U.S. patent application number 13/835188 was filed with the patent office on 2013-08-15 for lwir imaging lens, image capturing system having the same, and associated methods.
The applicant listed for this patent is Jeremy HUDDLESTON. Invention is credited to Jeremy HUDDLESTON.
Application Number | 20130208353 13/835188 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 48945366 |
Filed Date | 2013-08-15 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130208353 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
HUDDLESTON; Jeremy |
August 15, 2013 |
LWIR IMAGING LENS, IMAGE CAPTURING SYSTEM HAVING THE SAME, AND
ASSOCIATED METHODS
Abstract
An imaging lens for use with an operational waveband over any
subset of 7.5-13.5 .mu.m may include a first optical element of a
first high-index material and a second optical element of a second
high-index material, that may have a refractive index greater than
2.2 in the operational waveband, an absorption per mm of less than
75% in the operational waveband, and an absorption per mm of
greater than 75% in a visible waveband of 400-650 nm. Optically
powered surfaces of the imaging lens may include a sag across their
respective clear apertures that are less than 10% of a largest
clear aperture of the imaging lens. Respective maximum peak to peak
thicknesses of the first and second optical elements may be similar
in size, for example within 15 percent of each other. Ratios of
maximum peak to peak thickness to clear aperture and, separately,
to sag are also provided.
Inventors: |
HUDDLESTON; Jeremy;
(Concord, NC) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
HUDDLESTON; Jeremy |
Concord |
NC |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
48945366 |
Appl. No.: |
13/835188 |
Filed: |
March 15, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13356211 |
Jan 23, 2012 |
|
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13835188 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
359/356 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G02B 13/14 20130101;
G02B 9/06 20130101; G02B 13/146 20130101; G02B 13/003 20130101;
G02B 13/008 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
359/356 |
International
Class: |
G02B 13/14 20060101
G02B013/14 |
Claims
1. An imaging lens for use with an operational waveband over any
subset of 7.5-13.5 .mu.m, the imaging lens comprising: a first
optical element of a first high-index material, the first optical
element having an object side surface and an image side surface;
and a second optical element of a second high-index material, the
second optical element having an object side surface and an image
side surface, the object side surface of the second optical element
facing the image side surface of the first optical element, wherein
at least one of the object side and the image side surfaces of each
of the first and second optical elements are optically powered
surfaces, each optically powered surface having a sag across a
respective clear aperture that is less than 10% of a largest clear
aperture of the imaging lens, and the first and second high-index
materials having a refractive index greater than 2.2 in the
operational waveband, an absorption per mm of thickness less than
75% in the operational waveband, and an absorption per mm of
thickness greater than 75% in a visible waveband of 400-650 nm.
2. The imaging lens as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first and
second high-index materials are the same.
3. The imaging lens as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of
the first and second high-index materials is silicon.
4. The imaging lens as claimed in claim 1, wherein the object side
surface of the second optical element is optically powered and
includes the largest clear aperture.
5. The imaging lens as claimed in claim 1, wherein the image side
surface of the second optical element is optically powered and
includes the largest clear aperture.
6. The imaging lens as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second
optical element includes a plano-convex shape.
7. The imaging lens as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first and
second optical elements have respective first and second peak to
peak maximum thicknesses that are within 15 percent of each
other.
8. The imaging lens as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first
optical element and the second optical element each have positive
refractive power.
9. An imaging lens for use with an operational waveband over any
subset of 7.5-13.5 .mu.m, the imaging lens comprising: a first
optical element of a first high-index material, the first optical
element having an object side surface and an image side surface and
a first maximum peak to peak thickness between the object and image
side surfaces; and a second optical element of a second high-index
material, the second optical element having an object side surface
and an image side surface and a second maximum peak to peak
thickness between the object and image side surfaces, the object
side surface of the second optical element facing the image side
surface of the first optical element, wherein the first and second
maximum peak to peak thicknesses are within 15 percent of each
other, and the first and second high-index materials having a
refractive index greater than 2.2 in the operational waveband, an
absorption per mm of thickness less than 75% in the operational
waveband, and an absorption per mm of thickness greater than 75% in
a visible waveband of 400-650 nm.
10. The imaging lens as claimed in claim 9, wherein the first
optical element includes a meniscus shape, with the object side
surface of the first optical element being convex and the image
side surface of the first optical element being concave.
11. The imaging lens as claimed in claim 9, wherein the object side
surface and image side surface of the first optical element are
each convex near the optical axis.
12. The imaging lens as claimed in claim 9, wherein the second
optical element is plano-convex.
13. The imaging lens as claimed in claim 9, wherein the first and
second maximum peak to peak thicknesses are within 3 percent of
each other.
14. The imaging lens as claimed in claim 13, wherein the maximum
peak to peak thicknesses of the first and second optical elements
are each greater than 500 microns and less than 1500 microns.
15. The imaging lens as claimed in claim 9, wherein at least one of
the first and second high-index materials is silicon.
16. An imaging lens for use with an operational waveband over any
subset of 7.5-13.5 .mu.m, the imaging lens comprising: a first
optical element of a high-index material having a refractive index
greater than 2.2 in the operational waveband, the first optical
element having a meniscus shape with a convex object side surface
and a concave image side surface, the first optical element having
positive refractive power; and a second optical element of the
high-index material, the second optical element having a
plano-convex shape and positive refractive power.
17. The imaging lens as claimed in claim 16, wherein the F-number
of the imaging lens is less than 1.4.
18. The imaging lens as claimed in claim 16, wherein the object
side surface and image side surface of the first optical element
and a non-planar surface of the second optical element are
aspheric.
19. The imaging lens as claimed in claim 16, wherein the first and
second optical elements have respective first and second peak to
peak maximum thicknesses that are within 15 percent of each
other.
20. The imaging lens as claimed in claim 16, wherein each optically
powered surface includes a sag across a respective clear aperture
that is less than 10% of a largest clear aperture of the imaging
lens.
21-26. (canceled)
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims priority to, and is a
Continuation-In-Part application of, pending U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/356,211, filed in the U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office on Jan. 23, 2012, and entitled "LWIR Imaging Lens,
Image Capturing System Having the Same, and Associated
Methods."
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] Embodiments relate to an imaging lens for the long
wavelength infrared (LWIR) region, an image capturing system
including the same, and associated methods.
[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0005] As with most technology, there is a demand for smaller and
cheaper thermal imagers, whether as stand alone devices or
integrated into mobile devices, electronic device, and so
forth.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] Embodiments are directed to an imaging lens for use with an
operational waveband over any subset of 7.5-13.5 .mu.m (micron or
micrometer). The imaging lens may include a first optical element
of a first high-index material, the first optical element having a
front surface and a rear surface and a second optical element of a
second high-index material, the second optical element having a
front surface and a rear surface, the front surface of the second
optical element facing the rear surface of the first optical
element. At least two surfaces of the first and second optical
elements may be optically powered surfaces. A largest clear
aperture of all optically powered surfaces may not exceed a
diameter of an image circle of the imaging lens corresponding to a
field of view of 55 degrees or greater by more than 30%. The first
and second high-index materials may have a refractive index greater
than 2.2 in the operational waveband, an absorption per mm of
thickness less than 75% in the operational waveband, and an
absorption per mm of thickness greater than 75% in a visible
waveband of 400-650 nm.
[0007] The first and second high-index materials may be
identical.
[0008] At least one of the first and second high-index materials
may be silicon.
[0009] The largest clear aperture does not exceed the diameter of
the image circle by more than 20%.
[0010] Three surfaces of the first and second optical elements may
be optically powered surfaces.
[0011] The optically powered surfaces may be the front and rear
surfaces of the first optical element and the front surface of the
second optical element.
[0012] All three of the optically powered surfaces may be
aspheric.
[0013] Each optically powered surface may have a positive power at
an apex thereof.
[0014] Each optically powered surface may have a maximum sag height
difference across the clear aperture of less than 100 .mu.m.
[0015] Each optically powered surface may have a maximum sag height
difference across the clear aperture of 50 .mu.m or less.
[0016] One, two, or three of the optically powered surfaces may be
aspheric.
[0017] The F-number of the imaging lens may be less than 1.1.
[0018] The imaging lens may include an optical stop at the front
surface of the first lens element.
[0019] The optical stop may be effectively in contact with the
front surface of the first lens element.
[0020] The optical stop may include a metal, e.g., chromium,
aperture effectively in contact with the front surface of the first
lens element.
[0021] The metal aperture may have a thickness of less than 200
nm.
[0022] Transmission through the optical stop may be less than 0.5%
in the operational waveband.
[0023] The optical stop may be adhered to the front surface of the
first optical element.
[0024] Center thicknesses of the first and second optical elements
may be within 15% of one another.
[0025] A center thickness of each of the first and second optical
elements is greater than 500 .mu.m and less than 1500 .mu.m, e.g.,
greater than 500 .mu.m and less than 1000 .mu.m.
[0026] The imaging lens may include a spacer between and adhered to
the first and second optical elements.
[0027] The imaging lens may include a first flat region on the rear
surface of the first optical element and a second flat region on
the front surface of the second optical element, wherein the spacer
is adhered to the first and second optical elements at the first
and second flat regions.
[0028] The imaging lens may include a diffractive optical element
on the front surface of the first optical element, the rear surface
of the first optical element, the front surface of the second
optical element, and/or the rear surface of the second optical
element.
[0029] The diffractive optical element may be on an optically
powered surface having the greatest power.
[0030] Embodiments are directed to an imaging system for use with
an operational waveband over any subset of 7.5-13.5 .mu.m. The
imaging system may include a sensor for use with an operational
waveband over any subset of 7.5-13.5 .mu.m and an imaging lens
imaging the operational waveband onto the sensor. The imaging lens
may include a first optical element of a first high-index material,
the first optical element having a front surface and a rear surface
and a second optical element a second high-index material, the
second optical element having a front surface and a rear surface,
the front surface of the second optical element facing the rear
surface of the first optical element. At least two surfaces of the
first and second optical elements may be optically powered
surfaces. A maximum clear aperture of all optically powered
surfaces may not exceed an image diagonal of the sensor by more
than 30%. The first and second high-index materials may have a
refractive index greater than 2.2 in the operational waveband, an
absorption per mm of thickness less than 75% in the operational
waveband, and an absorption per mm of thickness greater than 75% in
a visible waveband of 400-650 nm.
[0031] A ratio of an optical track length of the imaging system to
an image diagonal of the sensor may be less than 2.5.
[0032] The sensor may include a cover glass of a third high-index
material having a refractive index greater than 2.2 in the
operational band.
[0033] The third high index material and at least one of the first
and second high index materials may be identical.
[0034] The third high index material may be silicon.
[0035] The cover glass has a thickness greater than 0.5 mm and less
than 1.0 mm.
[0036] A distance between an apex of the rear surface of the first
optical element and an apex of the front surface of the second
optical element may be less than 50% greater than a distance
between an apex of the rear surface of the second optical element
and the cover glass.
[0037] A distance between an apex of the rear surface of the first
optical element and an apex of the front surface of the second
optical element may be greater than 50% larger than a distance
between an apex the rear surface of the second optical element and
the cover glass.
[0038] The imaging system may include an adjustment mechanism for
altering a distance between the imaging lens and the sensor.
[0039] The adjustment mechanism may include a threaded barrel
assembly housing the imaging lens.
[0040] Embodiments are directed to an electronic device including
an imaging system for use with an operational waveband over any
subset of 7.5-13.5 .mu.m.
[0041] Embodiments are directed to an imaging lens for use with an
operational waveband over any subset of 7.5-13.5 .mu.m. The imaging
lens may include a first optical element of a first high-index
material, the first optical element having a front surface and a
rear surface, an first optically powered surface on one of the
front and rear surfaces of the first optical element, and a second
optical element of a second high-index material, the second optical
element having a front surface and a rear surface, the front
surface of the second optical element facing the rear surface of
the first optical element, a second optically powered surface on
one of the front and rear surfaces of the second optical element.
The first and second high-index materials have a refractive index
greater than 2.2 in the operational waveband, an absorption per mm
of thickness less than 75% in the operational waveband, and an
absorption per mm of thickness greater than 75% in a visible
waveband of 400-650 nm.
[0042] The first optically powered surface may be on the front
surface of the first optical element and the second optically
powered surface may be on the rear surface of the second optical
element.
[0043] The rear surface of the first optical element and the front
surface of the second optical element may have negligible optical
power therein.
[0044] Embodiments are directed to an imaging lens for use with an
operational waveband over any subset of 7.5-13.5 .mu.m. The imaging
lens may include a first silicon optical element, the first silicon
optical element having a front surface and a rear surface; and a
second silicon optical element, the second silicon optical element
having a front surface and a rear surface, the front surface of the
second silicon optical element facing the rear surface of the first
silicon optical element. At least two surfaces of the first and
second optical elements may be etched optically powered
surfaces.
[0045] Embodiments are directed to an imaging lens for use with an
operational waveband over any subset of 7.5-13.5 .mu.m, the imaging
lens comprising a first optical element of a first high-index
material, the first optical element with an object side surface and
an image side surface. The imaging lens includes a second optical
element of a second high-index material, and may include an object
side surface and an image side surface. The object side surface of
the second optical element faces the image side surface of the
first optical element. At least one of the object side and the
image side surfaces of each of the first and second optical
elements are optically powered surfaces. Further, each optically
powered surface includes a sag across its respective clear aperture
that is less than 10% of a largest clear aperture of the imaging
lens. The first and second high-index materials may have a
refractive index greater than 2.2 in the operational waveband, an
absorption per mm of thickness less than 75% in the operational
waveband, and an absorption per mm of thickness greater than 75% in
a visible waveband of 400-650 nm.
[0046] The first and second high-index materials may be the same.
At least one of the first and second high-index materials may be
silicon. The object side surface of the second optical element may
be optically powered and include the largest clear aperture. In
another embodiment, the image side surface of the second optical
element is optically powered and includes the largest clear
aperture. The second optical element may include a plano-convex
shape. Respective maximum peak to peak thickness of the first and
second optical elements may be within 15 percent of each other. The
first optical element and the second optical element may each have
positive refractive power.
[0047] Embodiments are directed to an imaging lens for use with an
operational waveband over any subset of 7.5-13.5 .mu.m, the imaging
lens comprising a first optical element of a first high-index
material and including an object side surface and an image side
surface. The imaging lens includes a second optical element of a
second high-index material and also includes an object side surface
and an image side surface, where the object side surface of the
second optical element faces the image side surface of the first
optical element. Respective first and second maximum peak to peak
thicknesses of the first and second optical elements may be within
15 percent of each other. The first and second high-index materials
may have a refractive index greater than 2.2 in the operational
waveband, an absorption per mm of thickness less than 75% in the
operational waveband, and an absorption per mm of thickness greater
than 75% in a visible waveband of 400-650 nm.
[0048] The first optical element may include a meniscus shape, with
the object side surface of the first optical element being convex
and the image side surface of the first optical element being
concave. In another embodiment, the object side surface and image
side surface of the first optical element are each convex near the
optical axis. The second optical element may be plano-convex.
Respective maximum peak to peak thicknesses of the first and second
optical elements may be within 3 percent of each other and may be
greater than 500 microns and less than 1500 microns. The first and
second high-index materials may be silicon.
[0049] Embodiments are directed to an imaging lens for use with an
operational waveband over any subset of 7.5-13.5 .mu.m, the imaging
lens comprising a first optical element of a high-index material
having a refractive index greater than 2.2 in the operational
waveband. The first optical element may include a meniscus shape
with a convex object side surface and a concave image side surface.
The first optical element may have positive refractive power. The
imaging lens further comprises a second optical element of the
high-index material. The second optical element may have a
plano-convex shape and positive refractive power.
[0050] The F-number of the imaging lens may be less than 1.4. The
object side surface and image side surface of the first optical
element and a powered, non-planar surface of the second optical
element may be aspheric. Respective maximum peak to peak thickness
of the first and second optical elements may be within 15 percent
of each other. Each optically powered surface of the imaging lens
may include a sag across its respective clear aperture that is less
than 10% of a largest clear aperture of the imaging lens.
[0051] Embodiments are directed to an imaging lens for use with an
operational waveband over any subset of 7.5-13.5 .mu.m, the imaging
lens comprising a first optical element of a first high-index
material and including an object side surface and an image side
surface. The imaging lens includes a second optical element of a
second high-index material and also includes an object side surface
and an image side surface, where the object side surface of the
second optical element faces the image side surface of the first
optical element. At least one of the object side and the image side
surfaces of each of the first and second optical elements may be
optically powered surfaces. Each optically powered surface may have
a sag across a respective clear aperture and the sag of each
powered surface of the imaging lens may be less than 30% of an
overall maximum peak to peak thickness of the optical element on
which that powered surface lies. In some embodiments, the sag of
each powered surface of the imaging lens may be less than 20% of
the overall maximum peak to peak thickness of the optical element
on which that powered surface lies. The first and second high-index
materials may have a refractive index greater than 2.2 in the
operational waveband, an absorption per mm of thickness less than
75% in the operational waveband, and an absorption per mm of
thickness greater than 75% in a visible waveband of 400-650 nm.
[0052] Embodiments are directed to an imaging lens for use with an
operational waveband over any subset of 7.5-13.5 .mu.m, the imaging
lens comprising a first optical element of a first high-index
material and including an object side surface and an image side
surface. The imaging lens includes a second optical element of a
second high-index material and also includes an object side surface
and an image side surface, where the object side surface of the
second optical element faces the image side surface of the first
optical element. At least one of the object side and the image side
surfaces of each of the first and second optical elements may be
optically powered surfaces with a respective clear aperture and an
overall maximum peak to peak thickness of each optical element may
be less than 50% of the clear aperture of optically powered
surfaces on those optical elements. In some embodiments, the
overall maximum peak to peak thickness of each optical element is
less than 35% of the clear aperture of optically powered surfaces
on those optical elements. The first and second high-index
materials may have a refractive index greater than 2.2 in the
operational waveband, an absorption per mm of thickness less than
75% in the operational waveband, and an absorption per mm of
thickness greater than 75% in a visible waveband of 400-650 nm.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0053] The above and other features and advantages will become more
apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by describing in
detail exemplary embodiments with reference to the attached
drawings, in which:
[0054] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic side view of an imaging
capturing system in accordance with an embodiment;
[0055] FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic side view of an imaging
capturing system in accordance with an embodiment;
[0056] FIGS. 3A to 3C illustrate plots of lens sag and slope versus
radial aperture for lens surfaces having power therein in FIG.
2;
[0057] FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic side view of an image
capturing system in accordance with an embodiment;
[0058] FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic side view of an image
capturing system in accordance with an embodiment;
[0059] FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a module
assembly including an imaging system in accordance with an
embodiment;
[0060] FIG. 7 illustrates a schematic perspective view of a
computer incorporating an image capturing device in accordance with
embodiments;
[0061] FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic perspective view of a mobile
device incorporating an image capturing device in accordance with
embodiments;
[0062] FIG. 9 illustrates a schematic side view of an image
capturing system in accordance with an embodiment; and
[0063] FIG. 10 illustrates a schematic side view of an image
capturing system in accordance with an embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0064] Example embodiments will now be described more fully
hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings; however,
they may be embodied in different forms and should not be construed
as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these
embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough
and complete.
[0065] In designing long wavelength infrared (LWIR) sensors, also
known as thermal imagers, materials for use as thermal lenses
typically have high transmission in the LWIR waveband of 7.5-13.5
.mu.M. Current typical materials for thermal lenses include
germanium (Ge), chalcogenide glass, zinc selenide (ZnSe), and zinc
sulfide (ZnS). However, many optical materials having other
desirable properties are excluded due to a high absorption in the
LWIR waveband of 7.5-13.5 .mu.m.
[0066] As described in detail below, as designs for LWIR sensors
shrink, e.g., for use in mobile devices, a thickness of material
used for thermal lenses may decrease sufficiently to allow
materials that are typically considered too absorptive in the LWIR
waveband to be used as thermal lenses. This allows the use of other
materials, e.g., silicon, that have a strong absorption band in the
LWIR waveband, but offer other advantages, e.g., manufacturability,
low coefficient of thermal expansion, low dispersion, etc., to be
employed.
[0067] The imaging lenses discussed in detail below are to be
operational over any subset of the LWIR waveband. These imaging
lenses are designed to be made in a high index material, i.e.,
greater than 2.2, having an absorption per mm of thickness less
than 75% in the operational waveband, and an absorption per mm of
thickness greater than 75% in a visible waveband of 400-650 nm.
While silicon meets these parameters and provides advantages noted
above, other materials that meet these parameters may also be
used.
[0068] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic side view of an image
capturing system 150 in the LWIR waveband in accordance with an
embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the image capturing system
150 includes an imaging lens 100 and a sensor 130.
[0069] The imaging lens 100 may include a first optical element 110
and a second optical element 120. In the schematic illustration of
FIG. 1, a spacer (which would include surfaces C and D, see FIG. 6)
between the first optical element 110 and the second optical
element 120 has been omitted for clarity.
[0070] In this particular embodiment, both the first optical
element 110 and the second optical element 120 are plano convex
lenses. A surface A, here an input surface of the imaging lens 100,
of the first optical element 110 and a surface F, here a final
surface of the imaging lens 100, both have optical power. One or
both of these surfaces may be aspheric. Surface B of the first
optical element 110 and surface E of the second optical element 120
have no optical power, here are both planar, and face each
other.
[0071] The imaging lens 100 may also include an aperture stop 102.
For example, the aperture stop 102 may be adjacent surface A, e.g.,
directly on surface A, of the first optical element 110. The
aperture stop 102 may be made of metal, e.g., chromium, a dyed
polymer, or any suitable material that is opaque to LWIR. The
aperture stop 102 may be at any appropriate location within the
imaging lens 100. The aperture stop 102 may be thin, e.g., have a
thickness of less than 200 nm, but thick enough to be effective,
i.e., have a transmission therethrough of less than about 0.5% in
the operational waveband. The f-number for the imaging lens 100 may
be less than 1.1.
[0072] If the material used for one or both optical elements 110,
120 presents chromatic dispersion over an operational waveband or
if the imaging lens 100 otherwise requires correction, a
diffractive element 104 may be provided on one or more of the
surfaces A, B, E, or F. For example, the diffractive element 104
may be on the surface having the most optical power, here, surface
F.
[0073] The sensor 130 may include a sensor cover glass 132 and
pixels in a sensor image plane 134, the pixels detecting LWIR
radiation. The sensor cover glass 132 may be made of silicon and
may have a thickness between 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm. The working
distance of the image capturing system 150 is a distance from a
bottom surface, i.e., an apex of the bottom surface, of the imaging
lens 100, here surface F, to a top surface of the cover glass 132.
The optical track length of the imaging capturing system 150 is a
distance from an apex of the first surface of the imaging lens 100,
here surface A, to the sensor image plane 134.
[0074] While the above embodiment provides a design in which only
two surfaces have optical power for the imaging lens 100 along the
z-direction, the maximum clear aperture of the imaging lens 100
(here at surface F) is much larger, e.g., more than 50% greater,
than the sensor image diagonal, i.e., a diagonal across the sensor
image plane 134, and the maximum SAG of the imaging lens 100 (also
at surface F) is relatively large, e.g., much greater than 100
.mu.m. In the particular design illustrated in FIG. 1, the maximum
clear aperture is 2.6 mm, the sensor image diagonal is 1.7 mm, and
the maximum SAG is 203 .mu.m.
[0075] However, having the maximum clear aperture being much larger
than the sensor image diagonal and having a large maximum SAG may
present manufacturability and cost issues, particularly when these
optical elements are to be made on a wafer level, as described
later. Without reference to a particular sensor, i.e., the sensor
image diagonal, the maximum clear aperture may be defined relative
to an image circle of the lens. In particular, the image circle of
the lens is to be understood as the diameter of the image produced
at the focal plane of the lens corresponding to a given field of
view (FOV), e.g., 55 degrees or greater, of the lens. In the
context of an imaging system having an imaging lens and an image
sensor, the image circle is understood to be the largest distance
across the image that is used by the image sensor, typically the
image sensor diagonal of the sensor with which the imaging lens
used or intended to be used.
[0076] Therefore, embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 2 to 5 may
employ a two optical element design in which optical power is
provided on three surfaces. Spreading the optical power over three
surfaces, while increasing the number of surfaces to be
manufactured, allows a maximum clear aperture much closer in size
to the sensor image diagonal (or image circle) and a reduced SAG to
be realized. In embodiments, the maximum clear aperture of the
imaging lens may be less than 30% greater, e.g., less than 20%
greater, than the sensor image diagonal or the image circle
corresponding to a FOV of 55 degrees or greater.
[0077] FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic side view of an imaging
capturing system 250 in the LWIR waveband in accordance with an
embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the image capturing system
250 includes an imaging lens 200 and a sensor 230.
[0078] The imaging lens 200 may include a first optical element 210
and a second optical element 220. In the schematic illustration of
FIG. 2, a spacer (which would include surfaces C and D, see FIG. 6)
provides an air gap between the first optical element 210 and the
second optical element 220 has been omitted for clarity. Features
outside the optical surfaces could be used to nest them together,
e.g., the air gap may be provided by a barrel or housing.
[0079] In this particular embodiment, three surfaces, here surfaces
A, B, and E, have optical power therein. One, two, or all three
surfaces may be aspheric. All three surfaces may have a positive
power at the apex thereof, i.e., may be convex at the apex thereof.
The imaging lens 200 may also include the aperture stop 202, which
may have the same configuration/properties noted above for aperture
stop 102. The f-number for the imaging lens 200 may be less than
1.1.
[0080] If the material used for one or both optical elements 210,
220 presents chromatic dispersion over an operational waveband or
if the imaging lens 200 otherwise requires correction, a
diffractive element 204 may be provided on one or more of the
surfaces A, B, E, or F. For example, the diffractive element 204
may be on the surface having the most optical power, here, surface
E.
[0081] The sensor 230 may include a sensor cover glass 232 and
pixels in a sensor image plane 234, the pixels detecting LWIR
radiation. In the particular configuration, the sensor image
diagonal may be about 1.443 mm.
[0082] FIGS. 3A to 3C illustrate plots of lens sag and slope versus
radial aperture for lens surfaces A, B, and E of FIG. 2.
[0083] As can be seen in FIG. 3A, surface A is a gullwing surface,
i.e., has a convex apex and a concave edge. For surface A, the
clear aperture is 1.159 mm and the SAG over the clear aperture is
0.008 mm (8 .mu.m).
[0084] As can be seen in FIG. 3B, surface B is a convex surface.
For surface B, the clear aperture is 1.433 mm and the SAG over the
clear aperture is 0.042 mm (42 .mu.m).
[0085] As can be seen in FIG. 3C, surface E is a convex surface.
For surface E, the clear aperture is 1.613 mm and the SAG over the
clear aperture is 0.071 mm (71 .mu.m).
[0086] Thus, for the imaging lens 200, the maximum clear aperture
is 1.613 mm, i.e., less than 30% greater than the sensor image
diagonal (or the image circle), and the maximum SAG is 71 .mu.m,
i.e., less than 100 .mu.m.
[0087] Further, by having small SAGs, if a starting thickness,
i.e., before forming the lens surface, of the optical elements 210,
220 is the same, then the center thickness of the optical elements
210, 220 may be within 15% of one another. In this particular
example, the optical element 210 has a center thickness of 0.68 mm
and the optical element 220 has a center thickness of 0.69 mm. For
example, when made on a wafer level, a starting thickness of
substrates used to create the optical elements 210, 220, may be
between 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm, e.g., 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm, with this
particular example having a starting thickness of 0.7 mm. Using the
same or standard substrate thickness, particularly thinner
substrates, may reduce cost.
[0088] Further, in this particular example, the second optical
element 220 is closer to the cover glass 132 than to the first
optical element 210, with a difference between these distances,
i.e., B to E and F to 132, being less than 50%. In this particular
example, the optical track length is 3 and a ratio of the optical
track length to the image diagonal of the sensor is less than
2.5.
[0089] FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic side view of an imaging
capturing system 350 in the LWIR waveband in accordance with an
embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the image capturing system
350 includes an imaging lens 300 and the sensor 230.
[0090] The imaging lens 300 may include a first optical element 310
and a second optical element 320. In the schematic illustration of
FIG. 4, a spacer (which would include surfaces C and D, see FIG. 6)
between the first optical element 310 and the second optical
element 320 has been omitted for clarity.
[0091] In this particular embodiment, three surfaces, here surfaces
A, B, and E, have optical power therein. One, two, or all three
surfaces may be aspheric The imaging lens 300 may also include the
aperture stop 302, which may have the same configuration/properties
noted above for aperture stop 102. The f-number for the imaging
lens 300 may be less than 1.1.
[0092] If the material used for one or both optical elements 310,
320 presents chromatic dispersion over an operational waveband or
if the imaging lens 300 otherwise requires correction, a
diffractive element 304 may be provided on one or more of the
surfaces A, B, E, or F. For example, the diffractive element 304
may be on the surface having the most optical power, here, surface
E.
[0093] For the imaging lens 300, surface A is a gullwing surface
having a clear aperture of 1.167 mm and SAG over the clear aperture
of 0.017 mm (17 .mu.m); surface B is a convex surface having a
clear aperture of 1.398 mm and SAG over the clear aperture is 0.039
mm (39 .mu.m); surface E is a gullwing surface having a clear
aperture of 1.444 mm and SAG over the clear aperture is 0.046 mm
(46 .mu.m).
[0094] Thus, for the imaging lens 300, the maximum clear aperture
is 1.444 mm, i.e., less than 30% greater than the sensor image
diagonal (or the image circle), and the maximum SAG is 46 .mu.m,
i.e., less than 100 .mu.m. Further, in this particular example, the
second optical element 320 is closer to the cover glass 132 than to
the first optical element 310, with a difference between these
distances, i.e., B to E and F to 132, being greater than 50%.
[0095] FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic side view of an imaging
capturing system 450 in the LWIR waveband in accordance with an
embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 5, the image capturing system
450 includes an imaging lens 400 and the sensor 130. The image
capturing system 450 is designed for a longer optical track length
than the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 4, so the imaging lens 400 is
of a slightly larger scale, with a thickness of the first optical
element 410 being 1.019 mm and a thickness of the second optical
element 420 being 1.488 mm.
[0096] The imaging lens 400 may include a first optical element 410
and a second optical element 420. In the schematic illustration of
FIG. 5, a spacer (which would include surfaces C and D, see FIG. 6)
between the first optical element 410 and the second optical
element 420 has been omitted for clarity.
[0097] In this particular embodiment, three surfaces, here surfaces
A, B, and E, have optical power therein. One, two, or all three
surfaces may be aspheric. The imaging lens 400 may also include the
aperture stop 402, which may have the same configuration/properties
noted above for aperture stop 102. The f-number for the imaging
lens 400 may be less than 1.1.
[0098] If the material used for one or both optical elements 410,
420 presents chromatic dispersion over an operational waveband or
if the imaging lens 400 otherwise requires correction, a
diffractive element 404 may be provided on one or more of the
surfaces A, B, E, or F. For example, the diffractive element 404
may be on the surface having the most optical power, here, surface
A.
[0099] For the imaging lens 400, surface A is a gullwing surface
having a clear aperture of 1.423 mm and SAG over the clear aperture
of 0.017 mm (17 .mu.m); surface B is a convex surface having a
clear aperture of 1.716 mm and SAG over the clear aperture is 0.049
mm (49 .mu.m); surface E is a convex surface having a clear
aperture of 1.750 mm and SAG over the clear aperture is 0.054 mm
(54 .mu.m).
[0100] Thus, for the imaging lens 400, the maximum clear aperture
is 1.75 mm, i.e., less than 30% greater than the sensor image
diagonal (or than the image circle), and the maximum SAG is 54
.mu.m, i.e., less than 100 .mu.m. Further, in this particular
example, the second optical element 420 is closer to the cover
glass 132 than to the first optical element 410, with a difference
between these distances, i.e., B to E and F to 132, being greater
than 50%.
[0101] Any of the imaging lenses 100, 200, 300, 400 discussed above
may be provided in a barrel assembly 550, as illustrated in FIG. 6.
In particular, the barrel assembly 550 may be a threaded barrel
assembly such that a distance between an imaging lens 500 housed
therein and the sensor 130, i.e., along the z-axis, may be altered.
As illustrated therein, the imaging lens 500 may include a first
optical element 510 and a second optical element 520 separated by a
spacer 515 providing an air gap between surfaces B and E. The
surfaces B and E may include relative planar portions 512, 522,
i.e., flat regions, in a periphery thereof to facilitate securing
of the spacer 515 thereto.
[0102] Embodiments described above may work with a particular image
sensor diagonal of about 1.443 mm. This dimension may correspond to
an exemplary sensor that includes a horizontal resolution of 60
pixels, a vertical resolution of 60 pixels and a pixel size or
pixel pitch of approximately 17 .mu.m. The teachings presented
herein may be applied to imaging lens designs for use with sensors
that include different image sensor diagonals. Certainly, as
technology progresses, IR sensor sensitivity may increase and pixel
sizes may decrease as exemplified by the reduction in size of
visible image sensor pixels. Table I below lists some
representative LWIR sensors currently available or currently under
development and for which the embodiments provided herein may be
designed.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE I Representative LWIR Image Sensor
Specifications Horizontal Vertical Resolution Pixel Size Image
Diagonal Resolution (pix) (pix) (.mu.m) (mm) 320 240 25 10 320 240
17 6.8 320 240 10 4 160 120 25 5 160 120 17 3.4 160 120 10 2 80 60
25 2.5 80 60 17 1.7 80 60 10 1 60 60 25 2.121 60 60 17 1.4425 60 60
10 0.8485
[0103] FIG. 9 illustrates a schematic side view of an imaging
capturing system 750 in the LWIR waveband in accordance with an
embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 9, the image capturing system
750 includes an imaging lens 700 and the sensor 730. In this
particular embodiment, the sensor 730 is characterized by a
slightly larger image sensor diagonal of about 1.7 mm. Accordingly,
the overall size of imaging lens 700 is slightly larger than
imaging lenses 200, 300 and 400 described above.
[0104] The imaging lens 700 may include a first optical element 710
and a second optical element 720. In the schematic illustration of
FIG. 9, a spacer (which would include surfaces C and D, see FIG. 6)
between the first optical element 710 and the second optical
element 720 has been omitted for clarity.
[0105] In this particular embodiment, three surfaces, here surfaces
A, B, and E, have optical power therein. One, two, or all three
surfaces may be aspheric. The imaging lens 700 may also include the
aperture stop 702, which may have the same configuration/properties
noted above for aperture stop 102. The f-number for the imaging
lens 400 may be less than or about 1.1.
[0106] If the material used for one or both optical elements 710,
720 presents chromatic dispersion over an operational waveband or
if the imaging lens 700 otherwise requires correction, a
diffractive element 704 may be provided on one or more of the
surfaces A, B, E, or F. For example, the diffractive element 704
may be on a surface having more optical power, for example surface
A or surface E.
[0107] For the imaging lens 700, first optical element 710 includes
a meniscus shape with the object side surface A being convex and
the image side surface B being concave. Second optical element 720
includes a plano-convex shape with the object side surface E being
convex and the image side surface F being planar. Surface A has
positive power and surface B has negative power while the net
effect of surfaces A and B combine to make optical element 710
positive overall. Surface E has positive power and optical element
720 is positive overall. Surface A includes a clear aperture of
1.395 mm and SAG over the clear aperture of 0.090 mm (90 .mu.m).
Surface B includes a clear aperture of 1.407 mm and SAG over the
clear aperture is 0.077 mm (77 .mu.m). Surface E includes a clear
aperture of 1.950 mm and SAG over the clear aperture is 0.111 mm
(111 .mu.m). Thus, for the imaging lens 700, the maximum clear
aperture is 1.95 mm, i.e., less than 30% greater than the sensor
image diagonal (or than the image circle) of 1.7 mm, and the
maximum SAG is 111 .mu.m, which is slightly larger than 100
.mu.m.
[0108] Notably, in each of the designs 200, 300, 400, 700, the
largest sag corresponds to the same lens surface that includes the
largest clear aperture. The ratio (or percentage) of largest sag to
largest clear aperture of imaging lenses 200, 300, 400, and 700 may
be calculated as 4.4%, 3.2%, 3.1%, and 5.7%, respectively. Thus,
ratio of largest sag to largest clear aperture for all imaging
lenses 200, 300, 400, and 700 is less than 10% and, in all
instances, less than 6%. A relatively small ratio of the largest
sag to largest clear aperture may be desirable in certain
manufacturing methods, including those described in the "Method of
Making" section below. Certainly smaller sags are desirable for
many lens manufacturing techniques as it may limit the amount of
material that is machined in masters or molds. However, there may
be a practical lower limit on the ratio of largest sag to largest
clear aperture as some amount of power might be desired in a given
design.
[0109] FIG. 10 illustrates a schematic side view of an imaging
capturing system 850 in the LWIR waveband in accordance with an
embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 10, the image capturing system
850 includes an imaging lens 800 and the sensor 830. In this
particular embodiment, the sensor 830 is characterized by an even
larger image sensor diagonal of about 3.4 mm. Accordingly, the
overall size of imaging lens 800 is slightly larger than imaging
lenses 200, 300, 400 and 700 described above.
[0110] The imaging lens 800 may include a first optical element 810
and a second optical element 820. In the schematic illustration of
FIG. 10, a spacer (which would include surfaces C and D, see FIG.
6) between the first optical element 810 and the second optical
element 820 has been omitted for clarity.
[0111] In this particular embodiment, three surfaces, here surfaces
A, B, and F, have optical power therein. One, two, or all three
surfaces may be aspheric. The imaging lens 800 may also include the
aperture stop 802, which may have the same configuration/properties
noted above for aperture stop 802. The f-number for the imaging
lens 400 may be less than or about 1.4.
[0112] If the material used for one or both optical elements 810,
820 presents chromatic dispersion over an operational waveband or
if the imaging lens 800 otherwise requires correction, a
diffractive element 804 may be provided on one or more of the
surfaces A, B, E, or F. For example, the diffractive element 804
may be on a surface having more optical power, for example surface
A or surface F.
[0113] For the imaging lens 800, first optical element 810 includes
a meniscus shape with the object side surface A being convex and
the image side surface B being concave. Second optical element 820
includes a plano-convex shape with the object side surface E being
planar and the image side surface F being convex. Surface A has
positive power and surface B has negative power while the net
effect of surfaces A and B combine to make optical element 810
positive overall. Surface F has positive power and optical element
820 is positive overall. Surface A includes a clear aperture of
1.999 mm and SAG over the clear aperture of 0.062 mm (62 .mu.m).
Surface B includes a clear aperture of 2.161 mm and SAG over the
clear aperture is 0.037 mm (37 .mu.m). Surface F includes a clear
aperture of 3.045 mm and SAG over the clear aperture is 0.130 mm
(130 .mu.m). Thus, for the imaging lens 800, the maximum clear
aperture is 3.045 mm, i.e., less than 30% greater than the sensor
image diagonal (or than the image circle) of 3.4 mm, and the
maximum SAG is 130 .mu.m, which is 4.3% (i.e., less than 6%) of the
largest clear aperture. As with imaging lenses 200, 300, 400, and
700, the largest clear aperture is on one surface of a plano-convex
element 820.
[0114] As discussed above, it may be desirable in the case of
wafer-based manufacturing to make the center thicknesses of the
optical elements similar in size. In one example given above,
optical elements 210 and 220 in imaging lens 200 include center
thicknesses of 0.68 mm and 0.69 mm, respectively. In that
particular example and in the case of the imaging lens 300 of FIG.
4 (center thicknesses of about 0.71 mm for each element 310, 320),
the center thickness along the optical axis represents the thickest
portion of the element. However, in the case of optical elements
that include concave surfaces, the center thickness may not
represent the thickest region of the optical element nor the
largest thickness dimension of the element.
[0115] Referring once again to FIGS. 9 and 10, each of these
imaging lenses 700, 800 include a concave surface B. In these
examples, the center thickness does not reflect the thickest (along
a direction parallel to the optical axis) region of the element. In
FIGS. 9 and 10, optical elements 710 and 810 include a center
thickness dimension labeled "CTR" and a peak-to-peak dimension
labeled "P-P." The P-P dimension reflects a largest distance
parallel to the optical axis between the highest opposing surfaces
of the elements 710, 810 within their respective clear apertures.
In each case, the P-P dimension is larger than the CTR thickness
dimension. Note, however that for optical elements 720, 820, the
P-P dimension and CTR dimension are the same. Table II below
includes relevant CTR and P-P dimensions for the imaging lenses
200, 300, 400, 700, 800 disclosed herein. Table II also includes a
calculated percentage difference between the P-P thicknesses of the
A-B element and the E-F element of each respective lens design.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE II Representative Optical Element Thicknesses
A-B A-B E-F E-F P-P Element Element Element Element Difference
Imaging CTR P-P CTR P-P Between Lens Thickness Thickness Thickness
Thickness Elements 200 0.68 0.68 0.69 0.69 1% 300 0.71 0.71 0.72
0.72 1% 700 0.60 0.68 0.69 0.69 1% 800 0.62 0.66 0.68 0.68 3%
[0116] An advantage of wafer-based manufacturing techniques is that
they may yield thinner optical elements than other methods.
Further, the high index nature of the optical materials disclosed
herein may permit smaller sags and shallower lens curves. One
method of quantifying these characteristics is to compare (as a
percentage) the sag of a particular powered surface of the imaging
lens to the overall maximum (P-P) thickness of the optical element
on which that powered surface lies. Another method compares (again
as a percentage) the overall maximum (P-P) thickness of an optical
element to the clear aperture size of a given powered surfaces on
that particular element. Both of these quantities are shown in the
table below for the same imaging lenses 200, 300, 700, 800 included
in Table II. Specifically, Table III provides the following
dimension ratios (represented as percentages): [0117] Ratio A--The
overall maximum (P-P) thickness of optical element A-B to the
maximum clear aperture of surface A [0118] Ratio B--The overall
maximum (P-P) thickness of optical element A-B to the maximum clear
aperture of surface B [0119] Ratio C--The overall maximum (P-P)
thickness of optical element A-B to the maximum clear aperture of
surface E or F (whichever is powered) [0120] Ratio D--Sag of
surface A of the imaging lens to the overall maximum (P-P)
thickness of optical element A-B [0121] Ratio E--Sag of surface B
of the imaging lens to the overall maximum (P-P) thickness of
optical element A-B [0122] Ratio F--Sag of surface E or F
(whichever is powered) of the imaging lens to the overall maximum
(P-P) thickness of optical element E-F
TABLE-US-00003 [0122] TABLE III Representative Dimensions of
Imaging Lenses Imaging Lens Ratio A Ratio B Ratio C Ratio D Ratio E
Ratio F 200 58.7% 47.5% 42.8% 1.2% 6.2% 10.3% 300 60.8% 50.8% 49.9%
2.4% 5.5% 6.4% 700 48.7% 48.3% 35.4% 13.2% 11.3% 16.1% 800 33.0%
30.5% 22.3% 9.4% 5.6% 19.1%
[0123] Notably, the numbers shown in the Ratio A, B, and C columns
reveal that a significant advantage of wafer-based manufacturing
techniques appears as image sensors (and hence, clear apertures)
grow in size as in the case of imaging lenses 700 and 800. In those
particular imaging lenses, the overall maximum P-P thickness of
each of the optical elements in imaging lenses 700 and 800 is less
than about 50% of the clear aperture size of the powered surfaces
on those optical elements. And in the case of the larger of the two
imaging lenses 800, that ratio is less than about 35% for all
powered surfaces.
[0124] Another notable aspect of the ratios D, E, and F provided in
Table III is that the ratio of sag of a particular powered surface
of the imaging lens to the overall maximum (P-P) thickness of the
optical element on which that powered surface lies is less than
about 30%. More specifically, for the imaging lenses provided in
Table III, this ratio is less than about 20%.
[0125] The tables below provide exemplary details on the depicted
embodiments of imaging lenses 700, 800, and others. Table IV
includes General Lens Data for imaging lens 700. Table V provides
Surface Data for surfaces A, B, E, and F of imaging lens 700. Table
VI provides details relating to aspheric coefficients of known even
aspheric equations used to describe aspheric lens surfaces (e.g.,
surfaces A, B, E of imaging lens 700) and can be analyzed using
available software such as ZEMAX or CODE V. Tables VII, VIII, and
IX present similar data for imaging lens 800.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE IV General Lens Data For Imaging Lens 700
Surfaces 8 Stop 2 System Aperture Float By Stop Size = 0.6976
Apodization Uniform, factor = 0 Temperature (C.) 20 Pressure (ATM)
1 Effective Focal Length 1.6010 Back Focal Length 0.1971 Total
Track 3.2047 Image Space F/# 1.1476 Paraxial Working F/# 1.1476
Working F/# 1.1009 Image Space NA 0.3994 Stop Radius 0.6976
Paraxial Image Height 0.8500 Paraxial Magnification 0.0000 Entrance
Pupil 1.3951 Diameter Entrance Pupil 0.0000 Position Exit Pupil
Diameter 2.3749 Exit Pupil Position -2.6293 Field Type Real Image
height in Millimeters Maximum Radial 0.85 Field Primary Wavelength
10.5 .mu.m Lens Units Millimeters Angular Magnification 0.5875
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE V Surface Data For Imaging Lens 700 Surface
Type Radius Thickness Material Diameter Conic Note OBJ STANDARD
Inf. Infinity 0.000 0 1 STANDARD Inf. 0.000 1.543 0 STO EVENASPH
Inf. 0.604 SILICON 1.395 0 Surface A 3 EVENASPH Inf. 0.659 1.407 0
Surface B 4 EVENASPH Inf. 0.690 SILICON 1.950 0 Surface E 5
EVENASPH Inf. 0.526 1.898 0 Surface F 6 STANDARD Inf. 0.50-0.75
SILICON 1.735 0 Cover 7 STANDARD Inf. 0.101 1.693 0 IMA STANDARD
Inf. 1.665 0
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE VI Asphere Coefficients For Elements 710 and
720 of Imaging Lens 700 Surface STO EVENASPH Coefficient on
r{circumflex over ( )}2 0.20792788 Coefficient on r{circumflex over
( )}4 -0.10368648 Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}6 0.28308973
Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}8 -0.35822562 Coefficient on
r{circumflex over ( )}10 -0.22014559 Coefficient on r{circumflex
over ( )}12 0.52411507 Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}14 0
Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}16 0 Aperture Floating
Aperture Maximum Radius 0.69755287 Surface 3 EVENASPH Coefficient
on r{circumflex over ( )}2 0.20298147 Coefficient on r{circumflex
over ( )}4 -0.41026658 Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}6
2.9954506 Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}8 -13.711652
Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}10 35.014635 Coefficient on
r{circumflex over ( )}12 -47.46132 Coefficient on r{circumflex over
( )}14 26.660403 Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}16 0 Surface
4 EVENASPH Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}2 0.12748631
Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}4 0.065277268 Coefficient on
r{circumflex over ( )}6 -0.50553199 Coefficient on r{circumflex
over ( )}8 1.477785 Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}10
-2.2472389 Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}12 1.8033722
Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}14 -0.71809312 Coefficient on
r{circumflex over ( )}16 0.11408192
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE VII General Lens Data For Imaging Lens 800
Surfaces 8 Stop 2 System Aperture Float By Stop Size = 0.999359
Apodization Uniform, factor = 0 Temperature (C.) 20 Pressure (ATM)
1 Effective Focal Length 2.8243 Back Focal Length 0.4205 Total
Track 4.9353 Image Space F/# 1.4131 Paraxial Working F/# 1.4131
Working F/# 1.3843 Image Space NA 0.3336 Stop Radius 0.9994
Paraxial Image Height 1.7000 Paraxial Magnification 0.0000 Entrance
Pupil Diameter 1.9987 Entrance Pupil Position 0.0000 Exit Pupil
Diameter 3.5495 Exit Pupil Position -4.8951 Field Type Real Image
height in Millimeters Maximum Radial Field 1.7 Primary Wavelength
10.5 .mu.m Lens Units Millimeters Angular Magnification
0.5631053
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE VIII Surface Data For Imaging Lens 800 Surface
Type Radius Thickness Material Diameter Conic Note OBJ STANDARD
Inf. Infinity 0.000 0 1 STANDARD Inf. 0.000 2.121 0 STO EVENASPH
Inf. 0.624 SILICON 1.999 0 Surface A 3 EVENASPH Inf. 1.143 2.161 0
Surface B 4 EVENASPH Inf. 0.680 SILICON 2.937 0 Surface E 5
EVENASPH Inf. 1.588 3.045 0 Surface F 6 STANDARD Inf. 0.50-0.75
SILICON 3.166 0 Cover 7 STANDARD Inf. 0.300 3.235 0 IMA STANDARD
Inf. 3.379 0
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE IX Asphere Coefficients For Elements 810 and
820 of Imaging Lens 800 Surface STO EVENASPH Coefficient on
r{circumflex over ( )}2 0.078891323 Coefficient on r{circumflex
over ( )}4 -0.012321811 Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}6
-0.004856381 Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}8 -0.000119317
Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}10 0.000200377 Coefficient on
r{circumflex over ( )}12 0 Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}14
0 Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}16 0 Aperture Floating
Aperture Maximum Radius 0.99935902 Surface 3 EVENASPH Coefficient
on r{circumflex over ( )}2 0.058798864 Coefficient on r{circumflex
over ( )}4 -0.021036329 Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}6
-0.008045456 Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}8 0.016800284
Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}10 -0.009958394 Coefficient on
r{circumflex over ( )}12 0 Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}14
0 Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}16 0 Surface 5 EVENASPH
Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}2 -0.063406934 Coefficient on
r{circumflex over ( )}4 0.002492598 Coefficient on r{circumflex
over ( )}6 0.000466197 Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}8
-0.00020842 Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}10 6.15E-05
Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}12 0 Coefficient on
r{circumflex over ( )}14 0 Coefficient on r{circumflex over ( )}16
0
[0126] Method of Making
[0127] One or both of optical elements noted above may be silicon.
Any one, two, or all of the lens surfaces noted above may be made
using, e.g., the stamp and transfer technique disclosed in U.S.
Pat. No. 6,027,595, which is hereby incorporated by reference in
its entirety. As noted therein, these surfaces may be created on
the wafer level, i.e., a plurality of these surfaces may be
replicated and transferred to a wafer simultaneously and later
singulated to realize individual optical elements. Depending on the
material of the optical element, other techniques for forming one
or more of the lens surfaces may include diamond turning or
molding, e.g., high temperature molding.
[0128] In addition to fabrication of surfaces on a wafer level, as
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,096,155, which is hereby incorporated
by reference in its entirety, two or more wafers, each having a
plurality of optical elements thereon may be secured together along
the z-direction before singulation, such that individual optical
systems each have an optical element from each wafer. A spacer
wafer may be provided between the two wafers having the optical
elements thereon. Alternatively, one of the wafers having optical
elements thereon and the spacer wafer may be secured and
singulated, and then secured to another wafer having optical
elements thereon, or one of the wafers having optical elements
thereon may have spacers die bonded thereon and then secured to the
other wafer having optical elements thereon.
[0129] In some embodiments, optical elements may be configured for
use with LWIR image sensors that are sensitive to wavelengths
outside of the operational LWIR band. For example, certain LWIR
image sensors might also detect energy in adjacent MWIR or SWIR
wavelength bands. In some instances, improved imaging performance
in the LWIR operational band may be achieved if one or more
surfaces in the imaging lens include filter coatings,
anti-reflection coatings, and the like. For example, certain
surfaces of the optical elements that are planar (e.g., not molded
or etched) may be easily processed with optical coatings.
Certainly, filtering and anti-reflection coatings may be applied
and may be desirable on powered surfaces as well.
[0130] Devices Incorporating LWIR Imaging Lens
[0131] FIG. 7 illustrates a perspective view of a computer 680
having an LWIR imaging system 600 integrated therein. FIG. 8
illustrates a front and side view of a mobile telephone 690 having
the LWIR imaging system 600 integrated therein. Of course, the LWIR
imaging system 600 may be integrated at other locations and with
other electronic devices, e.g., mobile devices, entertainment
systems, standalone thermal imagers, and so forth, other than those
shown. The LWIR imaging system 600 may be any of those noted
above.
[0132] As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all
combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
Further, although terms such as "first," "second," "third," etc.,
may be used herein to describe various elements, components,
regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components,
regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these
terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element,
component, region, layer and/or section from another. Thus, a first
element, component, region, layer and/or section could be termed a
second element, component, region, layer and/or section without
departing from the teachings of the embodiments described
herein.
[0133] Spatially relative terms, such as "beneath," "below,"
"lower," "above," "upper," etc., may be used herein for ease of
description to describe the relationship of one element or feature
to another element(s) or feature(s), as illustrated in the figures.
It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are
intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use
or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the
figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over,
elements described as "below" or "beneath" other elements or
features would then be oriented "above" the other elements or
features. Thus, the exemplary term "below" can encompass both an
orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise
oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the
spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted
accordingly.
[0134] As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an" and "the" are
intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context
clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the
terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," and "including"
specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps,
operations, elements, components, etc., but do not preclude the
presence or addition thereto of one or more other features,
integers, steps, operations, elements, components, groups, etc.
[0135] Embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed
herein and, although specific terms are employed, they are used and
are to be interpreted in a generic and descriptive sense only and
not for purpose of limitation. In some instances, as would be
apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art as of the filing of
the present application, features, characteristics, and/or elements
described in connection with a particular embodiment may be used
singly or in combination with features, characteristics, and/or
elements described in connection with other embodiments unless
otherwise specifically indicated. Accordingly, it will be
understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various
changes in form and details may be made without departing from the
spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the
following claims.
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