal and
the at least one non-backward compatible carrier may not broadcast
the common cell reference signal. The common reference signal may
not be transmitted on the at least one non-backward compatible
carrier. The common reference signal may be transmitted in a
pre-configured subset of the subframes on the at least one
non-backward compatible carrier. The common reference signal may be
transmitted in PDCCH radio resource on the at least one
non-backward compatible carrier. The common reference signal may be
transmitted on the at least one non-backward compatible carrier. A
base station may transmit a common reference signal on a
pre-configured OFDM resource region of the at least one
non-backward compatible carrier.
[0121] CSI reference signal may be transmitted on the at least one
non-backward compatible carrier. CSI reference signal may be
transmitted on the at least one backward compatible carrier.
Demodulation reference signal may be transmitted on the at least
one non-backward compatible carrier. Demodulation reference signal
maybe transmitted on the at least one backward compatible
carrier.
[0122] The first message may further comprise a first number of
outbound streams that the first base station intend to create and a
first maximum number of inbound streams that the first base station
allows the second base station to create. The second message may
further comprise a second number of outbound streams that the
second base station intend to create, a second maximum number of
inbound streams the second base station allows the first base
station to create. The second number of outbound streams is smaller
than or equal to the first maximum number of inbound streams. The
first base station may further select a number equal or lower than
the minimum of the first number of outbound streams and the second
maximum number of inbound streams as the number of outbound streams
for the first base station.
[0123] Embodiments of the present invention enable the intelligent
transfer of a wireless device between base stations that accounts
for devices that have both backward and non-backward compatible
carrier configurations. An issue with respect to non-backward
compatible carrier configurations is the maintenance and updating
of carrier configurations during a wireless device handover from a
serving base station to a target base station. A wireless device
may be configured with a first carrier configuration with a serving
base station. A target base station may maintain the same
non-backward compatible carrier configuration, or may direct the
updating of a wireless device's non-backward compatible carrier
configuration. There is a need for developing a signalling flow,
wireless device processes, and base station processes to address
wireless device non-backward compatible carrier configurations
during a handover to reduce handover overhead and handover
delay.
[0124] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, in
connected mode, the network may control wireless device mobility.
For example, the network may decide when and to which base station
the wireless device connects. For network controlled mobility in
connected mode, a primary carrier may be changed using an RRC
connection reconfiguration message that includes mobility control
information (handover). The network may trigger the handover
procedure (e.g. based on radio conditions, load, QoS, wireless
device category, and/or the like). The network may configure the
wireless device to perform measurement reporting. The network may
also initiate a handover blindly (e.g. without having received
measurement reports from the wireless device). Before sending the
handover message to the wireless device, the source base station
may prepare one or more target cells. The source base station may
select a target primary cell. The source base station may also
provide the target base station with a list of best cells on a
frequency for which measurement information is available (e.g. in
order of decreasing signal strength level). The source base station
may also include available measurement information for the cells
provided in the list. The target base station may decide which
backward compatible carrier(s) and non-backward compatible
carrier(s) are configured for use after the handover, which may
include cells other than the ones indicated by the source base
station.
[0125] The target base station may generate a message used to
configure backward compatible carrier(s) and non-backward
compatible carrier(s) of the wireless device for the handover, for
example, the message including carrier configuration parameters to
be used in the target base station. The source base station may
transparently (e.g., may not alter values/content) forward the
handover message/information received from the target base station
to the wireless device. After receiving the handover message, the
wireless device may attempt to access the target primary cell at
the available random access channel resources according to a random
access resource selection. Upon successful completion of the
handover, the wireless device may send a message used to confirm
the handover to the target base station. The wireless device may
use the target backward compatible and non-backward compatible
carrier configuration received from the source base station in
communicating with the target base station.
[0126] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, a
base station may consider a wireless device's capability in
configuring non-backward compatible carriers for a wireless device.
A wireless device may be configured with a configuration that is
compatible with the wireless device's capability. Capability to
communicate via non-backward compatible carriers may not be
supported by wireless devices not compatible with LTE release 11 or
above. A wireless device may transmit its capability to a base
station via an RRC message. The base station may consider wireless
device capability in configuring non-backward compatible carriers
for the wireless device.
[0127] The wireless device context within the source base station
may contain information regarding roaming/handover restrictions
which may be provided either at connection establishment or at the
last tracking area update process. The source base station may
configure the wireless device measurement procedures employing at
least one RRC connection reconfiguration message. The wireless
device may be triggered to send at least one measurement report by
the rules set by, for example: system information, RRC
configuration, and/or the like. The source base station may make a
handover decision based on many parameters, such as: measurement
reports, radio resource configuration information, traffic and load
information, a combination of the above, and/or the like. The
source base station may initiate the handover procedure by sending
a handover request message to one or more potential target base
stations.
[0128] The source base station may transmit a handover request
message to one or more potential target base stations by passing
information to prepare the handover at the target side. The
handover request message may comprise information indicating the
wireless device's capability regarding communication employing
non-backward compatible carrier(s) and/or backward compatible
carrier(s). The target base station may employ the capability of
the wireless device in order to properly configure carrier
configuration of the wireless device before the wireless device
connects to the target base station. The target base station may
configure the wireless device considering the carrier configuration
limitations and capabilities of the wireless device. For example,
if the wireless device does not support non-backward compatible
carriers, or if the wireless device does not support special
type(s) of backward compatible carriers or some carrier band
combinations, the target base station may avoid trying to configure
the wireless device with those carrier configuration options. In
another example, if the wireless device does not support
non-backward compatible carrier configurations with certain band
combinations or synchronization options, the base station may
consider this limitation in wireless device carrier configurations.
In another example embodiment, handover request messages may
further comprise the current backward and non-backward compatible
carrier configuration of the wireless device connected to the
serving base station. During the handover preparation phase, the
serving base station may transmit wireless device's carrier
capability and/or wireless device's current carrier configuration
(non-backward and backward carrier configuration of the wireless
device in connection with the serving base station) to one or more
potential target base stations. In an example embodiment, the
serving base station may provide information such as, for example,
about wireless device dedicated radio resource configurations. This
may, for example, include configuration of non-backward compatible
carrier parameters, enhanced PDCCH parameters, PDSCH parameters,
non-backward compatible physical layer parameters and channel
parameters, power control parameters, carrier configuration
parameters, frequency information, carrier type, cross carrier
scheduling parameters, and/or dedicated MAC configuration
parameters, a combination thereof, and/or the like. This
information may be employed, at least in part, by the potential
target base station to configure the wireless device, for example,
to configure multiple carrier configuration parameters.
[0129] Handover admission control may be performed by the target
base station dependent on many factors (e.g. QoS required for the
wireless device bearers, wireless device capabilities, wireless
device configuration, target base station load, a combination of
the above, and/or the like). The target base station may configure
the required resources according to the received information from
the serving base station. The radio access configuration to be used
in the target carrier may be specified independently (for example
as an establishment) or as a delta compared to the radio access
configuration used in the source cell (for example as a
reconfiguration).
[0130] The target base station may prepare a handover and may send
a handover request acknowledge message to a source base station.
The handover request acknowledge message may include a transparent
container to be sent to the wireless device as an RRC message to
perform the handover. The container may include a new C-RNTI,
target base station security algorithm identifiers for the selected
security algorithms, a dedicated RACH preamble, access parameters,
SIBs, and/or other configuration parameters. The transparent
container may further comprise the backward compatible and
non-backward compatible carrier configurations for connection of
the wireless device to the target base station. The carrier
configurations may modify the carrier configuration of the wireless
device or may keep the same carrier configuration that the wireless
device has with the serving base station. The target base station
may generate the RRC message to perform the handover, for example,
the RRC connection reconfiguration message including the mobility
control information. The RRC message may be sent by the source base
station towards the wireless device. The source base station may
perform the necessary integrity protection and ciphering of the
message. The wireless device may receive the RRC connection
reconfiguration message from the source base station and may start
performing the handover.
[0131] After receiving the RRC connection reconfiguration message,
including the mobility control information, the wireless device may
perform synchronization to the target base station and access the
target cell via a random access channel on a primary cell. The
wireless device may derive target base station specific keys and
may configure the selected security algorithms to be used in the
target cell. The target base station may respond with uplink
allocation and timing advance information. After the wireless
device has successfully accessed the target cell, the wireless
device may send an RRC connection reconfiguration complete message
to confirm the handover and to indicate that the handover procedure
is completed for the wireless device. The target base station may
now begin sending and receiving data with the wireless device.
[0132] FIG. 11 is an example flow chart for handover between two
neighbouring base stations including non-backward compatible
carriers as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present
invention. According to some of the various aspects of embodiments,
a serving base station may be configured to communicate employing
at least one backward compatible carrier and at least one
non-backward compatible carrier. The serving base station may
receive a first message from a wireless device on a primary carrier
in the at least one backward compatible carrier as shown in 1101.
The first message may comprise one or more parameters implicitly or
explicitly indicating whether the wireless device supports
configuration of one or more non-backward compatible carriers. For
example, the first message may include a first parameter that
indicates whether the wireless device supports non-backward
compatible carrier and/or a second parameter indicating what type
of non-backward compatible carrier is supported (e.g. synchronized,
unsynchronized, inter-band, intra-band, etc). In another example,
the first message may include a parameter indicating the release
version of the wireless device, which may implicitly indicate
whether the wireless device supports non-backward compatible
carrier and/or which type of backward and non-backward compatible
carriers are supported. In another example, a parameter may
indicate radio capabilities which implicitly or explicitly indicate
whether the wireless device supports non-backward compatible
carrier and/or which type of backward and non-backward compatible
carriers are supported. The specification provides many embodiments
of backward compatible and non-backward compatible carriers. In an
example embodiment, a first common reference signal overhead of
each of the at least one non-backward compatible carrier may be
substantially lower than a second common reference signal overhead
of each of the at least one backward compatible carrier.
[0133] The serving base station may transmit to the wireless
device, at least one second message as shown in 1103. At least some
of the parameters in the at least one second message may depend at
least in part on the first message. For example, if the first
message indicates certain capability in the wireless device, the
base station may configure those capabilities. In another example,
if the first base station indicates certain capabilities are not
supported in the wireless device, the base station may not
configure those capabilities. For example, if the wireless device
does not support inter-band synchronized carriers, the base station
may not configure inter-band synchronized carriers for the wireless
device. In another example, the base station may transmit the at
least one second message to configure non-backward compatibles in
the wireless only if the wireless device supports this feature
according to the first message. Otherwise. The base station may not
configure non-backward compatible carriers in the wireless
device.
[0134] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, the
at least one second message may comprise at least one of: an
identifier for each carrier in the plurality of carriers,
information identifying a carrier type for each of the plurality of
carriers, and information associating each non-backward compatible
carrier in the plurality of carriers with one backward compatible
carrier in the plurality of carriers, and/or measurement
parameters, and/or a combination of the above. The identifier for
each carrier may be a carrier index, and/or a carrier physical cell
ID, and/or the like. The plurality of carriers may comprise: at
least one of the at least one backward compatible carrier, and at
least one of the at least one non-backward compatible carrier. The
information identifying a carrier type for each of the plurality of
carriers may be in the form of physical layer configuration
parameter(s). For example, certain parameters in the physical layer
may be configured in a way that it identifies a carrier to be a
backward or non-backward compatible carrier. For example, if common
reference signal is not transmitted on a carrier, the carrier may
be a non-backward compatible carrier. In another example, if
enhanced PDCCH is configured for a carrier that carrier may be
considered to be a non-backward carrier. Carrier types may not be
limited to backward and non-backward carrier types, and other
carrier types may also be supported (e.g. synchronized, contiguous,
non-synchronized, etc). In one example embodiment, the carrier type
may be one of a backward compatible type and non-backward
compatible type. Information associating each non-backward
compatible carrier in the plurality of carriers with one backward
compatible carrier in the plurality of carriers may be in the form
of, for example, a backward carrier index in the non-backward
carrier configuration parameters. In another example, the
association parameters may be included in the cross carrier
scheduling configuration parameters. The at least one second
message may be configured to cause configuration of a plurality of
carriers in the wireless device. The at least one second message
may be configured to cause the wireless device measuring signal
quality of at least one carrier of at least one target base station
in response to the measurement parameters.
[0135] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, the
serving base station may receive at least one measurement report
from the wireless device in response to the at least one second
message as shown in 1107. The at least one measurement report may
comprise signal quality information of at least one of the at least
one carrier of at least one of the at least one target base
station. The signal quality information may be derived at least in
part employing measurements of at least one OFDM subcarrier. The
serving base station may make a handover decision, based at least
in part on the at least one measurement report as shown in 1109.
The serving base station may transmit, in response to the serving
base station making a handover decision for the wireless device, at
least one third message to at least one target base station as
shown in 1110. The at least one third message may comprise at least
one of: the one or more parameters indicating whether the wireless
device supports configuration of one or more non-backward
compatible carriers; and configuration information of some of the
carriers. The some of the carriers may include the at least one of
the at least one backward compatible carrier and/or the at least
one of the at least one non-backward compatible carrier.
[0136] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments,
before the at least one second message is transmitted, the serving
base station may encrypt the at least one second message. The
serving base station may also protect the at least one second
message by an integrity header. The at least one second message may
further include configuration information for physical channels for
the wireless device. The at least one second message may be
configured to cause the wireless device to set up or modify at
least one radio bearer. One of the at least one second message may
be configured to cause the wireless device to configure at least
one of a physical layer parameter, a MAC layer parameter and/or an
RLC layer parameter. One of the at least one second message
comprises radio link configuration information comprising uplink
channel configuration parameters and handover parameters. At least
one of the at least one second message may comprise a radio
resource configuration comprising a physical channel configuration.
The serving base station may transmit a channel state information
reference signal on the at least one non-backward compatible
carrier and/or the at least one backward compatible carrier. The
serving base station may transmit a demodulation reference signal
on the at least one non-backward compatible carrier and the at
least one backward compatible carrier. A format of the at least one
measurement report may be determined employing at least one of the
at least one second control message.
[0137] FIG. 12 is an example flow chart for handover between two
neighbouring base stations including non-backward compatible
carriers as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present
invention. According to some of the various aspects of embodiments,
a cellular network may comprise a serving base station and a target
base station. The serving base station may transmit, in response to
the serving base station making a handover decision for a wireless
device, at least one first message to at least one target base
station as shown in 1201. The serving base station may receive, at
least one second message from one of the at least one target base
station as shown in 1203. The at least one second message may
comprise at least one of: configuration parameters of a plurality
of carriers for the wireless device, information identifying a
carrier type for each of the plurality of carriers, information
associating each of the at least one non-backward compatible
carrier with one of the at least one backward compatible
carrier.
[0138] According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, the
plurality of carriers may comprise at least one backward compatible
carrier and at least one non-backward compatible carrier. Many
example embodiments of backward compatible carrier and non-backward
compatible carriers are disclosed in the specification. In an
example embodiment, a first common reference signal overhead of
each of the at least one non-backward compatible carrier may be
substantially lower than a second common reference signal overhead
of each of the at least one backward compatible carrier. The
carrier type may be one of a backward compatible type and
non-backward compatible type. The serving base station may
transmit, in response to receiving the at least one second message,
a third message to the wireless device as shown in 1207. The third
message may comprise the configuration information of the at least
one backward compatible carrier and/or the at least one
non-backward compatible carrier.
[0139] Before the third message is transmitted, the serving base
station may encrypt the third message. The serving base station may
protect the third message by an integrity header.
[0140] The third message may further include configuration
information for physical channels for the wireless device. The
third message may be configured to cause the wireless device to set
up or modify at least one radio bearer. The third message may be
configured to cause the wireless device to configure at least one
of a physical layer parameter, a MAC layer parameter and/or an RLC
layer parameter.
[0141] The third message may comprise radio link configuration
information comprising uplink channel configuration parameters
and/or handover parameters. The third message may comprise at least
one radio resource configuration parameter comprising at least one
physical channel configuration parameter. The one of the at least
one target base station may transmit a channel state information
reference signal on the at least one non-backward compatible
carrier and the at least one backward compatible carrier. The one
of the at least one target base station may transmit a demodulation
reference signal on the at least one non-backward compatible
carrier and the at least one backward compatible carrier. The third
message may further comprise the information identifying a carrier
type for each of the plurality of carriers. The third message may
further comprise the information associating each non-backward
compatible carrier in the plurality of carriers with one backward
compatible carrier in the plurality of carriers.
[0142] In this specification, "a" and "an" and similar phrases are
to be interpreted as "at least one" and "one or more." In this
specification, the term "may" is to be interpreted as "may, for
example," In other words, the term "may" is indicative that the
phrase following the term "may" is an example of one of a multitude
of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one
or more of the various embodiments. If A and B are sets and every
element of A is also an element of B, A is called a subset of B. In
this specification, only non-empty sets and subsets are considered.
For example, possible subsets of B={cell1, cell2} are: {cell1},
{cell2}, and {cell1, cell2}.
[0143] The mechanisms described in this disclosure may be
implemented in hardware, software in combination with hardware,
firmware, wetware (i.e hardware with a biological element) or a
combination thereof, all of which are behaviorally equivalent. For
example, mechanisms may be implemented as a software routine
written in a computer language configured to be executed by a
hardware machine (such as C, C++, Fortran, Java, Basic, Matlab or
the like) or a modeling/simulation program such as Simulink,
Stateflow, GNU Octave, or Lab VIEWMathScript. Additionally, it may
be possible to implement modules using physical hardware that
incorporates discrete or programmable analog, digital and/or
quantum hardware. Examples of programmable hardware comprise:
computers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, application-specific
integrated circuits (ASICs); field programmable gate arrays
(FPGAs); and complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs). Computers,
microcontrollers and microprocessors are programmed using languages
such as assembly, C, C++ or the like. FPGAs, ASICs and CPLDs are
often programmed using hardware description languages (HDL) such as
VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) or Verilog that
configure connections between internal hardware modules with lesser
functionality on a programmable device. Finally, it needs to be
emphasized that the above mentioned technologies are often used in
combination to achieve the result of a functional module.
[0144] While various embodiments have been described above, it
should be understood that they have been presented by way of
example, and not limitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled
in the relevant art(s) that various changes in form and detail can
be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope. In
fact, after reading the above description, it will be apparent to
one skilled in the relevant art(s) how to implement alternative
embodiments. Thus, the present embodiments should not be limited by
any of the above described exemplary embodiments. In particular, it
should be noted that, for example purposes, the above explanation
has focused on the example(s) using FDD communication systems.
However, one skilled in the art will recognize that embodiments of
the invention may also be implemented in TDD communication systems.
The disclosed methods and systems may be implemented in wireless or
wireline systems. The features of various embodiments presented in
this invention may be combined. One or many features (method or
system) of one embodiment may be implemented in other embodiments.
Only a limited number of example combinations are shown to indicate
to one skilled in the art the possibility of features that may be
combined in various embodiments to create enhanced transmission and
reception systems and methods.
* * * * *