U.S. patent application number 13/880659 was filed with the patent office on 2013-08-15 for conductive aniline polymer, method for producing same, and method for producing conductive film.
This patent application is currently assigned to Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd.. The applicant listed for this patent is Yukiko Hachiya, Yasushi Horiuchi, Takahiro Sakai, Tamae Takagi, Masashi Uzawa, Kohei Yamada. Invention is credited to Yukiko Hachiya, Yasushi Horiuchi, Takahiro Sakai, Tamae Takagi, Masashi Uzawa, Kohei Yamada.
Application Number | 20130209667 13/880659 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 45993821 |
Filed Date | 2013-08-15 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130209667 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Yamada; Kohei ; et
al. |
August 15, 2013 |
CONDUCTIVE ANILINE POLYMER, METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME, AND METHOD
FOR PRODUCING CONDUCTIVE FILM
Abstract
When measuring the molecular mass distribution of conductive
aniline polymer of formula (1) by GPC and converting its retention
time into molecular mass (M) in terms of sodium polystyrene
sulfonate, for the molecular mass (M), the area ratio (X/Y) of the
area (X) of a region of 15,000 Da or more to the area (Y) of a
region of less than 15,000 Da is 1.20 or more. A method for
producing such a polymer includes: polymerization step (Z1) where
specific aniline derivative (A) is polymerized in a solution
containing basic compound (B), solvent (C), and oxidizing agent (D)
at a liquid temperature lower than 25.degree. C.; or polymerization
step (Z2) where specific aniline derivative (A) and oxidizing agent
(D) are added to and polymerized in a solution of a conductive
aniline polymer (P-1) with a unit of formula (1) dissolved or
dispersed in a solvent (C). ##STR00001##
Inventors: |
Yamada; Kohei;
(Yokohama-shi, JP) ; Horiuchi; Yasushi;
(Yokohama-shi, JP) ; Hachiya; Yukiko;
(Yokohama-shi, JP) ; Uzawa; Masashi;
(Yokohama-shi, JP) ; Sakai; Takahiro;
(Yokohama-shi, JP) ; Takagi; Tamae; (Yokohama-shi,
JP) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Yamada; Kohei
Horiuchi; Yasushi
Hachiya; Yukiko
Uzawa; Masashi
Sakai; Takahiro
Takagi; Tamae |
Yokohama-shi
Yokohama-shi
Yokohama-shi
Yokohama-shi
Yokohama-shi
Yokohama-shi |
|
JP
JP
JP
JP
JP
JP |
|
|
Assignee: |
Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd.
Tokyo
JP
|
Family ID: |
45993821 |
Appl. No.: |
13/880659 |
Filed: |
October 25, 2011 |
PCT Filed: |
October 25, 2011 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/JP2011/074510 |
371 Date: |
April 19, 2013 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
427/58 ; 252/500;
524/609 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C08L 79/02 20130101;
C09D 179/02 20130101; C09D 5/24 20130101; H01B 1/128 20130101; H01B
13/30 20130101; C08G 73/0266 20130101; B05D 5/12 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
427/58 ; 524/609;
252/500 |
International
Class: |
C09D 5/24 20060101
C09D005/24 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Oct 26, 2010 |
JP |
2010-240039 |
Jan 17, 2011 |
JP |
2011-006849 |
Feb 17, 2011 |
JP |
2011-032053 |
Mar 29, 2011 |
JP |
2011-071517 |
Apr 5, 2011 |
JP |
2011-083579 |
Claims
1. A conductive aniline polymer comprising a repeating unit
represented by formula (1) and having an area ratio X/Y of 1.20 or
more, which is calculated by: (I) preparing a test solution by
dissolving a conductive aniline polymer in an eluent adjusted to pH
10 or more so that a solid content concentration of the conductive
aniline polymer in the test solution is 0.1% by mass; (II)
subjecting the test solution to a polymer materials evaluation
system equipped with a gel permeation chromatograph to determine a
molecular mass distribution of the test solution to obtain a
chromatogram thereof; (III) converting the retention time in the
chromatogram obtained in (II) to a molecular mass M in terms of
sodium polystyrene sulfonate; (IV) determining an area X of a
region having a molecular mass of 15,000 Da or more in the
converted molecular mass M in terms of sodium polystyrene
sulfonate; (V) determining an area Y of a region having a molecular
mass of less than 15,000 Da in the converted molecular mass M in
terms of sodium polystyrene sulfonate; and (VI) determining the
area ratio X/Y of the area X to the area Y, ##STR00011## wherein
R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 are each independently --H, a linear or branched
alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, a linear or branched
alkoxy group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, an acidic group or a salt
thereof, a hydroxy group, a nitro group, --F, --Cl, --Br, or --I;
and at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 is an acidic group or a salt
thereof, provided that the acidic group is a sulfonic acid group or
a carboxyl group.
2. A method for producing the conductive aniline polymer of claim
1, comprising a polymerizing Z1 where an aniline derivative A
represented by formula (2) is polymerized in a solution containing
a basic compound B, a solvent C, and an oxidizing agent D at a
temperature lower than 25.degree. C., ##STR00012## wherein R.sup.5
to R.sup.9 are each independently --H, a linear or branched alkyl
group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, a linear or branched alkoxy
group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, an acidic group or a salt
thereof, a hydroxy group, a nitro group, --F, --Cl, --Br, or --I;
and at least one of R.sup.5 to R.sup.9 is an acidic group or a salt
thereof; provided that the acidic group is a sulfonic acid group or
a carboxyl group.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the solvent C comprises 35% by
volume or more of water relative to an entire volume of the solvent
C.
4. A method for producing the conductive aniline polymer of claim
1, comprising a polymerizing Z2 where an aniline derivative A
represented by the formula (2) and an oxidizing agent D are added
to and polymerized in a solution in which the conductive aniline
polymer is dissolved in a solvent C, or added to and polymerized in
a dispersion in which the conductive aniline polymer is dispersed
in the solvent C, ##STR00013## wherein R.sup.5 to R.sup.9 are each
independently --H, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 24
carbon atoms, a linear or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 24
carbon atoms, an acidic group or a salt thereof; a hydroxy group, a
nitro group, --F, --Cl, --Br, or --I; and at least one of R.sup.5
to R.sup.9 is an acidic group or a salt thereof; provided that the
acidic group is a sulfonic acid group or a carboxyl group.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the solvent C comprises 35% by
volume or more of water relative to an entire volume of the solvent
C.
6. The method of claim 2, further comprising purifying a solution
comprising a product obtained in the polymerizing Z1 by membrane
filtration.
7. The method of claim 2, further comprising purifying a solution
comprising a product obtained in the polymerizing Z1 by
precipitation.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising purifying by membrane
filtration a solution comprising a purified substance obtained in
the precipitation.
9. A method for producing a conductive film comprising applying a
solution comprising the conductive aniline polymer of claim 1 to a
base material and drying the solution applied to the base
material.
10. The method of claim 2, wherein a starting polymerization
reaction temperature of the solution is less than 5.degree. C., and
a maximum polymerization temperature is less than 25.degree. C.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the solvent C comprises 35% by
volume or more of water relative to an entire volume of the solvent
C.
12. The method of claim 3, further comprising purifying a solution
comprising a product obtained in the polymerizing Z1 by membrane
filtration.
13. The method of claim 4, further comprising purifying a solution
comprising a product obtained in the polymerizing Z2 by membrane
filtration.
14. The method of claim 5, further comprising purifying a solution
comprising a product obtained in the polymerizing Z2 by membrane
filtration.
15. The method of claim 3, further comprising purifying a solution
comprising a product obtained in the polymerizing Z1 by
precipitation.
16. The method of claim 4, further comprising purifying a solution
comprising a product obtained in the polymerizing Z2 by
precipitation.
17. The method of claim 5, further comprising purifying a solution
comprising a product obtained in the polymerizing Z2 by
precipitation.
18. The method of claim 15, further comprising purifying by
membrane filtration a solution comprising a purified substance
obtained in the precipitation.
19. The method of claim 16, further comprising purifying by
membrane filtration a solution comprising a purified substance
obtained in the precipitation.
20. The method of claim 17, further comprising purifying by
membrane filtration a solution comprising a purified substance
obtained in the precipitation.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to a conductive aniline
polymer, a method for producing the same, and a method for
producing a conductive film.
[0002] This application claims the priority based upon Japanese
Patent Application No. 2010-240039 filed on Oct. 26, 2010, Japanese
Patent Application No. 2011-006849 filed on Jan. 17, 2011, Japanese
Patent Application No. 2011-032053 filed on Feb. 17, 2011, Japanese
Patent Application No. 2011-071517 filed on Mar. 29, 2011, and
Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-083579 filed on Apr. 5, 2011,
the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND ART
[0003] As a conductive polymer for various applications, a
conductive sulfonated polyaniline polymer has been known.
[0004] As a method for producing a sulfonated polyaniline, for
example, Patent Literature 1 discloses a method for producing an
aniline copolymer, the method including copolymerizing alkoxy
group-substituted aminobenzenesulfonic acid with at least one
compound selected from the group consisting of aniline,
N-alkylaniline, and phenylene diamines.
[0005] However, a copolymer obtained by the method described in
Patent Literature 1 has a low rate of sulfonation and a low
solubility in water alone, and therefore causes a problem of poor
workability. In addition, the copolymer has a problem of low
conductivity due to difficulty in purification and the presence of
impurities.
[0006] In order to overcome these problems, as a polyaniline in
which an acidic group is introduced in all the aromatic rings and a
method for producing such a polyaniline, Patent Literatures 2 and 3
each disclose a soluble conductive aniline polymer and a method for
producing such a soluble conductive aniline polymer. The method
includes: dissolving an acidic group-substituted aniline such as a
sulfonic acid group-substituted aniline or a carboxy
group-substituted aniline in a solution containing a basic
compound; and adding dropwise an oxidizing agent to the solution to
polymerize the aniline.
[0007] Contrary to the conventional established theory that it is
difficult to polymerize anilines alone having a sulfonic acid group
or a carboxy group, the method enables production of a high
molecular mass polymer. In addition, the obtained conductive
polymer exhibits excellent solubility in both acidic and alkaline
aqueous solutions. Therefore, a conductive polymer having an
advantage in terms of processing can be produced relatively easily
from an inexpensive starting material.
[0008] Patent Literature 4 discloses a method capable of improving
conductivity and solubility. In the method, an acidic
group-substituted aniline such as a sulfonic acid group-substituted
aniline or a carboxy group-substituted aniline is polymerized using
an oxidizing agent in a mixed solution of a basic compound and a
water-soluble organic solvent, and the resultant polymer is
subjected to acid treatment to be improved in conductivity and
solubility.
[0009] Patent Literature 5 discloses a method of oxidation
polymerization. In the method, an acidic group-substituted aniline
such as a sulfonic acid group-substituted aniline and/or a carboxy
group-substituted aniline is dissolved in a solution containing a
basic compound. The resulting solution is then added dropwise to an
oxidizing agent to make a reaction system in which the molar amount
of the oxidizing agent is equal to or more than that of the
aniline, to perform oxidization polymerization.
[0010] Patent Literature 6 discloses a method for purifying a
solution of polyaniline derivative in coexistence with a dopant of
impurities by dialysis or ultrafiltration.
[0011] However, according to the methods of Patent Literatures 2
and 3, the pH in a system at the initial stage of polymerization is
basic. As a result, a side reaction such as conversion of acidic
group-substituted aniline as a starting material monomer to an azo
compound is not sufficiently suppressed. Therefore, a byproduct
contained in the polymer prevents the improvement of
conductivity.
[0012] The methods of Patent Literatures 4 to 6 suppress a side
reaction such as conversion of acidic group-substituted aniline as
a starting material monomer to an azo compound. However, impurities
cannot be removed sufficiently during separation of polymer from a
polymerization reaction solution by filtration. Therefore, the
resultant polymer cannot necessarily satisfy conductive performance
as compared with the other conductive polymers.
[0013] The conductivity (.sigma.) of a conductive polymer generally
depends on the number (.eta.) of carriers, the charge (q) of the
carriers, and the mobility (.mu.) of the carriers between and in
molecular chains.
[0014] In the case of a soluble conductive aniline polymer, the
charge (q) of carriers is a characteristic value determined by the
type of the carriers. Therefore, increasing both the number (.eta.)
and mobility (.mu.) of the carriers is essential for improvement of
the conductivity. Increase of the molecular mass of the polymer,
increase of the molecular mass of the polymer by removal of an
unreacted monomer, an oligomer as a byproduct, and impurities, and
the like are considered to be effective for the increase of the
mobility (.mu.).
[0015] For example, Patent Literatures 7 and 8 disclose that an
unreacted monomer and a low molecular mass substance are removed
from a soluble conductive aniline polymer to improve the
conductivity.
CITATION LIST
Patent Literatures
[0016] Patent Literature 1: JP-A 6-293828 [0017] Patent Literature
2: JP-A 7-196791 [0018] Patent Literature 3: JP-A 7-324132 [0019]
Patent Literature 4: JP-A 10-110030 [0020] Patent Literature 5:
JP-A-2000-219739 [0021] Patent Literature 6: JP-A 10-259249 [0022]
Patent Literature 7: JP-T-2001-513126 [0023] Patent Literature 8:
JP-A-2010-202836
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
Problems to be Solved by the Invention
[0024] However, the production method described in Patent
Literature 7 and 8 are difficult to mass-produce a conductive
aniline polymer having a high molecular mass and high
conductivity.
[0025] In general, further, a low yield is a matter of concern with
respect to the method described in Patent Literature 8. In this
method, furthermore, this is another matter of concern. That is,
the viscosity of polymer increases as the molecular mass of the
polymer increases, and thus a decrease of productivity or the like
may occur.
[0026] In view of the circumstances, an object of the present
invention is to provide a conductive aniline polymer having high
conductivity, a method for mass-producing the conductive aniline
polymer having high conductivity, and a method for producing a
conductive film having high conductivity.
Solutions to the Problems
[0027] The present invention has the following aspects:
[1] A conductive aniline polymer has a repeating unit represented
by the formula (1) described below, and has an area ratio (X/Y) of
1.20 or more, which is calculated by an evaluation process
including the following steps (I) to (VI):
[0028] (I) preparing a test solution by dissolving a conductive
aniline polymer in an eluent adjusted to pH 10 or more so that the
conductive aniline polymer has a solid content concentration of
0.1% by mass;
[0029] (II) subjecting the test solution to a polymer materials
evaluation system equipped with a gel permeation chromatograph to
determine a molecular mass distribution of the test solution to
obtain a chromatogram thereof;
[0030] (III) converting a retention time in the chromatogram
obtained in the step (II) to a molecular mass (M) in terms of
sodium polystyrene sulfonate;
[0031] (IV) determining the area (X) of a region having a molecular
mass (M) of 15,000 Da or more in the converted molecular mass (M)
in terms of sodium polystyrene sulfonate;
[0032] (V) determining the area (Y) of a region having a molecular
mass (M) of less than 15,000 Da in the converted molecular mass (M)
in terms of sodium polystyrene sulfonate; and
[0033] (VI) determining the area ratio (X/Y) of the area (X) to the
area (Y).
##STR00002##
[0034] In the formula (1), R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 are each
independently --H, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 24
carbon atoms, a linear or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 24
carbon atoms, an acidic group or a salt thereof, a hydroxy group, a
nitro group, --F, --Cl, --Br, or --I; and at least one of R.sup.1
to R.sup.4 is an acidic group or a salt thereof. Herein, the acidic
group is a sulfonic acid group or a carboxyl group.
[2] A method for producing the conductive aniline polymer as
described in [1] includes a polymerization step (Z1) where an
aniline derivative (A) represented by the following formula (2) is
polymerized in a solution containing a basic compound (B), a
solvent (C), and an oxidizing agent (D) at a temperature lower than
25.degree. C.:
##STR00003##
[0035] In the formula (2), R.sup.5 to R.sup.9 are each
independently --H, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 24
carbon atoms, a linear or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 24
carbon atoms, an acidic group or a salt thereof, a hydroxy group, a
nitro group, --F, --Cl, --Br, or --I; and at least one of R.sup.5
to R.sup.9 is an acidic group or a salt thereof. Herein, the acidic
group is a sulfonic acid group or a carboxyl group.
[3] In the method for producing a conductive aniline polymer as
described in [2], the solvent (C) contains 35% by volume or more of
water relative to the entire volume of the solvent (C). [4] A
method for producing the conductive aniline polymer as described in
[1] includes a polymerization step (Z2) where an aniline derivative
(A) represented by the following formula (2) and an oxidizing agent
(D) are added to and polymerized in a solution in which a
conductive aniline polymer (P-1) having a repeating unit
represented by the above formula (1) is dissolved in a solvent (C)
or added to and polymerized in a dispersion in which the conductive
aniline polymer (P-1) is dispersed in the solvent (C):
##STR00004##
[0036] In the formula (2), R.sup.5 to R.sup.9 are each
independently --H, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 24
carbon atoms, a linear or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 24
carbon atoms, an acidic group or a salt thereof, a hydroxy group, a
nitro group, --F, --Cl, --Br, or --I; and at least one of R.sup.5
to R.sup.9 is an acidic group or a salt thereof. Herein, the acidic
group means a sulfonic acid group or a carboxyl group.
[5] In the method for producing a conductive aniline polymer as
described in [4], the solvent (C) contains 35% by volume or more of
water relative to the entire volume of the solvent (C). [6] The
method for producing a conductive aniline polymer as described in
any one of [2] to [5] further includes purifying a solution
containing a product obtained in the polymerization step (Z1) or
(Z2) by membrane filtration. [7] The method for producing a
conductive aniline polymer described in any one of [2] to [5]
further includes purifying a solution containing a product obtained
in the polymerization step (Z1) or (Z2) by precipitation. [8] The
method for producing a conductive aniline polymer described in [7]
further includes purifying a solution containing a purified
substance obtained in the precipitation purification step by
membrane filtration. [9] A method for producing a conductive film
further includes applying a solution containing the conductive
aniline polymer described in [1] to a base material and drying the
solution applied to the base material.
Effects of the Invention
[0037] The conductive aniline polymer of the present invention has
high conductivity.
[0038] According to the method for producing a conductive aniline
polymer of the present invention, a conductive aniline polymer
having high conductivity can be mass-produced.
[0039] According to the method for producing a conductive film of
the present invention, a conductive film having high conductivity
can be produced.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0040] FIG. 1 is a view illustrating one example of chromatogram
obtained by gel permeation chromatography in the step (II) of the
evaluation process.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0041] The present invention will be described in detail below.
[0042] In the present invention, the term "conductivity" means that
a substance has a volume resistivity of 10.sup.9 .OMEGA.cm or
less.
[0043] Further, the term "molecular mass (M)" means a mass average
molecular mass (Mw).
<Conductive Aniline Polymer>
[0044] The conductive aniline polymer of the present invention
(hereinafter also simply referred to as "polymer") has a unit
represented by the following formula (1):
##STR00005##
[0045] In the formula (1), R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 are each
independently --H, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 24
carbon atoms, a linear or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 24
carbon atoms, an acidic group or a salt thereof, a hydroxy group, a
nitro group, --F, --Cl, --Br, or --I; and at least one of R.sup.1
to R.sup.4 is an acidic group or a salt thereof.
[0046] Herein, the acidic group means a sulfonic acid group or a
carboxyl group. Therefore, in the formula (1), at least one of
R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 is --SO.sub.3H, --S.sub.3.sup.-, --COOH, or
--COO.sup.-. The term "salt of an acidic group" is any of an alkali
metal salt, an ammonium salt, and a substituted ammonium salt of
the acidic group.
[0047] The conductive aniline polymer preferably contains a
repeating unit represented by the formula (1) in an amount of 20 to
100% by mole, and more preferably 50 to 100% by mole, relative to
all the repeating units (100% by mole) constituting the conductive
aniline polymer. The amount of the repeating unit is particularly
preferably 100% by mole since the solubility in water and an
organic solvent is excellent regardless of pH.
[0048] The conductive aniline polymer preferably contains 10 or
more repeating units represented by the formula (1) in one molecule
from the viewpoint of excellent conductivity.
[0049] The conductive aniline polymer is preferably a compound
having a phenylenediamine structure (reduced form) and a
quinonediimine structure (oxidized form), represented by the
following formula (3):
##STR00006##
[0050] In the formula (3), R.sup.10 to R.sup.25 are each
independently --H, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 24
carbon atoms, a linear or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 24
carbon atoms, an acidic group or a salt thereof, a hydroxy group, a
nitro group, --F, --Cl, --Br, or --I; and at least one of R.sup.10
to R.sup.25 is an acidic group.
[0051] Further, "n" represents a degree of polymerization.
[0052] For the above substituents, in particular, each of at least
two of four substituents of each aromatic ring preferably has an
acidic group or an alkoxy group.
[0053] The phenylenediamine structure (reduced form) and
quinonediimine structure (oxidized form) of the compound can be
reversibly converted by oxidation or reduction at any ratio. The
ratio (m) of the phenylenediamine structure to the quinodiimine
structure preferably falls within a range of 0.2<m<0.8, and
more preferably 0.3<m<0.7, from the viewpoint of conductivity
and solubility.
[0054] The conductive aniline polymer of the present invention has
an area ratio (X/Y) of 1.20 or more, which is calculated by an
evaluation process including the following steps (I) to (VI):
[0055] (I) preparing a test solution by dissolving a conductive
aniline polymer in an eluent adjusted to pH 10 or more so that the
conductive aniline polymer has a solid content concentration of
0.1% by mass;
[0056] (II) subjecting the test solution to a polymer materials
evaluation system equipped with a gel permeation chromatograph to
determine the molecular mass distribution of the test solution to
obtain a chromatogram thereof;
[0057] (III) converting a retention time in the chromatogram
obtained in the step (II) to a molecular mass (M) in terms of
sodium polystyrene sulfonate;
[0058] (IV) determining the area (X) of a region having a molecular
mass (M) of 15,000 Da or more in the converted molecular mass (M)
in terms of sodium polystyrene sulfonate;
[0059] (V) determining the area (Y) of a region having a molecular
mass (M) of less than 15,000 Da in the converted molecular mass (M)
in terms of sodium polystyrene sulfonate; and
[0060] (VI) determining the area ratio (X/Y) of the area (X) to the
area (Y).
[0061] The step (I) is a step of dissolving a conductive aniline
polymer in an eluent to prepare a test solution.
[0062] The eluent is a solution in which a solute is dissolved in a
solvent. Examples of the solvent include water, acetonitrile,
alcohols (e.g., methanol and ethanol), dimethylformamide,
dimethylsulfoxide, and a mixed solvent thereof.
[0063] Examples of the solute include sodium carbonate, sodium
hydrogen carbonate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, trisodium
phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, glycine, sodium hydroxide,
potassium chloride, and boric acid.
[0064] The pH of the eluent used in the step (I) is 10 or more. The
quantitative value may vary when the pH is less than 10. An eluent
of pH10 of pH10 or more can be used to obtain stable measurement
results.
[0065] For example, the eluent of pH10 or more can be prepared as
follows: Water (ultra-pure water) and methanol are mixed at a
volume ratio of water to methanol of 8 to 2, to obtain a mixed
solvent. Then, sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate are
added to the resultant mixed solvent so that the solid content
concentrations thereof are 20 mmol/L and 30 mmol/L, respectively,
to obtain an eluent.
[0066] The resulting eluent has a pH of 10.8 at 25.degree. C.
[0067] The pH of the eluent is a value measured by a pH meter while
maintaining the temperature of the eluent held at 25.degree. C.
[0068] A method for preparing the eluent of pH10 or more is not
limited to the process described above. For example, sodium
carbonate having a solid content concentration of 20 mmol/L and
sodium hydrogen carbonate having a solid content concentration of
30 mmol/L may be separately prepared by using a mixed solvent of
water and methanol (water:methanol=8:2), and then mixed to prepare
an eluent.
[0069] A conductive aniline polymer in a solid state may be added
to and dissolved in an eluent as long as the solid content
concentration thereof reaches 0.1% by mass at the time of the
addition of the polymer to the eluent. Alternatively, a conductive
aniline polymer is dissolved in a solvent to prepare a conductive
aniline polymer solution in advance, and the resulting solution may
be then added to an eluent. When the solid content concentration of
the conductive aniline polymer in the test solution is 0.1% by
mass, the eluent exerts its pH buffer action, sufficiently. As a
result, stable measurement results are obtained.
[0070] When the conductive aniline polymer solution is used, the
solid content concentration of the conductive aniline polymer
solution is not particularly limited as long as the solid content
concentration of the conductive aniline polymer reaches 0.1% by
mass or more at the time of at the time of the addition of the
solution to the eluent. However, the solid content concentration is
preferably 1.0% by mass or more. When the solid content
concentration of the conductive aniline polymer solution is less
than 1.0% by mass, the pH buffer action of the eluent is not
sufficiently exerted during addition of the solution to the eluent.
As a result, the pH of the test solution becomes less than 10, the
quantitative value is varied, and stable measurement results are
hardly obtained.
[0071] Examples of the solvent used for the conductive aniline
polymer solution include solvents wherein a conductive aniline
polymer can be dissolved, as described below. In particular, water
is preferable.
[0072] The step (II) is a step of measuring the molecular mass
distribution of the test solution by a polymer materials evaluation
system through gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
[0073] The polymer materials evaluation system is equipped with a
gel permeation chromatograph. The system can separate compounds
(e.g., polymer, oligomer, and monomer) from one another according
to their molecular masses, followed by analyzing the compounds.
[0074] A detector such as a photodiode array detector or a UV
detector is connected to the gel permeation chromatograph.
[0075] In the step (II), for example, a chromatogram shown in FIG.
1 can be obtained by GPC.
[0076] In the chromatogram shown in FIG. 1, a vertical axis is an
absorbance, and a horizontal axis is a retention time. A higher
molecular mass substance is detected at a relatively short
retention time, while a lower molecular mass substance is detected
at a relatively long retention time.
[0077] The step (III) is a step of converting the retention time in
the chromatogram obtained in the step (II) to a molecular mass (M)
in terms of sodium polystyrene sulfonate.
[0078] Specifically, sodium polystyrene sulfonate having each peak
top molecular mass of 206, 1,030, 4,210, 13,500, 33,500, 78,400,
158,000, and 2,350,000 is used as a standard sample. Similarly to
the test solution, each standard sample is dissolved in an eluent
so that the solid content concentration is 0.05% by mass, provided
that the solid content concentration of the standard sample having
a peak top molecular mass of 206 is 25 ppm, to prepare each
standard solution. A relation between the retention time and the
molecular mass in each standard solution is determined by GPC, and
a calibration curve is made. From the made calibration curve, the
retention time in the chromatogram obtained in the step (II) is
converted to a molecular mass (M) in terms of sodium polystyrene
sulfonate.
[0079] The step (IV) is a step of determining the area (X) of a
region (x) where having a molecular weight molecular mass (M) of
15,000 Da or more, as shown in FIG. 1, in the converted molecular
mass (M) in terms of sodium polystyrene sulfonate.
[0080] The step (V) is a step of determining the area (Y) of a
region (y) having a molecular mass (M) of less than 15,000 Da.
[0081] The step (VI) is a step of determining the area ratio (X/Y)
of the area (X) to the area (Y).
[0082] The conductive aniline polymer of the present invention has
an area ratio (X/Y) of 1.20 or more, which is calculated by the
evaluation process described above. When the area ratio is 1.20 or
more, the conductive aniline polymer has high conductivity. This
reason is considered as follows.
[0083] A conductive aniline polymer often contains a low molecular
mass substance such as an oligomer, an unreacted monomer, and
impurities produced as byproduct in the production process of the
polymer. The low molecular mass substance is considered to cause a
decrease in conductivity.
[0084] An area (Y) is the area of a region having a molecular mass
(M) of less than 15,000 Da. There may be mainly low molecular mass
substance such as an oligomer, a monomer, and impurities in this
region. When the area ratio (X/Y) is 1.20 or more, the proportion
of the low molecular mass substance contained in the conductive
aniline polymer is low. In this case, the molecular mass of the
conductive aniline polymer is high, and therefore the conductive
aniline polymer has high conductivity.
[0085] As the area ratio (X/Y) is larger, the proportion of the low
molecular mass substance in the conductive aniline polymer is
lower. Therefore, a larger area ratio (X/Y) is preferable.
Specifically, the area ratio is preferably 1.40 or more, more
preferably 1.70 or more, and particularly preferably 2.00 or
more.
[0086] Since the conductive aniline polymer of the present
invention has a high molecular mass, the conductivity as well as
the thermal resistance is excellent.
[0087] The conductive aniline polymer is used for various
applications such as a condenser as described in detail below. For
example, when the conductive aniline polymer is used for a
condenser, a conductive layer of the condenser is usually formed by
applying the conductive aniline polymer to a metal electrode and
drying it by heating at a predetermined temperature. Since the
conductive aniline polymer of the present invention has excellent
thermal resistance, it is suitable for applications such as a
condenser in which the production process includes a step of drying
by heating.
[0088] According to the following method, a conductive aniline
polymer having a repeating unit represented by the formula (1) and
an area ratio (X/Y) of 1.20 or more can be produced. The term
"purification" used herein means removal of a low molecular mass
substance such as a monomer, an oligomer, and impurities.
<Method for Producing Conductive Aniline Polymer>
[0089] The method for producing a conductive aniline polymer
according to the present invention includes a polymerization step
(Z).
First Embodiment
[0090] In this embodiment, a polymerization step (Z1) shown below
is used as the polymerization step (Z).
[0091] The method for producing a conductive aniline polymer of the
embodiment includes a polymerization step (Z1) of polymerizing an
aniline derivative (A) in a solution containing a basic compound
(B), a solvent (C), and an oxidizing agent (D) at a liquid
temperature lower than 25.degree. C.
[0092] Hereinafter, each component used in the polymerization step
(Z1) will be specifically described.
Aniline Derivative (A)
[0093] An aniline derivative (A) used in the polymerization step
(Z1) of the embodiment is a compound represented by the following
formula (2). Specifically, the aniline derivative (A) is preferably
a compound selected from the group consisting of an acidic
group-substituted aniline, an alkali metal salt, an alkaline earth
metal salt, an ammonium salt, and a substituted ammonium salt
thereof.
##STR00007##
[0094] In the formula (2), R.sup.5 to R.sup.9 are each
independently --H, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 24
carbon atoms, a linear or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 24
carbon atoms, an acidic group or a salt thereof, a hydroxy group, a
nitro group, --F, --Cl, --Br, or --I; and at least one of R.sup.5
to R.sup.9 is an acidic group or a salt thereof.
[0095] Typical examples of the compound represented by the formula
(2) include a sulfonic acid group-substituted aniline and a carboxy
group-substituted aniline. Among them, a compound having acidic
groups in the o- or m-position to the amino group is preferable
from the viewpoint of conductivity and solubility of the obtained
polymer.
[0096] Typical examples of the sulfonic acid group-substituted
aniline include an aminobenzenesulfonic acid derivative. On the
other hand, typical examples of the carboxy group-substituted
aniline include an aminobenzoic acid derivative. Among them, the
aminobenzenesulfonic acid derivative tends to have higher
conductivity as compared with the aminobenzoic acid derivative,
while the aminobenzoic acid derivative tends to have higher
solubility as compared with the aminobenzenesulfonic acid
derivative. These derivatives may be used as a mixture thereof in
any ratio according to the purpose.
[0097] Preferable examples of the aminobenzenesulfonic acid
derivative include o-, m-, and p-aminobenzenesulfonic acids,
aniline-2,6-disulfonic acid, aniline-2,5-disulfonic acid,
aniline-3,5-disulfonic acid, aniline-2,4-disulfonic acid, and
aniline-3,4-disulfonic acid.
[0098] Examples of the sulfonic acid group-substituted aniline
other than the aminobenzenesulfonic acid derivative include alkyl
group-substituted aminobenzenesulfonic acids such as
methylaminobenzenesulfonic acid, ethylaminobenzenesulfonic acid,
n-propylaminobenzenesulfonic acid, isopropylaminobenzenesulfonic
acid, n-butylaminobenzenesulfonic acid,
sec-butylaminobenzenesulfonic acid, and
tert-butylaminobenzenesulfonic acid; alkoxy group-substituted
aminobenzenesulfonic acids such as methoxyaminobenzenesulfonic
acid, ethoxyaminobenzenesulfonic acid, and
propoxyaminobenzenesulfonic acid; hydroxy group-substituted
aminobenzenesulfonic acids; nitro group-substituted
aminobenzenesulfonic acids; and halogen group-substituted
aminobenzenesulfonic acids such as fluoroaminobenzenesulfonic acid,
chloroaminobenzenesulfonic acid, and bromoaminobenzenesulfonic
acid. Among them, alkyl group-substituted aminobenzenesulfonic
acids, hydroxy group-substituted aminobenzenesulfonic acids, and
halogen group-substituted aminobenzenesulfonic acids are preferable
in practical use from the viewpoint of conductivity, solubility and
the like of the obtained polymer.
[0099] These sulfonic acid group-substituted anilines may be used
alone or as a mixture of two or more (containing an isomer) in any
ratio.
[0100] Preferable examples of the aminobenzoic acid derivative
include o-, m-, and p-aminobenzenecarboxylic acids,
aniline-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, aniline-2,5-dicarboxylic acid,
aniline-3,5-dicarboxylic acid, aniline-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, and
aniline-3,4-dicarboxylic acid.
[0101] Examples of the carboxy group-substituted aniline other than
the aminobenzoic acid derivative include alkyl group-substituted
aminobenzenecarboxylic acids such as methylaminobenzenecarboxylic
acid, ethylaminobenzenecarboxylic acid,
n-propylaminobenzenecarboxylic acid,
isopropylaminobenzenecarboxylic acid, n-butylaminobenzenecarboxylic
acid, sec-butylaminobenzenecarboxylic acid, and
tert-butylaminobenzenecarboxylic acid; alkoxy group-substituted
aminobenzenecarboxylic acids such as methoxyaminobenzenecarboxylic
acid, ethoxyaminobenzenecarboxylic acid, and
propoxyaminobenzenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy group-substituted
aminobenzenecarboxylic acids; nitro group-substituted
aminobenzenecarboxylic acids; and halogen group-substituted
aminobenzenecarboxylic acids such as fluoroaminobenzenecarboxylic
acid, chloroaminobenzenecarboxylic acid, and
bromoaminobenzenecarboxylic acid. Among them, alkyl
group-substituted aminobenzenecarboxylic acids, alkoxy
group-substituted aminobenzenecarboxylic acids, and halogen
group-substituted aminobenzenecarboxylic acids are preferable in
practical use from the viewpoint of conductivity, solubility and
the like of the obtained polymer.
[0102] These carboxy group-substituted anilines may be used alone
or as a mixture of two or more (containing an isomer) in any
ratio.
[0103] The compound represented by the formula (2) can be expressed
as any of a sulfonic acid group-substituted alkylaniline, a carboxy
group-substituted alkylaniline, a sulfonic acid group-substituted
alkoxyaniline, a carboxy group-substituted alkoxyaniline, a
sulfonic acid group-substituted hydroxyaniline, a carboxy
group-substituted hydroxyaniline, a sulfonic acid group-substituted
nitroaniline, a carboxy group-substituted nitroaniline, a sulfonic
acid group-substituted fluoroaniline, a carboxy group-substituted
fluoroaniline, a sulfonic acid group-substituted chloroaniline, a
carboxy group-substituted chloroaniline, a sulfonic acid
group-substituted bromoaniline, and a carboxy group-substituted
bromoaniline. Specific examples of the positions of these
substituents and the combinations of the substituents are shown in
Table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 R.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3 R.sup.4 R.sup.5 A B
H H H A H B H H A H H B H A H H H B H A B H H H A H B H H A H H H B
A H H B H H A B H H H A H B B H A H H H B A H H H H H A B H H B A H
H B H A H B H H A H H H H B A H H B H A H B H H A B H H H A
[0104] Symbols shown in Table 1 are as follows:
[0105] "A" shows one group selected from a sulfonic acid group or a
carboxy group, and an alkali metal salt, an alkaline earth metal
salt, an ammonium salt, and a substituted ammonium salt
thereof.
[0106] "B" shows one group selected from an alkyl group such as a
methyl group, an ethyl group, a n-propyl group, an isopropyl group,
a n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, and a tert-butyl group, an
alkoxy group such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a n-propoxy
group, an isopropoxy group, a n-buthoxy group, a sec-buthoxy group,
and a tert-buthoxy group, a hydroxy group, and a halogen group such
as a fluoro group, a chloro group, and a bromo group.
[0107] "H" shows hydrogen.
[0108] Examples of an alkaline metal capable of forming a salt with
the acidic group-substituted anilines include lithium, sodium,
potassium, and cesium.
[0109] Examples of an alkaline earth metal capable of forming a
salt with the acidic group-substituted anilines include magnesium
and calcium.
[0110] Examples of the substituted ammonium include alicyclic
ammoniums, cyclic saturated ammoniums, and cyclic unsaturated
ammoniums.
[0111] Examples of the alicyclic ammoniums include an ammonium
represented by the following formula (4):
##STR00008##
[0112] In the formula (4), R.sup.26 to R.sup.29 are each
independently --H or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
[0113] Examples of such alicyclic ammoniums include methylammonium,
dimethylammonium, trimethylammonium, ethylammonium,
diethylammonium, triethylammonium, methylethylammonium,
diethylmethylammonium, dimethylethylammonium, propylammonium,
dipropylammonium, isopropylammonium, diisopropylammonium,
butylammonium, dibutylammonium, methylpropylammonium,
ethylpropylammonium, methylisopropylammonium,
ethylisopropylammonium, methylbutylammonium, ethylbutylammonium,
tetramethylammonium, tetramethylolammonium, tetraethylammonium,
tetra-n-butylammonium, tetra-sec-butylammonium, and
tetra-tert-butylammonium. In particular, in view of conductivity
and solubility of the obtained polymer, the case where two of
R.sup.26 to R.sup.29 in the formula (4) are hydrogens and the other
two are alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is more preferable,
and the case where one of R.sup.26 to R.sup.29 is hydrogen and the
other three are alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is most
preferable.
[0114] Examples of the cyclic saturated ammoniums include
piperidinium, pyrrolidinium, morpholinium, piperazinium, and
derivatives having these skeletons.
[0115] Examples of the cyclic unsaturated ammoniums include
pyridinium, .alpha.-picolinium, .beta.-picolinium,
.gamma.-picolinium, quinolinium, isoquinolinium, pyrrolinium, and
derivatives having these skeletons.
[0116] As described in detail below, when a mixed solution of an
aniline derivative (A) and a basic compound (B) is added dropwise
to an oxidizing agent solution in the polymerization step (Z1), the
concentration of the aniline derivative (A) in a reaction solution
after completion of the dropwise addition is preferably 1 to 90% by
mass, and more preferably 5 to 70% by mass from the viewpoint of
reactivity.
[0117] When the concentration of the aniline derivative (A) in the
reaction solution is lower than the above-described range, the
reaction rate is lowered, and as a result, it takes a long time to
complete the reaction. In contrast, when the concentration of the
aniline derivative (A) in the reaction solution exceeds the range,
the aniline derivative (A) may be precipitated in the reaction
solution. As a result, a polymerization reaction may not proceed
sufficiently.
[0118] However, when the concentration of the aniline derivative
(A) in the reaction solution falls within the above-described
range, a sufficient reaction rate is maintained, and therefore a
polymer having high conductivity can be produced with good
productivity.
Basic Compound (B)
[0119] Examples of the basic compound (B) used in the
polymerization step (Z1) of the embodiment include an inorganic
base, ammonia, alicyclic amines, cyclic saturated amines, and
cyclic unsaturated amines.
[0120] Examples of the inorganic base include a salt of hydroxide
such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide,
magnesium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide. In particular, sodium
hydroxide is preferable in practical use from the viewpoint of
conductivity and solubility of the obtained polymer.
[0121] Examples of alicyclic amines include a compound represented
by the following formula (5) and an ammonium hydroxide compound
represented by the following formula (6):
##STR00009##
[0122] In the formula (5), R.sup.30 to R.sup.32 are each
independently an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
##STR00010##
[0123] In the formula (6), R.sup.33 to R.sup.35 are each
independently a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4
carbon atoms.
[0124] Examples of cyclic saturated amines include piperidine,
pyrrolidine, morpholine, piperazine, derivatives having these
skeletons, and ammonium hydroxide compounds thereof.
[0125] Examples of cyclic unsaturated amines include pyridine,
.alpha.-picoline, .beta.-picoline, .gamma.-picoline, quinoline,
isoquinoline, pyrroline, derivatives having these skeletons, and
ammonium hydroxide compounds thereof.
[0126] The basic compound (B) is preferably an inorganic base.
Preferable examples of a basic compound to be used other than the
inorganic base include methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine,
ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, ethylmethylamine,
ethyldimethylamine, diethylmethylamine, pyridine, .alpha.-picoline,
.beta.-picoline, and .gamma.-picoline.
[0127] When the inorganic salt or such basic compound is used, a
polymer having high conductivity and high purity can be
obtained.
[0128] These basic compounds may be used alone or as a mixture of
two or more in any ratio.
[0129] When the basic compound (B) is used as a solution, the
concentration thereof is preferably 0.1 mol/L or more, more
preferably 0.1 to 10.0 mol/L, and further preferably 0.2 to 8.0
mol/L. When the concentration of the basic compound (B) is 0.1
mol/L or more, a polymer can be obtained in a high yield. On the
other hand, when the concentration of the basic compound (B) is
10.0 mol/L or less, the conductivity of a polymer to be obtained
tends to be improved.
[0130] From the viewpoint of conductivity, the mass ratio of the
aniline derivative (A) to the basic compound (B) is preferably
1:100 to 100:1, and more preferably 10:90 to 90:10.
[0131] When the proportion of the basic compound (B) is low, the
solubility in a solvent (C) described below is lowered. As a
result, the reactivity is lowered, and therefore the conductivity
of a polymer to be obtained may be lowered. In contrast, when the
proportion of the basic compound (B) is high, a salt is easily
formed from an acidic group in a polymer to be obtained and the
basic compound (B). Thus, the conductivity of the polymer may be
lowered.
[0132] Therefore, when the proportion of the basic compound (B)
falls within a preferable range, the solubility in a solvent (C)
and the reactivity of the basic compound (B) are improved, and the
conductivity of the polymer is improved.
Solvent (C)
[0133] Examples of a solvent (C) used in the polymerization step
(Z1) of the embodiment include water, and a mixed solvent of water
and a water-soluble organic solvent.
[0134] The water-soluble organic solvent is not limited as long as
it can be mixed in water. From the viewpoint of low cost and easy
availability, examples thereof include methanol, ethanol,
2-propanol, acetone, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide,
N,N-dimethylacetamide, propylene glycol, and ethylene glycol. In
particular, from the viewpoint of solubility of an aniline
derivative (A) and an oxidizing agent described below, acetone and
acetonitrile are more preferably used.
[0135] As the solvent (C), water alone is preferably used. When a
mixed solvent of water and a water-soluble organic solvent is used,
the content of water in the solvent (C) is preferably 35% by volume
or more, and more preferably 40% by mass or more, relative to the
entire volume of the solvent (C). When the content of water in the
solvent (C) is 35% by volume or more, the precipitation of the
aniline derivative (A) and the oxidizing agent described below can
be suppressed. Therefore, the polymerization reaction of the
aniline derivative (A) proceeds sufficiently, and a conductive
aniline polymer having a higher molecular mass becomes easier to be
produced.
Oxidizing Agent (D)
[0136] An oxidizing agent (D) used in the polymerization step (Z1)
of the embodiment is not limited as long as it has a standard
electrode potential of 0.6 V or more. From the industrial viewpoint
such as relatively easy availability, examples of the oxidizing
agent (D) preferably include peroxodisulfuric acid, salts of
peroxodisulfuric acid such as ammonium peroxodisulfate, sodium
peroxodisulfate, and potassium peroxodisulfate, and hydrogen
peroxide. These oxidizing agents may be used alone or as a mixture
of two or more in any ratio.
[0137] In addition, it is effective that a transition metal
compound such as iron and copper is used as a catalyst together
with the oxidizing agent.
[0138] The amount of the oxidizing agent (D) to be used is
preferably 1 to 5 mol, and more preferably 1 to 3 mol, relative to
1 mol of the aniline derivative (A). When the amount of the
oxidizing agent (D) to be used falls within the above-described
range, the molecular mass of a polymer can be sufficiently
increased and the main chain can be sufficiently oxidized.
[0139] From the viewpoint of reactivity, it is preferable that
polymerization be carried out in a system where the molar amount of
the oxidizing agent (D) is equal to or more than that of the
aniline derivative (A). When the molar amount of the oxidizing
agent (D) is less than the equimolar amount, a lot of unreacted
substances tend to remain after the polymerization reaction. When
the molar amount of the oxidizing agent (D) is more than the
equimolar amount, a lot of byproducts tend to be produced.
[0140] As described in detail below, when a mixed solution of an
aniline derivative (A) and a basic compound (B) is added dropwise
to an oxidizing agent solution in the polymerization step (Z1), the
concentration of the oxidizing agent (D) in a reaction solution at
the start of dropwise addition is preferably 2 to 90% by mass, and
more preferably 5 to 80% by mass from the viewpoint of reactivity.
The concentration of the oxidizing agent (D) in the reaction
solution after completion of the dropwise addition is preferably 1
to 90% by mass, and more preferably 2.5 to 40% by mass from the
viewpoint of reactivity.
[0141] When the concentration of the oxidizing agent (D) in the
reaction solution is low, the reaction rate is lowered, and as a
result, it takes a long time to complete the reaction. In contrast,
when the concentration of the oxidizing agent (D) in the reaction
solution is high, the oxidizing agent (D) may be precipitated in
the reaction solution. As a result, a polymerization reaction may
not proceed sufficiently.
[0142] However, when the concentration of the oxidizing agent (D)
in the reaction solution falls within the above-described range, a
sufficient reaction rate is maintained, and therefore a polymer
having high conductivity can be produced with good
productivity.
Polymerization Step (Z1)
[0143] The polymerization step (Z1) of the embodiment is a step of
polymerizing the aniline derivative (A) in a solution containing
the basic compound (B), the solvent (C), and the oxidizing agent
(D) at a temperature lower than 25.degree. C.
[0144] Specific examples of a method for polymerizing an aniline
derivative (A) include a method for adding dropwise a mixed
solution in which an aniline derivative (A) and a basic compound
(B) are dissolved in a solvent (C) to an oxidizing agent solution
in which an oxidizing agent (D) is dissolved in a solvent (C); a
method for adding dropwise an oxidizing agent solution to a mixed
solution of an aniline derivative (A) and a basic compound (B); a
method for adding dropwise a mixed solution of an aniline
derivative (A) and a basic compound (B) and an oxidizing agent
solution to a reaction vessel or the like at the same time; and a
method for continuously supplying a mixed solution of an aniline
derivative (A) and a basic compound (B) and an oxidizing agent
solution to a reactor or the like and pushing off them to
polymerize the aniline derivative (A). Among these methods, a
method for adding dropwise a mixed solution of an aniline
derivative (A) and a basic compound (B) to an oxidizing agent
solution is preferable from the viewpoint of suppression of any
side reaction.
[0145] When the polymerization is carried out at a liquid
temperature lower than 25.degree. C., the production of a byproduct
such as an oligomer by the progress of a side reaction is
suppressed to improve the conductivity of the obtained polymer. In
addition, a decrease of conductivity due to change of oxidized and
reduced structures of main chain can be suppressed.
[0146] In the present invention, the phrase "polymerization is
carried out at a liquid temperature lower than 25.degree. C." means
that the maximum temperature of the reaction solution in the
polymerization step (Z1) is lower than 25.degree. C.
[0147] The upper limit of liquid temperature (i.e., temperature of
the reaction solution) in polymerization is preferably 14.degree.
C. or lower, more preferably lower than 10.degree. C., and further
preferably lower than 5.degree. C. On the other hand, the lower
limit of liquid temperature is not particularly limited. However,
the lower limit of liquid temperature is preferably -15.degree. C.
or higher, more preferably -10.degree. C. or higher, and further
preferably -5.degree. C. or higher since a sufficient reaction rate
can be maintained and the reaction time can be shortened.
[0148] When a mixed solution of an aniline derivative (A) and a
basic compound (B) is added dropwise, the liquid temperature in the
polymerization can be controlled by adjusting the addition rate. On
the other hand, when an oxidizing agent (D) solution is added
dropwise, the liquid temperature in the polymerization can be
controlled by adjusting the addition rate, the flow rate and
temperature of a refrigerant which cools a reactor.
[0149] In the polymerization step (Z1), the liquid temperature at
the start of polymerization reaction is preferably lower than
5.degree. C., more preferably 3.degree. C. or lower, further
preferably 0.degree. C. or lower, particularly preferably
-3.degree. C. or lower, and most preferably -5.degree. C. or lower.
As the liquid temperature at the start of polymerization reaction
is lower, decrease of conductivity due to the progress of a side
reaction and change of oxidized and reduced structures of main
chain can be suppressed.
[0150] The lower limit of liquid temperature at the start of
polymerization reaction is not particularly limited. However, the
lower limit of liquid temperature is preferably -50.degree. C. or
higher, more preferably -40.degree. C. or higher, and further
preferably -30.degree. C. or higher since a sufficient reaction
rate can be maintained and the reaction time can be shortened.
[0151] In the method for adding dropwise a mixed solution of an
aniline derivative (A) and a basic compound (B) to an oxidizing
agent (D) solution, the liquid temperature at the start of
polymerization reaction in the present invention refers to a
temperature of the oxidizing agent (D) solution just before
dropwise addition of the mixed solution. In the method for adding
dropwise an oxidizing agent (D) solution to a mixed solution of an
aniline derivative (A) and a basic compound (B), the liquid
temperature at the start of polymerization reaction refers to a
temperature of the mixed solution just before dropwise addition of
the oxidizing agent (D) solution.
[0152] The difference between the maximum temperature (lower than
25.degree. C.) of the liquid temperature in the polymerization and
the temperature at the start of polymerization reaction is
preferably lower than 50.degree. C., more preferably lower than
30.degree. C., and further preferably lower than 15.degree. C. As
the temperature difference is smaller, the production of a
byproduct due to the progress of a side reaction can be
suppressed.
[0153] In the polymerization step (Z1), the pH in a reaction system
during the polymerization is preferably adjusted to 7 or less, and
more preferably to 6 or less.
[0154] When the pH in the reaction system is 7 or less, the side
reaction is unlikely to proceed, and the production of a low
molecular mass substance such as a monomer, an oligomer, and
impurities is suppressed. As a result, the conductivity and purity
of the obtained polymer are improved.
[0155] The pH in the reaction system during the polymerization can
be controlled by addition of protonic acid.
[0156] Examples of protonic acid include mineral acids such as
hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and borofluoric
acid; superstrong acids such as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid;
organic sulfonic acids such as methansulfonic acid,
dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, and
camphorsulfonic acid; and high molecular acids such as
polystyrenesulfonic acid, polyacrylic acid, polyvinylsulfonic acid,
and poly-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid. Among them,
from the viewpoint of handleability, for example, hydrochloric
acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid are
preferable.
[0157] The amount of protonic acid to be added is not particularly
limited as long as an oxidizing agent is not precipitated.
Specifically, the amount of protonic acid to be added preferably
satisfies a molar ratio of the protonic acid to the oxidizing agent
of 0.01:100 to 50:100, and more preferably 0.01:100 to 45:100. When
the amount of protonic acid to be added falls within the
above-described range, the precipitation of a monomer is
suppressed, and the progress of the reaction is unlikely to be
inhibited. Therefore, the production of a low molecular mass
substance such as a monomer, an oligomer, and impurities is
suppressed. As a result, the conductivity and purity of the
obtained polymer are improved.
[0158] In the polymerization step (Z1), after a mixed solution of
an aniline derivative (A) and a basic compound (B) and an oxidizing
agent (D) solution are mixed (when one solution is added dropwise
to the other solution to perform polymerization, after dropwise
addition), the reaction solution is preferably held at a
temperature lower than 25.degree. C. When the reaction solution is
held at a temperature lower than 25.degree. C., a high molecular
mass polymer is easily obtained.
[0159] From the viewpoint of easy production of a high molecular
mass polymer and suppression of a side reaction, the retention
temperature of the reaction solution is preferably lower than
20.degree. C., more preferably 15.degree. C. or lower, further
preferably 10.degree. C. or lower, particularly preferably
5.degree. C. or lower, and most preferably 0.degree. C. or
lower.
[0160] Further, the retention temperature of the reaction solution
is preferably uniform.
[0161] The retention time of the reaction solution is preferably
0.5 to 12 hours. From the viewpoint of conductivity and industrial
availability, the retention time of the reaction solution is more
preferably about 1 to about 12 hours, and further preferably 4 to
12 hours.
[0162] A method for controlling the retention temperature of a
reaction solution is not particularly limited. In the method, for
example, the retention time of a reaction solution can be
controlled by adjusting the flow rate and temperature of a
refrigerant which cools a reactor. Such a method is selected each
time according to a reactor. From the viewpoint of industrial
availability, it is preferable that the temperature of the
refrigerant be adjusted.
[0163] A stirring procedure may be used in combination if needed to
uniformly keep the retention temperature of the reaction
solution.
[0164] The conductive aniline polymer obtained in the
polymerization step (Z1) may be obtained in a state of a polymer
solution in which the polymer is dissolved in a solvent (C) or a
polymer dispersion in which the polymer is dispersed in a solvent
(C).
[0165] From the obtained conductive aniline polymer, the solvent
(C) is removed, and the polymer may be then used for various
applications as it is. However, the polymer solution or the polymer
dispersion may contain an unreacted monomer, an oligomer, and
impurities. Therefore, it is preferable that the obtained
conductive aniline polymer be purified and then used. The polymer
is purified to remove a low molecular mass substance such as a
monomer, an oligomer, and impurities, and then a conductive aniline
polymer having higher purity and higher conductivity is
obtained.
[0166] Examples of a method for purifying a polymer include a
membrane filtration method, a precipitation purification method,
and a cationic exchange method. Among them, from the viewpoint of
excellent purification efficiency, a membrane filtration method and
a precipitation purification method are preferable.
[0167] Hereinafter, the membrane filtration step and the
precipitation purification step will be specifically described. A
conductive aniline polymer before purification is also referred to
as an "unpurified conductive polymer."
Membrane Filtration Step
[0168] The membrane filtration step is a step of purifying a
solution containing a product obtained in the polymerization step
(Z1) by membrane filtration.
[0169] In the membrane filtration step, a product (unpurified
conductive polymer) is separated from the reaction solution in the
polymerization step (Z1). A separation method is not particularly
limited, and examples thereof include filtration under reduced
pressure, filtration under pressure, centrifugation, and
centrifugal filtration. In particular, when a separation device for
centrifugal separation is used, a product having high purity tends
to be obtained.
[0170] Further, when a product is separated from the reaction
solution, any unreacted monomer, an oligomer, and impurities in a
solid may be washed off. Examples of washing liquid include
alcohols, acetone, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide,
N-methylpyrrolidone, and dimethyl sulfoxide.
[0171] The product thus separated is dissolved in a solvent to give
a solution (polymer solution). Then, the polymer solution is
filtered through a membrane. Examples of a solvent used in the
membrane filtration include water, water containing a basic salt,
water containing an acid, water containing alcohol, and a mixture
thereof.
[0172] However, when the unpurified conductive polymer obtained in
the polymerization step (Z1) is dissolved in a solvent (C), a
polymer solution in which the product is not separated may be
subjected to membrane separation as it is.
[0173] The separation membrane used in the membrane filtration is
preferably an ultrafiltration membrane in view of removal
efficiency of an unreacted monomer, an oligomer, and
impurities.
[0174] An organic membrane using a polymer such as cellulose,
cellulose acetate, polysulfone, polypropylene, polyester, polyether
sulfone, and polyvinylidene fluoride as a material for the
separation membrane and an inorganic membrane using an inorganic
material such as ceramics as the material for the separation
membrane can be used. The material for the separation membrane is
not particularly limited as long as it is usually used for a
material for an ultrafiltration membrane.
[0175] From the viewpoint of removal of impurities, an
ultrafiltration membrane preferably has a molecular mass cutoff of
1,000 to 100,000, more preferably 5,000 to 50,000, further
preferably 10,000 to 50,000, and particularly preferably 10,000 to
30,000.
[0176] As the molecular mass cutoff of an ultrafiltration membrane
is larger, the critical flux becomes higher. As a result, the
removal rate of an unreacted monomer, an oligomer, and the like is
increased. At the same time, the conductivity of the polymer
obtained after purification tends to be higher, and the yield
thereof tends to be lowered.
[0177] Examples of a process of membrane filtration include a cross
flow process and a process of filtration under pressure. However,
in view of productivity, a continuous cross flow process is
preferable. In the continuous cross flow process, a solution is
allowed to flow along a separation membrane, and a part of the
solution penetrates the separation membrane to be purified.
[0178] Further, in the cross flow process, a polymer solution can
be continuously contacted with the separation membrane many times.
Therefore, the purification degree can be increased. The solvent in
the polymer solution penetrates the separation membrane. For this
reason, the polymer solution is concentrated in the purification,
and the viscosity is increased. Therefore, an operational problem
may occur. In this case, a solvent is properly supplied to dilute
the polymer solution to an appropriate concentration. Thus,
purification treatment can be continued.
[0179] When membrane filtration is carried out by the cross flow
process, the filtration pressure depends on an ultrafiltration
membrane or a filtration device. In view of productivity, the
filtration pressure is preferably about 0.01 to 1.0 MPa, and more
preferably 0.01 to 0.5 MPa.
[0180] On the other hand, when membrane filtration is carried out
by the process of filtration under pressure, the filtration
pressure is preferably 0.01 to 0.35 MPa.
[0181] The filtration time is not particularly limited. However,
when the molecular mass distribution is evaluated by Gel Permeation
Chromatography (GPC), the filtration time is preferably a time
elapsed until the peak of a low molecular mass substance such as an
unreacted monomer, an oligomer, and impurities, which have a
molecular mass equal to or less than the molecular mass cutoff do
not appear.
[0182] The filtration time may be determined by a process other
than the process using GPC. For example, such a process may include
filtering a concentrated liquid sampled every constant time by a
simple ultrafiltration kit, and measuring a solid content of a
filtrate (and a concentrated liquid which remains on the membrane)
to determine the filtration time.
[0183] Further, it is preferable that the filtration time be a time
when membrane filtration is continued until the surface resistivity
of a coating film formed of a conductive aniline polymer is
10.sup.6 .OMEGA./square or less, more preferably 10.sup.5
.OMEGA./square or less, and further preferably 10.sup.4
.OMEGA./square or less.
[0184] The longer the filtration time is under the same condition
other than the time, the higher the purification degree is. As a
result, the conductivity of the conductive aniline polymer obtained
after purification tends to be higher.
[0185] When an aniline derivative (A) is polymerized in the
presence of a basic compound (B), as described above, an acidic
group in the unpurified conductive polymer obtained in the
polymerization step (Z1) is reacted with the basic compound (B) to
form a salt.
[0186] Specifically, when an aniline derivative (A) is polymerized
in the presence of sodium hydroxide in the polymerization step
(Z1), most of the acidic groups in the isolated polymer react to
form sodium salts. Similarly, when an aniline derivative (A) is
polymerized in the presence of ammonia, almost all the acidic
groups react to form ammonium salts. When an aniline derivative (A)
is polymerized in the presence of trimethylamine, almost all the
acidic groups react to form trimethyl ammonium salts. When an
aniline derivative (A) is polymerized in the presence of quinoline,
almost all the acidic groups react to form quinolinium salts.
[0187] A polymer having a salt group formed from a part or all of
the acidic groups, as described above, may has lower conductivity,
as compared with a polymer not having a salt.
[0188] A basic compound (B) is almost removed with a low molecular
mass substance such as an unreacted monomer, an oligomer, and
impurities when the unpurified conductive polymer is purified.
Alternatively, in order to further remove the basic compound (B), a
demineralization treatment may be carried out before or after the
membrane filtration step (demineralization step).
[0189] When the demineralization step is carried out after the
membrane filtration step, a sample liquid after the purification
step may be used as it is.
[0190] Examples of a demineralization treatment method include an
ion exchange method. Specific examples thereof include an ion
exchange method using a cation exchange resin, an electrodialysis
method, and a treatment method using an acid-containing solution.
Among them, an ion exchange method using a cation exchange resin
and an electrodialysis method are preferable. In particular, an
electrodialysis method is preferable since the step is simple and a
running cost is low.
[0191] In the ion exchange method using a cation exchange resin,
the amount of a sample solution, for example, a 5% polymer aqueous
solution, is preferably an amount corresponding to up to 5-fold
volume, and more preferably an amount corresponding to up to
10-fold volume, relative to that of the cation exchange resin.
[0192] Examples of the cation exchange resin include "Diaion SK1B"
available from Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, "Amberlite IR-120H"
available from Organo Corporation., and "DOWEX 50W" available from
Dow Chemical Company.
[0193] On the other hand, in the electrodialysis method, an ion
exchange membrane used is not particularly limited. However, in
order to suppress penetration due to diffusion of impurities, it is
preferable that the ion exchange membrane be subjected to
monovalent ion selective permeation treatment, and have a molecular
mass cutoff of 300 or less. As such an ion exchange membrane,
"Neosepta CMK (cation exchange membrane, molecular mass cutoff:
300)" or "Neosepta AMX (anion exchange membrane, molecular mass
cutoff: 300)," available from Astom Corporation, is suitably
used.
[0194] As the ion exchange membrane used in the electrodialysis
method, a bipolar membrane may be used. The bipolar membrane is an
ion exchange membrane having a structure in which an anion exchange
layer and a cation exchange layer are bonded together. As such a
bipolar membrane, for example, "PB-1E/CMB" available from Astom
Corporation is suitably used.
[0195] The current density in electrodialysis is preferably equal
to or less than the limiting current density. The applied voltage
across the bipolar membrane is preferably 10 to 50 V, and more
preferably 25 to 35 V.
[0196] The basic compound (B) can be effectively removed from the
conductive aniline polymer (A) by demineralization treatment, to
improve the conductivity of the conductive aniline polymer.
[0197] The conductive aniline polymer after the purification step
and demineralization treatment is a state in which the polymer is
dissolved in a solvent such as water. Therefore, a solid conductive
aniline polymer can be obtained by removing the solvent through
lyophilization or the like. Alternatively, a conductive aniline
polymer dissolved in the solvent may be used as a conductive
aniline polymer solution as it is.
Precipitation Purification Step
[0198] The precipitation purification step is a step of purifying a
solution containing a product obtained in the polymerization step
(Z1) by precipitation.
[0199] Examples of a method of precipitation purification include a
method in which a poor solvent is added to the polymer solution to
obtain a purified polymer as a precipitated product, and a method
in which a polymer solution dissolved in a good solvent is
gradually added to a poor solvent to obtain a purified polymer as a
precipitated product.
[0200] In the precipitation purification step, a product
(unpurified conductive polymer) is first separated from the
reaction solution of the polymerization step (Z1). The separation
method is not especially limited, and may be the separation method
exemplified in the description of membrane filtration step.
[0201] Further, when the product is separated from the reaction
solution, an unreacted monomer, an oligomer, and impurities in a
solid may be washed off. Examples of the washing liquid include
those exemplified in the description of membrane filtration
step.
[0202] The product thus separated is dissolved in a good solvent to
give a solution (polymer solution). Then, the polymer solution is
purified by precipitation.
[0203] Examples of a good solvent used in the precipitation
purification include solvents such as water, water containing a
basic salt, water containing an acid, and water containing alcohol,
and a mixture thereof. From the viewpoint of solubility of a
product, water containing a basic salt and water containing an acid
are preferable.
[0204] The higher the temperature difference between a good solvent
and a poor solvent is, the larger the amount of the resultant
precipitate is. Therefore, it is preferable that a product be
dissolved in a good solvent at a temperature equal to or lower than
the temperature at which the good solvent boils to enhance the
solubility and a poor solvent at a temperature higher than a
freezing temperature be mixed in the polymer solution to increase
the amount of a precipitate.
[0205] The concentration of a polymer solution is not particularly
limited as long as it falls within a range in which the product is
dissolved in a good solvent. From the viewpoint of removal of
impurities, the concentration of a polymer solution is preferably 1
to 50% by mass, and more preferably 3 to 30% by mass.
[0206] Alternatively, when the unpurified conductive polymer
obtained in the polymerization step (Z1) is dissolved in a solvent
(C), a polymer solution in which a product is not separated may be
subjected to precipitation purification as it is.
[0207] On the other hand, examples of the poor solvent include one
having a solubility parameter (SP value) of about 20 to 40
MPa.sup.1/2. By using alcohols, acetone, acetonitrile,
N,N-dimethylformamide, formamide, glycerol, N-methylpyrrolidinone,
or dimethylsulfoxide as a poor solvent, a polymer having a high
purity can be obtained.
[0208] The SP value of an organic solvent can be calculated in
accordance with the method described in "Polymer Handbook," Fourth
Edition, pp. VII-675 to VII-711. Specifically, the method is
described in Table 1 (p. VII-683) and Tables 7 and 8 (pp. VII-688
to VII-711).
[0209] The amount of a poor solvent to be added relative to the
polymer solution dissolved in the good solvent depends on the SP
value of the solvent. For example, when a solvent having a SP value
of about 20 to 25 MPa.sup.1/2 is used as a poor solvent, the ratio
of the amount of the polymer solution dissolved in the good solvent
to the amount of the poor solvent is preferably 1:0.1 to 1:5 (by
mass), and particularly preferably 1:0.7 to 1:2 (by mass) from the
viewpoint of removal of impurities.
[0210] For example, when a solvent having a SP value of about 25 to
40 MPa.sup.1/2 is used as a poor solvent, the ratio of the amount
of the polymer solution dissolved in the good solvent to the amount
of the poor solvent is preferably 1:2 to 1:20 (by mass), and
particularly preferably 1:3 to 1:17 (by mass) from the viewpoint of
removal of impurities.
[0211] When the amount of a poor solvent to be added falls within
the above-described range, the proportion of a low molecular mass
substance such as an unreacted monomer, an oligomer, and impurities
contained in the precipitate is reduced. As a result, the purity of
the obtained polymer is improved.
[0212] When the proportion of the poor solvent is small, the amount
of a precipitated polymer is small. On the other hand, when the
proportion of the poor solvent is large, the amount of a low
molecular mass substance in the precipitate is increased.
[0213] The precipitated polymer is separated by filtration.
However, a part of the low molecular mass substance such as an
unreacted monomer, an oligomer, and impurities are dissolved in the
filtrate. Examples of a separation device used in this case include
devices for filtration under reduced pressure, filtration under
pressure, centrifugation, and centrifugal filtration. In
particular, when a separation device for centrifugal separation is
used, a product having high purity tends to be obtained. Therefore,
this is preferable.
[0214] Further, the polymer separated by filtration may be purified
by repetitive precipitation. The larger the number of precipitation
purification is, the higher the degree of purification is.
Therefore, the conductivity of the aniline polymer obtained after
purification tends to be enhanced.
[0215] The polymer (purified polymer) thus purified by
precipitation is preferably purified by further membrane
filtration. Specifically, a solution containing the purified
polymer is preferably subjected to membrane filtration. A method of
membrane filtration is the same as the method exemplified in the
description of the membrane filtration step. Further,
demineralization may be carried out before or after the membrane
filtration step.
[0216] The conductive aniline polymer thus obtained has an area
ratio (X/Y) of 1.20 or more, which is calculated by the evaluation
process including the steps (I) to (VI), and therefore has
excellent conductivity.
[0217] In particular, when the membrane filtration step and the
precipitation purification step are carried out after the
polymerization step (Z1), an unreacted monomer, an oligomer,
impurities and the like are sufficiently removed. Thus, a
conductive aniline polymer having high purity and a high molecular
mass can be obtained. Therefore, the conductivity is improved.
[0218] Further, as the conductive aniline polymer thus obtained can
be dissolved in a solvent such as only water, water containing a
base and a basic salt, water containing an acid, methanol, ethanol,
or 2-propanol, or a mixture thereof, the workability is excellent.
Specifically, 0.1 g or more of the conductive aniline polymer is
uniformly dissolved in 10 g of the solvent (liquid temperature:
25.degree. C.).
[0219] As described above, according to the method for producing a
conductive aniline polymer of the present invention, a conductive
aniline polymer having high conductivity can be mass-produced from
inexpensive raw materials by chemical oxidation polymerization.
[0220] In addition, according to the present invention, the
molecular mass of a polymer can be increased, and a conductive
aniline polymer having excellent thermal resistance can be
obtained.
Second Embodiment
[0221] In the embodiment, a polymerization step (Z2) shown below is
used as the polymerization step (Z).
[0222] A method for producing a conductive aniline polymer (P) of
the embodiment includes a polymerization step (Z2) of adding an
aniline derivative (A) represented by the formula (2) and an
oxidizing agent (D) to a solution in which a conductive aniline
polymer (P-1) having a repeating unit represented by the formula
(1) is dissolved in a solvent (C) or a dispersion in which the
conductive aniline polymer (P-1) is dispersed in a solvent (C) to
polymerize the aniline derivative.
[0223] In the polymerization step (Z2), a basic compound (B) may be
further added to a solution or a dispersion of the conductive
aniline polymer (P-1) to polymerize the aniline derivative, if
necessary.
Conductive Aniline Polymer (P-1)
[0224] A conductive aniline polymer (P-1) used in the
polymerization step (Z2) of the embodiment has a repeating unit
represented by the formula (1).
[0225] The conductive aniline polymer (P-1) is produced by chemical
oxidation polymerization of an aniline derivative (A) represented
by the formula (2) by using an oxidizing agent (D) in a solution
containing a basic compound (B). For example, the conductive
aniline polymer (P-1) can be produced by a method described in
JP-A-7-196791.
[0226] Specific examples of a method for producing the conductive
aniline polymer (P-1) include a method for adding dropwise a mixed
solution in which an aniline derivative (A) and a basic compound
(B) are dissolved in a solvent to an oxidizing agent solution in
which an oxidizing agent (D) is dissolved in a solvent; a method
for adding dropwise an oxidizing agent solution to a mixed solution
of an aniline derivative (A) and a basic compound (B); a method for
adding dropwise a mixed solution of an aniline derivative (A) and a
basic compound (B) and an oxidizing agent solution to a reaction
vessel at the same time; and a method for continuously supplying an
oxidizing agent solution and a mixed solution of an aniline
derivative (A) and a basic compound (B) and pushing off them to
polymerize the aniline derivative.
[0227] It is preferable that a mixed solution of an aniline
derivative (A) and a basic compound (B) be mixed in an oxidizing
agent solution and then a reaction solution be held as it is. The
retention temperature is preferably 20.degree. C. or lower, and the
retention time is preferably 0.5 to 12 hours.
[0228] In the embodiment, a step of obtaining a conductive aniline
polymer (P-1) is also referred to as "polymerization step
(Z.sub.pre)."
[0229] Examples of an aniline derivative (A), a basic compound (B),
and an oxidizing agent (D), used in the production of a conductive
aniline polymer (P-1) include those exemplified as the aniline
derivative (A), basic compound (B), and oxidizing agent (D),
respectively, in the first embodiment.
[0230] Further, when a conductive aniline polymer (P-1) is
produced, the solvent (C) exemplified in the first embodiment can
be used.
[0231] From the viewpoint of conductivity of the obtained
conductive aniline polymer (P-1), the temperature of a reaction
solution is preferably 25.degree. C. or lower, more preferably
10.degree. C. or lower, and further preferably 0.degree. C. or
lower.
[0232] The resulting conductive aniline polymer (P-1) may be
purified by membrane filtration or the like before the
polymerization step (Z2) described below. Examples of a membrane
filtration method include the methods described in the first
embodiment.
Aniline Derivative (A)
[0233] An aniline derivative (A) used in the polymerization step
(Z2) of the embodiment is a compound represented by the formula
(2). Specific examples of the aniline derivative (A) include
aniline derivatives (A) described in the first embodiment.
[0234] The type of the aniline derivative (A) used in the
production of a conductive aniline polymer (P-1) and the type of
the aniline derivative (A) used in the polymerization step (Z2) may
be the same or different. However, the types are preferably the
same.
Basic Compound (B)
[0235] Examples of a basic compound (B) used in the polymerization
step (Z2) of the embodiment include the basic compounds (B)
described in the first embodiment.
[0236] The type of the basic compound (B) used in the production of
a conductive aniline polymer (P-1) and the type of the basic
compound (B) used in the polymerization step (Z2) may be the same
or different. However, the types are preferably the same.
[0237] For example, when the basic compound (B) is used as a
solution, the concentration thereof is preferably 0.1 mol/L or
more, more preferably 0.1 to 10.0 mol/L, and further preferably 0.2
to 8.0 mol/L. When the concentration of the basic compound (B) is
0.1 mol/L or more, a polymer can be obtained in a high yield. On
the other hand, when the concentration of the basic compound (B) is
10.0 mol/L or less, the conductivity of the obtained polymer tends
to be enhanced.
[0238] The mass ratio of the aniline derivative (A) to the basic
compound (B) is preferably 1:100 to 100:1, and more preferably
10:90 to 90:10 from the viewpoint of conductivity.
[0239] When the proportion of the basic compound (B) is low, the
solubility in a solvent is lowered, and the reactivity is also
lowered. As a result, the conductivity of the obtained polymer may
be lowered. In contrast, when the proportion of the basic compound
(B) is high, a salt is more easily formed from an acidic group in
the obtained polymer and the basic compound (B). Thus, the
conductivity of the polymer may be lowered.
[0240] Therefore, when the proportion of the basic compound (B)
falls within the preferable range, the solubility in a solvent and
the reactivity of the basic compound (B) are enhanced, and the
conductivity of the obtained polymer is improved.
Solvent (C)
[0241] Examples of a solvent (C) used in the polymerization step
(Z2) of the embodiment include the solvents (C) described in the
first embodiment.
[0242] The type of the solvent (C) used in the production of the
conductive aniline polymer (P-1) and the type of the solvent (C)
used in the polymerization step (Z2) may be the same or different.
However, the types are preferably the same.
[0243] As the solvent (C), water alone is preferably used. However,
when a mixed solvent of water and a water-soluble organic solvent
is used, the content of water in the solvent (C) is preferably 35%
by volume or more, and more preferably 40% by mass or more,
relative to the entire volume of the solvent (C). When the content
of water in the solvent (C) is 35% by volume or more, the
precipitation of the aniline derivative (A) and an oxidizing agent
described below can be suppressed. Therefore, the polymerization
reaction of the aniline derivative (A) proceeds sufficiently, and a
conductive aniline polymer (P) having a higher molecular mass is
easier to be produced.
Oxidizing Agent (D)
[0244] Examples of an oxidizing agent (D) used in the
polymerization step (Z2) of the embodiment include the oxidizing
agents (D) described in the first embodiment.
[0245] The type of the oxidizing agent (D) used in the production
of the conductive aniline polymer (P-1) and the type of the
oxidizing agent (D) used in the polymerization step (Z2) may be the
same or different. However, the types are preferably the same.
[0246] In addition, it is effective that a transition metal
compound such as iron and copper is used as a catalyst together
with the oxidizing agent.
[0247] The amount of the oxidizing agent (D) to be used is
preferably 1 to 5 mol, and more preferably 1 to 3 mol, relative to
1 mol of the aniline derivative (A). When the amount of the
oxidizing agent (D) to be used falls within the above-described
range, the molecular mass of a polymer can be sufficiently
increased and the main chain can be sufficiently oxidized.
[0248] From the viewpoint of reactivity, it is preferable that
polymerization be carried out in a system where the molar amount of
the oxidizing agent (D) is equal to or more than the molar amount
of the aniline derivative (A). When the molar amount of the
oxidizing agent (D) is less than the equimolar amount, a lot of
unreacted substances tend to remain after the polymerization
reaction. When the molar amount of the oxidizing agent (D) is more
than the equimolar amount, a lot of byproducts tend to be
produced.
Polymerization Step (Z2)
[0249] The polymerization step (Z2) of the embodiment is a step of
adding the aniline derivative (A) and the oxidizing agent (D) to a
solution in which the conductive aniline polymer (P-1) is dissolved
in the solvent (C) or a dispersion in which the conductive aniline
polymer (P-1) is dispersed in the solvent (C) to polymerize the
aniline derivative.
[0250] Specific examples of polymerization method include a method
for adding dropwise an aniline derivative solution in which the
aniline derivative (A) is dissolved in the solvent and an oxidizing
agent solution in which the oxidizing agent (D) is dissolved in the
solvent to a solution or a dispersion of the conductive aniline
polymer (P-1) at the same time; a method for adding dropwise a
mixed solution in which the aniline derivative (A) and the basic
compound (B) are dissolved in the solvent and an oxidizing agent
solution to a solution or a dispersion of the conductive aniline
polymer (P-1) at the same time; and a method for continuously
supplying a solution or dispersion of the conductive aniline
polymer (P-1), an aniline derivative solution or a mixed solution
of the aniline derivative solution and the basic compound (B) and
an oxidizing agent solution to a reactor and pushing off them to
perform polymerization. Among the methods, from the viewpoint of
suppression of side reaction, a preferable method is a method for
adding dropwise a solution of the aniline derivative or a mixed
solution of the solution and the basic compound (B) and an
oxidizing agent solution to a solution or a dispersion of the
conductive aniline polymer (P-1) at the same time.
[0251] The solution of the conductive aniline polymer (P-1) or the
dispersion of the conductive aniline polymer (P-1) can be obtained
by dissolving or dispersing the conductive aniline polymer (P-1) in
the solvent (C).
[0252] When the solvent (C) is used in the production of the
conductive aniline polymer (P-1), the conductive aniline polymer
(P-1) is obtained in a state of a solution (polymer solution) in
which the polymer is dissolved in the solvent (C) or a dispersion
(polymer dispersion) in which the polymer is dispersed in the
solvent (C). Therefore, the solution or dispersion may be used in
the polymerization step (Z2) as it is. Alternatively, the solution
or dispersion is added to the solvent (C), and diluted, and then
the diluted solution may be used in the polymerization step
(Z2).
[0253] Further, an aniline derivative solution can be obtained by
dissolving the aniline derivative (A) in the solvent (C). The
aniline derivative solution is preferably prepared so that the
amount of an aniline derivative (A) to be provided is 5 to 200
parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the solvent (C).
When a mixed solution of the aniline derivative (A) and the basic
compound (B) is prepared, the mass ratio of the aniline derivative
(A) to the basic compound (B) preferably falls within the
above-described range.
[0254] The oxidizing agent solution can be obtained by dissolving
the oxidizing agent (D) in the solvent (C). The oxidizing agent
solution is preferably prepared so that the amount of an oxidizing
agent to be provided is 5 to 200 parts by mass relative to 100
parts by mass of the solvent (C).
[0255] However, the solubility in the solvent (C) depends on types
of the aniline derivative (A) and the oxidizing agent (D) to be
used. Therefore, the amount of the aniline derivative (A) to be
provided and that of the oxidizing agent (D) to be provided need to
be adjusted in each case.
[0256] It is preferable that the solvent (C) used in the aniline
derivative solution, the mixed solution, and the oxidizing agent
solution be of the same type as that of the solvent used for the
solution or dispersion of the conductive aniline polymer (P-1).
[0257] The amount of the aniline derivative solution, the mixed
solution of an aniline derivative and a basic compound (B), or the
oxidizing agent solution, to be added (hereinafter, which are
collectively referred to as "addition liquid") may be adjusted
according to the concentrations thereof, and the size and heat
removal performance of a reactor.
[0258] The stage of initiating the polymerization step (Z2) is
preferably set 0.5 hour or later after completion of production
step of the conductive aniline polymer (P-1).
[0259] The dropping time of addition liquid depends on the amount
of addition liquid to be added. In view of reaction rate of growth
of polymer, the dropping time is preferably a time proper for each
case. From the viewpoint of industrial availability, the dropping
time is preferably 5 minutes to 24 hours.
[0260] As described above, an aniline derivative (A) and an
oxidizing agent (D) are added to a solution or a dispersion of the
conductive aniline polymer (P-1) to further promote the
polymerization reaction (that is, to perform additional
polymerization). As a result, a conductive aniline polymer (P)
having a higher molecular mass and higher conductivity can be
obtained.
[0261] In the polymerization step (Z2), the temperature of the
reaction solution is preferably 25.degree. C. or lower, more
preferably 10.degree. C. or lower, and further preferably 0.degree.
C. or lower. The conductivity of the obtained polymer is enhanced
when the temperature of the reaction solution is 25.degree. C. or
lower.
[0262] In the polymerization step (Z2), the pH in a reaction system
during the polymerization is preferably adjusted to 7 or less, and
more preferably to 6 or less.
[0263] When the pH in the reaction system is 7 or less, the side
reaction is unlikely to proceed, and the production of a low
molecular mass substance such as a monomer, an oligomer, and
impurities is suppressed. As a result, the conductivity and purity
of the obtained polymer are improved.
[0264] The pH in the reaction system during the polymerization can
be controlled by addition of protonic acid.
[0265] Examples of protonic acid include the protonic acid shown in
the description of the first embodiment.
[0266] The amount of protonic acid to be added is not particularly
limited as long as an oxidizing agent is not precipitated.
Specifically, the amount of protonic acid to be added preferably
satisfies a molar ratio of the protonic acid to the oxidizing agent
of 0.01:100 to 50:100, and more preferably 0.01:100 to 45:100. When
the amount of protonic acid to be added falls within the
above-described range, the precipitation of a monomer is
suppressed, and the progress of the reaction is hardly inhibited.
Therefore, the production of a low molecular mass substance such as
a monomer, an oligomer, and impurities is suppressed. As a result,
the conductivity and purity of the obtained polymer are
improved.
[0267] In the polymerization step (Z2), after an aniline derivative
(A) and an oxidizing agent (D) are added to a solution or a
dispersion of the conductive aniline polymer (P-1), the reaction
solution is preferably held at 20.degree. C. or lower. When the
reaction solution is held at 20.degree. C. or lower, a high
molecular mass polymer is easily obtained.
[0268] From the viewpoint of easy production of high molecular mass
polymer and suppression of a side reaction, the retention
temperature of the reaction solution is preferably 15.degree. C. or
lower, further preferably 5.degree. C. or lower, and particularly
preferably 0.degree. C. or lower.
[0269] Further, the retention temperature of the reaction solution
is preferably uniform.
[0270] The retention time of the reaction solution is preferably
0.5 to 12 hours. From the viewpoint of conductivity and industrial
availability, the retention time of the reaction solution is more
preferably about 1 to about 12 hours, and further preferably 4 to
12 hours.
[0271] A method for controlling the retention temperature of the
reaction solution is not particularly limited. For example, the
retention time of the reaction solution can be controlled by
adjusting the flow rate and temperature of the refrigerant which
cools a reactor. The method is selected according to a reactor.
From the viewpoint of industrial availability, it is preferable
that the temperature of the refrigerant be adjusted.
[0272] A stirring procedure may be used in combination if needed to
uniformly keep the retention temperature of the reaction
solution.
[0273] The number of the polymerization step (Z2) may be one.
Alternatively, an aniline derivative (A) and an oxidizing agent (D)
are further added to the reaction mixture, and a plurality of
polymerization steps (Z2) may be carried out. The number of the
polymerization step (Z2) depends on the size and heat removal
performance of a reactor. However, by a plurality of polymerization
steps (Z2), a conductive aniline polymer (P) having a higher
molecular mass can be obtained.
[0274] A plurality of polymerization steps (Z2) may cause problems
such as an increased volume of reaction solution. In such a case, a
part of the reaction solution is taken out, and an aniline
derivative (A) and an oxidizing agent (D may be added to the
obtained reaction solution to perform an additional polymerization
step (Z2). In all the polymerization steps (Z2), the reaction
solution need not be held at 20.degree. C. or lower. However, from
the viewpoint of adjustment of temperature of the reaction
solution, the reaction solution in each polymerization step (Z2) is
preferably held at 20.degree. C. or lower.
[0275] The conductive aniline polymer (P) obtained by the
polymerization step (Z2) is obtained in a state of a polymer
solution in which the polymer is dissolved in the solvent (C) or a
polymer dispersion in which the polymer is dispersed in the solvent
(C).
[0276] From the obtained conductive aniline polymer (P), the
solvent (C) is removed, and the polymer may be then used for
various applications as it is. However, the polymer solution or the
polymer dispersion may contain an unreacted monomer, an oligomer,
and impurities. Therefore, it is preferable that the obtained
conductive aniline polymer (P) be purified and then used. The
polymer may be purified to remove a low molecular mass substance
such as a monomer, an oligomer, and impurities, and then a
conductive aniline polymer (P) having higher purity and higher
conductivity is obtained.
[0277] In order to purify the polymer, a solution containing the
product obtained in the polymerization step (Z2) may be purified by
membrane filtration (membrane filtration step), or by precipitation
(precipitation purification step) as described in the first
embodiment.
[0278] Further, demineralization may be carried out before or after
the membrane filtration step (demineralization step). The basic
compound (B) can be effectively removed from the conductive aniline
polymer (P) by demineralization treatment, to increase the
conductivity of the conductive aniline polymer (P).
[0279] After the precipitation purification step, the polymer
(purified polymer) purified by precipitation is preferably further
purified by membrane filtration (Membrane filtration step).
[0280] Examples of methods of membrane filtration,
demineralization, and precipitation purification include those
described in the first embodiment.
[0281] The conductive aniline polymer (P) thus obtained has an area
ratio (X/Y) of 1.20 or more, which is calculated by the evaluation
process including the steps (I) to (VI), and therefore has
excellent conductivity.
[0282] In particular, when the membrane filtration step and the
precipitation purification step are carried out after the
polymerization step (Z2), an unreacted monomer, an oligomer,
impurities and the like are sufficiently removed. Thus, a
conductive aniline polymer (P) having high purity and a high
molecular mass can be obtained. Therefore, the conductivity is
enhanced.
[0283] Further, as the conductive aniline polymer (P) thus obtained
can be dissolved in a solvent such as only water, water containing
a base and a basic salt, water containing an acid, methanol,
ethanol, or 2-propanol, or a mixture thereof, the workability is
excellent. Specifically, 0.1 g or more of the conductive aniline
polymer (P) is uniformly dissolved in 10 g of the solvent (liquid
temperature: 25.degree. C.).
[0284] As described above, according to the method for producing a
conductive aniline polymer of the present invention, a conductive
aniline polymer (P) having high conductivity can be mass-produced
from inexpensive raw materials by chemical oxidation
polymerization.
[0285] In addition, according to the present invention, the
molecular mass of polymer can be increased, and a conductive
aniline polymer (P) having excellent thermal resistance can be
obtained.
[0286] In further embodiments of the present invention, a polymer
having a higher molecular mass can be further produced by
combination of the polymerization steps (Z1) and (Z2).
<Application>
[0287] From the conductive aniline polymer of the present
invention, a conductor can be produced by a simple procedure such
as a spray coating method, a dip coating method, a roll coating
method, a gravure coating method, a reverse coating method, a roll
brushing method, an air-knife coating method, and a curtain coating
method.
[0288] Moreover, a composition containing the conductive aniline
polymer as the main component can be applied to various antistatic
agents, condensers, batteries, EMI shields, chemical sensors,
display elements, nonlinear molding materials, corrosion
prevention, adhesives, fibers, antistatic coating compositions,
anticorrosive compositions, electrocoating compositions, plating
primer, electrostatic coating primer, electric prevention for
corrosion, and enhancement of the storing capacity of battery.
[0289] In particular, the conductive aniline polymer of the present
invention has excellent conductivity and thermal resistance.
Therefore, the conductive aniline polymer is suitable for
applications such as a condenser in which the production process
includes a heating treatment step.
<Method for Producing Conductive Film>
[0290] The method for producing a conductive film of the present
invention includes applying a solution containing the conductive
aniline polymer of the present invention to a base material and
drying the solution applied to the base material.
[0291] Examples of a coating method include a spray coating method,
a dip coating method, a roll coating method, a gravure coating
method, a reverse coating method, a roll brushing method, an
air-knife coating method, and a curtain coating method.
[0292] A drying method is not particularly limited, and any known
method can be employed.
[0293] Since the conductive aniline polymer is used in the method
for producing a conductive film of the present invention, a
conductive film having high conductivity can be produced by the
simple procedure.
EXAMPLES
[0294] Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in
detail by Examples. However, the present invention is not limited
to the Examples.
[0295] Evaluations and measurement methods in Examples and
Comparative Examples will be as follows.
<Evaluation and Measurement>
(Calculation of Area Ratio (X/Y))
[0296] Water (ultrapure water) and methanol were mixed so that the
volume ratio of water to methanol was 8:2, to prepare a mixed
solvent. Sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate were added
to the mixed solvent so that the solid content concentrations
thereof were 20 mmol/L and 30 mmol/L, respectively, to prepare an
eluent. The resulting eluent had a pH of 10.8 at 25.degree. C.
[0297] A conductive aniline polymer was dissolved in the eluent so
that the solid content concentration was 0.1% by mass to prepare a
test solution (step (I)).
[0298] The molecular mass distribution of the resulting test
solution was measured to obtain a chromatogram (step (II)). At this
case, the molecular mass distribution was measured by a high
molecular material evaluation device ("Waters Alliance 2695, 2414
(refractive index detector), and 2996 (photodiode array (PDA))"
manufactured by Waters Corporation) equipped with a gel permeation
chromatograph connected to a PDA detector using two columns
("Tsk-Gel Alpha-M" manufactured by Tosoh Corporation, 7.8.times.300
mm), at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min and a column temperature of
40.degree. C.
[0299] The retention time in the resulting chromatogram was
converted to a molecular mass (M) in terms of sodium polystyrene
sulfonate (step (III)). Specifically, sodium polystyrene sulfonate
having each peak top molecular mass of 206, 1,030, 4,210, 13,500,
33,500, 78,400, 158,000, and 2,350,000 was used as a standard
sample. Similarly to the test solution, each standard sample was
dissolved in the eluent so that the solid content concentration
thereof was 0.05% by mass, provided that the solid content
concentration of the standard sample having a peak top molecular
mass of 206 was 25 ppm. Thus, each standard solution was prepared.
A relation between the retention time and the molecular mass in
each standard solution was determined by GPC, and a calibration
curve was made. From the resultant calibration curve, the retention
time in the chromatogram obtained in the step (II) was converted to
a molecular mass (M) in terms of sodium polystyrene sulfonate.
[0300] Then, the area (X) of a region having a molecular mass (M)
of 15,000 Da or more and the area (Y) of a region having a
molecular mass (M) of less than 15,000 Da were each calculated
(steps (IV) and (V)).
[0301] Next, the area ratio (X/Y) of the area (X) to the area (Y)
was calculated (step (VI)).
(Evaluation of Conductivity)
[0302] A conductive aniline polymer solution was applied to a glass
substrate by a spin coater ("Manual Spinner ASC-4000" manufactured
by Actes Inc.), and then dried by heating on a hot plate at
120.degree. C. for 10 minutes to obtain a test piece for evaluation
of conductivity. The test piece had a coating film of a
predetermined thickness formed on the glass substrate. The
thickness of the coating film was measured by an atomic force
microscope ("Nanoscale Hybrid Microscope VN-8000" manufactured by
Keyence Corporation).
[0303] The surface resistivity of the resulting test piece for
evaluation of conductivity was measured by a resistivity meter
("Loresta GP" manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Analytech Co.,
Ltd.) with an in-line four-point probe.
[0304] The volume resistivity was calculated by the product of the
measured surface resistivity and the thickness of the coating film.
The conductivity was calculated by the reciprocal of the volume
resistivity.
(Evaluation of Thermal Resistance)
[0305] A conductive aniline polymer solution was applied to a glass
substrate by a spin coater ("Manual Spinner ASC-4000" manufactured
by Actes Inc.), and then dried by heating on a hot plate at
160.degree. C. for 1 hour to obtain a test piece for evaluation of
conductivity. The test piece had a coating film of a predetermined
thickness formed on the glass substrate.
[0306] In the same manner as in the evaluation of conductivity, the
surface resistivity of the resulting test piece for evaluation of
thermal resistance was measured and the conductivity was
calculated.
Example 1-1
[0307] First, 200 mmol of ammonium peroxodisulfate and 1.0 g of
sulfuric acid were dissolved in 150 mL of a mixed solvent of water
and acetonitrile (volume ratio: 1:1) cooled to 0.degree. C. in an
ethylene glycol bath at a stirring power of 0.7 kw/m.sup.3 to give
a solution (polymerization initiation temperature: reaction
solution temperature, 1.5.degree. C.). Next, to the solution, a
solution of 200 mmol of 2-aminoanisole-4-sulfonic acid and 200 mmol
of triethylamine in 150 mL of a mixed solvent of water and
acetonitrile (volume ratio: 1:1) was added dropwise at 200 mmol/hr.
After completion of the dropwise addition, the reaction solution
was kept for 2 hours under stirring at a stirring rotation speed of
200 rpm while the temperature of the refrigerant was adjusted so
that the temperature (retention temperature) of the reaction
solution was 0.degree. C. (polymerization step (Z1)). The maximum
temperature of the reaction solution in the polymerization step
(Z1) was 8.degree. C. when the amount of the added monomer was 0.75
equivalents.
[0308] The reaction product was then filtered off under cooling by
a device for filtration under reduced pressure, washed with
methanol, and dried, to obtain a crude polymer.
[0309] Then, 20 g of the resulting crude polymer was dissolved in
10 L of water to prepare a polymer solution having a solid content
concentration of 0.2% by mass. Subsequently, the polymer solution
was concentrated to a solid content concentration of 3% by mass by
an ultrafiltration unit with a molecular mass cutoff (MWCO) of
10,000, "Vivaflow 200" manufactured by Sartorius AG (membrane
filtration step). As a result, a conductive aniline polymer
solution was obtained.
[0310] A part of the resultant conductive aniline polymer solution
was taken out. This conductive aniline polymer solution was
dissolved in the eluent prepared above so that the solid content
concentration of the conductive aniline polymer in the solution was
0.1% by mass to prepare a test solution. The molecular mass (M) and
area ratio (X/Y) of the test solution were calculated. The results
are shown in Table 2.
[0311] The conductivity of the conductive aniline polymer solution
was determined. The result is shown in Table 2.
Example 1-2
[0312] A test solution was subjected to measurement and evaluation
after being obtained by the polymerization step (Z1) and membrane
filtration step in a manner similar to Example 1-1 except the
followings: A solution of 200 mmol of ammonium peroxodisulfate and
1.0 g of sulfuric acid in 150 mL of a mixed solvent of water and
acetonitrile (volume ratio: 1:1) was cooled to -10.degree. C.
(polymerization initiation temperature: reaction solution
temperature -9.degree. C.), and the temperature of the refrigerant
was adjusted so that the retention temperature after completion of
the dropwise addition was -10.degree. C. The results are shown in
Table 2.
[0313] The maximum temperature of the reaction solution in the
polymerization step (Z1) was -5.degree. C. when the amount of the
added monomer was 0.8 equivalents.
Example 1-3
[0314] A test solution was subjected to measurement and evaluation
after being obtained by the polymerization step (Z1) and membrane
filtration step in a manner similar to Example 1-1 except the
followings: A solution of 100 mmol of ammonium peroxodisulfate and
0.5 g of sulfuric acid in 75 mL of a mixed solvent of water and
acetonitrile (volume ratio: 1:1) was cooled to -5.degree. C.
(polymerization initiation temperature: reaction solution
temperature -3.degree. C.). Then, a solution of 100 mmol of
2-aminoanisole-4-sulfonic acid and 100 mmol of triethylamine in 75
mL of a mixed solvent of water and acetonitrile (volume ratio: 1:1)
was added dropwise to the former solution at 100 mmol/hr, and the
temperature of the refrigerant was adjusted so that the retention
temperature after completion of the dropwise addition was
-5.degree. C. The results are shown in Table 2.
[0315] The maximum temperature of the reaction solution in the
polymerization step (Z1) was -1.degree. C. when the amount of the
added monomer was 0.7 equivalents.
Example 1-4
[0316] A test solution was subjected to measurement and evaluation
after being obtained by the polymerization step (Z1) and membrane
filtration step in a manner similar to Example 1-1 except the
followings: A solution of 200 mmol of ammonium peroxodisulfate and
1.0 g of sulfuric acid in 150 mL of a mixed solvent of water and
acetonitrile (volume ratio: 1:1) was cooled to -5.degree. C.
(polymerization initiation temperature: reaction solution
temperature -3.degree. C.). To this solution, a solution of 200
mmol of 2-aminoanisole-4-sulfonic acid and 200 mmol of
triethylamine in 150 mL of a mixed solvent of water and
acetonitrile (volume ratio: 1:1) was added dropwise at 200
mmol/min. The results are shown in Table 2.
[0317] The maximum temperature of the reaction solution in the
polymerization step (Z1) was 16.degree. C. 10 minutes after
completion of the dropwise addition of monomer.
Example 1-5
[0318] A test solution was subjected to measurement and evaluation
after being obtained by the polymerization step (Z1) and membrane
filtration step in a manner similar to Example 1 except the
followings: A solution of 200 mmol of 2-aminoanisole-4-sulfonic
acid and 200 mmol of triethylamine in 150 mL of a mixed solvent of
water and acetonitrile (volume ratio: 1:1) was cooled to -5.degree.
C. in an ethylene glycol bath at a stirring power of 0.7 kw/m.sup.3
(polymerization initiation temperature: reaction solution
temperature -3.degree. C.). To this solution, a solution of 200
mmol of ammonium peroxodisulfate and 1.0 g of sulfuric acid in 150
mL of a mixed solvent of water and acetonitrile (volume ratio: 1:1)
was added dropwise at 200 mmol/hr. The results are shown in Table
2.
[0319] The maximum temperature of the reaction solution in the
polymerization step (Z1) was 1.3.degree. C. when the amount of
added ammonium peroxodisulfate solution was 1 equivalent.
Comparative Example 1-1
[0320] A test solution was subjected to measurement and evaluation
after being obtained by the polymerization step (Z1) and membrane
filtration step in a manner similar to Example 1 except the
followings: A solution of 200 mmol of ammonium peroxodisulfate and
1.0 g of sulfuric acid in 150 mL of a mixed solvent of water and
acetonitrile (volume ratio: 1:1) was cooled to 2.degree. C.
(polymerization initiation temperature: reaction solution
temperature, 3.degree. C.). The temperature of the refrigerant was
adjusted so that the retention temperature after completion of the
dropwise addition was 25.degree. C. The results are shown in Table
2.
[0321] The maximum temperature of the reaction solution in the
polymerization step (Z1) was 25.degree. C. 45 minutes after
completion of the dropwise addition of monomer.
Comparative Example 1-2
[0322] A test solution was subjected to measurement and evaluation
after being obtained by the polymerization step (Z1) and membrane
filtration step in a manner similar to Example 1 except the
followings: A solution of 200 mmol of ammonium peroxodisulfate and
1.0 g of sulfuric acid in 150 mL of a mixed solvent of water and
acetonitrile (volume ratio: 1:1) was cooled to -3.degree. C.
(polymerization initiation temperature: reaction solution
temperature -2.5.degree. C.). To the solution, a solution of 200
mmol of 2-aminoanisole-4-sulfonic acid and 200 mmol of
triethylamine in 150 mL of a mixed solvent of water and
acetonitrile (volume ratio: 1:1) was added dropwise at 400 mmol/hr.
The temperature of the refrigerant was adjusted so that the
temperature (retention temperature) of the reaction solution after
completion of the dropwise addition was 25.degree. C. The results
are shown in Table 2.
[0323] The maximum temperature of the reaction solution in the
polymerization step (Z1) was 28.degree. C. 15 minutes after
completion of the dropwise addition of monomer.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Maximum Reaction temperature initiation of
reaction Area Film temperature solution Molecular ratio thickness
Conductivity (.degree. C.) (.degree. C.) mass (M) (X/Y) (nm) (S/cm)
Example 1-1 1.5 8 44690 1.72 97 8.8 Example 1-2 -9 -5 51550 1.96
130 10.7 Example 1-3 -3 -1 48430 1.79 93 18.3 Example 1-4 -3 16
41390 1.48 89 14.8 Example 1-5 -3 1.3 47220 1.69 109 10.6
Comparative 3 25 22400 0.89 92 1.9 Example 1-1 Comparative -2.5 28
28680 1.19 51 3.3 Example 1-2
[0324] As shown in Table 2, each of the conductive aniline polymers
of Examples 1-1 to 1-5 prepared by polymerization at a liquid
temperature lower than 25.degree. C. has an area ratio (X/Y) of
1.20 or more, having high conductivity. This is considered that, by
carrying out the polymerization at a temperature lower than
25.degree. C., progress of side reaction and change of oxidized and
reduced structures of main chain can be suppressed and therefore a
high molecular mass substance can be produced.
[0325] On the other hand, each of the conductive aniline polymers
of Comparative Examples 1-1 and 1-2 polymerized at a liquid
temperature of 25.degree. C. or higher has an area ratio (X/Y) of
less than 1.20, having poor conductivity as compared with Examples.
It is considered that when the maximum temperature of the reaction
solution in the polymerization step (Z1) is 25.degree. C. or
higher, progress of side reaction and change of oxidized and
reduced structures of main chain cannot be suppressed and
therefore, a high molecular mass substance is unlikely to be
obtained as compared with Examples.
[0326] In Example 1-4 and Comparative Example 1-2, since the
addition rate of solution of 2-aminoanisole-4-sulfonic acid and
triethylamine was set faster than those in other Examples and
Comparative Example, the temperature-rising rate of the reaction
solution was faster. For this reason, in Example 1-4, the liquid
temperature of the reaction solution after completion of the
dropwise addition was held to 0.degree. C. However, the liquid
temperature reached the maximum temperature of the reaction
solution 10 minutes after completion of the dropwise addition of
monomer, and was 16.degree. C. On the other hand, in Comparative
Example 1-2, the liquid temperature of the reaction solution after
completion of the dropwise addition was held to 25.degree. C.
However, the liquid temperature reached the maximum temperature of
the reaction solution 15 minutes after completion of the dropwise
addition of monomer, and was 28.degree. C.
Example 2-1
[0327] First, 200 mmol of 2-aminoanisole-4-sulfonic acid and 200
mmol of triethylamine were dissolved in 78 g of a mixed solvent of
water and acetonitrile (volume ratio: 4:6) to obtain a solution of
aniline having an acidic group. Separately, a solution of 200 mmol
of ammonium persulfate and 1.0 g of sulfuric acid in 156 g of a
mixed solvent of water and acetonitrile (volume ratio: 4:6) was
cooled in an ethylene glycol bath at that time, the bath
temperature was measured by a thermocouple to be -4.degree. C. To
this solution, the solution of aniline having an acidic group was
added dropwise at a constant rate over 1 hour.
[0328] The pH in the reaction system was measured by a pH meter
inserted in the reaction system. The pH at the start of dropwise
addition was 0.6 and the pH after completion of the dropwise
addition was 0.6. When the amount of the added monomer was 0.3
equivalents, a maximum pH of 3.3 was recorded.
[0329] After completion of the dropwise addition, the bath
temperature was adjusted to -8.degree. C., and the reaction
solution was kept at that temperature for 1 hour under stirring
(polymerization step (Z1)). Forty minutes after completion of the
dropwise addition of monomer, a minimum pH of 0.6 was recorded. The
maximum temperature of the reaction solution in the polymerization
step (Z1) was 9.2.degree. C. when the amount of the monomer added
at a stirring speed of 200 rpm was 0.5 equivalents.
[0330] The resulting polymer solution was then subjected to
membrane filtration by a device using a cross flow mode (membrane
filtration step). "Vivaflow 200" manufactured by Sartorius AK, was
used in its filtration part. An ultrafiltration membrane (material:
polyethersulfone (PES)) with a molecular mass cutoff of 10,000 Da
was used as a filtration membrane. After completion of the membrane
filtration, a solution at the filtrated (concentrated) side was
collected as a conductive aniline polymer solution.
[0331] Subsequently, the concentration of the conductive polymer
aqueous solution was adjusted to 5%. Then, 5 g of the solution was
passed through a column with a diameter of 1 cm, filled with 5 mL
of Amberlite IR-120 B(H) (available from Organo Corporation) to
perform cationic exchange (demineralization). As a result, a
conductive aniline polymer solution was obtained. A part of the
resulting conductive aniline polymer solution was taken out. This
was dissolved in the eluent prepared above so that the solid
content concentration of the conductive aniline polymer in the
solution was 0.1% by mass to prepare a test solution. The molecular
mass (M) and area ratio (X/Y) of the test solution were calculated.
The results are shown in Table 3.
[0332] The conductivity of the conductive aniline polymer solution
was determined. The result is shown in Table 3.
Example 2-2
[0333] 100 mmol of 2-aminoanisole-4-sulfonic acid and 100 mmol of
triethylamine were dissolved in 79.7 g of a mixed solvent of water
and acetonitrile (volume ratio: 1:1) to obtain a solution of
aniline having an acidic group. Separately, a solution of 100 mmol
of ammonium persulfate and 0.5 g of sulfuric acid in 39.9 g of a
mixed solvent of water and acetonitrile (volume ratio: 1:1) was
cooled in an ethylene glycol bath at that time, the bath
temperature was measured by a thermocouple to be -4.degree. C. To
the solution, the solution of aniline having an acidic group was
added dropwise at a constant rate over 1 hour.
[0334] The pH in the reaction system was measured by a pH meter
inserted in the reaction system. The pH at the start of dropwise
addition was 0.9 and the pH after completion of the dropwise
addition was 1.5. When the amount of the added monomer was 0.3 to
0.4 equivalents, a maximum pH of 3.6 was recorded.
[0335] After completion of the dropwise addition, while the bath
temperature was kept at -4.degree. C., the reaction solution was
kept at that temperature for 2 hour under stirring (polymerization
step (Z1)). Eighty-five minutes after completion of the dropwise
addition, a minimum pH of 0.8 was recorded. The maximum temperature
of the reaction solution in the polymerization step (Z1) was
1.5.degree. C. when the amount of the monomer added at a stirring
speed of 200 rpm was 0.6 equivalents.
[0336] Then, the slurry of the resulting reaction product was
filtered off by an ultrafiltration device in the same manner as in
Example 2-1 (membrane filtration step). The product was subjected
to cationic exchange (demineralization). As a result, a conductive
aniline polymer solution was obtained. Each measurement and
evaluation of the obtained conductive aniline polymer solution was
carried out in the same manner as in Example 2-1. The results are
shown in Table 3.
Example 2-3
[0337] First, 200 mmol of 2-aminoanisole-4-sulfonic acid and 200
mmol of triethylamine were dissolved in 94 g of a mixed solvent of
water and acetone (volume ratio: 7:3) to obtain a solution of
aniline having an acidic group. Separately, a solution of 200 mmol
of ammonium persulfate and 0.2 g of sulfuric acid in 187 g of a
mixed solvent of water and acetone (volume ratio: 7:3) was cooled
in an ethylene glycol bath at that time, the bath temperature was
measured by a thermocouple to be -3.5.degree. C. To the solution,
the solution of aniline having an acidic group was added dropwise
at a constant rate over 1 hour.
[0338] The pH in the reaction system was measured by a pH meter
inserted in the reaction system. The pH at the start of dropwise
addition was 1.4 and the pH after completion of the dropwise
addition was 2.6. When the amount of the added monomer was 0.2 to
0.4 equivalents, a maximum pH of 3.8 was recorded.
[0339] After completion of the dropwise addition, while the bath
temperature was kept at -3.5.degree. C., the reaction solution was
kept at that temperature for 1 hour under stirring (polymerization
step (Z1)). The minimum pH of 1.5 was recorded 120 minutes after
completion of the dropwise addition. The maximum temperature of the
reaction solution in the polymerization step (Z1) was 2.8.degree.
C. when the amount of the monomer added at a stirring speed of 200
rpm was 1.0 equivalent.
[0340] The slurry of the resulting reaction product was filtered
off by an ultrafiltration device in the same manner as in Example
2-1 (membrane filtration step). Next, the product was subjected to
cationic exchange (demineralization). As a result, a conductive
aniline polymer solution was obtained. Each of measurement and
evaluation of the obtained conductive aniline polymer solution was
carried out in the same manner as in Example 2-1. The results are
shown in Table 3.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Content of Maximum Molec- Film water in
temperature ular Area thick- Conduc- solvent (% of reaction mass
ratio ness tivity by volume) solution (.degree. C.) (M) (X/Y) (nm)
(S/cm) Exam- 40 9.2 35800 1.24 119 6.6 ple 2-1 Exam- 50 1.5 50700
1.85 106 14.6 ple 2-2 Exam- 70 2.8 42000 1.58 112 11.2 ple 2-3
[0341] As shown in Table 3, the area ratios (X/Y) of the conductive
aniline polymers obtained in Examples 2-1 to 2-3, in which
polymerization was carried out using a solvent (C) containing 35%
by volume or more of water, were 1.20 or more. The conductive
aniline polymers had high conductivity. It is considered that use
of the solvent (C) containing 35% by volume or more of water in the
polymerization step (Z1) suppressed precipitation of an aniline
derivative (A) and an oxidizing agent and therefore a high
molecular mass substance was formed.
Example 3-1
[0342] The temperature of a refrigerant was adjusted so that the
liquid temperature in a reactor of a 250-mL round-bottom glass
stirring vessel (vessel diameter: 7 cm) charged with 103 g of
aqueous solution of 1 mol/L ammonium peroxodisulfate and 0.005 mol
of 98% by mass sulfuric acid was -5.degree. C. To the mixture, a
solution of 0.1 mol of 2-aminoanisole-4-sulfonic acid in 10.1 g of
4.5 mol/L triethylamine aqueous solution was added dropwise over 1
hour. The impeller used was an anchor impeller (impeller diameter:
5 cm) made of glass, and stirring was carried out at the stirring
rotation speed of 200 rpm. After completion of the dropwise
addition, the temperature of reaction solution was -5.degree. C.
The term "aqueous solution" means a mixed solvent in which water
and acetonitrile are mixed in the same volumes (1:1).
[0343] After completion of the dropwise addition, while the
temperature of the refrigerant was adjusted so that the temperature
(retention temperature) of the reaction solution was -5.degree. C.,
the reaction solution was kept at that temperature for 2 hours
under stirring at a stirring rotation speed of 200 rpm
(polymerization step (Z1)). The maximum temperature of the reaction
solution in the polymerization step (Z1) was 1.5.degree. C. when
the amount of the added monomer was 0.8 equivalents.
[0344] The resulting polymer solution was then subjected to
membrane filtration by a device using a cross flow mode (membrane
filtration step). "Vivaflow 200" manufactured by Sartorius AK, was
used in its filtration part. An ultrafiltration membrane (material:
polyethersulfone (PES)) with a molecular mass cutoff of 10,000 Da
was used as a filtration membrane. After completion of the membrane
filtration, a solution at the filtrated (concentrated) side was
collected as a conductive aniline polymer solution.
[0345] A part of the resulting conductive aniline polymer solution
was taken out. This was dissolved in the eluent prepared above so
that the solid content concentration of the conductive aniline
polymer in the solution was 0.1% by mass to prepare a test
solution. The molecular mass (M) and area ratio (X/Y) of the test
solution were calculated. The results are shown in Table 4.
[0346] The conductivity of the conductive aniline polymer solution
was determined. The result is shown in Table 4.
Example 3-2
[0347] A test solution was obtained by the polymerization step (Z1)
and membrane filtration step in the same manner as in Example 3-1
except that the retention time was changed into 4 hours. Each
measurement and evaluation of the obtained test solution was
carried out in the same manner as in Example 3-1. The results are
shown in Table 4.
[0348] The maximum temperature of the reaction solution in the
polymerization step (Z1) was 1.5.degree. C. when the amount of the
added monomer was 0.8 equivalents.
Example 3-3
[0349] A test solution was obtained by the polymerization step (Z1)
and membrane filtration step in the same manner as in Example 3-1
except that the retention time was changed into 6 hours. Each
measurement and evaluation of the obtained test solution was
carried out in the same manner as in Example 3-1. The results are
shown in Table 4.
[0350] The maximum temperature of the reaction solution in the
polymerization step (Z1) was 1.5.degree. C. when the amount of the
added monomer was 0.8 equivalents.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Maxi- mum temper- Reten- ature tion Reten-
of Molec- Film temp- tion reaction ular Area thick- Conduc- erature
time solution mass ratio ness tivity (.degree. C.) (hour) (.degree.
C.) (M) (X/Y) (nm) (S/cm) Example -5 2 1.5 34900 1.39 104 1.96 3-1
Example -5 4 1.5 41200 1.70 105 2.65 3-2 Example -5 6 1.5 40200
2.00 107 2.53 3-3
[0351] As shown in Table 4, the area ratios (X/Y) of the conductive
aniline polymers obtained in Examples 3-1 to 3-3, in which
polymerization was carried out at a liquid temperature lower than
25.degree. C., were 1.20 or more. The conductive aniline polymers
had high conductivity. The longer the retention time was, the
larger the area ratio (X/Y) was. Thus, the conductivity tended to
be higher.
Example 4-1
[0352] The solution of 200 mmol of 2-aminoanisole-4-sulfonic acid
and 200 mmol of triethylamine dissolved in 150 mL of a mixed
solvent of water and acetonitrile (volume ratio: 1:1) was added
dropwise to a solution of 200 mmol of ammonium peroxodisulfate
dissolved in 150 mL of a mixed solvent of water and acetonitrile
(volume ratio: 1:1) at -5.degree. C., at a stirring speed of 200
mmol/hr and a stirring power of 0.7 kw/m.sup.3. After completion of
the dropwise addition, while the temperature of the refrigerant was
adjusted so that the temperature (retention temperature) of the
reaction solution was 10.degree. C., the reaction solution was kept
at that temperature for 2 hours under stirring at a stirring
rotation speed of 200 rpm (polymerization step (Z1)). The maximum
temperature of the reaction solution in the polymerization step
(Z1) was 9.degree. C. when the amount of the added monomer was 0.8
equivalents.
[0353] Subsequently, the resulting reaction product was filtered
off by a device for centrifugal filtration, washed with methanol,
and dried, to obtain 17 g of crude polymer.
[0354] After 1 g of the resulting crude polymer was dissolved in 9
g of water (good solvent), 21 g of acetone (poor solvent) was added
thereto to perform precipitation purification (precipitation
purification step).
[0355] The precipitate was filtered off by a device for filtration
under reduced pressure, washed with acetonitrile, and dried. Then,
the polymer purified by precipitation was dissolved in water to
prepare a conductive aniline polymer solution having a solid
content concentration of 3% by mass.
[0356] A part of the resulting conductive aniline polymer solution
was taken out. This was dissolved in the eluent prepared above so
that the solid content concentration of the conductive aniline
polymer in the solution was 0.1% by mass to prepare a test
solution. The molecular mass (M) and area ratio (X/Y) of the test
solution were calculated. The results are shown in Table 5.
[0357] The conductivity of the conductive aniline polymer solution
was determined. The result is shown in Table 5.
Examples 4-2 and 4-3
[0358] In the same manner as in Example 4-1, a test solution was
obtained by the polymerization step (Z1) and precipitation
purification step, and each measurement and evaluation of the
obtained test solution was carried out except the followings. Thus,
the amount of the good solvent and the type and amount of the poor
solvent were changed into those shown in Table 5. The results are
shown in Table 5. The maximum temperature of the reaction solution
in the polymerization step (Z1) is shown in Table 5. The
temperature of the reaction solution in the polymerization step
(Z1) reached the highest temperature during the dropwise addition
of monomer.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Poor solvent Maximum Good 2- Ace-
temperature solvent Ace- Propa- Toni- of reaction Molecular Area
Film Water Tone nol trile solution mass ratio thickness
Conductivity (g) (g) (g) (g) (.degree. C.) (M) (X/Y) (nm) (S/cm)
Example 9 21 -- -- 9 34020 1.21 96 4.2 4-1 Example 9 -- 21 -- 9
39630 1.39 92 6.8 4-2 Example 9 -- -- 21 9 37170 1.37 53 5.8
4-3
[0359] As shown in Table 5, the conductive aniline polymers
obtained in Examples 4-1 to 4-3, in which polymerization was
carried out at a liquid temperature lower than 25.degree. C. and
purification was carried out by reprecipitation, had an area ratio
(X/Y) of 1.20 or more and also high conductivity.
[0360] When purification was carried out by reprecipitation like
Examples 4-1 to 4-3, a polymer having an area ratio (X/Y) of 1.20
or more, and high conductivity could be produced for a short period
without ultrafiltration.
Example 5-1
Production of Conductive Aniline Polymer (P1-2)
Production of Conductive Aniline Polymer (P1-1)
[0361] The liquid temperature in a 250-mL round-bottom glass
stirring vessel (vessel diameter: 7 cm) charged with 103 g of
aqueous solution of 1 mol/L ammonium peroxodisulfate and 0.005 mol
of 98% by mass sulfuric acid was adjusted to -5.degree. C. To the
mixture, a solution of 0.1 mol of 2-aminoanisole-4-sulfonic acid
dissolved in 70.3 g of 4.5 mol/L triethylamine aqueous solution was
then added dropwise over 1 hour. As an impeller, an anchor impeller
(impeller diameter: 5 cm) made of glass was used, and stirring was
carried out at the stirring rotation speed of 200 rpm. The
temperature of the refrigerant was adjusted so that the temperature
of the solution in the stirring vessel before the dropwise addition
was 10.degree. C. The term "aqueous solution" means a mixed solvent
in which water and acetonitrile are mixed in the same volumes
(1:1).
[0362] After completion of the dropwise addition, while the
temperature of the refrigerant was adjusted so that the temperature
(retention temperature) of the reaction solution was 10.degree. C.,
the reaction solution was kept for 2 hours under stirring at a
stirring rotation speed of 200 rpm (polymerization step
(Z.sub.pre)). Thus, a conductive aniline polymer (P1-1) solution
was obtained. The maximum temperature of the reaction solution in
the polymerization step was 24.8.degree. C. when the amount of the
added monomer was 0.6 equivalents.
Production of Conductive Aniline Polymer (P1-2)
[0363] To the conductive aniline polymer (P1-1) solution (entire
amount) obtained in the production of the conductive aniline
polymer (P1-1), 29.6 g of aqueous solution of 1 mol/L ammonium
peroxodisulfate, containing 0.005 mol of 98% by mass sulfuric acid,
and 0.025 mol of 2-aminoanisole-4-sulfonic acid dissolved in 19.0 g
of 4.5 mol/L triethylamine aqueous solution were each
simultaneously added dropwise over 0.5 hour (polymerization step
(Z2)). Thus, a conductive aniline polymer (P1-2) solution was
obtained. In the reaction, the temperature of the refrigerant was
adjusted so that the temperature of the reaction solution was
10.degree. C. The maximum temperature of the reaction solution in
the polymerization step (Z2) was 11.5.degree. C. when the amount of
the added monomer was 0.1 equivalents.
[0364] A part of the resulting conductive aniline polymer (P1-2)
solution was taken out. This was dissolved in the eluent prepared
above so that the solid content concentration of the conductive
aniline polymer in the solution was 0.1% by mass to prepare a test
solution. The molecular mass (M) and area ratio (X/Y) of the test
solution were calculated. The results are shown in Table 6.
[0365] The conductivity of the conductive aniline polymer (P1-2)
solution was determined. The result is shown in Table 6. The
maximum temperature of the reaction solution in the polymerization
step (Z) is shown in Table 6.
Example 5-2
Production of Conductive Aniline Polymer (P1-2')
[0366] A conductive aniline polymer (P1-2') was obtained by the
polymerization step (Z2) in the same manner as in Example 5-1. Each
measurement and evaluation of the obtained conductive aniline
polymer (P1-2') was carried out except the followings. Thus, an
aniline derivative (A), a basic compound (B), and an oxidizing
agent (D) were added dropwise to the conductive aniline polymer
(P1-1) solution. While the temperature of the refrigerant was
adjusted so that the temperature of the reaction solution was
10.degree. C., the reaction solution was kept at that temperature
for 2 hours under stirring at a stirring rotation speed of 200 rpm.
The results are shown in Table 6. The maximum temperature of the
reaction solution in the polymerization step (Z) is shown in Table
6.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Maximum temperature Film of reaction
Molecular Area thick- Conduc- Polymerization solution mass ratio
ness tivity step (Z) (.degree. C.) (M) (X/Y) (nm) (S/cm) Example
(1) main reaction: 24.8 35300 1.26 97 2.31 5-1 production of (P1-1)
(addition and retention) (2) additional reaction: production of
(P1-2) (addition) Example (1) main reaction: 24.8 40800 1.41 98
2.92 5-2 production of (P1-1) (addition and retention) (2)
additional reaction: production of (P1-2`) (addition and
retention)
[0367] As shown in Table 6, the conductive aniline polymers (P1-2)
and (P1-2') obtained in Examples 5-1 and 5-2, in which additional
polymerization was carried out, had an area ratio (X/Y) of 1.20 or
more, and therefore their conductivities were improved. In
particular, the conductivity was further enhanced in Example 5-2
where the reaction solution was kept in the polymerization step
(Z2).
Example 5-3
Production of Conductive Aniline Polymer (P2-1)
[0368] A conductive aniline polymer (P2-1) solution was obtained in
the same manner as in the production of the conductive aniline
polymer (P1-1) in Example 5-1 except the followings. Thus, the
temperature of the refrigerant was adjusted so that the temperature
of the solution in the stirring vessel before dropwise addition was
-5.degree. C. and the temperature of the refrigerant was adjusted
so that the retention temperature of the reaction solution was
-5.degree. C. The maximum temperature of the reaction solution in
the polymerization step (Z.sub.pre) is shown in Table 7.
[0369] Each measurement and evaluation of the obtained conductive
aniline polymer (P2-1) solution was carried out in the same manner
as in Example 5-1. The results are shown in Table 7.
Example 5-4
Production of Conductive Aniline Polymer (P2-2)
[0370] A conductive aniline polymer (P2-1) solution was obtained in
the same manner as in Example 5-3.
[0371] To the obtained conductive aniline polymer (P2-1) solution
(entire amount), 29.6 g of aqueous solution of 1 mol/L ammonium
peroxodisulfate containing 0.005 mol of 98% by mass sulfuric acid,
and 0.025 mol of 2-aminoanisole-4-sulfonic acid dissolved in 19.0 g
of 4.5 mol/L triethylamine aqueous solution were each
simultaneously added dropwise over 0.5 hour (polymerization step
(Z2-1)). Thus, a conductive aniline polymer (P2-2) solution was
obtained. In the reaction, the temperature of the refrigerant was
adjusted so that the temperature of the reaction solution was
-5.degree. C. The maximum temperature of the reaction solution in
the polymerization step (Z2-1) was -4.9.degree. C. when the amount
of the added monomer was 0.1 equivalents.
[0372] Each measurement and evaluation of the obtained conductive
aniline polymer (P2-2) was carried out in the same manner as in
Example 5-1. The results are shown in Table 7. The maximum
temperature of the reaction solution in the polymerization step (Z)
is shown in Table 7.
Example 5-5
Production of Conductive Aniline Polymer (P2-2')
[0373] A conductive aniline polymer (P2-2') was obtained by the
polymerization step (Z2-1) in the same manner as in Example 5-4
except the followings. Thus, an aniline derivative (A), a basic
compound (B), and an oxidizing agent (D) were added dropwise to the
conductive aniline polymer (P2-1) solution. While the temperature
of the refrigerant was adjusted so that the temperature of the
reaction solution was -5.degree. C., the reaction solution was then
kept at that temperature for 2 hours under stirring at a stirring
rotation speed of 200 rpm. Each measurement and evaluation of the
obtained conductive aniline polymer (P2-2') was carried out. The
results are shown in Table 7. The maximum temperature of the
reaction solution in the polymerization step (Z) is shown in Table
7.
Example 5-6
Production of Conductive Aniline Polymer (P2-3)
[0374] A conductive aniline polymer (P2-2') solution was obtained
in the same manner as in Example 5-5.
[0375] To 50 g of the obtained conductive aniline polymer (P2-2')
solution, 102.9 g of an aqueous solution of 1 mol/L ammonium
peroxodisulfate containing 0.005 mol of 98% by mass sulfuric acid,
and 0.025 mol of 2-aminoanisole-4-sulfonic acid dissolved in 70.3 g
of 4.5 mol/L triethylamine aqueous solution were each
simultaneously added dropwise over 2 hours. In the reaction, the
temperature of the refrigerant was adjusted so that the temperature
of the reaction solution was -5.degree. C.
[0376] After completion of the dropwise addition, while the
temperature of the refrigerant was adjusted so that the temperature
of the reaction solution was -5.degree. C., the reaction solution
was kept at that temperature for 4 hours under stirring at a
stirring rotation speed of 200 rpm (polymerization step (Z2-2)).
Thus, a conductive aniline polymer (P2-3) solution was obtained.
The maximum temperature of the reaction solution in the
polymerization step (Z2-2) was -4.9.degree. C. when the amount of
the added monomer was 0.1 equivalents.
[0377] Each measurement and evaluation of the obtained conductive
aniline polymer (P2-3) was carried out in the same manner as in
Example 5-1. The results are shown in Table 7. The maximum
temperature of the reaction solution in the polymerization step (Z)
is shown in Table 7.
Example 5-7
Production of Conductive Aniline Polymer (P2-4)
[0378] A conductive aniline polymer (P2-3) solution was obtained in
the same manner as in Example 5-6.
[0379] To 50 g of the obtained conductive aniline polymer (P2-3)
solution, 102.9 g of an aqueous solution of 1 mol/L ammonium
peroxodisulfate containing 0.005 mol of 98% by mass sulfuric acid,
and 0.025 mol of 2-aminoanisole-4-sulfonic acid dissolved in 70.3 g
of 4.5 mol/L triethylamine aqueous solution were each
simultaneously added dropwise over 2 hours. In the reaction, the
temperature of the refrigerant was adjusted so that the temperature
of the reaction solution was -5.degree. C.
[0380] After completion of the dropwise addition, while the
temperature of the refrigerant was adjusted so that the temperature
of the reaction solution was -5.degree. C., the reaction solution
was kept at that temperature for 4 hours under stirring at a
stirring rotation speed of 200 rpm (polymerization step (Z2-3)).
Thus, a conductive aniline polymer (P2-4) solution was obtained.
The maximum temperature of the reaction solution in the
polymerization step (Z2-3) was -4.9.degree. C. when the amount of
the added monomer was 0.1 equivalents.
[0381] Each measurement and evaluation of the obtained conductive
aniline polymer (P2-4) was carried out in the same manner as in
Example 5-1. The results are shown in Table 7. The maximum
temperature of the reaction solution in the polymerization step (Z)
is shown in Table 7.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Maximum temperature Film of reaction
Molecular Area thick- Conduc- solution mass ratio ness tivity
Polymerization step (Z) (.degree. C.) (M) (X/Y) (nm) (S/cm) Example
(1) main reaction: 1.5 34900 1.39 104 4.8 5-3 production of (P2-1)
(addition and retention) Example (1) main reaction: 1.5 36200 1.29
99 6.3 5-4 production of (P2-1) (addition and retention) (2)
additional reaction: production of (P2-2) (addition) Example (1)
main reaction: 1.5 52000 1.59 97 15.9 5-5 production of (P2-1)
(addition and retention) (2) additional reaction: production of
(P2-2`) (addition and retention) Example (1) main reaction: 1.5
57100 2.10 100 21.8 5-6 production of (P2-1) (addition and
retention) (2) additional reaction: production of (P2-2`) (addition
and retention) (3) additional reaction: production of (P2-3)
(addition and retention) Example (1) main reaction: 1.5 64200 2.51
107 23.5 5-7 production of (P2-1) (addition and retention) (2)
additional reaction: production of (P2-2`) (addition and retention)
(3) additional reaction: production of (P2-3) (addition and
retention) (4) additional reaction: production of (P2-4) (addition
and retention)
[0382] As shown in Table 7, the area ratios (X/Y) of the conductive
aniline polymers (P2-1), (P2-2), (P2-2'), (P2-3), and (P2-4)
obtained in Examples 5-3 to 5-7 were 1.20 or more. The conductive
aniline polymers had high conductivity. Among them, the conductive
aniline polymers (P2-2), (P2-2'), (P2-3), and (P2-4) obtained in
Examples 5-4 to 5-7, in which additional polymerization was carried
out, had higher conductivity as compared with the conductive
aniline polymer (P2-1) obtained in Example 5-3 without additional
polymerization. Thus, the conductivities of the polymers were
improved. In particular, in Examples 5-5 to 5-7, in which the
reaction solution was kept in the polymerization step (Z2), the
conductivities were further enhanced. as the larger the number of
additional polymerization was, the higher the conductivity was, and
therefore the conductivity tended to be further enhanced.
Example 6-1
[0383] A conductive aniline polymer (P2-2) solution was obtained in
the same manner as in Example 5-4.
[0384] The solid content concentration in the obtained conductive
aniline polymer (P2-2) solution was adjusted to 5% by mass. Then, 5
g of this solution was passed through a column with a diameter of 1
cm, filled with 5 mL of Amberlite IR-120 B(H) (available from
Organo Corporation) to perform cationic exchange
(demineralization). The thermal resistance was evaluated using the
conductive aniline polymer after the demineralization. The result
is shown in Table 8.
Example 6-2
[0385] The demineralization and evaluation of thermal resistance
were carried out in the same manner as in Example 6-1 using the
conductive aniline polymer (P2-2') solution produced in Example
5-5. The results are shown in Table 8.
Example 6-3
[0386] The demineralization and evaluation of thermal resistance
were carried out in the same manner as in Example 6-1 using the
conductive aniline polymer (P2-3) solution produced in Example 5-6.
The results are shown in Table 8.
Example 6-4
[0387] The demineralization and evaluation of thermal resistance
were carried out in the same manner as in Example 6-1 using the
conductive aniline polymer (P2-4) solution produced in Example 5-7.
The results are shown in Table 8.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Conductivity Molecular Area ratio after
heating mass (M) (X/Y) (S/cm) Example 6-1 36200 1.29 0.11 Example
6-2 52000 1.59 0.47 Example 6-3 57100 2.10 1.02 Example 6-4 64200
2.51 2.97
[0388] In Examples 6-1 to 6-4, in which the area ratio (X/Y) is
1.20 or more as shown in Table 8, even when the conductive aniline
polymer solution was dried by heating at 60.degree. C. for 1 hour,
the conductivity could be maintained. Further, the conductive
aniline polymer solution had thermal resistance. In particular, the
larger the molecular mass (M) was, and/or the larger the area ratio
(X/Y) was, the higher the conductivity was, and therefore, the
thermal resistance was more excellent.
DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE SIGNS
[0389] x: region (x) [0390] y: region (y)
* * * * *