U.S. patent application number 13/811517 was filed with the patent office on 2013-08-01 for apparatus and method for cubic metric estimator in dual-carrier and multi-carrier wireless communication system.
This patent application is currently assigned to NOKIA CORPORATION. The applicant listed for this patent is Ville Riekkinen, Teemu Sipila, Mika Ventola. Invention is credited to Ville Riekkinen, Teemu Sipila, Mika Ventola.
Application Number | 20130195014 13/811517 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 45529479 |
Filed Date | 2013-08-01 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130195014 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Riekkinen; Ville ; et
al. |
August 1, 2013 |
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CUBIC METRIC ESTIMATOR IN DUAL-CARRIER AND
MULTI-CARRIER WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Abstract
In accordance with an example embodiment of the present
invention, a method is disclosed that comprises by using a
processor, calculating a plurality of signal states for each of at
least two carriers, selecting at least one carrier from the at
least two carriers, generating modified signal states for each of
the selected at least one carrier by rotating at least one of the
respective plurality of signal states with a discrete frequency
shift step, determining combinations of signal states of the at
least two carriers based at least in part on the modified signal
states of the selected at least one carrier, and calculating a
cubic metric based on the determined combinations of signal states
of the at least two carriers.
Inventors: |
Riekkinen; Ville; (Oulu,
FI) ; Ventola; Mika; (Oulu, FI) ; Sipila;
Teemu; (Oulunsalo, FI) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Riekkinen; Ville
Ventola; Mika
Sipila; Teemu |
Oulu
Oulu
Oulunsalo |
|
FI
FI
FI |
|
|
Assignee: |
NOKIA CORPORATION
Espoo
FI
|
Family ID: |
45529479 |
Appl. No.: |
13/811517 |
Filed: |
July 26, 2011 |
PCT Filed: |
July 26, 2011 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/IB2011/053334 |
371 Date: |
March 20, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61367765 |
Jul 26, 2010 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
370/328 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L 27/2614 20130101;
H04L 27/2621 20130101; H04W 48/18 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
370/328 |
International
Class: |
H04W 48/18 20060101
H04W048/18 |
Claims
1. A method, comprising: by using a processor, calculating a
plurality of signal states for each of at least two carriers;
selecting at least one carrier from the at least two carriers;
generating modified signal states for each of the selected at least
one carrier by rotating at least one of the respective plurality of
signal states with a discrete frequency shift step; determining
combinations of signal states of the at least two carriers based at
least in part on the modified signal states of the selected at
least one carrier; and calculating a cubic metric based on the
determined combinations of signal states of the at least two
carriers.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the selecting at least one
carrier further comprises: selecting the at least one carrier based
at least in part on the number of the signal states.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the selecting at least one
carrier further comprises: selecting the at least one carrier with
a fewer number of the signal states.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the generating modified signal
states further comprises: rotating only part of the respective
signal states of each of the selected at least one carrier.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the generating modified signal
states further comprises: rotating one fourth of the respective
signal states of each of the selected at least one carrier.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the generating modified signal
states further comprises: determining a plurality of multipliers
based at least in part on the discrete frequency shift step; and
multiplying at least one of the respective signal states by the
plurality of multipliers.
7. An apparatus, comprising: at least one processor; and at least
one memory including computer program code, wherein the at least
one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with
the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to;
calculate a plurality of signal states for each of at least two
carriers; select at least one carrier from the at least two
carriers; generate modified signal states for each of the selected
at least one carrier by rotating at least one of the respective
plurality of signal states with a discrete frequency shift step;
determine combinations of signal states of the at least two
carriers based at least in part on the modified signal states of
the selected at least one carrier; and calculate a cubic metric
based on the determined combinations of signal states of the at
least two carriers.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the select at least one
carrier further comprises: select the at least one carrier based at
least in part on the number of the signal states.
9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the select at least one
carrier further comprises: select the at least one carrier with a
fewer number of the signal states.
10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the generate modified signal
states further comprises: rotate only part of the respective signal
states of each of the selected at least one carrier.
11. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the generate modified signal
states further comprises: rotate one fourth of the respective
signal states of each of the selected at least one carrier.
12. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the generate modified signal
states further comprises: determine a plurality of multipliers
based at least in part on the discrete frequency shift step; and
multiplying at least one of the respective signal states by the
plurality of multipliers.
13. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory
computer-readable medium bearing computer program code embodied
therein for use with a computer, the computer program code
comprising: code for calculating a plurality of signal states for
each of at least two carriers; code for selecting at least one
carrier from the at least two carriers; code for generating
modified signal states for each of the selected at least one
carrier by rotating at least one of the respective plurality of
signal states with a discrete frequency shift step; code for
determining combinations of signal states of the at least two
carriers based at least in part on the modified signal states of
the selected at least one carrier; and code for calculating a cubic
metric based on the determined combinations of signal states of the
at least two carriers.
14. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the computer
program code for selecting at least one carrier further comprises:
code for selecting the at least one carrier based at least in part
on the number of the signal states.
15. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the computer
program code for selecting at least one carrier further comprises:
code for selecting the at least one carrier with a fewer number of
the signal states.
16. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the computer
program code for generating modified signal states further
comprises: code for rotating only part of the respective signal
states of each of the selected at least one carrier.
17. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the computer
program code for generating modified signal states further
comprises: code for rotating one fourth of the respective signal
states of each of the selected at least one carrier.
18. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the computer
program code for generating modified signal states further
comprises: code for determining a plurality of multipliers based at
least in part on the discrete frequency shift step; and code for
multiplying at least one of the respective signal states by the
plurality of multipliers.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein calculating the plurality of
signal states for each of at least two carriers further comprises:
weighting the magnitudes of the plurality of signal states by
taking into account the normalization and transmission powers of
the at least two carriers.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein calculating the cubic metric
further comprises: calculating an RMS-value of a normalized
waveform by using the determined combinations of signal states.
21-24. (canceled)
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present application relates generally to an apparatus
and a method for cubic metric estimator in dual-carrier and
multi-carrier wireless communication system.
BACKGROUND
[0002] This section is intended to provide a background or context
to the invention that is recited in the claims. The description
herein may include concepts that could be pursued, but are not
necessarily ones that have been previously conceived, implemented
or described. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated herein, what is
described in this section is not prior art to the description and
claims in this application and is not admitted to be prior art by
inclusion in this section.
[0003] In wireless communication, different collections of
communication protocols are available to provide different types of
services and capabilities. High speed packet access (HSPA) is one
of such collection of wireless communication protocols that extends
and improves the performance of existing UMTS (universal mobile
telecommunications system) protocols and is specified by different
releases of the standard by the 3.sup.rd generation partnership
project (3GPP) in the area of mobile network technology. The other
non-limiting example wireless communication protocols are long term
evolution (LTE), global system for mobile (GSM) and worldwide
interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX).
[0004] Current and future networking technologies continue to
facilitate ease of information transfer and convenience to users.
In order to provide easier or faster information transfer and
convenience, telecommunication industry service providers are
developing improvements to existing networks. Carrier aggregation
technology has drawn considerable attention in, e.g., HSPA and
LTE.
[0005] In Release 8 (Rel-8) of HSPA standardization of 3GPP,
dual-carrier HSDPA (high speed downlink packet access) was
specified by introducing dual-carrier operation in the downlink on
adjacent carriers. In an example embodiment, dual-carrier HSPA may
be used where a MAC (medium access control) scheduler may allocate
two HSPA carriers in parallel and double the communication
bandwidth. Besides the throughput gain from double the bandwidth,
some diversity and joint scheduling gains may also be expected.
This can particularly improve the quality of service (QoS) for end
users in poor environment conditions that cannot be gained from
other techniques. Similar idea is under consideration in the
enhanced LTE technology called LTE-Advanced. Via this technology
LTE is expected to improve end-user throughput, increase sector
capacity, reduce user plane latency, and consequently offer
superior user experience with full mobility.
[0006] In Release 9 studies of the HSPA track, a study item termed
DC-HSUPA (dual-cell high speed uplink packet access) for uplink
dual carrier UE (user equipment) operation has been launched. In
DC-HSUPA, the UE may be assigned one or two uplink carriers for
data transmission if the UE is dual carrier capable. As compared to
downlink dual-carrier operation, where the UE is required to
receive the dual-carrier transmission transmitted by the Node B or
base station, in the uplink the UE is power limited and thus it
needs to share its transmission power among the carriers if it
transmits on both carriers simultaneously.
[0007] Power amplifier (PA) of the transmitter is non-linear, which
causes distortion that degrades the error vector magnitude (EVM)
and increases spurious emissions (SE). Signals that have higher
peak to average ratio (PAR) will also have a higher linearity
requirement for the PA. There are two possibilities to meet the
higher linearity requirement: either the PA is designed to be more
linear or the operating point of the existing PA has to be set so
that the signals do not get distorted. As the PAs become more
expensive from the cost and power consumption point of view when
the linearity of the PA is increased, it may be more desirable to
use the existing PA designs. The distortion, and thus EVM and SE,
of the PA may be controlled by adjusting its operating point.
Typically, when PAR of the base band signal increases the operating
point of the PA has to be adjusted towards more linear region in
order to maintain EVM and adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR).
This adjustment can be done by increasing an output back-off of the
PA.
[0008] An example of the increase of PAR is in an HSPA
communication, when the HS-DPCCH (high speed dedicated physical
control channel) and E-DPDCH (E-DCH dedicated physical data
channel, wherein E-DCH stands for enhanced dedicated channel)
channels are multiplexed into the Release 99 channels. For high
power levels this may cause the power amplifier to work in
non-linear region, thus may increase ACLR and spectrum mask
leakage. In order to tackle this problem and to enable to use PAs
that have been designed for the Release 99, the standard allows the
UE to reduce the maximum transmit power when HS-DPCCH and/or E-DCH
are present.
[0009] The calculation of maximum power reducation (MPR) involves
the cubic metric (CM). The CM value approximates the 3rd order
non-linearity of PA and enables to generalize the amount of PA
back-off allowed to fulfill the ACLR requirements.
[0010] The cubic metric may be computationally complex and it may
need to be calculated every time the channel gain factors change.
For example, in HSPA, the calculation of CM for every transmission
time interval (TTI) would be enough. However, because the HS-DPCCH
transmission may change on every slot, CM may need to be determined
for every slot. Furthermore, if the E-DPDCH scaling occurs, the
cubic metric may need to be re-calculated within the current slot
before the data is to be transmitted. A method that calculates CM
for single band or carrier scenario is described in the related
application with U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/453,433,
titled "Apparatus, system, and method for calculating a
non-linearity metric". This method utilizes the channel gain
factors, determines the constellation points (i.e., the signal
states to be transmitted) and calculates the cubic metric on the
basis of the constellation points.
SUMMARY
[0011] Various aspects of examples of the invention are set out in
the claims.
[0012] According to a first aspect of the present invention, a
method may include by using a processor, calculating a plurality of
signal states for each of at least two carriers, selecting at least
one carrier from the at least two carriers, generating modified
signal states for each of the selected at least one carrier by
rotating at least one of the respective plurality of signal states
with a discrete frequency shift step, determining combinations of
signal states of the at least two carriers based at least in part
on the modified signal states of the selected at least one carrier,
and calculating a cubic metric based on the determined combinations
of signal states of the at least two carriers.
[0013] According to a second aspect of the present invention, an
apparatus may include at least one processor, and at least one
memory including computer program code, wherein the at least one
memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at
least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to calculate a
plurality of signal states for each of at least two carriers,
select at least one carrier from the at least two carriers,
generate modified signal states for each of the selected at least
one carrier by rotating at least one of the respective plurality of
signal states with a discrete frequency shift step, determine
combinations of signal states of the at least two carriers based at
least in part on the modified signal states of the selected at
least one carrier, and calculate a cubic metric based on the
determined combinations of signal states of the at least two
carriers.
[0014] According to a third aspect of the present invention, a
computer program product comprising a computer-readable medium
bearing computer program code embodied therein for use with a
computer, the computer program code may include code for
calculating a plurality of signal states for each of at least two
carriers, code for selecting at least one carrier from the at least
two carriers, code for generating modified signal states for each
of the selected at least one carrier by rotating at least one of
the respective plurality of signal states with a discrete frequency
shift step, code for determining combinations of signal states of
the at least two carriers based at least in part on the modified
signal states of the selected at least one carrier, and code for
calculating a cubic metric based on the determined combinations of
signal states of the at least two carriers.
[0015] According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, an
apparatus may include a means for calculating a plurality of signal
states for each of at least two carriers, a means for selecting at
least one carrier from the at least two carriers, a means for
generating modified signal states for each of the selected at least
one carrier by rotating at least one of the respective plurality of
signal states with a discrete frequency shift step, a means for
determining combinations of signal states of the at least two
carriers based at least in part on the modified signal states of
the selected at least one carrier, and a means for calculating a
cubic metric based on the determined combinations of signal states
of the at least two carriers.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] For a more complete understanding of example embodiments of
the present invention, reference is now made to the following
descriptions taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in
which:
[0017] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless system;
[0018] FIG. 2 illustrates an overview of cubic metric calculation
for dual-carrier high speed uplink packet access according to an
example embodiment of the invention;
[0019] FIG. 3 depicts an example how the combined signal states of
two carriers can be generated according to an example embodiment of
the invention; and
[0020] FIG. 4 shows a simplified block diagram of an electronic
apparatus in accordance with an example embodiment of the
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0021] FIG. 1 depicts an example wireless system 100. Wireless
system 100 comprises a Node B or base station 101 and a plurality
of user equipments (UEs) 103, 105 and 107. Although just one Node B
and three UEs are shown in FIG. 1, the wireless system 100 may
comprise more Node Bs and more or less UEs. In one example
embodiment, the Node B 101, possibly together with other Node Bs
and one or more radio network controllers, comprises the UMTS
(universal mobile telecommunications system) terrestrial radio
access network (UTRAN). In the context of this disclosure, the Node
B 101 communicates with the UEs 103, 105 and 107 via bidirectional
communication channels or links 102, 104 and 106, respectively.
While some of the UEs, for example, the UEs 105 and 107, may be
conventional UEs that communicate with the Node B 101 in one
carrier frequency or band for each of the downlink and uplink
direction, at least one UE, for example, the UE 103, may be
allocated dual or multiple carriers for at least its uplink
communication channel 102. Therefore, in an example embodiment, the
Node B 101 may allocate a communication carrier to each UE, e.g.,
UE 105 and 107. In an embodiment, the Node B 101 may allocate a
plurality of communication carriers to a UE, e.g., UE 103. In such
an embodiment, the increase in the number of allocated
communication carriers may correlate with an increase in
communication bandwidth. A throughput gain from the increase in the
bandwidth allocated to a UE may be expected. In an example
embodiment, the increased bandwidth, due to the plurality of
communication carriers may allow for some diversity and joint
scheduling gains.
[0022] In an example embodiment, multiple code channels may be
multiplexed and transmitted on at least one of the allocated dual
or multiple carriers of UE 103. The code channel can be, for
example, in an HSPA system, dedicated physical control channel
(DPCCH), high speed dedicated physical control channel (HS-DPCCH),
E-DCH dedicated physical control channel (E-DPCCH), wherein E-DCH
stands for enhanced dedicated channel, or E-DCH dedicated physical
data channel (E-DPDCH). For uplink communication, the UE 103
generates in baseband an information signal to be transmitted for
each of the code channels. The UE 103 also scales the signals by
their respective gain factors (beta factors) according to certain
scheduling information.
[0023] For single-carrier HSUPA (high speed uplink packet access),
3GPP TS 25.101 Chapter 6.2.2., incorporated by references herein,
sets the requirements for the cubic metric (CM). How the CM is
actually computed or estimated is vendor dependent, but the methods
have to be based directly or indirectly on the signal states, e.g.,
the constellation points, and beta values of the code channels.
[0024] In 3GPP TS25.101, cubic metric is given by
CM=CEIL{[20*log 10((v_norm.sup.3).sub.rms)-20*log
10((v_norm_ref.sup.3)]/k, 0.22} (1)
[0025] where CEIL{x, 0.22} means rounding upwards to closest 0.22
dB with 0.5 dB granularity, v_norm and v_norm_ref are the
normalized voltage waveforms of the input signal and the reference
signals, respectively, (x).sub.rms denotes root mean square (RMS)
value of x, and 20*log 10((v_norm_ref.sup.3).sub.rms) and k are
constants. (v_norm.sup.3).sub.rms is calculated based on the signal
states of code channels.
[0026] For UE 103, the introduction of dual or more carriers
increases the computational complexity of cubic metric even
further. In an example embodiment for dual carriers allocation, the
two carriers are shifted in frequency (+2.5 MHz, -2.5 MHz), which
means that the number of transmitted signal states becomes
infinite, as the constellations of the first and the second carrier
rotate in respect with each other.
[0027] In an example embodiment, the computation of the cubic
metric takes into account the constellation points of two carriers,
their rotation in respect with each other and the combined
constellation points. In an example embodiment, a rotation with
discrete step may be applied to the constellation points of one of
the two carriers and to produce the combined constellation points,
i.e., combined signal states. The cubic metric may be further
calculated from the combined signal states as described in the
related application with U.S. patent application Ser. No.
12/453,433, titled "Apparatus, system, and method for calculating a
non-linearity metric". In an example embodiment, the rotation is
preferably applied to the constellation points of the carrier that
has a fewer number of constellation points. The accuracy of the
approximation in respect to the computational complexity can be
adjusted by selecting the rotation step correspondingly.
[0028] FIG. 2 illustrates an overview of CM calculation for
dual-carrier HSUPA according to an example embodiment of the
invention. At 201, a plurality of possible computational signal
states for each carrier are calculated. In one example embodiment,
only part of all possible computational signal states, for example,
one fourth of the signal states, for each carrier are calculated.
The calculation may be prior to scrambling, spreading and root
raised cosine (RRC) filtering operations of a UE, e.g., the UE 103
in FIG. 1. Only part of the signal states are useful because the
rest of the signal states produce redundant information due to the
symmetry of the constellation diagram. The number of the signal
states depends on the number of active code channels.
[0029] At 202, the magnitudes of signal states are weighted by
taking into account the normalization and the requested
transmission powers of both carriers. In an example embodiment,
this may be done basically in the following way: keep a carrier,
for example, the first caner, as a reference carrier, and weight
the computational signal states of the second carrier by the
factor
u = P 2 P 1 .beta. 1 , 1 2 + .beta. 1 , 2 2 + + .beta. 1 , L 1 2
.beta. 2 , 1 2 + .beta. 2 , 2 2 + + .beta. 2 , L 2 2 ,
##EQU00001##
where .beta..sub.j,l.sup.2 denotes the square of lth beta factor on
jth carrier and L.sub.j is the number of active channels on jth
carrier. P.sub.1 and P.sub.2 denote the requested transmission
powers of the first and second carrier, respectively.
[0030] At 203, the carrier that has fewer signal states is
selected. At 204, in order to approximate the effect of the
frequency shift between the two carriers, the calculated signal
states on the selected carrier are rotated with a discrete step,
for example, with an angle of 5, 10 or 22.5 degree. In an example
embodiment, only one fourth of signal states on the selected
carrier are rotated. The adopted angle affects the accuracy of the
CM estimation algorithm. By 204, modified signal states of the
selected carrier are generated. At 205, all possible combinations
between the modified signal states of the selected carrier and the
signal states of the carrier having higher number of signal states
are determined.
[0031] At 206, the RMS value of the normalized waveform, (v_norm
.sup.3).sub.rms, is calculated based on the combined signal states
generated at 205. The CM then can be calculated as a function of
(v_norm.sup.3).sub.rms, for example, according to the equation
(1).
[0032] FIG. 3 depicts an example how the combined signal states of
two carriers can be generated according to an example embodiment of
the invention. In FIG. 3, one carrier is assumed to be the primary
carrier and the other carrier is assumed to be the secondary
carrier. In this example, the primary carrier has one code channel
mapped to the quadrature branch (Q-branch) of the transmission path
of a UE, e.g., the UE 103 in FIG. 1, and two code channels mapped
to inphase branch (I-branch) of the transmission path of the UE.
The secondary carrier has two code channels, each of which is
mapped to both Q-branch and I-branch. A binary phase shift keying
(BPSK) modulation is applied to all code channels in this
example.
[0033] Because a BPSK modulated code channel has two signal states,
the primary carrier in the example of FIG. 3 has totally 8 signal
states, as shown at block 301. Similarly, the secondary carrier has
totally 16 signal states, as shown at block 311. In an example
embodiment, the primary carrier is selected for rotation of signal
states since it has fewer number of signal states. In an example
embodiment, only one fourth of signal states on the primary
carrier, i.e., two signal states are used, as shown at block 302.
In the example of FIG. 3, a frequency shift step of 22.5 degree is
adopted, which results in the modified signal states of the primary
carrier as illustrated at block 303. The modified signal states of
the primary carrier are combined with one fourth of the signal
states of the secondary carrier, which are shown at block 312.
Finally, the result of combination is described at block 321 and it
can be used to calculate the RMS value of the waveform, thus, the
cubic metric.
[0034] In an example embodiment of the invention, the number of
combined signal states for dual-carrier system can be computed as
1/4.times.N.sub.1.times.1/4.times.N.sub.2.times.R, where N.sub.1
and N.sub.2 are the number of signal states of the first and the
second carrier, respectively. The value of N.sub.1 and N.sub.2
depend on the number of active code channels and the applied
modulation on each code channel. R indicates how many "modified" or
"rotated" signal states can be generated from each original signal
state of a selected carrier. In an example embodiment, R is equal
to 360/(discrete step), and the discrete step may be, for example,
5, 10 or 22.5 degree. In the example illustrated by FIG. 3, the
discrete step is 22.5 degree and R is equal to 16. Each state of
the selected carrier, the primary carrier in the example of FIG. 3,
is multiplied by e.sup.j2n.pi./16, where n=0, 1, . . . 15.
Therefore, 16 modified signal states are generated for each
original state of the primary carrier. It can be noted that the
smaller the discrete step, the more the number of combined signal
states. It should be understood that the examples using the number
of signal states and other concrete values are merely for
illustrative purposes. Other values are also possible.
[0035] Reference is made to FIG. 4 for illustrating a simplified
block diagram of an electronic apparatus 400 in accordance with an
example embodiment of the invention. In an example embodiment, the
apparatus may be a mobile communication device which may be
referred to as the UE 103. The apparatus 400 includes a processor
401 and a memory (MEM) 402 coupled to the processor 401 that stores
a program of computer instructions (PROG) 403. The apparatus 400
may further include a suitable transceiver (TRANS) 405 (having a
transmitter (TX) and a receiver (RX)) coupled to the processor 401.
The TRANS 405 is for bidirectional wireless communications with
other communication devices that are not shown in FIG. 4.
[0036] As shown in FIG. 4, the apparatus 400 may further include a
signal states determination and cubic metric computation unit 404.
The signal states determination and cubic metric computation unit
404, together with the processor 401 and the PROG 403, is
configured to perform the determination of combined signal states
and computation of the cubic metric in a similar way as illustrated
by FIG. 2.
[0037] The PROG 403 is assumed to include program instructions
that, when executed by the associated processor, enable the
electronic apparatus to operate in accordance with the example
embodiments of this disclosure, as discussed herein.
[0038] In general, the various example embodiments of the apparatus
400 can include, but are not limited to, cellular phones, personal
digital assistants (PDAs) having wireless communication
capabilities, portable computers having wireless communication
capabilities, image capture devices such as digital cameras having
wireless communication capabilities, gaming devices having wireless
communication capabilities, music storage and playback appliances
having wireless communication capabilities, Internet appliances
permitting wireless Internet access and browsing, as well as
portable units or terminals that incorporate combinations of such
functions.
[0039] The example embodiments of this disclosure may be
implemented by computer software executable by the processor 401 of
the apparatus 400, or by hardware, or by a combination of software
and hardware.
[0040] The MEM 402 may be of any type suitable to the local
technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable
data storage technology, such as semiconductor-based memory
devices, flash memory, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical
memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory, as
non-limiting examples. The processor 401 may be of any type
suitable to the local technical environment, and may include one or
more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers,
microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors
based on multi-core processor architecture, as non-limiting
examples.
[0041] Without in any way limiting the scope, interpretation, or
application of the claims appearing below, a technical effect of
one or more of the example embodiments disclosed herein may be
allowing the cubic metric to be computed with reasonable complexity
for dual-carrier and multiple-carrier communication devices. This
allows the device to determine the trade-off between the accuracy
requirements and computational complexity.
[0042] Embodiments of the present invention may be implemented in
software, hardware, application logic or a combination of software,
hardware and application logic. The software, application logic
and/or hardware may reside on an apparatus such as a user
equipment, a Node B/base station or other mobile communication
devices. If desired, part of the software, application logic and/or
hardware may reside on a user equipment 400, and part of the
software, application logic and/or hardware may reside on other
chipset or integrated circuit. In an example embodiment, the
application logic, software or an instruction set is maintained on
any one of various conventional computer-readable media. In the
context of this document, a "computer-readable medium" may be any
media or means that can contain, store, communicate, propagate or
transport the instructions for use by or in connection with an
instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. A
computer-readable medium may comprise a computer-readable storage
medium that may be any media or means that can contain or store the
instructions for use by or in connection with an instruction
execution system, apparatus, or device.
[0043] Although various aspects of the invention are set out in the
independent claims, other aspects of the invention comprise other
combinations of features from the described embodiments and/or the
dependent claims with the features of the independent claims, and
not solely the combinations explicitly set out in the claims.
[0044] It is also noted herein that while the above describes
example embodiments of the invention, these descriptions should not
be viewed in a limiting sense. Rather, there are several variations
and modifications which may be made without departing from the
scope of the present invention as defined in the appended
claims.
[0045] For example, while the example embodiments have been
described above in the context of the HSUPA system for uplink
transmission, it should be appreciated that the example embodiments
of this invention are not limited for use with only this one
particular type of wireless communication system, and that they may
be used to advantage in other wireless communication systems and in
downlink transmission. Although two carriers are assumed in FIGS. 2
and 3 for illustration purpose, the example embodiments of this
invention are also suitable for use with more than two
carriers.
[0046] Further, the various names used for the described parameters
are not intended to be limiting in any respect, as these parameters
may be identified by any suitable names. Further, the various names
assigned to different channels (e.g., E-DPCCH, etc.) are not
intended to be limiting in any respect, as these various channels
may be identified by any suitable names.
[0047] If desired, the different functions discussed herein may be
performed in a different order and/or concurrently with each other.
Furthermore, if desired, one or more of the above-described
functions may be optional or may be combined. As such, the
foregoing description should be considered as merely illustrative
of the principles, teachings and example embodiments of this
invention, and not in limitation thereof.
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