U.S. patent application number 13/786440 was filed with the patent office on 2013-07-04 for methods of treating giant cell arteritis with anti-tnf alpha antibodies.
This patent application is currently assigned to NEW YORK UNIVERSITY. The applicant listed for this patent is Janssen Biotech, Inc., New York University. Invention is credited to Peter E. Daddona, John Ghrayeb, David M. Knight, Junming Le, Scott A. Siegel, Jan T. Vilcek.
Application Number | 20130171136 13/786440 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 27580650 |
Filed Date | 2013-07-04 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130171136 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Le; Junming ; et
al. |
July 4, 2013 |
Methods of Treating Giant Cell Arteritis With Anti-TNF Alpha
Antibodies
Abstract
Anti-TNF antibodies, fragments and regions thereof which are
specific for human tumor necrosis factor-.alpha. (TNF.alpha.) and
are useful in vivo diagnosis and therapy of a number of
TNF.alpha.-mediated pathologies and conditions, as well as
polynucleotides coding for murine and chimeric antibodies, methods
of producing the antibody, methods of use of the anti-TNF antibody,
or fragment, region or derivative thereof, in immunoassays and
immunotherapeutic approaches are provided.
Inventors: |
Le; Junming; (Forest Hills,
NY) ; Vilcek; Jan T.; (New York, NY) ;
Daddona; Peter E.; (Menlo Park, CA) ; Ghrayeb;
John; (Downingtown, PA) ; Knight; David M.;
(Berwyn, PA) ; Siegel; Scott A.; (Ringoes,
NJ) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Janssen Biotech, Inc.;
New York University; |
Malvern
New York |
PA
NY |
US
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
New York
NY
JANSSEN BIOTECH, INC.
Malvern
PA
|
Family ID: |
27580650 |
Appl. No.: |
13/786440 |
Filed: |
March 5, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10227488 |
Aug 23, 2002 |
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13786440 |
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09766535 |
Jan 18, 2001 |
6991791 |
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10227488 |
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09133119 |
Aug 12, 1998 |
6277969 |
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09766535 |
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08570674 |
Dec 11, 1995 |
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09133119 |
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08324799 |
Oct 18, 1994 |
5698195 |
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08570674 |
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08192102 |
Feb 4, 1994 |
5656272 |
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08324799 |
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08192861 |
Feb 4, 1994 |
5919452 |
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08192102 |
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08192093 |
Feb 4, 1994 |
6284471 |
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08192861 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/133.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 39/3955 20130101;
A61K 31/405 20130101; A61K 31/167 20130101; A61K 31/196 20130101;
C07K 2319/00 20130101; A61P 37/00 20180101; A61K 2039/505 20130101;
A61K 45/06 20130101; C07K 16/30 20130101; C07K 2317/92 20130101;
A61K 31/519 20130101; A61K 31/485 20130101; C07K 14/525 20130101;
A61K 39/3955 20130101; C07K 2317/24 20130101; C07K 2317/34
20130101; A61K 38/00 20130101; A61K 45/00 20130101; C07K 16/241
20130101; A61K 31/573 20130101; A61K 31/192 20130101; C07K 2317/76
20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/133.1 |
International
Class: |
A61K 39/395 20060101
A61K039/395 |
Claims
1. A method of treating giant cell arteritis in a human in need
thereof, comprising administering to the human an effective
TNF.alpha.-inhibiting amount of an anti-TNF.alpha. chimeric
antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof for a sufficient
period of time to treat the giant cell arteritis, wherein said
anti-TNF.alpha. chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment (i)
competitively inhibits binding of A2 (ATCC Accession No. PTA-7045)
to human TNF.alpha. and (ii) binds to a neutralizing epitope of
human TNF.alpha. with an affinity of at least 1.times.10.sup.8
liter/mole, measured as an association constant (Ka), as determined
by Scatchard analysis.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said anti-TNF.alpha. chimeric
antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises an IgG1 constant
region.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering to the
human an effective amount of a therapeutic agent selected from the
group consisting of: an antirheumatic, a muscle relaxant, a
narcotic, a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), an
analgesic, an anesthetic, a sedative, a local anethetic, a
neuromuscular blocker, an antimicrobial, an antipsoriatic, a
corticosteriod, an anabolic steroid, a diabetes related agent, a
mineral, a nutritional, a thyroid agent, a vitamin, a calcium
related hormone, an antidiarrheal, an antitussive, an antiemetic,
an antiulcer, a laxative, an anticoagulant, an erythropoietin, a
filgrastim, a sargramostim, an immunization, an immunoglobulin, an
immunosuppressive, a growth hormone, a hormone replacement drug, an
estrogen receptor modulator, a mydriatic, a cycloplegic, an
alkylating agent, an antimetabolite, a mitotic inhibitor, a
radiopharmaceutical, an antidepressant, an antimanic agent, an
antipsychotic, an anxiolytic, a hypnotic, a sympathomimetic, a
stimulant, donepezil, tacrine, an asthma medication, a beta
agonist, an inhaled steroid, a leukotriene inhibitor, a
methylxanthine, a cromolyn, an epinephrine, an epinephrine analog,
dornase alpha, a cytokine and a cytokine antagonist.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering to the
human an effective amount of a disease modifying anti-rheumatic
drug.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering to the
human an effective amount of an anti-inflammatory agent.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering to the
human an effective amount of methotrexate.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering to the
human an effective amount of a pain control agent.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering to the
human an effective amount of at least one therapeutic agent
selected from the group consisting of: at least one antibiotic and
at least one steroid.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the anti-TNF.alpha. chimeric
antibody or antigen-binding fragment is administered at a dose of
1.0-5 mg/kg or 5-10 mg/kg.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the anti-TNF.alpha. chimeric
antibody or antigen-binding fragment is administered to the human
by means of parenteral administration.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the anti-TNF.alpha. chimeric
antibody is of immunoglobulin class IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 or
IgM.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the antigen-binding fragment is
a fragment selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab',
F(ab').sub.2 and Fv.
13. The method of claim 1 comprising administering to the human an
initial 5 mg/kg dose of the anti-TNF.alpha. chimeric antibody or
antigen-binding fragment, followed by another 5 mg/kg dose of said
anti-TNF.alpha. chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment at
two weeks, six weeks and every six weeks thereafter for a
sufficient period of time to treat the giant cell arteritis,
wherein said anti-TNF.alpha. chimeric antibody or antigen-binding
fragment competitively inhibits binding of TNF.alpha. to monoclonal
antibody cA2.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the light chain of the antibody
comprises all antigen-binding regions of the light chain of A2
(ATCC Accession No. PTA-7045).
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the heavy chain of the antibody
comprises all antigen-binding regions of the heavy chain of A2
(ATCC Accession No. PTA-7045).
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the light chain of the antibody
comprises all antigen-binding regions of the light chain of A2
(ATCC Accession No. PTA-7045) and the heavy chain of the antibody
comprises all antigen-binding regions of the heavy chain of A2
(ATCC Accession No. PTA-7045).
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 10/227,488, filed Aug. 23, 2002, which is a continuation of
U.S. application Ser. No. 09/766,535, filed Jan. 18, 2001, now U.S.
Pat. No. 6,991,791, issued Jan. 31, 2006, which is a divisional of
U.S. application Ser. No. 09/133,119, filed Aug. 12, 1998, now U.S.
Pat. No. 6,277,969, issued Aug. 21, 2001, which is a divisional of
U.S. application Ser. No. 08/570,674, filed Dec. 11, 1995, now
abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser.
No. 08/324,799, filed Oct. 18, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,195,
issued Dec. 16, 1997, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.
application Ser. No. 08/192,102, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,656,272,
issued Aug. 12, 1997, Ser. No. 08/192,861, now U.S. Pat. No.
5,919,452, issued Jul. 6, 1999, and Ser. No. 08/192,093, now U.S.
Pat. No. 6,284,471, issued Sep. 4, 2001 all filed on Feb. 4, 1994.
Each of the above applications is entirely incorporated herein by
reference.
BACKGROUND AND FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention in the field of immunology and
medicine relates to anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antibodies,
anti-TNF peptides and nucleic acids encoding therefor, and to
pharmaceutical and diagnostic compositions and production,
diagnostic and therapeutic methods thereof, and to methods for
treating human TNF-mediated pathologies.
DESCRIPTION OF THE BACKGROUND ART
Tumor Necrosis Factor
[0003] Monocytes and macrophages secrete cytokines known as tumor
necrosis factor-.alpha. (TNF.alpha.) and tumor necrosis
factor-.beta. (TNF.beta.) in response to endotoxin or other
stimuli. TNF.alpha. is a soluble homotrimer of 17 kD protein
subunits (Smith, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262:6951-6954 (1987)). A
membrane-bound 26 kD precursor form of TNF also exists (Kriegler,
et al., Cell 53:45-53 (1988)). For reviews of TNF, see Beutler, et
al., Nature 320:584 (1986), Old, Science 230:630 (1986), and Le, et
al., Lab. Invest. 56:234.
[0004] Cells other than monocytes or macrophages also make
TNF.alpha.. For example, human non-monocytic tumor cell lines
produce TNF (Rubin, et al., J. Exp. Med. 164:1350 (1986); Spriggs,
et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:6563 (1987)). CD4.sup.+ and
CD8.sup.+ peripheral blood T lymphocytes and some cultured T and B
cell lines (Cuturi, et al., J. Exp. Med. 165:1581 (1987); Sung, et
al., J. Exp. Med. 168:1539 (1988)) also produce TNF.alpha..
[0005] TNF causes pro-inflammatory actions which result in tissue
injury, such as inducing procoagulant activity on vascular
endothelial cells (Pober, et al., J. Immunol. 136:1680 (1986)),
increasing the adherence of neutrophils and lymphocytes (Pober, et
al., J. Immunol. 138:3319 (1987)), and stimulating the release of
platelet activating factor from macrophages, neutrophils and
vascular endothelial cells (Camussi, et al., J. Exp. Med. 166:1390
(1987)).
[0006] Recent evidence associates TNF with infections (Cerami, et
al., Immunol. Today 9:28 (1988)), immune disorders, neoplastic
pathologies (Oliff, et al., Cell 50:555 (1987)), autoimmune
pathologies and graft-versus host pathologies (Piguet, et al., J.
Exp. Med. 166:1280 (1987)). The association of TNF with cancer and
infectious pathologies is often related to the host's catabolic
state. Cancer patients suffer from weight loss, usually associated
with anorexia.
[0007] The extensive wasting which is associated with cancer, and
other diseases, is known as "cachexia" (Kern, et al., (J. Parent.
Enter. Nutr. 12:286-298 (1988)). Cachexia includes progressive
weight loss, anorexia, and persistent erosion of body mass in
response to a malignant growth. The fundamental physiological
derangement can relate to a decline in food intake relative to
energy expenditure. The cachectic state causes most cancer
morbidity and mortality. TNF can mediate cachexia in cancer,
infectious pathology, and other catabolic states.
[0008] TNF also plays a central role in gram-negative sepsis and
endotoxic shock (Michie, et al., Br. J. Surg. 76:670-671 (1989);
Debets, et al., Second Vienna Shock Forum, p. 463-466 (1989);
Simpson, et al., Crit. Care Clin. 5:27-47 (1989)), including fever,
malaise, anorexia, and cachexia. Endotoxin strongly activates
monocyte/macrophage production and secretion of TNF and other
cytokines (Kornbluth, et al., J. Immunol. 137:2585-2591 (1986)).
TNF and other monocyte-derived cytokines mediate the metabolic and
neurohormonal responses to endotoxin (Michie, et al., New. Engl. J.
Med. 318:1481-1486 (1988)). Endotoxin administration to human
volunteers produces acute illness with flu-like symptoms including
fever, tachycardia, increased metabolic rate and stress hormone
release (Revhaug, et al., Arch. Surg. 123:162-170 (1988)).
Circulating TNF increases in patients suffering from Gram-negative
sepsis (Waage, et al., Lancet 1:355-357 (1987); Hammerle, et al.,
Second Vienna Shock Forum p. 715-718 (1989); Debets, et al., Crit.
Care Med. 17:489-497 (1989); Calandra, et al., J. Infect. Dis.
161:982-987 (1990)).
TNF Antibodies
[0009] Polyclonal murine antibodies to TNF are disclosed by Cerami
et al. (EPO Patent Publication 0212489, Mar. 4, 1987). Such
antibodies were said to be useful in diagnostic immunoassays and in
therapy of shock in bacterial infections.
[0010] Rubin et al. (EPO Patent Publication 0218868, Apr. 22, 1987)
discloses murine monoclonal antibodies to human TNF, the hybridomas
secreting such antibodies, methods of producing such murine
antibodies, and the use of such murine antibodies in immunoassay of
TNF.
[0011] Yone et al. (EPO Patent Publication 0288088, Oct. 26, 1988)
discloses anti-TNF murine antibodies, including mAbs, and their
utility in immunoassay diagnosis of pathologies, in particular
Kawasaki's pathology and bacterial infection. The body fluids of
patients with Kawasaki's pathology (infantile acute febrile
mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome; Kawasaki, Allergy 16:178 (1967);
Kawasaki, Shonica (Pediatrics) 26:935 (1985)) were said to contain
elevated TNF levels which were related to progress of the pathology
(Yone et al., infra).
[0012] Other investigators have described rodent or murine mAbs
specific for recombinant human TNF which had neutralizing activity
in vitro (Liang, et al., (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 137:847-854
(1986); Meager, et al., Hybridoma 6:305-311 (1987); Fendly et al.,
Hybridoma 6:359-369 (1987); Bringman, et al., Hybridoma 6:489-507
(1987); Hirai, et al., J. Immunol. Meth. 96:57-62 (1987); Moller,
et al., (Cytokine 2:162-169 (1990)). Some of these mAbs were used
to map epitopes of human TNF and develop enzyme immunoassays
(Fendly et al., infra; Hirai et al., infra; Moller et al., infra)
and to assist in the purification of recombinant TNF (Bringman et
al., infra). However, these studies do not provide a basis for
producing TNF neutralizing antibodies that can be used for in vivo
diagnostic or therapeutic uses in humans, due to immunogenicity,
lack of specificity and/or pharmaceutical suitability.
[0013] Neutralizing antisera or mAbs to TNF have been shown in
mammals other than man to abrogate adverse physiological changes
and prevent death after lethal challenge in experimental
endotoxemia and bacteremia. This effect has been demonstrated,
e.g., in rodent lethality assays and in primate pathology model
systems (Mathison, et al., J. Clin. Invest. 81:1925-1937 (1988);
Beutler, et al., Science 229:869-871 (1985); Tracey, et al., Nature
330:662-664 (1987); Shimamoto, et al., Immunol. Lett. 17:311-318
(1988); Silva, et al., J. Infect. Dis. 162:421-427 (1990); Opal, et
al., J. Infect. Dis. 161:1148-1152 (1990); Hinshaw, et al., Circ.
Shock 30:279-292 (1990)).
[0014] Putative receptor binding loci of hTNF has been disclosed by
Eck and Sprang (J. Biol. Chem. 264(29), 17595-17605 (1989)), who
identified the receptor binding loci of TNF-.alpha. as consisting
of amino acids 11-13, 37-42, 49-57 and 155-157.
[0015] PCT publication WO91/02078 (1991) discloses TNF ligands
which can bind to monoclonal antibodies having the following
epitopes: at least one of 1-20, 56-77, and 108-127; at least two of
1-20, 56-77, 108-127 and 138-149; all of 1-18, 58-65, 115-125 and
138-149; all of 1-18, and 108-128; all of 56-79, 110-127 and 135-
or 136-155; all of 1-30, 117-128 and 141-153; all of 1-26, 117-128
and 141-153; all of 22-40, 49-96 or 49-97, 110-127 and 136-153; all
of 12-22, 36-45, 96-105 and 132-157; both of 1-20 and 76-90; all of
22-40, 69-97, 105-128 and 135-155; all of 22-31 and 146-157; all of
22-40 and 49-98; at least one of 22-40, 49-98 and 69-97, both of
22-40 and 70-87.
[0016] To date, experience with anti-TNF murine mAb therapy in
humans has been limited. In a phase I study, fourteen patients with
severe septic shock were administered a murine anti-TNF mAb in a
single dose from 0.4-10 mg/kg (Exley, A. R. et al., Lancet
335:1275-1277 (1990)). However, seven of the fourteen patients
developed a human anti-murine antibody response to the treatment,
which treatment suffers from the known problems due to
immunogenicity from the use of murine heavy and light chain
portions of the antibody. Such immunogenicity causes decreased
effectiveness of continued administration and can render treatment
ineffective, in patients undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic
administration of murine anti-TNF antibodies.
[0017] Administration of murine TNF mAb to patients suffering from
severe graft versus host pathology has also been reported (Herve,
et al., Lymphoma Res. 9:591 (1990)).
TNF Receptors
[0018] The numerous biological effects of TNF.alpha. and the
closely related cytokine, TNF.beta. (lymphotoxin), are mediated by
two TNF transmembrane receptors, both of which have been cloned.
The p55 receptor (also termed TNF-R55, TNF-RI, or TNFR.beta.) is a
55 kDa glycoprotein shown to transduce signals resulting in
cytotoxic, anti-viral, and proliferative activities of
TNF.alpha..
[0019] The p75 receptor (also termed TNF-R75, TNF-RII, or
TNFR.alpha.) is a 75 kDa glycoprotein that has also been shown to
transduce cytotoxic and proliferative signals as well as signals
resulting in the secretion of GM-CSF. The extracellular domains of
the two receptors have 28% homology and have in common a set of
four subdomains defined by numerous conserved cysteine residues.
The p75 receptor differs, however, by having a region adjacent to
the transmembrane domain that is rich in proline residues and
contains sites for O-linked glycosylation. Interestingly, the
cytoplasmic domains of the two receptors share no apparent homology
which is consistent with observations that they can transduce
different signals to the interior of the cell.
[0020] TNF.alpha. inhibiting proteins have been detected in normal
human urine and in serum of patients with cancer or endotoxemia.
These have since been shown to be the extracellular domains of TNF
receptors derived by proteolytic cleavage of the transmembrane
forms. Many of the same stimuli that result in TNF.alpha. release
also result in the release of the soluble receptors, suggesting
that these soluble TNF.alpha. inhibitors can serve as part of a
negative feedback mechanism to control TNF.alpha. activity.
[0021] Aderka, et al., Isrl. J. Med. Sci. 28:126-130 (1992)
discloses soluble forms of TNF receptors (sTNF-Rs) which
specifically bind TNF and thus can compete with cell surface TNF
receptors to bind TNF (Seckinger, et al., J. Exp. Med.
167:1511-1516 (1988); Engelmann, et al., J. Biol. Chem.
264:11974-11980 (1989)).
[0022] Loetscher, et al., Cell 61:351-359 (Apr. 20, 1990) discloses
the cloning and expression of human 55 kd TNF receptor with the
partial amino acid sequence, complete cDNA sequence and predicted
amino acid sequence.
[0023] Schall et al., Cell 61:361-370 (Apr. 20, 1990), discloses
molecular cloning and expression of a receptor for human TNF with
an isolated cDNA clone including a receptor as a 415 amino acid
protein with an apparent molecular weight of 28 kDa, as well as the
cDNA sequence and predicted amino acid sequence.
[0024] Nophar, et al., EMBO J. 9(10):3269-3278 (1990) discloses
soluble forms of TNF receptor and that the cDNA for type I TNF-R
encodes both the cell surface and soluble forms of the receptor.
The cDNA and predicted amino acid sequences are disclosed.
[0025] Engelmann, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 265(3):1531-1536 (1990),
discloses TNF-binding proteins, purified from human urine, both
having an approximate molecular weight of 30 kDa and binding
TNF-.alpha. more effectively than TNF-.beta.. Sequence data is not
disclosed. See also Engelmann, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264
(20):11974-11980 (1989).
[0026] European Patent publication number 0 433 900 A1, published
Jun. 26, 1991, owned by YEDA Research and Development Co., Ltd.,
Wallach, et al., discloses TNF binding protein I (TBP-I),
derivatives and analogs thereof, produced expression of a DNA
encoding the entire human type I TNF receptor, or a soluble domain
thereof.
[0027] PCT publication number WO 92/13095, published Aug. 6, 1992,
owned by Synergen, Carmichael et al., discloses methods for
treating tumor necrosis factor mediated diseases by administration
of a therapeutically effective amount of a TNF inhibitor selected
from a 30 kDa TNF inhibitor and a 40 kDa TNF inhibitor selected
from the full length 40 kDa TNF inhibitor or modifications
thereof.
[0028] European Patent Publication number 0 526 905 A2, published
Oct. 2, 1993, owned by YEDA Research and Development Company, Ltd.,
Wallach et al., discloses multimers of the soluble forms of TNF
receptors produced by either chemical or recombinant methods which
are useful for protecting mammals from the deleterious effects of
TNF, which include portions of the hp55 TNF-receptor.
[0029] PCT publication WO 92/07076, published Apr. 30, 1992, owned
by Charring Cross Sunley Research Center, Feldmann et al.,
discloses modified human TNF.alpha. receptor which consists of the
first three cysteine-rich subdomains but lacks the fourth
cysteine-rich subdomain of the extracellular binding domain of the
55 kDa or 75 kDa TNF receptor for human TNF.alpha., or an amino
acid sequence having a homology of 90% or more with the TNF
receptor sequences.
[0030] European Patent Publication 0 412 486 A1, published Feb. 13,
1991, owned by YEDA Research and Development Co., Ltd., Wallach et
al., discloses antibodies to TNF binding protein I (TBP-I), and
fragments thereof, which can be used as diagnostic assays or
pharmaceutical agents, either inhibiting or mimicking the effects
of TNF on cells.
[0031] European Patent Publication number 0 398 327 A1, published
Nov. 22, 1990, owned by YEDA Research and Development Co., Ltd.,
Wallach et al., discloses TNF binding protein (TBP), isolated and
purified, having inhibitory activity on the cytotoxic effect of
TNF, as well as TNF binding protein II and salts, functional
derivatives, precursors and active fractions thereof, as well as
polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to TNF binding protein II.
[0032] European Patent Publication 0 308 378 A2, published Mar. 22,
1989, owned by YEDA Research and Development Co., Ltd., Wallach, et
al., discloses TNF inhibitory protein isolated and substantially
purified, having activity to inhibit the binding of TNF to TNF
receptors and to inhibit the cytotoxicity of TNF. Additionally
disclosed are TNF inhibitory protein, salts, functional derivatives
and active fractions thereof, used to antagonize the deleterious
effects of TNF.
[0033] Accordingly, there is a need to provide novel TNF antibodies
or peptides which overcome the problems of murine antibody
immunogenicity and which provide reduced immunogenicity and
increased neutralization activity.
[0034] Citation of documents herein is not intended as an admission
that any of the documents cited herein is pertinent prior art, or
an admission that the cited documents is considered material to the
patentability of any of the claims of the present application. All
statements as to the date or representation as to the contents of
these documents is based on the information available to the
applicant and does not constitute any admission as to the
correctness of the dates or contents of these documents.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0035] It is the object of the present invention to overcome one or
more deficiencies of the background art.
[0036] It is also an object of the present invention to provide
methods having utility for in vitro, in situ and/or in vivo
diagnosis and/or treatment of animal cells, tissues or pathologies
associated with the presence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), using
anti-TNF antibodies and/or anti-TNF peptides.
[0037] Anti-TNF antibodies (Abs) are intended to include at least
one of monoclonal rodent-human chimeric antibodies, rodent
antibodies, human antibodies or any portions thereof, having at
least one antigen binding region of an immunoglobulin variable
region, which antibody binds TNF.
[0038] Anti-TNF peptides are capable of binding TNF under
physiological conditions, and can include, but are not limited to,
portions of a TNF receptor and/or portions or structural analogs of
anti-TNF antibody antigen binding regions or variable regions. Such
antibodies or peptides bind TNF with neutralizing and/or inhibiting
biological activity.
[0039] Anti-TNF antibodies and/or anti-TNF peptides of the present
invention can be routinely made and/or used according to methods of
the present invention, such as, but not limited to synthetic
methods, hybridomas, and/or recombinant cells expressing nucleic
acid encoding such anti-TNF antibodies or peptides.
[0040] The present invention also provides antigenic polypeptides
of hTNF, corresponding to peptides containing neutralizing epitopes
or portions of TNF that, when such epitopes on TNF are bound by
anti-TNF antibodies or peptides, neutralize or inhibit the
biological activity of TNF in vitro, in situ or in vivo.
[0041] The present invention also provides anti-TNF antibodies and
peptides in the form of pharmaceutical and/or diagnostic compounds
and/or compositions, useful for the diagnostic and/or therapeutic
methods of the present invention for diagnosing and/or treating
TNF-related pathologies.
[0042] Anti-TNF Abs or anti-TNF peptides of the present invention
are provided for use in diagnostic methods for detecting TNF in
patients or animals suspected of suffering from conditions
associated with abnormal TNF production, including methods wherein
high affinity anti-TNF antibodies or peptides are contacted with a
biological sample from a patient and an antigen-antibody reaction
detected. Also included in the present invention are kits for
detecting TNF in a solution using anti-TNF antibodies or peptides,
preferably in detectably labeled form.
[0043] The present invention is also directed to an anti-hTNF
chimeric antibody comprising two light chains and two heavy chains,
each of the chains comprising at least part of a human constant
region and at least part of a variable (V) region of non-human
origin having specificity to human TNF, said antibody binding with
high affinity to a inhibiting and/or neutralizing epitope of human
TNF, such as the antibody cA2. The invention also includes a
fragments or a derivative such an antibody, such as one or more
portions of the antibody chain, such as the heavy chain constant,
joining, diversity or variable regions, or the light chain
constant, joining or variable regions.
[0044] Methods are also provided for making and using anti-TNF
antibodies and peptides for various utilities of the present
invention, such as but not limited to, hybridoma, recombinant or
chemical synthetic methods for producing anti-TNF antibodies or
anti-TNF peptides according to the present invention; detecting TNF
in a solution or cell; removing TNF from a solution or cell,
inhibiting one or more biological activities of TNF in vitro, in
situ or in vitro. Such removal can include treatment methods of the
present invention for alleviating symptoms or pathologies involving
TNF, such as, by not limited to bacterial, viral or parasitic
infections, chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases,
malignancies, and/or neurodegenerative diseases.
[0045] The invention further relates to the unexpected discovery
that the inhibition or antagonism of TNF decreases the expression
of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) or Vascular
Permeability Factor (VPF). VEGF has been implicated in the
angiogenesis in cancer, vascular diseases and rheumatoid arthritis,
for example. Thus, a TNF antagonist, such as an anti-TNF antibody,
can be administered to a mammal for the treatment to decrease
angiogenesis, such as in the treatment of a VEGF-mediated
disease.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0046] FIG. 1 is a graph showing dose dependent binding of mouse
mAb A2 to human TNF.alpha..
[0047] FIG. 2 is a graph showing lack of recognition of
heat-inactivated human TNF.alpha. by mAb A2.
[0048] FIG. 3 is a graph showing neutralization of in vitro TNF
cytotoxicity by murine A2. Control: murine IgG1 anti-lipid A mAb
(8A1) with natural human TNF. Average absorbance values for
controls were as follows: no TNF added=1.08; natural TNF, no
antibody=0.290; and recombinant TNF, no antibody=0.500.
[0049] FIG. 4 is a graph showing that mAb A2 and chimeric A2 do not
inhibit or neutralize human lymphotoxin (TNF.beta.).
[0050] FIG. 5 is a graph showing that mAbs murine A2 and chimeric
CA2 do not inhibit or neutralize murine TNF.alpha..
[0051] FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 are graphs showing that mAb A2 inhibits or
neutralizes TNF produced by chimpanzee monocytes and
rhTNF.alpha..
[0052] FIGS. 8A and 8B provide schematic diagrams of the plasmids
used for expression of the chimeric H (pA2HG1apgpt) and L
(pA2HuKapgpt) chains of the chimeric A2 antibody.
[0053] FIGS. 9A and 9B are graphs showing results of a
cross-blocking epitope ELISA with murine A2 (mA2) and chimeric
(cA2) antibody competitors.
[0054] FIGS. 10A and 10B are graphs of a Scatchard analysis of
.sup.125I-labelled mAb A2 (mA2) and chimeric A2 (cA2) binding to
recombinant human TNF.alpha. immobilized on a microtiter plate.
Each Ka value was calculated from the average of two independent
determinations.
[0055] FIG. 11 is a graph showing neutralization of TNF
cytotoxicity by chimeric A2. The control is a chimeric mouse/human
IgG1 anti-platelet mAb (7E3) reacting with natural human TNF.
Average absorbance values for controls were: no TNF added=1.08;
natural TNF, no Ab=0.290; and recombinant TNF, no Ab=0.500.
[0056] FIG. 12 is a graph showing in vitro neutralization of
TNF-induced ELAM-1 expression by chimeric A2. The control is a
chimeric mouse/human IgG1 anti-CD4 antibody.
[0057] FIG. 13 is an amino acid sequence of human TNF as SEQ ID
NO:1.
[0058] FIGS. 14A-14B. FIG. 14A is a graphical representation of
epitope mapping of chimeric mAb cA2 indicating relative binding of
cA2 to human TNF peptide pins. FIG. 14B is a graphical
representation of epitope mapping of chimeric mAb cA2 indicating
relative binding of cA2 to human TNF peptide pins in the presence
of human TNF.
[0059] FIG. 15 is an amino acid sequence of human TNF showing
sequences having portions of epitopes recognized by cA2,
corresponding to portions of amino acids 59-80 and/or 87-108 of SEQ
ID NO:1.
[0060] FIGS. 16A-16B. FIG. 16A is a nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID
NO:2) and corresponding amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:3) of a
cloned cA2 light chain variable region. FIG. 16B is a nucleic acid
sequence (SEQ ID NO:4) and corresponding amino acid sequence (SEQ
ID NO:5) of a cloned cA2 heavy chain variable region.
[0061] FIG. 17 is a graphical representation of the early morning
stiffness for the five patients in group I, and the four patients
in group II is plotted as the mean percent of the baseline value
versus time. Both groups showed an approximately 80 percent
decrease or greater in early morning stiffness, which persisted for
greater than 40 days.
[0062] FIG. 18 is a graphical representation of the assessment of
pain using a visual analogue scale for the five patients in group
I, and the four patients in group II, is plotted as the mean
percent of the baseline value versus time. Both groups showed an
approximately 60 to 80 percent decrease in pain score which
persisted for greater than 40 days.
[0063] FIG. 19 is a graphical representation of the Ritchie
Articular Index, (a scale scored of joint tenderness), plotted as
the mean percent of the baseline value versus time. Both groups
showed an approximately 80 percent decrease in the Ritchie
Articular Index, which persisted for greater than 40 days.
[0064] FIG. 20 is a graphical representation of the number of
swollen joints for the five patients in group I and the four
patients in Group II plotted as the mean percent of baseline value
versus time. Both groups showed an approximately 70 to 80 percent
decrease in swollen joints, which persisted for 30 to 40 days.
[0065] FIG. 21 is a graphical representation of the serum
C-reactive protein for four to five patients in group I, and three
of the four patients in group II, plotted as the mean percent of
the baseline value versus time. Both groups showed an approximately
80 percent reduction in CRP which persisted for 30 to 40 days. The
values for patient number 1 and patient number 7 were omitted from
the computations on which the plots are based, since these patients
did not have elevated CRP values at baseline.
[0066] FIG. 22 is a graphical representation of the erythrocyte
sedimentation rate for the five patients in group I and three of
the patients in group II plotted as the mean percent of the
baseline value versus time. Both groups showed an approximately 40
percent reduction in ESR which persisted for at least 40 days. The
data from patient number 9 is omitted from the computations on
which the plots were based, since this patient did not have an
elevated ESR at baseline.
[0067] FIG. 23 is a graphical representation of the index of
Disease Activity, (a composite score of several parameters of
disease activity), for the five patients in group I, and the four
patients in group II, plotted as the mean percent of the baseline
value versus time. Both groups showed a clinically significant
reduction in IDA, which persisted for at least 40 days.
[0068] FIG. 24 is a graphical representation of swollen joint
counts (maximum 28), as recorded by a single observer. Circles
represent individual patients and horizontal bars show median
values at each time point. The screening time point was within 4
weeks of entry to the study (week 0); data from patient 15 were not
included after week 2 (dropout). Significance of the changes,
relative to week 0, by Mann Whitney test, adjusted: week 1,
p>0.05; week 2, p<0.02; weeks 3-4, p<0.002; weeks 6-8,
p<0.001.
[0069] FIG. 25 is a graphical representation of levels of serum
C--reactive protein (CRP)--Serum CRP (normal range 0-10 mg/liter),
measured by nephelometry. Circles represent individual patients and
horizontal bars show median values at each time point. The
screening time point was within 4 weeks of entry to the study (week
0); data from patient 15 were not included after week 2 (dropout).
Significance of the changes, relative to week 0, by Mann-Whitney
test, adjusted: week 1, p<0.001; week 2, p<0.003; week 3,
p<0.002; week 4, p<0.02; week 6, 8, p<0.001.
[0070] FIGS. 26A-26B. FIG. 26A is a schematic illustration of the
genes encoding TNF receptor/IgG fusion proteins and the gene
encoding the truncated light chain. The gene encoding Ig heavy
chain (IgH) fusion proteins had the same basic structure as the
naturally occurring, rearranged Ig genes except that the Ig
variable region coding sequence was replaced with TNF receptor
coding sequence. Except for the TNF receptor coding sequences and a
partial human K sequence derived by modifying the murine J region
coding sequence in the cM-T412 IgH gene by PCT mutagenesis, the
entire genomic fragment shown originated from the cM-T412 chimeric
mouse/human IgH gene. Looney et al., Hum. Antibody Hybrid.
3:191-200 (1992). The region deleted in the genes encoding p55-sf3
and p75P-sf3 is marked in the figure. The JC.sub.K gene, encoding a
truncated Ig Kappa light chain, was constructed by deleting the
variable region coding sequence from the cM-T412 chimeric
mouse/human Ig Kappa gene (Looney, infra) and using PCR mutagenesis
to change the murine J sequence to a partial human J sequence. The
p55-light chain fusion in p55-df2 was made by inserting the p55
coding sequence into the EcoRV site in the JC.sub.K gene. Tracey et
al., Nature 330:662-666 (1987). FIG. 26B is a schematic
illustration of several immunoreceptor molecules of the present
invention. The blackened ovals each represent a domain of the IgG1
constant region. The circles represent the truncated light chain
Small circles adjacent to a p55 or p75 subunit mark the positions
of human J sequence. The incomplete circles in p75-sf2 and -sf3 are
to illustrate that the C-terminal 53 amino acids of the p75
extracellular domain were deleted. Lines between subunits represent
disulfide bonds.
[0071] FIG. 27 is a schematic illustration of the construction of a
cM-T412 heavy chain so that it has a unique cloning site for
insertion of foreign genes such as p55 and p75.
[0072] FIG. 28 is a schematic illustration of the construction of
the vectors used to express the heavy chain of the
immunoreceptors.
[0073] FIG. 29 is a schematic illustration of the construction of a
cM-T412 light chain so that it has a unique cloning site for
insertion of foreign genes such as p55 and p75.
[0074] FIG. 30 is a schematic illustration of the construction of
the vectors used to express the light chain of the
immunoreceptors.
[0075] FIGS. 31A-31C are graphical representations showing that
fusion proteins protected WEHI 164 cells from TNF.alpha.
cytotoxicity. Cells were first sensitized to TNF.alpha. with
actinomycin D and then incubated in 2 ng/ml TNF.alpha. with varying
concentrations of TNF.alpha. overnight at 37.degree. C. Cell
viability was determined by measuring their uptake of MTT dye. FIG.
31A shows p55 fusion proteins. FIG. 31B shows p75 fusion proteins.
FIG. 31C shows comparison of the protective ability of the
non-fusion form of p55 (p55-nf) to p55-sf2.
[0076] FIG. 32 is a graphical representation of data showing that
fusion proteins also effectively protect WEHI 164 cells from
TNF.beta. cytotoxicity.
[0077] FIGS. 33A-33H are graphical representations of analyses of
binding between the various fusion proteins and TNF.alpha. by
saturation binding (FIGS. 33A and 33B) and Scatchard analysis (FIG.
33C-33H). A microtiter plate was coated with excess goat anti-Fc
polyclonal antibody and incubated with 10 ng/ml of fusion protein
in TBST buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.8, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05%
Tween-20) for 1 hour. Varying amounts of .sup.125I labeled
TNF.alpha. (specific activity--34.8 .mu.Ci/.mu.g) were then
incubated with the captured fusion protein in PBS (10 mM Na
Phosphate, pH 7.0, 150 mM NaCl) with 1% bovine serum albumin for 2
hours. Unbound TNF.alpha. was washed away with four washes in PBS
and the cpm bound was quantitated using a y-counter. All samples
were analyzed in triplicate. The slope of the lines in (FIGS.
33C-H) represent the affinity constant, K.sub.a. The dissociation
constant (K.sub.d) values (see Table 1) were derived using the
equation K.sub.d=I/K.sub.a.
[0078] FIG. 34 is a graphic illustration depicting VEGF levels in
the serum of rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with placebo
(circles), 1 mg/kg cA2 antibody (square) or 10 mg/kg (triangle).
The figure shows that the administration of an anti-TNF antibody
resulted in decreased levels of VEGF.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0079] Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has been discovered to mediate
or be involved in many pathologies, such as, but not limited to,
bacterial, viral or parasitic infections, chronic inflammatory
diseases, autoimmune diseases, malignancies, and/or
neurodegenerative diseases. Accordingly, anti-TNF compounds and
compositions of the present invention which have neutralizing
and/or inhibiting activity against TNF are discovered to provide
methods for treating and/or diagnosing such pathologies.
[0080] The present invention thus provides anti-TNF compounds and
compositions comprising anti-TNF antibodies (Abs) and/or anti-TNF
peptides which inhibit and/or neutralize TNF biological activity in
vitro, in situ and/or in vivo, as specific for association with
neutralizing epitopes of human tumor necrosis factor-alpha
(hTNF.alpha.) and/or human tumor necrosis factor .beta.
(hINF.beta.). Such anti-TNF Abs or peptides have utilities for use
in research, diagnostic and/or therapeutic methods of the present
invention for diagnosing and/or treating animals or humans having
pathologies or conditions associated with the presence of a
substance reactive with an anti-TNF antibody, such as TNF or
metabolic products thereof. Such pathologies can include the
generalized or local presence of TNF or related compounds, in
amounts and/or concentrations exceeding, or less than, those
present in a normal healthy subject, or as related to a
pathological condition.
Anti-TNF Antibodies and Methods
[0081] The term "antibody" is meant to include polyclonal
antibodies, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), chimeric antibodies,
anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies to antibodies that can be
labeled in soluble or bound form, as well as fragments, regions or
derivatives thereof, provided by any known technique, such as, but
not limited to, enzymatic cleavage, peptide synthesis or
recombinant techniques. Such anti-TNF antibodies of the present
invention are capable of binding portions of TNF that inhibit the
binding of TNF to TNF receptors.
[0082] Polyclonal antibodies are heterogeneous populations of
antibody molecules derived from the sera of animals immunized with
an antigen. A monoclonal antibody contains a substantially
homogeneous population of antibodies specific to antigens, which
population contains substantially similar epitope binding sites.
MAbs may be obtained by methods known to those skilled in the art.
See, for example Kohler and Milstein, Nature 256:495-497 (1975);
U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110; Ausubel et al., eds., Current Protocols in
Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley Interscience,
N.Y., (1987, 1992); and Harlow and Lane ANTIBODIES: A Laboratory
Manual Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1988); Colligan et al., eds.,
Current Protocols in Immunology, Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley
Interscience, N.Y., (1992, 1993), the contents of which references
are incorporated entirely herein by reference. Such antibodies may
be of any immunoglobulin class including IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, GILD
and any subclass thereof. A hybridoma producing a mAb of the
present invention may be cultivated in vitro, in situ or in vivo.
Production of high titers of mAbs in vivo or in situ makes this the
presently preferred method of production.
[0083] Chimeric antibodies are molecules different portions of
which are derived from different animal species, such as those
having variable region derived from a murine mAb and a human
immunoglobulin constant region, which are primarily used to reduce
immunogenicity in application and to increase yields in production,
for example, where murine mAbs have higher yields from hybridomas
but higher immunogenicity in humans, such that human/murine
chimeric mAbs are used. Chimeric antibodies and methods for their
production are known in the art (Cabilly et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 81:3273-3277 (1984); Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 81:6851-6855 (1984); Boulianne et al., Nature 312:643-646
(1984); Cabilly et al., European Patent Application 125023
(published Nov. 14, 1984); Neuberger et al., Nature 314:268-270
(1985); Taniguchi et al., European Patent Application 171496
(published Feb. 19, 1985); Morrison et al., European Patent
Application 173494 (published Mar. 5, 1986); Neuberger et al., PCT
Application WO 86/01533, (published Mar. 13, 1986); Kudo et al.,
European Patent Application 184187 (published Jun. 11, 1986);
Morrison et al., European Patent Application 173494 (published Mar.
5, 1986); Sahagan et al., J. Immunol. 137:1066-1074 (1986);
Robinson et al., International Patent Publication #PCT/US86/02269
(published 7 May 1987); Liu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
84:3439-3443 (1987); Sun et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
84:214-218 (1987); Better et al., Science 240:1041-1043 (1988); and
Harlow and Lane Antibodies: a Laboratory Manual Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory (1988)). These references are entirely incorporated
herein by reference.
[0084] An anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibody is an antibody which
recognizes unique determinants generally associated with the
antigen-binding site of an antibody. An Id antibody can be prepared
by immunizing an animal of the same species and genetic type (e.g.,
mouse strain) as the source of the mAb with the mAb to which an
anti-Id is being prepared. The immunized animal will recognize and
respond to the idiotypic determinants of the immunizing antibody by
producing an antibody to these idiotypic determinants (the anti-Id
antibody). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,880, which is
herein entirely incorporated by reference.
[0085] The anti-Id antibody may also be used as an "immunogen" to
induce an immune response in yet another animal, producing a
so-called anti-anti-Id antibody. The anti-anti-Id may be
epitopically identical to the original mAb which induced the
anti-Id. Thus, by using antibodies to the idiotypic determinants of
a mAb, it is possible to identify other clones expressing
antibodies of identical specificity.
[0086] Anti-TNF antibodies of the present invention can include at
least one of a heavy chain constant region (H.sub.c), a heavy chain
variable region (H.sub.v), a light chain variable region (L.sub.v)
and a light chain constant region (L.sub.c), wherein a polyclonal
Ab, monoclonal Ab, fragment and/or regions thereof include at least
one heavy chain variable region (H.sub.v) or light chain variable
region (L.sub.v) which binds a portion of a TNF and inhibits and/or
neutralizes at least one TNF biological activity.
[0087] Preferred antibodies of the present invention are high
affinity human-murine chimeric anti-TNF antibodies, and fragments
or regions thereof, that have potent inhibiting and/or neutralizing
activity in vivo against human TNF.alpha.. Such antibodies and
chimeric antibodies can include those generated by immunization
using purified recombinant hTNF.alpha. (SEQ ID NO:1) or peptide
fragments thereof. Such fragments can include epitopes of at least
5 amino acids of residues 87-108, or a combination of both of 59-80
and 87-108 of hTNF.alpha. (as these corresponding amino acids of
SEQ ID NO:1). Additionally, preferred antibodies, fragments and
regions of anti-TNF antibodies of the present invention do not
recognize amino acids from at least one of amino acids 11-13,
37-42, 49-57 or 155-157 of hTNF.alpha. (of SEQ ID NO:1).
[0088] Preferred anti-TNF mAbs are also those which will
competitively inhibit in vivo the binding to human TNF.alpha. of
anti-TNF.alpha. murine mAb A2, chimeric mAb cA2, or an antibody
having substantially the same specific binding characteristics, as
well as fragments and regions thereof. Preferred antibodies of the
present invention are those that bind epitopes recognized by A2 and
cA2, which are included in amino acids 59-80 and/or 87-108 of
hTNF.alpha. (as these corresponding amino acids of SEQ ID NO:1),
such that the epitopes consist of at least 5 amino acids which
comprise at least one amino acid from the above portions of human
TNF.alpha..
[0089] Preferred methods for determining mAb specificity and
affinity by competitive inhibition can be found in Harlow, et al.,
Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1988), Colligan et al., eds.,
Current Protocols in Immunology, Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley
Interscience, N.Y., (1992, 1993), and Muller, Meth. Enzymol.
92:589-601 (1983), which references are entirely incorporated
herein by reference.
[0090] The techniques to raise antibodies of the present invention
to small peptide sequences that recognize and bind to those
sequences in the free or conjugated form or when presented as a
native sequence in the context of a large protein are well known in
the art. Such antibodies include murine, murine-human and
human-human antibodies produced by hybridoma or recombinant
techniques known in the art.
[0091] As used herein, the term "antigen binding region" refers to
that portion of an antibody molecule which contains the amino acid
residues that interact with an antigen and confer on the antibody
its specificity and affinity for the antigen. The antibody region
includes the "framework" amino acid residues necessary to maintain
the proper conformation of the antigen-binding residues.
[0092] Preferably, the antigen binding region will be of murine
origin. In other embodiments, the antigen binding region can be
derived from other animal species, in particular rodents such as
rabbit, rat or hamster.
[0093] The antigen binding region of the chimeric antibody of the
present invention is preferably derived from a non-human antibody
specific for human TNF. Preferred sources for the DNA encoding such
a non-human antibody include cell lines which produce antibody,
preferably hybrid cell lines commonly known as hybridomas A
preferred hybridoma is the A2 hybridoma cell line.
[0094] An "antigen" is a molecule or a portion of a molecule
capable of being bound by an antibody which is additionally capable
of inducing an animal to produce antibody capable of binding to an
epitope of that antigen. An antigen can have one or more than one
epitope. The specific reaction referred to above is meant to
indicate that the antigen will react, in a highly selective manner,
with its corresponding antibody and not with the multitude of other
antibodies which can be evoked by other antigens. Preferred
antigens that bind antibodies, fragments and regions of anti-TNF
antibodies of the present invention include at least 5 amino acids
comprising at least one of amino acids residues 87-108 or both
residues 59-80 and 87-108 of hTNF.alpha. (of SEQ ID NO:1).
Preferred antigens that bind antibodies, fragments and regions of
anti-TNF antibodies of the present invention do not include amino
acids of amino acids 11-13, 37-42, 49-57 or 155-157 of hTNF.alpha.
(SEQ ID NO:1).
[0095] Particular peptides which can be used to generate antibodies
of the present invention can include combinations of amino acids
selected from at least residues 87-108 or both residues 59-80 and
87-108, which are combined to provide an epitope of TNF that is
bound by anti-TNF antibodies, fragments and regions thereof, and
which binding provided anti-TNF biological activity. Such epitopes
include at least 1-5 amino acids and less than 22 amino acids from
residues 87-108 or each of residues 59-80 and 87-108, which in
combination with other amino acids of TNF provide epitopes of at
least 5 amino acids in length.
[0096] TNF residues 87-108 or both residues 59-80 and 87-108 of TNF
(of SEQ ID NO:1), fragments or combinations of peptides containing
therein are useful as immunogens to raise antibodies that will
recognize peptide sequences presented in the context of the native
TNF molecule.
[0097] The term "epitope" is meant to refer to that portion of any
molecule capable of being recognized by and bound by an antibody at
one or more of the Ab's antigen binding regions. Epitopes usually
consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as
amino acids or sugar side chains and have specific three
dimensional structural characteristics as well as specific charge
characteristics. By "inhibiting and/or neutralizing epitope" is
intended an epitope, which, when bound by an antibody, results in
loss of biological activity of the molecule or organism containing
the epitope, in vivo, in vitro or in situ, more preferably in vivo,
including binding of TNF to a TNF receptor.
[0098] Epitopes recognized by antibodies, and fragments and regions
thereof, of the present invention can include 5 or more amino acids
comprising at least one amino acid of each or both of the following
amino acid sequences of TNF, which provide a topographical or three
dimensional epitope of TNF which is recognized by, and/or binds
with anti-TNF activity, an antibody, and fragments, and variable
regions thereof, of the present invention:
TABLE-US-00001 59-80: (AA 59-80 of SEQ ID NO: 1)
Tyr-Ser-Gln-Val-Leu-Phe-Lys-Gly-Gln-Gly-
Cys-Pro-Ser-Thr-His-Val-Leu-Leu-Thr-His- Thr-Ile; and 87-108: (AA
87-108 of SEQ ID NO: 1) Tyr-Gln-Thr-Lys-Val-Asn-Leu-Leu-Ser-Ala-
Ile-Lys-Ser-Pro-Cys-Gln-Arg-Glu-Thr-Pro- Glu-Gly.
[0099] Preferred antibodies, fragments and regions of anti-TNF
antibodies of the present invention recognize epitopes including 5
amino acids comprising at least one amino acid from amino acids
residues 87-108 or both residues 59-80 and 87-108 of hTNF.alpha.
(of SEQ ID NO:1). Preferred antibodies, fragments and regions of
anti-TNF antibodies of the present invention do not recognize
epitopes from at least one of amino acids 11-13, 37-42, 49-57 or
155-157 of hTNF.alpha. (of SEQ ID NO:1). Ina preferred embodiment,
the epitope comprises at least 2 amino acids from residues 87-108
or both residues 59-80 and 87-108 of hTNF.alpha. (of SEQ ID NO:1).
In another preferred embodiment, the epitope comprises at least 3
amino acids from residues 59-80 and 87-108 of hTNF.alpha. (of SEQ
ID NO: 1). In another preferred embodiment, the epitope comprises
at least 4 amino acids from residues 87-108 or both residues 59-80
and 87-108 of hTNF.alpha. (of SEQ ID NO:1). In another preferred
embodiment, the epitope comprises at least 5 amino acids from
residues 87-108 or both residues 59-80 and 87-108 of hTNF.alpha.
(of SEQ ID NO:1). In another preferred embodiment, the epitope
comprises at least 6 amino acids from residues 87-108 or both
residues 59-80 and 87-108 of hTNF.alpha. (of SEQ ID NO:1). In
another preferred embodiment, the epitope comprises at least 7
amino acids from residues 87-108 or both residues 59-80 and 87-108
of hTNF.alpha. (of SEQ ID NO:1).
[0100] As used herein, the term "chimeric antibody" includes
monovalent, divalent or polyvalent immunoglobulins A monovalent
chimeric antibody is a dimer (HL) formed by a chimeric H chain
associated through disulfide bridges with a chimeric L chain. A
divalent chieric antibody is tetramer (H.sub.2L.sub.2) formed by
two HL dimers associated through at least one disulfide bridge. A
polyvalent chimeric antibody can also be produced, for example, by
employing a C.sub.H region that aggregates (e.g., from an IgM H
chain, or .mu. chain).
[0101] Murine and chimeric antibodies, fragments and regions of the
present invention comprise individual heavy (H) and/or light (L)
immunoglobulin chains. A chimeric H chain comprises an antigen
binding region derived from the H chain of a non-human antibody
specific for TNF, which is linked to at least a portion of a human
H chain C region (C.sub.H), such as CH.sub.1 or CH.sub.2.
[0102] A chimeric L chain according to the present invention,
comprises an antigen binding region derived from the L chain of a
non-human antibody specific for TNF, linked to at least a portion
of a human L chain C region (C.sub.L).
[0103] Antibodies, fragments or derivatives having chimeric H
chains and L chains of the same or different variable region
binding specificity, can also be prepared by appropriate
association of the individual polypeptide chains, according to
known method steps, e.g., according to Ausubel infra, Harlow infra,
and Colligan infra, the contents of which references are
incorporated entirely herein by reference.
[0104] With this approach, hosts expressing chimeric H chains (or
their derivatives) are separately cultured from hosts expressing
chimeric L chains (or their derivatives), and the immunoglobulin
chains are separately recovered and then associated. Alternatively,
the hosts can be co-cultured and the chains allowed to associate
spontaneously in the culture medium, followed by recovery of the
assembled immunoglobulin, fragment or derivative.
[0105] The hybrid cells are formed by the fusion of a non-human
anti-hTNF.alpha. antibody-producing cell, typically a spleen cell
of an animal immunized against either natural or recombinant human
TNF, or a peptide fragment of the human TNF.alpha. protein
sequence. Alternatively, the non-human anti-TNF.alpha.
antibody-producing cell can be a B lymphocyte obtained from the
blood, spleen, lymph nodes or other tissue of an animal immunized
with TNF.
[0106] The second fusion partner, which provides the immortalizing
function, can be a lymphoblastoid cell or a plasmacytoma or myeloma
cell, which is not itself an antibody producing cell, but is
malignant. Preferred fusion partner cells include the hybridoma
SP2/0-Ag14, abbreviated as SP2/0 (ATCC CRL1581) and the myeloma
P3X63Ag8 (ATCC TIB9), or its derivatives. See, e.g, Ausubel infra,
Harlow infra, and Colligan infra, the contents of which references
are incorporated entirely herein by reference.
[0107] Murine hybridomas which produce mAb specific for human
TNF.alpha. or TNF.beta. are formed by the fusion of a mouse fusion
partner cell, such as SP2/0, and spleen cells from mice immunized
against purified hTNF.alpha., recombinant hTNF.alpha., natural or
synthetic TNF peptides, including peptides including 5 or more
amino acids selected from residues 59-80, and 87-108 of TNF (of SEQ
ID NO:1) or other biological preparations containing TNF. To
immunize the mice, a variety of different conventional protocols
can be followed. For example, mice can receive primary and boosting
immunizations of TNF.
[0108] The antibody-producing cell contributing the nucleotide
sequences encoding the antigen-binding region of the chimeric
antibody of the present invention can also be produced by
transformation of a non-human, such as a primate, or a human cell.
For example, a B lymphocyte which produces anti-TNF antibody can be
infected and transformed with a virus such as Epstein-Barr virus to
yield an immortal anti-TNF producing cell (Kozbor et al., Immunol.
Today 4:72-79 (1983)). Alternatively, the B lymphocyte can be
transformed by providing a transforming gene or transforming gene
product, as is well-known in the art. See, e.g, Ausubel infra,
Harlow infra, and Colligan infra, the contents of which references
are incorporated entirely herein by reference.
Antibody Production Using Hybridomas
[0109] The cell fusions are accomplished by standard procedures
well known to those skilled in the field of immunology. Fusion
partner cell lines and methods for fusing and selecting hybridomas
and screening for mAbs are well known in the art. See, e.g, Ausubel
infra, Harlow infra, and Colligan infra, the contents of which
references are incorporated entirely herein by reference.
[0110] The hTNF.alpha.-specific murine or chimeric mAb of the
present invention can be produced in large quantities by injecting
hybridoma or transfectoma cells secreting the antibody into the
peritoneal cavity of mice and, after appropriate time, harvesting
the ascites fluid which contains a high titer of the mAb, and
isolating the mAb therefrom. For such in vivo production of the mAb
with a non-murine hybridoma (e.g., rat or human), hybridoma cells
are preferably grown in irradiated or athymic nude mice.
Alternatively, the antibodies can be produced by culturing
hybridoma or transfectoma cells in vitro and isolating secreted mAb
from the cell culture medium or recombinantly, in eukaryotic or
prokaryotic cells.
[0111] In a preferred embodiment, the antibody is a MAb which binds
amino acids of an epitope of TNF, which antibody is designated A2,
rA2 or cA2, which is produced by a hybridoma or by a recombinant
host. In another preferred embodiment, the antibody is a chimeric
antibody which recognizes an epitope recognized by A2. In a more
preferred embodiment, the antibody is a chimeric antibody
designated as chimeric A2 (cA2).
[0112] As examples of antibodies according to the present
invention, murine mAb A2 of the present invention is produced by a
cell line designated c134A. Chimeric antibody cA2 is produced by a
cell line designated c168A. Cell line c134A is deposited as a
research cell bank in the Centocor Cell Biology Services
Depository, and cell line c168A(RCB) is deposited as a research
cell bank in the Centocor Corporate Cell Culture Research and
Development Depository, both at Centocor, 200 Great Valley Parkway,
Malvern, Pa., 19355. The c168A cell line is also deposited at
Centocor BV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
[0113] The invention also provides for "derivatives" of the murine
or chimeric antibodies, fragments, regions or derivatives thereof,
which term includes those proteins encoded by truncated or modified
genes to yield molecular species functionally resembling the
immunoglobulin fragments. The modifications include, but are not
limited to, addition of genetic sequences coding for cytotoxic
proteins such as plant and bacterial toxins. The fragments and
derivatives can be produced from any of the hosts of this
invention. Alternatively, anti-TNF antibodies, fragments and
regions can be bound to cytotoxic proteins or compounds in vitro,
to provide cytotoxic anti-TNF antibodies which would selectively
kill cells having TNF receptors.
[0114] Fragments include, for example, Fab, Fab', F(ab').sub.2 and
Fv. These fragments lack the Fc fragment of intact antibody, clear
more rapidly from the circulation, and can have less non-specific
tissue binding than an intact antibody (Wahl et al., J. Nucl. Med.
24:316-325 (1983)). These fragments are produced from intact
antibodies using methods well known in the art, for example by
proteolytic cleavage with enzymes such as papain (to produce Fab
fragments) or pepsin (to produce F(ab').sub.2 fragments).
[0115] The identification of these antigen binding region and/or
epitopes recognized by mAbs of the present invention provides the
information necessary to generate additional monoclonal antibodies
with similar binding characteristics and therapeutic or diagnostic
utility that parallel the embodiments of this application.
[0116] In a preferred embodiment, the amino acids of the epitope
are not of at least one of amino acids 11-13, 37-42, 49-57 and
155-157 of hTNF.alpha. (of SEQ ID NO:1).
[0117] Unexpectedly, anti-TNF antibodies or peptides of the present
invention can block the action of TNF-.alpha. without binding to
the putative receptor binding locus such as is presented by Eck and
Sprang (J. Biol. Chem. 264(29): 17595-17605 (1989), as amino acids
11-13, 37-42, 49-57 and 155-157 of hTNF.alpha. (of SEQ ID
NO:1).
Recombinant Expression of Anti-TNF Antibodies
[0118] Recombinant murine or chimeric murine-human or human-human
antibodies that inhibit TNF and bind an epitope included in the
amino acid sequences residues 87-108 or both residues 59-80 and
87-108 of hTNF.alpha. (of SEQ ID NO:1), can be provided according
to the present invention using known techniques based on the
teaching provided herein. See, e.g., Ausubel et al., eds. Current
Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley Interscience, N.Y. (1987,
1992, 1993); and Sambrook et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory
Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989), the entire
contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0119] The DNA encoding an anti-TNF antibody of the present
invention can be genomic DNA or cDNA which encodes at least one of
the heavy chain constant region (H.sub.c), the heavy chain variable
region (H.sub.v), the light chain variable region (L.sub.v) and the
light chain constant regions (L.sub.c). A convenient alternative to
the use of chromosomal gene fragments as the source of DNA encoding
the murine V region antigen-binding segment is the use of cDNA for
the construction of chimeric immunoglobulin genes, e.g., as
reported by Liu et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 84:3439 (1987)
and J. Immunology 139:3521 (1987), which references are hereby
entirely incorporated herein by reference. The use of cDNA requires
that gene expression elements appropriate for the host cell be
combined with the gene in order to achieve synthesis of the desired
protein. The use of cDNA sequences is advantageous over genomic
sequences (which contain introns), in that cDNA sequences can be
expressed in bacteria or other hosts which lack appropriate RNA
splicing systems.
[0120] For example, a cDNA encoding a murine V region
antigen-binding segment having anti-TNF activity can be provided
using known methods based on the use of the DNA sequence presented
in FIG. 16A (SEQ ID NO:2). Alternatively, a cDNA encoding a murine
C region antigen-binding segment having anti-TNF activity can be
provided using known methods based on the use of the DNA sequence
presented in FIG. 16B (SEQ ID NO:3). Probes that bind a portion of
the DNA sequence presented in FIG. 16A or 16B can be used to
isolate DNA from hybridomas expressing TNF antibodies, fragments or
regions, as presented herein, according to the present invention,
by known methods.
[0121] Oligonucleotides representing a portion of the variable
region presented in FIG. 16A or 16B sequence are useful for
screening for the presence of homologous genes and for the cloning
of such genes encoding variable or constant regions of an anti-TNF
antibody. Such probes preferably bind to portions of sequences
according to FIG. 16A or 16B which encode light chain or heavy
chain variable regions which bind an activity inhibiting epitope of
TNF, especially an epitope of at least 5 amino acids of residues
87-108 or a combination of residues 59-80 and 87-108 (of SEQ ID
NO:1).
[0122] Such techniques for synthesizing such oligonucleotides are
well known and disclosed by, for example, Wu, et al., Prog. Nucl.
Acid. Res. Molec. Biol. 21:101-141 (1978)), and Ausubel et al.,
eds. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley Interscience
(1987, 1993), the entire contents of which are herein incorporated
by reference.
[0123] Because the genetic code is degenerate, more than one codon
can be used to encode a particular amino acid (Watson, et al.,
infra). Using the genetic code, one or more different
oligonucleotides can be identified, each of which would be capable
of encoding the amino acid. The probability that a particular
oligonucleotide will, in fact, constitute the actual XXX-encoding
sequence can be estimated by considering abnormal base pairing
relationships and the frequency with which a particular codon is
actually used (to encode a particular amino acid) in eukaryotic or
prokaryotic cells expressing an anti-TNF antibody or fragment. Such
"codon usage rules" are disclosed by Lathe, et al., J. Molec. Biol.
183:1-12 (1985). Using the "codon usage rules" of Lathe, a single
oligonucleotide, or a set of oligonucleotides, that contains a
theoretical "most probable" nucleotide sequence capable of encoding
anti-TNF variable or constant region sequences is identified.
[0124] Although occasionally an amino acid sequence can be encoded
by only a single oligonucleotide, frequently the amino acid
sequence can be encoded by any of a set of similar
oligonucleotides. Importantly, whereas all of the members of this
set contain oligonucleotides which are capable of encoding the
peptide fragment and, thus, potentially contain the same
oligonucleotide sequence as the gene which encodes the peptide
fragment, only one member of the set contains the nucleotide
sequence that is identical to the nucleotide sequence of the gene.
Because this member is present within the set, and is capable of
hybridizing to DNA even in the presence of the other members of the
set, it is possible to employ the unfractionated set of
oligonucleotides in the same manner in which one would employ a
single oligonucleotide to clone the gene that encodes the
protein.
[0125] The oligonucleotide, or set of oligonucleotides, containing
the theoretical "most probable" sequence capable of encoding an
anti-TNF antibody or fragment including a variable or constant
region is used to identify the sequence of a complementary
oligonucleotide or set of oligonucleotides which is capable of
hybridizing to the "most probable" sequence, or set of sequences.
An oligonucleotide containing such a complementary sequence can be
employed as a probe to identify and isolate the variable or
constant region anti-TNF gene (Sambrook et al., infra).
[0126] A suitable oligonucleotide, or set of oligonucleotides,
which is capable of encoding a fragment of the variable or constant
anti-TNF region (or which is complementary to such an
oligonucleotide, or set of oligonucleotides) is identified (using
the above-described procedure), synthesized, and hybridized by
means well known in the art, against a DNA or, more preferably, a
cDNA preparation derived from cells which are capable of expressing
anti-TNF antibodies or variable or constant regions thereof. Single
stranded oligonucleotide molecules complementary to the "most
probable" variable or constant anti-TNF region peptide coding
sequences can be synthesized using procedures which are well known
to those of ordinary skill in the art (Belagaje, et al., J. Biol.
Chem. 254:5765-5780 (1979); Maniatis, et al., In: Molecular
Mechanisms in the Control of Gene Expression, Nierlich, et al.,
Eds., Acad. Press, NY (1976); Wu, et al., Prog. Nucl. Acid Res.
Molec. Biol. 21:101-141 (1978); Khorana, Science 203:614-625
(1979)). Additionally, DNA synthesis can be achieved through the
use of automated synthesizers. Techniques of nucleic acid
hybridization are disclosed by Sambrook et al. (infra), and by
Hayrnes, et al. (In: Nucleic Acid Hybridization, A Practical
Approach, IRL Press, Washington, D.C. (1985)), which references are
herein incorporated by reference. Techniques such as, or similar
to, those described above have successfully enabled the cloning of
genes for human aldehyde dehydrogenases (Hsu, et al., Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 82:3771-3775 (1985)), fibronectin (Suzuki, et al.,
Bur. Mol. Biol. Organ. J. 4:2519-2524 (1985)), the human estrogen
receptor gene (Walter, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
82:7889-7893 (1985)), tissue-type plasminogen activator (Pennica,
et al., Nature 301:214-221 (1983)) and human term placental
alkaline phosphatase complementary DNA (Keun, et al., Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 82:8715-8719 (1985)).
[0127] In an alternative way of cloning a polynucleotide encoding
an anti-TNF variable or constant region, a library of expression
vectors is prepared by cloning DNA or, more preferably, cDNA (from
a cell capable of expressing an anti-TNF antibody or variable or
constant region) into an expression vector. The library is then
screened for members capable of expressing a protein which
competitively inhibits the binding of an anti-TNF antibody, such as
A2 or cA2, and which has a nucleotide sequence that is capable of
encoding polypeptides that have the same amino acid sequence as
anti-TNF antibodies or fragments thereof. In this embodiment, DNA,
or more preferably cDNA, is extracted and purified from a cell
which is capable of expressing an anti-TNF antibody or fragment.
The purified cDNA is fragmentized (by shearing, endonuclease
digestion, etc.) to produce a pool of DNA or cDNA fragments. DNA or
cDNA fragments from this pool are then cloned into an expression
vector in order to produce a genomic library of expression vectors
whose members each contain a unique cloned DNA or cDNA fragment
such as in a lambda phage library, expression in prokaryotic cell
(e.g., bacteria) or eukaryotic cells, (e.g., mammalian, yeast,
insect or, fungus). See, e.g., Ausubel, infra, Harlow, infra,
Colligan, infra; Nyyssonen et al. Bio/Technology 11:591-595 (Can
1993); Marks et al., Bio/Technology 11:1145-1149 (October 1993).
Once nucleic acid encoding such variable or constant anti-TNF
regions is isolated, the nucleic acid can be appropriately
expressed in a host cell, along with other constant or variable
heavy or light chain encoding nucleic acid, in order to provide
recombinant MAbs that bind TNF with inhibitory activity. Such
antibodies preferably include a murine or human anti-TNF variable
region which contains a framework residue having complimentarity
determining residues which are responsible for antigen binding. In
a preferred embodiment, an anti-TNF variable light or heavy chain
encoded by a nucleic acid as described above binds an epitope of at
least 5 amino acids including residues 87-108 or a combination of
residues 59-80 and 87-108 of hTNF (of SEQ ID NO: 1).
[0128] Human genes which encode the constant (C) regions of the
murine and chimeric antibodies, fragments and regions of the
present invention can be derived from a human fetal liver library,
by known methods. Human C regions genes can be derived from any
human cell including those which express and produce human
immunoglobulins. The human C.sub.H region can be derived from any
of the known classes or isotypes of human H chains, including
gamma, .mu., .alpha., .delta. or .epsilon., and subtypes thereof,
such as G1, G2, G3 and G4. Since the H chain isotype is responsible
for the various effector functions of an antibody, the choice of
C.sub.H region will be guided by the desired effector functions,
such as complement fixation, or activity in antibody-dependent
cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Preferably, the C.sub.H region is
derived from gamma 1 (IgG1), gamma 3 (IgG3), gamma 4 (IgG4), or
.mu. (IgM).
[0129] The human C.sub.L region can be derived from either human L
chain isotype, kappa or lambda.
[0130] Genes encoding human immunoglobulin C regions are obtained
from human cells by standard cloning techniques (Sambrook, et al.
(Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition, Cold Spring
Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989) and Ausubel et al.,
eds. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (1987-1993)). Human C
region genes are readily available from known clones containing
genes representing the two classes of L chains, the five classes of
H chains and subclasses thereof. Chimeric antibody fragments, such
as F(ab').sub.2 and Fab, can be prepared by designing a chimeric H
chain gene which is appropriately truncated. For example, a
chimeric gene encoding an H chain portion of an F(ab').sub.2
fragment would include DNA sequences encoding the CH.sub.1 domain
and hinge region of the H chain, followed by a translational stop
codon to yield the truncated molecule.
[0131] Generally, the murine, human or murine and chimeric
antibodies, fragments and regions of the present invention are
produced by cloning DNA segments encoding the H and L chain
antigen-binding regions of a TNF-specific antibody, and joining
these DNA segments to DNA segments encoding C.sub.H and C.sub.L
regions, respectively, to produce murine, human or chimeric
immunoglobulin-encoding genes.
[0132] Thus, in a preferred embodiment, a fused chimeric gene is
created which comprises a first DNA segment that encodes at least
the antigen-binding region of non-human origin, such as a
functionally rearranged V region with joining (J) segment, linked
to a second DNA segment encoding at least a part of a human C
region.
[0133] Therefore, cDNA encoding the antibody V and C regions, the
method of producing the chimeric antibody according to the present
invention involves several steps, outlined below: [0134] 1.
isolation of messenger RNA (mRNA) from the cell line producing an
anti-TNF antibody and from optional additional antibodies supplying
heavy and light constant regions; cloning and cDNA production
therefrom; [0135] 2. preparation of a full length cDNA library from
purified mRNA from which the appropriate V and/or C region gene
segments of the L and H chain genes can be: (i) identified with
appropriate probes, (ii) sequenced, and (iii) made compatible with
a C or V gene segment from another antibody for a chimeric
antibody; [0136] 3. Construction of complete H or L chain coding
sequences by linkage of the cloned specific V region gene segments
to cloned C region gene, as described above; [0137] 4. Expression
and production of L and H chains in selected hosts, including
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells to provide murine-murine,
human-murine, human-human or human murine antibodies.
[0138] One common feature of all immunoglobulin H and L chain genes
and their encoded mRNAs is the J region. H and L chain J regions
have different sequences, but a high degree of sequence homology
exists (greater than 80%) among each group, especially near the C
region. This homology is exploited in this method and consensus
sequences of H and L chain J regions can be used to design
oligonucleotides for use as primers for introducing useful
restriction sites into the J region for subsequent linkage of V
region segments to human C region segments.
[0139] C region cDNA vectors prepared from human cells can be
modified by site-directed mutagenesis to place a restriction site
at the analogous position in the human sequence. For example, one
can clone the complete human kappa chain C(C.sub.k) region and the
complete human gamma-1 C region (C.sub.gamma-1). In this case, the
alternative method based upon genomic C region clones as the source
for C region vectors would not allow these genes to be expressed in
bacterial systems where enzymes needed to remove intervening
sequences are absent. Cloned V region segments are excised and
ligated to L or H chain C region vectors. Alternatively, the human
C.sub.gamma-1 region can be modified by introducing a termination
codon thereby generating a gene sequence which encodes the H chain
portion of an Fab molecule. The coding sequences with linked V and
C regions are then transferred into appropriate expression vehicles
for expression in appropriate hosts, prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
[0140] Two coding DNA sequences are said to be "operably linked" if
the linkage results in a continuously translatable sequence without
alteration or interruption of the triplet reading frame. A DNA
coding sequence is operably linked to a gene expression element if
the linkage results in the proper function of that gene expression
element to result in expression of the coding sequence.
[0141] Expression vehicles include plasmids or other vectors.
Preferred among these are vehicles carrying a functionally complete
human C.sub.H or C.sub.L chain sequence having appropriate
restriction sites engineered so that any V.sub.H or V.sub.L chain
sequence with appropriate cohesive ends can be easily inserted
therein. Human C.sub.H or C.sub.L chain sequence-containing
vehicles thus serve as intermediates for the expression of any
desired complete H or L chain in any appropriate host.
[0142] A chimeric antibody, such as a mouse-human or human-human,
will typically be synthesized from genes driven by the chromosomal
gene promoters native to the mouse H and L chain V regions used in
the constructs; splicing usually occurs between the splice donor
site in the mouse J region and the splice acceptor site preceding
the human C region and also at the splice regions that occur within
the human C region; polyadenylation and transcription termination
occur at native chromosomal sites downstream of the human coding
regions.
Non-Limiting Exemplary Chimeric A2 (cA2) Anti-TNF Antibody of the
Present Invention
[0143] Murine MAbs are undesirable for human therapeutic use, due
to a short free circulating serum half-life and the stimulation of
a human anti-murine antibody (HAMA) response. A murine-human
chimeric anti-human TNF.alpha. MAb was developed in the present
invention with high affinity, epitope specificity and the ability
to neutralize the cytotoxic effects of human TNF. Chimeric A2
anti-TNF consists of the antigen binding variable region of the
high-affinity neutralizing mouse antihuman TNF IgG1 antibody,
designated A2, and the constant regions of a human IgG1, kappa
immunoglobulin. The human IgG1 Fc region is expected to: improve
allogeneic antibody effector function; increase the circulating
serum half-life; and decrease the immunogenicity of the antibody. A
similar murine-human chimeric antibody (chimeric 17-1A) has been
shown in clinical studies to have a 6-fold longer in vivo
circulation time and to be significantly less immunogenic than its
corresponding murine MAb counterpart (LoBuglio et al., Proc Natl
Acad Sci USA 86: 4220-4224, (1988)).
[0144] The avidity and epitope specificity of the chimeric A2 is
derived from the variable region of the murine A2. In a solid phase
ELISA, cross-competition for TNF was observed between chimeric and
murine A2, indicating an identical epitope specificity of cA2 and
murine A2. The specificity of cA2 for TNF-.alpha. was confirmed by
its inability to neutralize the cytotoxic effects of lymphotoxin
(TNF-.beta.). Chimeric A2 neutralizes the cytotoxic effect of both
natural and recombinant human TNF in a dose dependent manner. From
binding assays of cA2 and recombinant human TNF, the affinity
constant of cA2 was calculated to be 1.8.times.10.sup.9M.sup.1.
ANTI-TNF Immunoreceptor Peptides
[0145] Immunoreceptor peptides of this invention can bind to
TNF.alpha. and/or TNF.beta.. The immunoreceptor comprises
covalently attached to at least a portion of the TNF receptor at
least one immunoglobulin heavy or light chain. In certain preferred
embodiments, the heavy chain constant region comprises at least a
portion of CH.sub.1. Specifically, where a light chain is included
with an immunoreceptor peptide, the heavy chain must include the
area of CH.sub.1 responsible for binding a light chain constant
region.
[0146] An immunoreceptor peptide of the present invention can
preferably comprise at least one heavy chain constant region and,
in certain embodiments, at least one light chain constant region,
with a receptor molecule covalently attached to at least one of the
immunoglobulin chains Light chain or heavy chain variable regions
are included in certain embodiments. Since the receptor molecule
can be linked within the interior of an immunoglobulin chain, a
single chain can have a variable region and a fusion to a receptor
molecule.
[0147] The portion of the TNF receptor linked to the immunoglobulin
molecule is capable of binding TNF.alpha. and/or TNF.beta.. Since
the extracellular region of the TNF receptor binds TNF, the portion
attached to the immunoglobulin molecule of the immunoreceptor
consists of at least a portion of the extracellular region of the
TNF receptor. In certain preferred embodiments, the entire
extracellular region of p55 is included. In other preferred
embodiments, the entire extracellular region of p75 is included. In
further preferred embodiments, the extracellular region of p75 is
truncated to delete at least a portion of a region of O-linked
glycosylation and/or a proline-rich region while leaving intact the
intramolecular disulfide bridges. Such immunoreceptors comprise at
least a portion of a hinge region wherein at least one heavy chain
is covalently linked to a truncated p75 extracellular region
capable of binding to TNF.alpha. or TNF.beta. or both. Such a
truncated molecule includes, for example, sequences 1-178, 1-182 or
at least 5 amino acid portions thereof, such as 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, . . . 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100,
110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230,
240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290.
[0148] Certain embodiments can also include, for example, the
C-terminal half of the hinge region to provide a disulfide bridge
between heavy chains where both CH.sub.2 and CH.sub.3 chains are
present and CH.sub.1 is absent. Alternatively, for example, the
N-terminal half of the hinge region can be included to provide a
disulfide bridge with a light chain where only the CH.sub.1 region
is present.
[0149] In certain preferred embodiments of this invention, the
non-immunoglobulin molecule is covalently linked to the N-terminus
of at least one CH.sub.1 region. In other preferred embodiments,
the non-immunoglobulin molecule is covalently linked to an interior
section of at least one heavy and/or light chain region. Thus, a
portion of the TNF receptor can be, for example, at the end of the
immunoglobulin chain or in the middle of the chain.
[0150] Where the TNF receptor is attached to the middle of the
immunoglobulin, the immunoglobulin chain can be truncated, for
example, to compensate for the presence of foreign amino acids,
thus resulting in a fusion molecule of approximately the same
length as a natural immunoglobulin chain. Alternatively, for
example, the immunoglobulin chain can be present substantially in
its entirety, thus resulting in a chain that is longer than the
corresponding natural immunoglobulin chain. Additionally, the
immunoglobulin molecule can be truncated to result in a length
intermediate between the size of the entire chain linked to the
receptor molecule and the size of the immunoglobulin chain
alone.
[0151] In certain preferred embodiments, the heavy chain is an IgG
class heavy chain. In other preferred embodiments, the heavy chain
is an IgM class heavy chain.
[0152] In certain preferred embodiments, the heavy chain further
comprises at least about 8 amino acids of a J region.
[0153] In certain preferred embodiments, at least a portion of the
hinge region is attached to the CH.sub.1 region. For example, where
CH.sub.1 and CH.sub.2 are present in the molecule, the entire hinge
region is also present to provide the disulfide bridges between the
two heavy chain molecules and between the heavy and light chains.
Where only CH.sub.1 is present, for example, the molecule need only
contain the portion of the hinge region corresponding to the
disulfide bridge between the light and heavy chains, such as the
first 7 amino acids of the hinge.
[0154] It will be understood by one skilled in the art, once armed
with the present disclosure, that the immunoreceptor peptides of
the invention can be, for example, monomeric or dimeric. For
example, the molecules can have only one light chain and one heavy
chain or two light chains and two heavy chains.
[0155] At least one of the non-immunoglobulin molecules linked to
an immunoglobin molecule comprises at least a portion of p55 or at
least a portion of p75. The portion of the receptor that is
included encompasses the TNF binding site.
[0156] In certain preferred embodiments, the non-immunoglobulin
molecule comprises at least 5 amino acid segments of sequences
2-159 of p55. In other preferred embodiments, the
non-immunoglobulin molecule comprises at least 5 amino acid
portions of sequences 1-235 of p75. In further preferred
embodiments, the non-immunoglobulin molecule comprises at least 5
amino acid portions of sequences 1-182 of p75. The above 5 amino
acid portions can be selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130,
140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260,
270, 280, 290.
[0157] In certain preferred embodiments, each of the two heavy
chains and each of the two light chains is linked to a portion of
the TNF receptor, thus forming a tetravalent molecule. Such a
tetravalent molecule can have, for example, four p55 receptor
molecules; two on the two heavy chains and two on the two light
chains. Alternatively, a tetravalent molecule can have, for
example, a p55 receptor molecule attached to each of the two heavy
chains and a p75 receptor molecule attached to each of the two
light chains. A tetravalent molecule can also have, for example,
p55 receptor attached to the light chains and p75 receptor attached
to the heavy chains. Additionally, a tetravalent molecule can have
one heavy chain attached to p55, one heavy chain attached to p75,
one light chain attached to p75, and one light chain attached to
p55. See, for example, the molecules depicted in FIG. 26B. Further,
the molecules can have six receptors attached, for example, two
within the heavy chains and four at the ends of the heavy and light
chains. Other potential multimers and combinations would also be
within the scope of one skilled in the art, once armed with the
present disclosure.
[0158] In further preferred embodiments, at least one of the heavy
chains has a variable region capable of binding to a second target
molecule. Such molecules include, for example, CD3, so that one
half of a fusion molecule is a monomeric anti-CD3 antibody.
[0159] Additionally, in other embodiments of the present invention,
the immunoreceptor peptides further include an irrelevant variable
region on the light chain and/or heavy chain. Preferably, however,
such a region is absent due to the lowered affinity for TNF which
can be present due to steric hindrance.
[0160] In certain preferred embodiments, the heavy chain is linked
to a non-immunoglobulin molecule capable of binding to a second
target molecule, such as a cytotoxic protein, thus creating a part
immunoreceptor, part immunotoxin that is capable of killing those
cells expressing TNF. Such cytotoxic proteins, include, but are not
limited to, Ricin-A, Pseudomonas toxin, Diphtheria toxin and TNF.
Toxins conjugated to ligands are known in the art (see, for
example, Olsnes, S. et al., Immunol. Today 1989, 10, 291-295).
Plant and bacterial toxins typically kill cells by disruption of
the protein synthetic machinery.
[0161] The immunoreceptors of this invention can be conjugated to
additional types of therapeutic moieties including, but not limited
to, radionuclides, cytotoxic agents and drugs. Examples of
radionuclides include .sup.212Bi, .sup.131I, .sup.186Re, and
.sup.90Y, which list is not intended to be exhaustive. The
radionuclides exert their cytotoxic effect by locally irradiating
the cells, leading to various intracellular lesions, as is known in
the art of radiotherapy.
[0162] Cytotoxic drugs which can be conjugated to the
immunoreceptors and subsequently used for in vivo therapy include,
but are not limited to, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, methotrexate,
and Mitomycin C. Cytotoxic drugs interfere with critical cellular
processes including DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. For a fuller
exposition of these classes of drugs which are known in the art,
and their mechanisms of action, see Goodman, A. G., et al., Goodman
and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th Ed.,
Macmillan Publishing Col, 1990. Katzung, ed., Basic and Clinical
Pharmacology, Fifth Edition, p 768-769, 808-809, 896, Appleton and
Lange, Norwalk, Conn.
[0163] In preferred embodiments, immunoreceptor molecules of the
invention are capable of binding with high affinity to a
neutralizing epitope of human TNF.alpha. or TNF.beta. in vivo.
Preferably, the binding affinity is at least about
1.6.times.10.sup.10 M-1. Additionally, in preferred embodiments,
immunoreceptor molecules of the invention are capable of
neutralizing TNF at an efficiency of about a concentration of less
than 130 pM to neutralize 39.2 pM human TNF.alpha.. See, for
example, Table 1.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Summary of affinities of different fusion
proteins for TNF.alpha.. Molar ratio fp:TNF.alpha. at Protein
IC.sub.50* IC.sub.50 K.sub.D (pM) p55-sf2 70 1.8 57 p55-df2 55 1.4
60 p55-sf3 100 2.6 48 p55-nf 36,000 900 n.d. p75-sf2 130 3.3 33
p75P-sf2 70 1.8 29 p75P-sf3 130 3.3 15 *IC.sub.50 = concentration
of fusion protein required to inhibit 2 ng/ml (39.2 pM) TNF.alpha.
by 50%
[0164] Once armed with the present disclosure, one skilled in the
art would be able to create fragments of the immunoreceptor
peptides of the invention. Such fragments are intended to be within
the scope of this invention. For example, once the molecules are
isolated, they can be cleaved with protease to generate fragments
that remain capable of binding TNF.
[0165] Once armed with the present disclosure, one skilled in the
art would also be able to create derivatives of the immunoreceptor
peptides of the invention. Such derivatives are intended to be
within the scope of this invention. For example, amino acids in the
immunoreceptor that constitute a protease recognition site can be
modified to avoid protease cleavage and thus confer greater
stability, such as KEX2 sites.
[0166] One skilled in the art, once armed with the present
disclosure, would be able to synthesize the molecules of the
invention. The immunoreceptor peptides can be constructed, for
example, by vector-mediated synthesis, as described in Example
XXVI. In general, two expression vectors are preferably used; one
for the heavy chain, one for the light chain. A vector for
expression of an immunoglobulin preferably consists of a promoter
linked to the signal sequence, followed by the constant region. The
vector additionally preferably contains a gene providing for the
selection of transfected cells expressing the construct. In certain
preferred embodiments, sequences derived from the J region are also
included.
[0167] The immunoglobulin gene can be from any vertebrate source,
such as murine, but preferably, it encodes an immunoglobulin having
a substantial number of sequences that are of the same origin as
the eventual recipient of the immunoreceptor peptide. For example,
if a human is treated with a molecule of the invention, preferably
the immunoglobulin is of human origin.
[0168] TNF receptor constructs for linking to the heavy chain can
be synthesized, for example, using DNA encoding amino acids present
in the cellular domain of the receptor. Putative receptor binding
loci of hTNF have been presented by Eck and Sprange, J. Biol. Chem.
264(29), 17595-17605 (1989), who identified the receptor binding
loci of TNF.alpha. as consisting of amino acids 11-13, 37-42, 49-57
and 155-157. PCT application WO91/02078 (priority date of Aug. 7,
1989) discloses TNF ligands which can bind to monoclonal antibodies
having the following epitopes of at least one of 1-20, 56-77, and
108-127; at least two of 1-20, 56-77, 108-127 and 138-149; all of
1-18, 58-65, 115-125 and 138-149; all of 1-18, and 108-128; all of
56-79, 110-127 and 135- or 136-155; all of 1-30, 117-128 and
141-153; all of 1-26, 117-128 and 141-153; all of 22-40, 49-96 or
-97, 110-127 and 136-153; all of 12-22, 36-45, 96-105 and 132-157;
all of both of 1-20 and 76-90; all of 22-40, 69-97, 105-128 and
135-155; all of 22-31 and 146-157; all of 22-40 and 49-98; at least
one of 22-40, 9-98 and 69-97, both of 22-40 and 70-87. Thus, one
skilled in the art, once armed with the present disclosure, would
be able to create TNF receptor fusion proteins using portions of
the receptor that are known to bind TNF.
[0169] Advantages of using an immunoglobulin fusion protein
(immunoreceptor peptide) of the present invention include one or
more of (1) possible increased avidity for multivalent ligands due
to the resulting bivalency of dimeric fusion proteins, (2) longer
serum half-life, (3) the ability to activate effector cells via the
Fc domain, (4) ease of purification (for example, by protein A
chromatography), (5) affinity for TNF.alpha. and TNF.beta. and (6)
the ability to block TNF.alpha. or TNF.beta. cytotoxicity.
[0170] TNF receptor/IgG fusion proteins have shown greater affinity
for TNF.alpha. in vitro than their monovalent, non-fusion
counterparts. These types of fusion proteins, which also bind
murine TNF with high affinity, have also been shown to protect mice
from lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia. Lesslauer et al., Eur.
J. Immunol. 21, 2883-2886 (1991); and Ashkenazi et al., Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 88:10535-10539 (1991). Unlike the molecules of the
present invention, the TNF receptor/IgG fusion proteins reported to
date have had the receptor sequence fused directly to the hinge
domain of IgGs such that the first constant domain (CH.sub.1) of
the heavy chain was omitted. Lesslauer et al., Eur. J. Immunol.
1:2883-2886; Ashkenzi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
88:10535-10539 (1991); and Peppel et al., J. Exp. Med.
174:1483-1489 (1991).
[0171] While this generally permits secretion of the fusion protein
in the absence of an Ig light chain, a major embodiment of the
present invention provides for the inclusion of the CH.sub.1
domain, which can confer advantages such as (1) increased distance
and/or flexibility between two receptor molecules resulting in
greater affinity for TNF, (2) the ability to create a heavy chain
fusion protein and a light chain fusion protein that would assemble
with each other and dimerize to form a tetravalent (double fusion)
receptor molecule, and (3) a tetravalent fusion protein can have
increased affinity and/or neutralizing capability for TNF compared
to a bivalent (single fusion) molecule.
[0172] Unlike other TNF receptor/IgG fusion proteins that have been
reported, the fusion proteins of a major embodiment of the present
invention include the first constant domain (CH.sub.1) of the heavy
chain. The CH.sub.1 domain is largely responsible for interactions
with light chains. The light chain, in turn, provides a vehicle for
attaching a second set of TNF receptor molecules to the
immunoreceptor peptide.
[0173] It was discovered using the molecules of the present
invention that the p55/light chain fusion proteins and p55/heavy
chain fusion proteins would assemble with each other and dimerize
to form an antibody-like molecule that is tetravalent with respect
to p55. The resulting tetravalent p55 molecules can confer more
protection against, and have greater affinity for, TNF.alpha. or
TNF.beta. than the bivalent p55 molecules. Despite the presumed
close proximity of the two light chain p55 domains to the heavy
chain p55 domains, they do not appear sterically hinder or reduce
the affinity for TNF.
[0174] Inclusion of the CH.sub.1 domain also meant that secretion
of the fusion protein was likely to be inefficient in the absence
of light chain. This has been shown to be due to a ubiquitous
immunoglobulin binding protein (BiP) that binds to the CH.sub.1
domain of heavy chains that are not assembled with a light chain
and sequesters them in the endoplasmic reticulum. Karlsson et al.,
J. Immunol. Methods 145:229-240 (1991).
[0175] In initial experiments, an irrelevant light chain was
co-transfected with the p55-heavy chain construct and subsequent
analyses showed that the two chains did assemble and that the
resulting fusion protein protected WEHI cells from TNF.alpha..
However, it was considered likely that the variable region of the
irrelevant light chain would sterically hinder interactions between
the p55 subunits and TNF.alpha.. For this reason, a mouse-human
chimeric antibody light chain gene was engineered by (1) deleting
the variable region coding sequence, and (2) replacing the murine J
coding sequence with human J coding sequence. Use of this truncated
light chain, which was shown to assemble and disulfide bond with
heavy chains, increased the efficiency of TNF inhibition by
approximately 30-fold compared to use of a complete irrelevant
light chain.
[0176] Comparison of the abilities of p75-sf2 and p75P-sf2 to
inhibit TNF cytotoxicity indicated that the C-terminal 53 amino
acids of the extracellular domain of p75, which defines a region
that is rich in proline residues and contains the only sites of
O-linked glycosylation, are not necessary for high-affinity binding
to TNF.alpha. or TNF.beta.. In fact, the p75P-sf2 construct
repeatedly showed higher affinity binding to TNF.beta. than
p75-sf2. Surprisingly, there was no difference observed between the
two constructs in their affinity for TNF.alpha..
[0177] It is possible that a cell-surface version of p75-P would
also bind TNF.beta. with higher affinity than the complete p75
extracellular domain. A similar region is found adjacent to the
transmembrane domain in the low affinity nerve growth factor
receptor whose extracellular domain shows the same degree of
similarity to p75 as p55 does. Mallen et al., Immunol. Today
12:220-223 (1991).
[0178] Two groups have reported that in cell cytotoxicity assays,
their p55 fusion protein could be present at a 3-fold (Lesslauer et
al., Eur. J. Immunol. 21:2883-2886 (1991)) or 6-8 fold (Ashkenazi
et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10535-10539 (1991)) lower
concentration than their monovalent p55 and still get the same
degree of protection, while another group (Peppel et al., J. Exp.
Med. 174:1483-1489 (1991)) showed that their p55 fusion protein
could be present at a 1000-fold lower concentration than monomeric
p55. Thus, the prior art has shown unpredictability in the great
variability in the efficiency of different fusion proteins.
[0179] The molecules of the present invention have demonstrated the
same degree of protection against TNF in a 5000-fold lower molar
concentration than monomeric p55. (See Table 1.) It is believed
that the presence of the CH.sub.1 chain in the molecules of a major
embodiment of the present invention can confer greater flexibility
to the molecule and avoid steric hindrance with the binding of the
TNF receptor.
Recombinant Expression of Anti-TNF Antibodies and Anti-TNF
Peptides
[0180] A nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one anti-TNF
peptide or Ab fragment of the present invention may be recombined
with vector DNA in accordance with conventional techniques,
including blunt-ended or staggered-ended termini for ligation,
restriction enzyme digestion to provide appropriate termini,
filling in of cohesive ends as appropriate, alkaline phosphatase
treatment to avoid undesirable joining, and ligation with
appropriate ligases. Techniques for such manipulations are
disclosed, e.g., by Ausubel, infra, Sambrook, infra, entirely
incorporated herein by reference, and are well known in the
art.
[0181] A nucleic acid molecule, such as DNA, is said to be "capable
of expressing" a polypeptide if it contains nucleotide sequences
which contain transcriptional and translational regulatory
information and such sequences are "operably linked" to nucleotide
sequences which encode the polypeptide. An operable linkage is a
linkage in which the regulatory DNA sequences and the DNA sequence
sought to be expressed are connected in such a way as to permit
gene expression as anti-TNF peptides or Ab fragments in recoverable
amounts. The precise nature of the regulatory regions needed for
gene expression may vary from organism to organism, as is well
known in the analogous art. See, e.g., Sambrook, supra and Ausubel
supra.
[0182] The present invention accordingly encompasses the expression
of an anti-TNF peptide or Ab fragment, in either prokaryotic or
eukaryotic cells, although eukaryotic expression is preferred.
[0183] Preferred hosts are bacterial or eukaryotic hosts including
bacteria, yeast, insects, fungi, bird and mammalian cells either in
vivo, or in situ, or host cells of mammalian, insect, bird or yeast
origin. It is preferred that the mammalian cell or tissue is of
human, primate, hamster, rabbit, rodent, cow, pig, sheep, horse,
goat, dog or cat origin, but any other mammalian cell may be
used.
[0184] Further, by use of, for example, the yeast ubiquitin
hydrolase system, in vivo synthesis of ubiquitin-transmembrane
polypeptide fusion proteins may be accomplished. The fusion
proteins so produced may be processed in vivo or purified and
processed in vitro, allowing synthesis of an anti-TNF peptide or Ab
fragment of the present invention with a specified amino terminus
sequence. Moreover, problems associated with retention of
initiation codon-derived methionine residues in direct yeast (or
bacterial) expression may be avoided. Sabin et al., Bio/Technol.
7(7): 705-709 (1989); Miller et al., Bio/Technol. 7(7):698-704
(1989).
[0185] Any of a series of yeast gene expression systems
incorporating promoter and termination elements from the actively
expressed genes coding for glycolytic enzymes produced in large
quantities when yeast are grown in mediums rich in glucose can be
utilized to obtain anti-TNF peptides or Ab fragments of the present
invention. Known glycolytic genes can also provide very efficient
transcriptional control signals. For example, the promoter and
terminator signals of the phosphoglycerate kinase gene can be
utilized.
[0186] Production of anti-TNF peptides or Ab fragments or
functional derivatives thereof in insects can be achieved, for
example, by infecting the insect host with a baculovirus engineered
to express a transmembrane polypeptide by methods known to those of
skill. See Ausubel et al., eds. Current Protocols in Molecular
Biology Wiley Interscience, .sctn..sctn.16.8-16.11 (1987,
1993).
[0187] In a preferred embodiment, the introduced nucleotide
sequence will be incorporated into a plasmid or viral vector
capable of autonomous replication in the recipient host. Any of a
wide variety of vectors may be employed for this purpose. See,
e.g., Ausubel et al., infra, .sctn.1.5, 1.10, 7.1, 7.3, 8.1, 9.6,
9.7, 13.4, 16.2, 16.6, and 16.8-16.11. Factors of importance in
selecting a particular plasmid or viral vector include: the ease
with which recipient cells that contain the vector may be
recognized and selected from those recipient cells which do not
contain the vector; the number of copies of the vector which are
desired in a particular host; and whether it is desirable to be
able to "shuttle" the vector between host cells of different
species.
[0188] Preferred prokaryotic vectors known in the art include
plasmids such as those capable of replication in E. coli (such as,
for example, pBR322, ColE1, pSC101, pACYC 184, .pi.VX). Such
plasmids are, for example, disclosed by Maniatis, T., et al.
(Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold
Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989); Ausubel,
infra. Bacillus plasmids include pC194, pC221, pT127, etc. Such
plasmids are disclosed by Gryczan, T. (In: The Molecular Biology of
the Bacilli, Academic Press, NY (1982), pp. 307-329). Suitable
Streptomyces plasmids include pIJ101 (Kendall, K. J., et al., J.
Bacteriol. 169:4177-4183 (1987)), and streptomyces bacteriophages
such as .phi.C31 (Chater, K. F., et al., In: Sixth International
Symposium on Actinomycetales Biology, Akademiai Kaido, Budapest,
Hungary (1986), pp. 45-54). Pseudomonas plasmids are reviewed by
John, J. F., et al. (Rev. Infect. Dis. 8:693-704 (1986)), and
Izaki, K. (Jpn. J. Bacteriol. 33:729-742 (1978); and Ausubel et
al., supra).
[0189] Alternatively, gene expression elements useful for the
expression of cDNA encoding anti-TNF antibodies or peptides
include, but are not limited to (a) viral transcription promoters
and their enhancer elements, such as the SV40 early promoter
(Okayama, et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:280 (1983)), Rous sarcoma
virus LTR (Gorman, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 79:6777
(1982)), and Moloney murine leukemia virus LTR (Grosschedl, et al.,
Cell 41:885 (1985)); (b) splice regions and polyadenylation sites
such as those derived from the SV40 late region (Okayarea et al.,
infra); and (c) polyadenylation sites such as in SV40 (Okayama et
al., infra).
[0190] Immunoglobulin cDNA genes can be expressed as described by
Liu et al., infra, and Weidle et al., Gene 51:21 (1987), using as
expression elements the SV40 early promoter and its enhancer, the
mouse immunoglobulin H chain promoter enhancers, SV40 late region
mRNA splicing, rabbit S-globin intervening sequence, immunoglobulin
and rabbit S-globin polyadenylation sites, and SV40 polyadenylation
elements.
[0191] For immunoglobulin genes comprised of part cDNA, part
genomic DNA (Whittle et al., Protein Engineering 1:499 (1987)), the
transcriptional promoter can be human cytomegalovirus, the promoter
enhancers can be cytomegalovirus and mouse/human immunoglobulin,
and mRNA splicing and polyadenylation regions can be the native
chromosomal immunoglobulin sequences.
[0192] In one embodiment, for expression of cDNA genes in rodent
cells, the transcriptional promoter is a viral LTR sequence, the
transcriptional promoter enhancers are either or both the mouse
immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer and the viral LTR enhancer, the
splice region contains an intron of greater than 31 bp, and the
polyadenylation and transcription termination regions are derived
from the native chromosomal sequence corresponding to the
immunoglobulin chain being synthesized. In other embodiments, cDNA
sequences encoding other proteins are combined with the
above-recited expression elements to achieve expression of the
proteins in mammalian cells.
[0193] Each fused gene is assembled in, or inserted into, an
expression vector. Recipient cells capable of expressing the
chimeric immunoglobulin chain gene product are then transfected
singly with an anti-TNF peptide or chimeric H or chimeric L
chain-encoding gene, or are co-transfected with a chimeric H and a
chimeric L chain gene. The transfected recipient cells are cultured
under conditions that permit expression of the incorporated genes
and the expressed immunoglobulin chains or intact antibodies or
fragments are recovered from the culture.
[0194] In one embodiment, the fused genes encoding the anti-TNF
peptide or chimeric H and L chains, or portions thereof, are
assembled in separate expression vectors that are then used to
co-transfect a recipient cell.
[0195] Each vector can contain two selectable genes, a first
selectable gene designed for selection in a bacterial system and a
second selectable gene designed for selection in a eukaryotic
system, wherein each vector has a different pair of genes. This
strategy results in vectors which first direct the production, and
permit amplification, of the fused genes in a bacterial system. The
genes so produced and amplified in a bacterial host are
subsequently used to co-transfect a eukaryotic cell, and allow
selection of a co-transfected cell carrying the desired transfected
genes.
[0196] Examples of selectable genes for use in a bacterial system
are the gene that confers resistance to ampicillin and the gene
that confers resistance to chloramphenicol. Preferred selectable
genes for use in eukaryotic transfectants include the xanthine
guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene (designated gpt) and the
phosphotransferase gens from Tn5 (designated neo).
[0197] Selection of cells expressing gpt is based on the fact that
the enzyme encoded by this gene utilizes xanthine as a substrate
for purine nucleotide synthesis, whereas the analogous endogenous
enzyme cannot. In a medium containing (1) mycophenolic acid, which
blocks the conversion of inosine monophosphate to xanthine
monophosphate, and (2) xanthine, only cells expressing the gpt gene
can survive. The product of the neo blocks the inhibition of
protein synthesis by the antibiotic G418 and other antibiotics of
the neomycin class.
[0198] The two selection procedures can be used simultaneously or
sequentially to select for the expression of immunoglobulin chain
genes introduced on two different DNA vectors into a eukaryotic
cell. It is not necessary to include different selectable markers
for eukaryotic cells; an H and an L chain vector, each containing
the same selectable marker can be co-transfected. After selection
of the appropriately resistant cells, the majority of the clones
will contain integrated copies of both H and L chain vectors and/or
anti-TNF peptides.
[0199] Alternatively, the fused genes encoding the chimeric H and L
chains can be assembled on the same expression vector.
[0200] For transfection of the expression vectors and production of
the chimeric antibody, the preferred recipient cell line is a
myeloma cell. Myeloma cells can synthesize, assemble and secrete
immunoglobulins encoded by transfected immunoglobulin genes and
possess the mechanism for glycosylation of the immunoglobulin. A
particularly preferred recipient cell is the recombinant
Ig-producing myeloma cell SP2/0 (ATCC #CRL 8287). SP2/0 cells
produce only immunoglobulin encoded by the transfected genes.
Myeloma cells can be grown in culture or in the peritoneal cavity
of a mouse, where secreted immunoglobulin can be obtained from
ascites fluid. Other suitable recipient cells include lymphoid
cells such as B lymphocytes of human or non-human origin, hybridoma
cells of human or non-human origin, or interspecies heterohybridoma
cells.
[0201] The expression vector carrying a chimeric antibody construct
or anti-TNF peptide of the present invention can be introduced into
an appropriate host cell by any of a variety of suitable means,
including such biochemical means as transformation, transfection,
conjugation, protoplast fusion, calcium phosphate-precipitation,
and application with polycations such as diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)
dextran, and such mechanical means as electroporation, direct
microinjection, and microprojectile bombardment (Johnston et al.,
Science 240:1538 (1988)). A preferred way of introducing DNA into
lymphoid cells is by electroporation (Potter et al., Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 81:7161 (1984); Yoshikawa, et al., Jpn. J. Cancer
Res. 77:1122-1133). In this procedure, recipient cells are
subjected to an electric pulse in the presence of the DNA to be
incorporated. Typically, after transfection, cells are allowed to
recover in complete medium for about 24 hours, and are then seeded
in 96-well culture plates in the presence of the selective medium.
G418 selection is performed using about 0.4 to 0.8 mg/ml G418.
Mycophenolic acid selection utilizes about 6 .mu.g/ml plus about
0.25 mg/ml xanthine. The electroporation technique is expected to
yield transfection frequencies of about 10.sup.-5 to about 10.sup.4
for Sp2/0 cells. In the protoplast fusion method, lysozyme is used
to strip cell walls from catarrhal harboring the recombinant
plasmid containing the chimeric antibody gene. The resulting
spheroplasts are fused with myeloma cells with polyethylene
glycol.
[0202] The immunoglobulin genes of the present invention can also
be expressed in nonlymphoid mammalian cells or in other eukaryotic
cells, such as yeast, or in prokaryotic cells, in particular
bacteria.
[0203] Yeast provides substantial advantages over bacteria for the
production of immunoglobulin H and L chains. Yeasts carry out
post-translational peptide modifications including glycosylation. A
number of recombinant DNA strategies now exist which utilize strong
promoter sequences and high copy number plasmids which can be used
for production of the desired proteins in yeast. Yeast recognizes
leader sequences of cloned mammalian gene products and secretes
peptides bearing leader sequences (i.e., pre-peptides) (Hitzman, et
al., 11 th International Conference on Yeast, Genetics and
Molecular Biology, Montpelier, France, Sep. 13-17, 1982).
[0204] Yeast gene expression systems can be routinely evaluated for
the levels of production, secretion and the stability of anti-TNF
peptides, antibody and assembled murine and chimeric antibodies,
fragments and regions thereof. Any of a series of yeast gene
expression systems incorporating promoter and termination elements
from the actively expressed genes coding for glycolytic enzymes
produced in large quantities when yeasts are grown in media rich in
glucose can be utilized. Known glycolytic genes can also provide
very efficient transcription control signals. For example, the
promoter and terminator signals of the phosphoglycerate kinase
(PGK) gene can be utilized. A number of approaches can be taken for
evaluating optimal expression plasmids for the expression of cloned
immunoglobulin cDNAs in yeast (see Glover, ed., DNA Cloning, Vol.
II, pp 45-66, IRL Press, 1985).
[0205] Bacterial strains can also be utilized as hosts for the
production of antibody molecules or peptides described by this
invention, E. coli K12 strains such as E. coli W3110 (ATCC 27325),
and other enterobacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium or Serratia
marcescens, and various Pseudomonas species can be used.
[0206] Plasmid vectors containing replicon and control sequences
which are derived from species compatible with a host cell are used
in connection with these bacterial hosts. The vector carries a
replication site, as well as specific genes which are capable of
providing phenotypic selection in transformed cells. A number of
approaches can be taken for evaluating the expression plasmids for
the production of murine and chimeric antibodies, fragments and
regions or antibody chains encoded by the cloned immunoglobulin
cDNAs in bacteria (see Glover, ed., DNA Cloning, Vol. I, IRL Press,
1985, Ausubel, infra, Sambrook, infra, Colligan, infra).
[0207] Preferred hosts are mammalian cells, grown in vitro or in
vivo. Mammalian cells provide post-translational modifications to
immunoglobulin protein molecules including leader peptide removal,
folding and assembly of H and L chains, glycosylation of the
antibody molecules, and secretion of functional antibody
protein.
[0208] Mammalian cells which can be useful as hosts for the
production of antibody proteins, in addition to the cells of
lymphoid origin described above, include cells of fibroblast
origin, such as Vero (ATCC CRL 81) or CHO-K1 (ATCC CRL 61).
[0209] Many vector systems are available for the expression of
cloned anti-TNF peptides H and L chain genes in mammalian cells
(see Glover, ed., DNA Cloning, Vol. II, pp 143-238, IRL Press,
1985). Different approaches can be followed to obtain complete
H.sub.2L.sub.2 antibodies. As discussed above, it is possible to
co-express H and L chains in the same cells to achieve
intracellular association and linkage of H and L chains into
complete tetrameric H.sub.2L.sub.2 antibodies and/or anti-TNF
peptides. The co-expression can occur by using either the same or
different plasmids in the same host. Genes for both H and L chains
and/or anti-TNF peptides can be placed into the same plasmid, which
is then transfected into cells, thereby selecting directly for
cells that express both chains. Alternatively, cells can be
transfected first with a plasmid encoding one chain, for example
the L chain, followed by transfection of the resulting cell line
with an H chain plasmid containing a second selectable marker. Cell
lines producing anti-TNF peptides and/or H.sub.2L.sub.2 molecules
via either route could be transfected with plasmids encoding
additional copies of peptides, H, L, or H plus L chains in
conjunction with additional selectable markers to generate cell
lines with enhanced properties, such as higher production of
assembled H.sub.2L.sub.2 antibody molecules or enhanced stability
of the transfected cell lines.
Anti-Idiotype Abs
[0210] In addition to monoclonal or chimeric anti-TNF antibodies,
the present invention is also directed to an anti-idiotypic
(anti-Id) antibody specific for the anti-TNF antibody of the
invention. An anti-Id antibody is an antibody which recognizes
unique determinants generally associated with the antigen-binding
region of another antibody. The antibody specific for TNF is termed
the idiotypic or Id antibody. The anti-Id can be prepared by
immunizing an animal of the same species and genetic type (e.g.
mouse strain) as the source of the Id antibody with the Id antibody
or the antigen-binding region thereof. The immunized animal will
recognize and respond to the idiotypic determinants of the
immunizing antibody and produce an anti-Id antibody. The anti-Id
antibody can also be used as an "immunogen" to induce an immune
response in yet another animal, producing a so-called anti-anti-Id
antibody. The anti-anti-Id can be epitopically identical to the
original antibody which induced the anti-Id. Thus, by using
antibodies to the idiotypic determinants of a mAb, it is possible
to identify other clones expressing antibodies of identical
specificity.
[0211] Accordingly, mAbs generated against TNF according to the
present invention can be used to induce anti-Id antibodies in
suitable animals, such as BALB/c mice. Spleen cells from such
immunized mice can be used to produce anti-Id hybridomas secreting
anti-Id mAbs. Further, the anti-Id mAbs can be coupled to a carrier
such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and used to immunize
additional BALB/c mice. Sera from these mice will contain
anti-anti-Id antibodies that have the binding properties of the
original mAb specific for a TNF epitope.
[0212] Screening Methods for determining tissue necrosis factor
neutralizing and/or inhibiting activity are also provided in the
present invention. In the context of the present invention, TNF
neutralizing activity or TNF inhibiting activity refers to the
ability of a TNF neutralizing compound to block at least one
biological activity of TNF, such as preventing TNF from binding to
a TNF receptor, blocking production of TNF by intracellular
processing, such as transcription, translation or
post-translational modification, expression on the cell surface,
secretion or assembly of the bioactive trimer of TNF. Additionally,
TNF neutralizing compounds can act by inducing regulation of
metabolic pathways such as those involving the up or down
regulation of TNF production. Alternatively TNF neutralizing
compounds can modulate cellular sensitivity to TNF by decreasing
such sensitivity. TNF neutralizing compounds can be selected from
the group consisting of antibodies, or fragments or portions
thereof, peptides, peptido mimetic compounds or organo mimetic
compounds that neutralizes TNF activity in vitro, in situ or in
vivo is considered a TNF neutralizing compound if used according to
the present invention. Screening methods which can be used to
determine TNF neutralizing activity of a TNF neutralizing compound
can include in vitro or in vivo assays. Such in vitro assays can
include a TNF cytotoxicity assay, such as a radioimmuno assay,
which determines a decrease in cell death by contact with TNF, such
as chimpanzee or human TNF in isolated or recombinant form, wherein
the concurrent presence of a TNF neutralizing compound reduces the
degree or rate of cell death. The cell death can be determined
using ID50 values which represent the concentration of a TNF
neutralizing compound which decreases the cell death rate by 50%.
For example, MAb's A2 and cA2 are found to have ID50 about 17
mg/ml+/-3 mg/ml, such as 14-20 mg/ml, or any range or value
therein. Such a TNF cytotoxicity assay is presented in Example
II.
[0213] Alternatively or additionally, another in vitro assay which
can be used to determine neutralizing activity of a TNF
neutralizing compound is an assay which measures the neutralization
of TNF induced procoagulant activity, such as presented in Example
XI.
[0214] Alternatively or additionally, TNF neutralizing activity of
a TNF neutralizing compound can be measured by an assay for the
neutralization of TNF induced IL-6 secretion, such as using
cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), for
example. Also presented in Example XI.
[0215] Alternatively or additionally, in vivo testing of TNF
neutralizing activity of TNF neutralizing compounds can be tested
using survival of a mouse given lethal doses of Rh TNF with
controlled and varied concentrations of a TNF neutralizing
compound, such as TNF antibodies. Preferably galactosamine
sensitive mice are used. For example, using a chimeric human
anti-TNF antibody as a TNF neutralizing compound, a concentration
of 0.4 milligrams per kilogram TNF antibody resulted in a 70-100%
increase in survival and a 2.0 mg/kg dose of TNF antibody resulted
in a 90-100% increase in survival rate using such an assay, for
example, as presented in Example XVI.
[0216] Additionally, after TNF neutralizing compounds are tested
for safety in animal models such as chimpanzees, for example as
presented in Example XVII, TNF neutralizing compounds can be used
to treat various TNF related pathologies, as described herein, and
as presented in Examples XVIII-XXV.
[0217] Accordingly, any suitable TNF neutralizing compound can be
used in methods according to the present invention. Examples of
such TNF neutralizing compound can be selected from the group
consisting of antibodies or portions thereof specific to
neutralizing epitopes of TNF, p55 receptors, p75 receptors, or
complexes thereof, portions of TNF receptors which bind TNF,
peptides which bind TNF, any peptido mimetic drugs which bind TNF
and any organo mimetic drugs that block TNF.
[0218] Such TNF neutralizing compounds can be determined by routine
experimentation based on the teachings and guidance presented
herein, by those skilled in the relevant arts.
Structural Analogs of Anti-TNF Antibodies and Anti-TNF Peptides
[0219] Structural analogs of anti-TNF Abs and peptides of the
present invention are provided by known method steps based on the
teaching and guidance presented herein.
[0220] Knowledge of the three-dimensional structures of proteins is
crucial in understanding how they function. The three-dimensional
structures of more than 400 proteins are currently available in
protein structure databases (in contrast to around 15,000 known
protein sequences in sequence databases). Analysis of these
structures shows that they fall into recognizable classes of
motifs. It is thus possible to model a three-dimensional structure
of a protein based on the protein's homology to a related protein
of known structure. Many examples are known where two proteins that
have relatively low sequence homology, can have very similar three
dimensional structures or motifs.
[0221] In recent years it has become possible to determine the
three dimensional structures of proteins of up to about 15 kDa by
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The technique only requires a
concentrated solution of pure protein. No crystals or isomorphous
derivatives are needed. The structures of a number of proteins have
been determined by this method. The details of NMR structure
determination are well-known in the art (See, e.g., Wuthrich, NMR
of Proteins and Nucleic Acids, Wiley, New York, 1986; Wuthrich, K.
Science 243:45-50 (1989); Clore et al., Crit. Rev. Bioch. Molec.
Biol. 24:479-564 (1989); Cooke et al., Bioassays 8: 52-56 (1988),
which references are hereby incorporated herein by reference).
[0222] In applying this approach, a variety of .sup.1H NMR 2D data
sets are collected for anti-TNF Abs and/or anti-TNF peptides of the
present invention. These are of two main types. One type, COSY
(Correlated Spectroscopy) identifies proton resonances that are
linked by chemical bonds. These spectra provide information on
protons that are linked by three or less covalent bonds. NOESY
(nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy) identifies protons
which are close in space (less than 0.5 nm). Following assignment
of the complete spin system, the secondary structure is defined by
NOESY. Cross peaks (nuclear Overhauser effects or NOE's) are found
between residues that are adjacent in the primary sequence of the
peptide and can be seen for protons less than 0.5 nm apart. The
data gathered from sequential NOE's combined with amide proton
coupling constants and NOE's from non-adjacent amino acids that are
adjacent to the secondary structure, are used to characterize the
secondary structure of the polypeptides. Aside from predicting
secondary structure, NOE's indicate the distance that protons are
in space in both the primary amino acid sequence and the secondary
structures. Tertiary structure predictions are determined, after
all the data are considered, by a "best fit" extrapolation.
[0223] Types of amino acid are first identified using through-bond
connectivities. The second step is to assign specific amino acids
using through-space connectivities to neighboring residues,
together with the known amino acid sequence. Structural information
is then tabulated and is of three main kinds: The NOE identifies
pairs of protons which are close in space, coupling constants give
information on dihedral angles and slowly exchanging amide protons
give information on the position of hydrogen bonds. The restraints
are used to compute the structure using a distance geometry type of
calculation followed by refinement using restrained molecular
dynamics. The output of these computer programs is a family of
structures which are compatible with the experimental data (i.e.
the set of pairwise <0.5 nm distance restraints). The better
that the structure is defined by the data, the better the family of
structures can be superimposed, (i.e., the better the resolution of
the structure). In the better defined structures using NMR, the
position of much of the backbone (i.e. the amide, C.alpha. and
carbonyl atoms) and the side chains of those amino acids that lie
buried in the core of the molecule can be defined as clearly as in
structures obtained by crystallography. The side chains of amino
acid residues exposed on the surface are frequently less well
defined, however. This probably reflects the fact that these
surface residues are more mobile and can have no fixed position.
(In a crystal structure this might be seen as diffuse electron
density).
[0224] Thus, according to the present invention, use of NMR
spectroscopic data is combined with computer modeling to arrive at
structural analogs of at least portions of anti-TNF Abs and
peptides based on a structural understanding of the topography.
Using this information, one of ordinary skill in the art will know
how to achieve structural analogs of anti-TNF Abs and/or peptides,
such as by rationally-based amino acid substitutions allowing the
production of peptides in which the TNF binding affinity is
modulated in accordance with the requirements of the expected
therapeutic or diagnostic use of the molecule, preferably, the
achievement of greater specificity for TNF binding.
[0225] Alternatively, compounds having the structural and chemical
features suitable as anti-TNF therapeutics and diagnostics provide
structural analogs with selective TNF affinity. Molecular modeling
studies of TNF binding compounds, such as TNF receptors, anti-TNF
antibodies, or other TNF binding molecules, using a program such as
MACROMODEL.RTM., INSIGHT.RTM., and DISCOVER.RTM. provide such
spatial requirements and orientation of the anti-TNF Abs and/or
peptides according to the present invention. Such structural
analogs of the present invention thus provide selective qualitative
and quantitative anti-TNF activity in vitro, in situ and/or in
vivo.
Therapeutic Methods for Treating TNF-Related Pathologies
[0226] The anti-TNF peptides, antibodies, fragments and/or
derivatives of the present invention are useful for treating a
subject having a pathology or condition associated with abnormal
levels of a substance reactive with an anti-TNF antibody, in
particular TNF, such as TNF.alpha. or TNF.beta., in excess of
levels present in a normal healthy subject, where such excess
levels occur in a systemic, localized or particular tissue type or
location in the body. Such tissue types can include, but are not
limited to, blood, lymph, CNS, liver, kidney, spleen, heart muscle
or blood vessels, brain or spinal cord white matter or grey matter,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, lung, pancreas, ovary, testes,
prostate. Increased TNF concentrations relative to normal levels
can also be localized to specific regions or cells in the body,
such as joints, nerve blood vessel junctions, bones, specific
tendons or ligaments, or sites of infection, such as bacterial or
viral infections.
[0227] TNF related pathologies include, but are not limited to, the
following:
[0228] (A) acute and chronic immune and autoimmune pathologies,
such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis,
thyroidosis, graft versus host disease, scleroderma, diabetes
mellitus, Graves' disease, Beschet's disease, and the like;
[0229] (B) infections, including, but not limited to, sepsis
syndrome, cachexia, circulatory collapse and shock resulting from
acute or chronic bacterial infection, acute and chronic parasitic
and/or infectious diseases, bacterial, viral or fungal, such as a
HIV, AIDS (including symptoms of cachexia, autoimmune disorders,
AIDS dementia complex and infections);
[0230] (C) inflammatory diseases, such as chronic inflammatory
pathologies and vascular inflammatory pathologies, including
chronic inflammatory pathologies such as sarcoidosis, chronic
inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's
pathology and vascular inflammatory pathologies, such as, but not
limited to, disseminated intravascular coagulation,
atherosclerosis, and Kawasaki's pathology:
[0231] (D) neurodegenerative diseases, including, but are not
limited to, demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and
acute transverse myelitis; extrapyramidal and cerebellar disorders
such as lesions of the corticospinal system; disorders of the basal
ganglia or cerebellar disorders; hyperkinetic movement disorders
such as Huntington's Chorea and senile chorea; drug-induced
movement disorders, such as those induced by drugs which block CNS
dopamine receptors; hypokinetic movement disorders, such as
Parkinson's disease; Progressive supranucleo palsy; Cerebellar and
Spinocerebellar Disorders, such as astructural lesions of the
cerebellum; spinocerebellar degenerations (spinal ataxia,
Friedreich's ataxia, cerebellar cortical degenerations, multiple
systems degenerations (Mencel, Dejerine-Thomas, Shi-Drager, and
MachadoJoseph)); and systemic disorders (Refsum's disease,
abetalipoprotemia, ataxia, telangiectasia, and mitochondrial
multi-system disorder); demyelinating core disorders, such as
multiple sclerosis, acute transverse myelitis; disorders of the
motor unit, such as neurogenic muscular atrophies (anterior horn
cell degeneration, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, infantile
spinal muscular atrophy and juvenile spinal muscular atrophy);
Alzheimer's disease; Down's Syndrome in middle age; Diffuse Lewy
body disease; Senile Dementia of Lewy body type; Wernicke-Korsakoff
syndrome; chronic alcoholism; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; Subacute
sclerosing panencephalitis, Hallerrorden-Spatz disease; and
Dementia pugilistica, or any subset thereof;
[0232] (E) malignant pathologies involving TNF-secreting tumors or
other malignancies involving TNF, such as, but not limited to
leukemias (acute, chronic myelocytic, chronic lymphocytic and/or
myelodyspastic syndrome); lymphomas (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's
lymphomas, such as malignant lymphomas (Burkitt's lymphoma or
Mycosis fungoides)); carcinomas (such as colon carcinoma) and
metastases thereof; cancer-related angiogenesis; infantile
haemangiomas;
[0233] (F) alcohol-induced hepatitis; and
[0234] (G) other diseases related to angiogenesis or VEGF/VPF, such
as ocular neovascularization, psoriasis, duodenal ulcers,
angiogenesis of the female reproductive tract.
[0235] See, e.g., Berkow et al., eds., The Merck Manual, 16th
edition, chapter 11, pp 1380-1529, Merck and Co., Rahway, N.J.,
1992, which reference, and references cited therein, are entirely
incorporated herein by reference. See also Folkman, Nature
Medicine, Volume 1, No. 1 (1995).
[0236] Such treatment comprises parenterally administering a single
or multiple doses of the antibody, fragment or derivative.
Preferred for human pharmaceutical use are high affinity potent
hTNF.alpha.-inhibiting and/or neutralizing murine and chimeric
antibodies, fragments and regions of this invention.
[0237] Anti-TNF peptides or MAbs of the present invention can be
administered by any means that enables the active agent to reach
the agent's site of action in the body of a mammal. In the case of
the antibodies of this invention, the primary focus is the ability
to reach and bind with TNF released by monocytes and macrophages or
other TNF producing cells. Because proteins are subject to being
digested when administered orally, parenteral administration, i.e.,
intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, would ordinarily be used
to optimize absorption.
Therapeutic Administration
[0238] Anti-TNF peptides and/or MAbs of the present invention can
be administered either as individual therapeutic agents or in
combination with other therapeutic agents. They can be administered
alone, but are generally administered with a pharmaceutical carrier
selected on the basis of the chosen route of administration and
standard pharmaceutical practice.
[0239] The dosage administered will, of course, vary depending upon
known factors such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the
particular agent, and its mode and route of administration; age,
health, and weight of the recipient; nature and extent of symptoms,
kind of concurrent treatment, frequency of treatment, and the
effect desired. Usually a daily dosage of active ingredient can be
about 0.01 to 100 milligrams per kilogram of body weight.
Ordinarily 1.0 to 5, and preferably 1 to 10 milligrams per kilogram
per day given in divided doses 1 to 6 times a day or in sustained
release form is effective to obtain desired results.
[0240] As a non-limiting example, treatment of TNF-related
pathologies humans or animals can be provided as a daily dosage of
anti-TNF peptides, monoclonal chimeric and/or murine antibodies of
the present invention 0.1 to 100 mg/kg, such as 0.5, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1,
1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70,
80, 90 or 100 mg/kg, per day, on at least one of day 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or
40, or alternatively, at least one of week 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20, or any combination
thereof, using single or divided doses of every 24, 12, 8, 6, 4, or
2 hours, or any combination thereof.
[0241] Since circulating concentrations of TNF tend to be extremely
low, in the range of about 10 pg/ml in non-septic individuals, and
reaching about 50 pg/ml in septic patients and above 100 pg/ml in
the sepsis syndrome (Hammerle, A. F. et al., 1989, infra) or can be
only be detectable at sites of TNF-mediated pathology, it is
preferred to use high affinity and/or potent in vivo TNF-inhibiting
and/or neutralizing antibodies, fragments or regions thereof, for
both TNF immunoassays and therapy of TNF-mediated pathology. Such
antibodies, fragments, or regions, will preferably have an affinity
for hTNF.alpha., expressed as Ka, of at least 10.sup.8M.sup.-1,
more preferably, at least 10.sup.9M.sup.-1, such as
10.sup.8-I0.sup.1.degree. M.sup.-1, 5.times.10.sup.8M.sup.-1,
8.times.10.sup.8M.sup.-1, 2.times.10.sup.9M.sup.-1,
4.times.10.sup.9M.sup.-1, 6.times.10.sup.9M.sup.-1,
8.times.10.sup.9M.sup.-1, or any range or value therein.
[0242] Preferred for human therapeutic use are high affinity murine
and chimeric antibodies, and fragments, regions and derivatives
having potent in vivo TNF.alpha.-inhibiting and/or neutralizing
activity, according to the present invention, that block
TNF-induced IL-6 secretion. Also preferred for human therapeutic
uses are such high affinity murine and chimeric anti-TNF.alpha.
antibodies, and fragments, regions and derivatives thereof, that
block TNF-induced procoagulant activity, including blocking of
TNF-induced expression of cell adhesion molecules such as ELAM-I
and ICAM-1 and blocking of TNF mitogenic activity, in vivo, in
situ, and in vitro.
[0243] Dosage forms (composition) suitable for internal
administration generally contain from about 0.1 milligram to about
500 milligrams of active ingredient per unit. In these
pharmaceutical compositions the active ingredient will ordinarily
be present in an amount of about 0.5-95% by weight based on the
total weight of the composition.
[0244] For parenteral administration, anti-TNF peptides or
antibodies can be formulated as a solution, suspension, emulsion or
lyophilized powder in association with a pharmaceutically
acceptable parenteral vehicle. Examples of such vehicles are water,
saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, and 5% human serum
albumin. Liposomes and nonaqueous vehicles such as fixed oils can
also be used. The vehicle or lyophilized powder can contain
additives that maintain isotonicity (e.g., sodium chloride,
mannitol) and chemical stability (e.g., buffers and preservatives).
The formulation is sterilized by commonly used techniques.
[0245] Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in the most
recent edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, A. Osol, a
standard reference text in this field of art.
[0246] For example, a parenteral composition suitable for
administration by injection is prepared by dissolving 1.5% by
weight of active ingredient in 0.9% sodium chloride solution.
[0247] Anti-TNF peptides and/or antibodies of this invention can be
adapted for therapeutic efficacy by virtue of their ability to
mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and/or
complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against cells having TNF
associated with their surface. For these activities, either an
endogenous source or an exogenous source of effector cells (for
ADCC) or complement components (for CDC) can be utilized. The
murine and chimeric antibodies, fragments and regions of this
invention, their fragments, and derivatives can be used
therapeutically as immunoconjugates (see for review: Dillman, R.
O., Ann. Int. Med. 111:592-603 (1989)). Such peptides or Abs can be
coupled to cytotoxic proteins, including, but not limited to
ricin-A, Pseudomonas toxin and Diphtheria toxin. Toxins conjugated
to antibodies or other ligands or peptides are well known in the
art (see, for example, Olsnes, S. et al., Immunol. Today 10:291-295
(1989)). Plant and bacterial toxins typically kill cells by
disrupting the protein synthetic machinery.
[0248] Anti-TNF peptides and/or antibodies of this invention can be
conjugated to additional types of therapeutic moieties including,
but not limited to, radionuclides, therapeutic agents, cytotoxic
agents and drugs. Examples of radionuclides which can be coupled to
antibodies and delivered in vivo to sites of antigen include
.sup.212Bi, .sup.131I, .sup.186Re, and .sup.90Y, which list is not
intended to be exhaustive. The radionuclides exert their cytotoxic
effect by locally irradiating the cells, leading to various
intracellular lesions, as is known in the art of radiotherapy.
[0249] Cytotoxic drugs which can be conjugated to anti-TNF peptides
and/or antibodies and subsequently used for in vivo therapy
include, but are not limited to, daunorubicin, doxorubicin,
methotrexate, and Mitomycin C. Cytotoxic drugs interfere with
critical cellular processes including DNA, RNA, and protein
synthesis. For a description of these classes of drugs which are
well known in the art, and their mechanisms of action, see Goodman
et al., Goodman and Gilman's THE PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS OF
THERAPEUTICS, 8th Ed., Macmillan Publishing Co., 1990.
[0250] Anti-TNF peptides and/or antibodies of this invention can be
advantageously utilized in combination with other monoclonal or
murine and chimeric antibodies, fragments and regions, or with
lymphokines or hemopoietic growth factors, etc., which serve to
increase the number or activity of effector cells which interact
with the antibodies.
[0251] Anti-TNF peptides and/or antibodies, fragments or
derivatives of this invention can also be used in combination with
TNF therapy to block undesired side effects of TNF. Recent
approaches to cancer therapy have included direct administration of
TNF to cancer patients or immunotherapy of cancer patients with
lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells (Rosenberg et al., New Eng.
J. Med. 313:1485-1492 (1985)) or tumor infiltrating lymphocytes
(TIL) (Kurnick et al. (Clin. Immunol. Immunopath. 38:367-380
(1986); Kradin et al., Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 24:76-85 (1987);
Kradin et al., Transplant. Proc. 20:336-338 (1988)). Trials are
currently underway using modified LAK cells or TIL which have been
transfected with the TNF gene to produce large amounts of TNF. Such
therapeutic approaches are likely to be associated with a number of
undesired side effects caused by the pleiotropic actions of TNF as
described herein and known in the related arts. According to the
present invention, these side effects can be reduced by concurrent
treatment of a subject receiving TNF or cells producing large
amounts of TIL with the antibodies, fragments or derivatives of the
present invention. Effective doses are as described above. The dose
level will require adjustment according to the dose of TNF or
TNF-producing cells administered, in order to block side effects
without blocking the main anti-tumor effect of TNF. One of ordinary
skill in the art will know how to determine such doses without
undue experimentation.
Treatment of Arthritis
[0252] In rheumatoid arthritis, the main presenting symptoms are
pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of function (Bennett J C. The
etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. In Textbook of Rheumatology
(Kelley W N, Harris E D, Ruddy S, Sledge C B, eds.) WB Saunders,
Philadelphia pp 879-886, 1985). The multitude of drugs used in
controlling such symptoms seems largely to reflect the fact that
none is ideal. Although there have been many years of intense
research into the biochemical, genetic, microbiological, and
immunological aspects of rheumatoid arthritis, its pathogenesis is
not completely understood, and none of the treatments clearly stop
progression of joint destruction (Harris E D. Rheumatoid Arthritis:
The clinical spectrum. In Textbook of Rheumatology (Kelley, et al.,
eds.) WB Saunders, Philadelphia pp 915-990, 1985).
[0253] TNF.alpha. is of major importance in the pathogenesis of
rheumatoid arthritis. TNF.alpha. is present in rheumatoid arthritis
joint tissues and synovial fluid at the protein and mRNA level
(Buchan G, et al., Clin. Exp. Immunol 73: 449-455, 1988),
indicating local synthesis. However detecting TNF.alpha. in
rheumatoid arthritis joints even in quantities sufficient for
bioactivation does not necessarily indicate that it is important in
the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, nor that it is a good
candidate therapeutic target. In order to address these questions,
the effects of anti-TNF antibody and peptides (rabbit or
monoclonal) on rheumatoid joint cell cultures, and for comparison,
osteoarthritic cell cultures, have been studied. IL-1 production
was abolished, showing TNF.alpha. as a suitable therapeutic target
for the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis, since
anti-TNF.alpha.blocks both TNF and IL-1, the two cytokines known to
be involved in cartilage and bone destruction (Brennan et al.,
Lancet 11:244-247, 1989).
[0254] Subsequent studies in rheumatoid arthritis tissues have
supported this hypothesis. Anti-TNF Abs abrogated the production of
another proinflammatory cytokine, GM-CSF (Haworth et al., Bur. J
Immunol. 21:2575-2579, 1991). This observation has been
independently confirmed (Alvaro-Gracia et al, 1991). It has also
been demonstrated that anti-TNF diminishes cell adhesion and HLA
class II expression in rheumatoid arthritis joint cell
cultures.
[0255] The administration of the antibody also established that
VEGF/VPF serum levels were significantly decreased (FIG. 34) in
rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. A prominent feature of
rheumatoid arthritis lesions is an infiltrate of inflammatory cells
from the blood, together with invading pannus which is associated
with prominent new blood formation, thus perpetuating the ingress
of nutrients and cells, and the inflammatory reactions which
culminate in bone and cartilage destruction. VEGF is a potent
inducer to angiogenesis and has been implicated in the formation of
blood vessels and activation of microvascular endothelium in
RA.
[0256] VEGF serum levels are significantly increased in patients
with active RA, relative to serum levels in a population of
age-matched controls. Furthermore, a time- and dose-dependent
decrease in serum VEGF levels in RA patients after infusion with
anti-TNF.alpha., cA2, was observed. In patients who received 1
mg/kg cA2 (n=24), the maximal effect (33% decrease, p<0.001
versus change in placebo group and versus pre-infusion levels) was
detected 2 weeks post-infusion, but subsequently VEGF levels
returned to pre-infusion levels. In contrast, patients who received
10 mg/kg cA2 (n=21), the reduction was maintained even 4 weeks
post-infusion (32% decrease, p<0.001), although serum levels
were still higher than in normal individuals. The data indicate
that treatment of RA or other VEGF-mediated diseases with TNF
antagonists decreases VEGF levels in vivo, thereby leading to
reduction in the vascularity of the pannus. Also, since VEGF is a
survival factor for newly formed blood vessels and endothelial cell
apoptosis, as a consequence of suppression of VEGF secretion, leads
to vessel regression, TNF antagonists can exert a beneficial effect
by causing regression of existing blood vessels in the arthritic
pannus.
Diagnostic Methods
[0257] The present invention also provides the above anti-TNF
peptides and antibodies, detectably labeled, as described below,
for use in diagnostic methods for detecting TNF.alpha. in patients
known to be or suspected of having a TNF.alpha.-mediated
condition.
[0258] Anti-TNF peptides and/or antibodies of the present invention
are useful for immunoassays which detect or quantitate TNF, or
anti-TNF antibodies, in a sample. An immunoassay for TNF typically
comprises incubating a biological sample in the presence of a
detectably labeled high affinity anti-TNF peptide and/or antibody
of the present invention capable of selectively binding to TNF, and
detecting the labeled peptide or antibody which is bound in a
sample. Various clinical assay procedures are well known in the
art, e.g., as described in Immunoassays for the 80's, A. Voller et
al., eds., University Park, 1981.
[0259] Thus, an anti-TNF peptide or antibody can be added to
nitrocellulose, or another solid support which is capable of
immobilizing cells, cell particles or soluble proteins. The support
can then be washed with suitable buffers followed by treatment with
the detectably labeled TNF-specific peptide or antibody. The solid
phase support can then be washed with the buffer a second time to
remove unbound peptide or antibody. The amount of bound label on
the solid support can then be detected by known method steps.
[0260] By "solid phase support" or "carrier" is intended any
support capable of binding peptide, antigen or antibody. Well-known
supports or carriers, include glass, polystyrene, polypropylene,
polyethylene, dextran, nylon, amylases, natural and modified
celluloses, polyacrylamides, agaroses, and magnetite. The nature of
the carrier can be either soluble to some extent or insoluble for
the purposes of the present invention. The support material can
have virtually any possible structural configuration so long as the
coupled molecule is capable of binding to TNF or an anti-TNF
antibody. Thus, the support configuration can be spherical, as in a
bead, or cylindrical, as in the inside surface of a test tube, or
the external surface of a rod. Alternatively, the surface can be
flat, such as a sheet, culture dish, test strip, etc. Preferred
supports include polystyrene beads. Those skilled in the art will
know many other suitable carriers for binding antibody, peptide or
antigen, or can ascertain the same by routine experimentation.
[0261] Well known method steps can determine binding activity of a
given lot of anti-TNF peptide and/or antibody. Those skilled in the
art can determine operative and optimal assay conditions by routine
experimentation.
[0262] Detectably labeling a TNF-specific peptide and/or antibody
can be accomplished by linking to an enzyme for use in an enzyme
immunoassay (EIA), or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
The linked enzyme reacts with the exposed substrate to generate a
chemical moiety which can be detected, for example, by
spectrophotometric, fluorometric or by visual means. Enzymes which
can be used to detectably label the TNF-specific antibodies of the
present invention include, but are not limited to, malate
dehydrogenase, staphylococcal nuclease, delta-5-steroid isomerase,
yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase,
triose phosphate isomerase, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline
phosphatase, asparaginase, glucose oxidase, beta-galactosidase,
ribonuclease, urease, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,
glucoamylase and acetylcholinesterase.
[0263] By radioactively labeling the TNF-specific antibodies, it is
possible to detect TNF through the use of a radioimmunoassay (RIA)
(see, for example, Work, et al., Laboratory Techniques and
Biochemistry in Molecular Biology, North Holland Publishing
Company, N.Y. (1978)). The radioactive isotope can be detected by
such means as the use of a gamma counter or a scintillation counter
or by autoradiography. Isotopes which are particularly useful for
the purpose of the present invention are: .sup.3H, .sup.125I,
.sup.131I, .sup.35S, .sup.14C, and, preferably, .sup.125I.
[0264] It is also possible to label the TNF-specific antibodies
with a fluorescent compound. When the fluorescent labeled antibody
is exposed to light of the proper wave length, its presence can
then be detected due to fluorescence. Among the most commonly used
fluorescent labelling compounds are fluorescein isothiocyanate,
rhodamine, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin,
o-phthaldehyde and fluorescamine.
[0265] The TNF-specific antibodies can also be detectably labeled
using fluorescence-emitting metals such as .sup.125Eu, or others of
the lanthanide series. These metals can be attached to the
TNF-specific antibody using such metal chelating groups as
diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) or
ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA).
[0266] The TNF-specific antibodies also can be detectably labeled
by coupling to a chemiluminescent compound. The presence of the
chemiluminescently labeled antibody is then determined by detecting
the presence of luminescence that arises during the course of a
chemical reaction. Examples of particularly useful chemiluminescent
labeling compounds are luminol, isoluminol, theromatic acridinium
ester, imidazole, acridinium salt and oxalate ester.
[0267] Likewise, a bioluminescent compound can be used to label the
TNF-specific antibody, fragment or derivative of the present
invention. Bioluminescence is a type of chemiluminescence found in
biological systems in which a catalytic protein increases the
efficiency of the chemiluminescent reaction. The presence of a
bioluminescent protein is determined by detecting the presence of
luminescence. Important bioluminescent compounds for purposes of
labeling are luciferin, luciferase and aequorin.
[0268] Detection of the TNF-specific antibody, fragment or
derivative can be accomplished by a scintillation counter, for
example, if the detectable label is a radioactive gamma emitter, or
by a fluorometer, for example, if the label is a fluorescent
material. In the case of an enzyme label, the detection can be
accomplished by colorometric methods which employ a substrate for
the enzyme. Detection can also be accomplished by visual comparison
of the extent of enzymatic reaction of a substrate in comparison
with similarly prepared standards.
[0269] For the purposes of the present invention, the TNF which is
detected by the above assays can be present in a biological sample.
Any sample containing TNF can be used. Preferably, the sample is a
biological fluid such as, for example, blood, serum, lymph, urine,
inflammatory exudate, cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid, a tissue
extract or homogenate, and the like. However, the invention is not
limited to assays using only these samples, it being possible for
one of ordinary skill in the art to determine suitable conditions
which allow the use of other samples.
[0270] In situ detection can be accomplished by removing a
histological specimen from a patient, and providing the combination
of labeled antibodies of the present invention to such a specimen.
The antibody (or fragment) is preferably provided by applying or by
overlaying the labeled antibody (or fragment) to a biological
sample. Through the use of such a procedure, it is possible to
determine not only the presence of TNF but also the distribution of
TNF in the examined tissue. Using the present invention, those of
ordinary skill will readily perceive that any of a wide variety of
histological methods (such as staining procedures) can be modified
in order to achieve such in situ detection.
[0271] The antibody, fragment or derivative of the present
invention can be adapted for utilization in an immunometric assay,
also known as a "two-site" or "sandwich" assay. In a typical
immunometric assay, a quantity of unlabeled antibody (or fragment
of antibody) is bound to a solid support that is insoluble in the
fluid being tested and a quantity of detectably labeled soluble
antibody is added to permit detection and/or quantitation of the
ternary complex formed between solid-phase antibody, antigen, and
labeled antibody.
[0272] Typical, and preferred, immunometric assays include
"forward" assays in which the antibody bound to the solid phase is
first contacted with the sample being tested to extract the TNF
from the sample by formation of a binary solid phase antibody-TNF
complex. After a suitable incubation period, the solid support is
washed to remove the residue of the fluid sample, including
unreacted TNF, if any, and then contacted with the solution
containing a known quantity of labeled antibody (which functions as
a "reporter molecule"). After a second incubation period to permit
the labeled antibody to complex with the TNF bound to the solid
support through the unlabeled antibody, the solid support is washed
a second time to remove the unreacted labeled antibody. This type
of forward sandwich assay can be a simple "yes/no" assay to
determine whether TNF is present or can be made quantitative by
comparing the measure of labeled antibody with that obtained for a
standard sample containing known quantities of TNF. Such "two-site"
or "sandwich" assays are described by Wide (Radioimmune Assay
Method, Kirkham, ed., Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1970, pp.
199-206).
[0273] Other type of "sandwich" assays, which can also be useful
with TNF, are the so-called "simultaneous" and "reverse" assays. A
simultaneous assay involves a single incubation step wherein the
antibody bound to the solid support and labeled antibody are both
added to the sample being tested at the same time. After the
incubation is completed, the solid support is washed to remove the
residue of fluid sample and uncomplexed labeled antibody. The
presence of labeled antibody associated with the solid support is
then determined as it would be in a conventional "forward" sandwich
assay.
[0274] In the "reverse" assay, stepwise addition first of a
solution of labeled antibody to the fluid sample followed by the
addition of unlabeled antibody bound to a solid support after a
suitable incubation period, is utilized. After a second incubation,
the solid phase is washed in conventional fashion to free it of the
residue of the sample being tested and the solution of unreacted
labeled antibody. The determination of labeled antibody associated
with a solid support is then determined as in the "simultaneous"
and "forward" assays. In one embodiment, a combination of
antibodies of the present invention specific for separate epitopes
can be used to construct a sensitive three-site immunoradiometric
assay.
TNF Removal From Solutions
[0275] The murine and chimeric antibodies, fragments and regions,
fragments, or derivatives of this invention, attached to a solid
support, can be used to remove TNF from fluids or tissue or cell
extracts. In a preferred embodiment, they are used to remove TNF
from blood or blood plasma products. In another preferred
embodiment, the murine and chimeric antibodies, fragments and
regions are advantageously used in extracorporeal immunoadsorbent
devices, which are known in the art (see, for example, Seminars in
Hematology, 26 (2 Suppl. 1) (1989)). Patient blood or other body
fluid is exposed to the attached antibody, resulting in partial or
complete removal of circulating TNF (free or in immune complexes),
following which the fluid is returned to the body. This
immunoadsorption can be implemented in a continuous flow
arrangement, with or without interposing a cell centrifugation
step. See, for example, Terman, et al., J. Immunol. 117:1971-1975
(1976).
[0276] Having now generally described the invention, the same will
be further understood by reference to certain specific examples
which are included herein for purposes of illustration only and are
not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified.
Example I
Production a Mouse Anti-Human TNF mAb
[0277] To facilitate clinical study of TNF mAb, a high-affinity
potent inhibiting and/or neutralizing mouse anti-human TNF IgG1 mAb
designated A2 was produced.
[0278] Female BALB/c mice, 10 weeks old, were obtained from the
Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me.). Forty .mu.g of purified E.
coli-derived recombinant human TNF (rhTNF) emulsified with an equal
volume of complete Freund's adjuvant (obtained from Difco
Laboratories) in 0.4 ml was injected subcutaneously and
intraperitoneally (i.p.) into a mouse. One week later, an injection
of 5 .mu.g of rhTNF in incomplete Freund's adjuvant was given i.p.
followed by four consecutive i.p. injections of 10 .mu.g of TNF
without adjuvant. Eight weeks after the last injection, the mouse
was boosted i.p. with 10 .mu.g of TNF.
[0279] Four days later, the mouse was sacrificed, the spleen was
obtained and a spleen cell suspension was prepared. Spleen cells
were fused with cells of the nonsecreting hybridoma, Sp2/0 (ATCC
CRL1581), at a 4:1 ratio of spleen cells to Sp2/0 cells, in the
presence of 0.3 ml of 30% polyethylene glycol, PEG 1450. After
incubation at 37.degree. C. for 6 hours, the fused cells were
distributed in 0.2 ml aliquots into 96-well plates at
concentrations of 2.times.10.sup.4 SP2/0 cells per well. Feeder
cells, in the form of 5.times.10.sup.4 normal BALB/c spleen cells,
were added to each well.
[0280] The growth medium used consisted of RPM1-1640 medium, 10%
heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) (HYCLONE), 0.1 mM minimum
essential medium (MEM) nonessential amino acids, 1 mM sodium
pyruvate, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 .mu.g/ml
streptomycin (GIBCO Laboratories) and, for selection,
hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT) (Boehringer Mannheim). A
solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) was employed for screening
supernatants for the presence of mAbs specific for rhTNF.alpha..
This assay is described in Example II, below. The background
binding in this assay was about 500 cpm. A supernatant was
considered positive if it yielded binding of 2000 cpm or
higher.
[0281] Of 322 supernatants screened, 25 were positive by RIA. Of
these 25, the one with the highest binding (4800 cpm) was
designated A2. Positive wells were subcloned at limiting dilution
on mouse feeder cells. Upon further analysis of the supernatants in
neutralization assays, A2 was found to be the only positive clone
showing potent inhibiting and/or neutralizing activity. Thus, the
hybridoma line A2 was selected. This line was maintained in
RPM1-1640 medium with 10% FBS (GIBCO), 0.1 mM nonessential amino
acids, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin
and 100 .mu.g/ml streptomycin.
[0282] Alternatively, anti-TNF antibodies which inhibit TNF
biological activity can be screened by binding to peptide including
at least 5 amino acids of residues 87-108 or both residues 59-80
and 87-108 of TNF (of SEQ ID NO: 1) or combinations of peptides
contained therein, which are used in place of the rTNF protein, as
described above.
Example II
Characterization of an Anti-TNF Antibody of the Present
Invention
Radioimmunoassays
[0283] E. coli-derived rhTNF was diluted to 1 .mu.g/ml in BCB
buffer, pH 9.6, and 0.1 ml of the solution was added to each assay
well. After incubation at 4.degree. C. overnight, the wells were
washed briefly with BCB, then sealed with 1% bovine incubated with
40 pg/ml of natural (GENZYME, Boston, Mass.) or recombinant
(SUNTORY, Osaka, Japan) human TNF.alpha. with varying
concentrations of mAb A2 in the presence of 20 .mu.g/ml
cycloheximide at 39.degree. C. overnight. Controls included medium
alone or medium+TNF in each well. Cell death was measured by
staining with naphthol blue-black, and the results read
spectrophotometrically at 630 nm. Absorbance at this wave length
correlates with the number of live cells present.
[0284] It was found that A2 inhibited or neutralized the cytotoxic
effect of both natural and rhTNF in a dose-dependent manner (FIG.
3).
[0285] In another experiment, the specificity of this inhibiting
and/or neutralizing activity was tested. A673/6 cells were seeded
at 3.times.10.sup.4 cells/well 20 hr before the TNF bioassay.
Two-fold serial dilutions of rhTNF, E. coli-derived recombinant
human lymphotoxin (TNF.beta.), and E. coli-derived recombinant
murine TNF were prepared. The A2 hybridoma supernatant was added to
an equal volume of the diluted TNF preparations, and the mixtures
were incubated at room temperature for 30 min Aliquots of 0.1 ml
were transferred to the wells containing A673/6 cells, 20 .mu.g/ml
of cycloheximide was added, and the cells were incubated at
39.degree. C. overnight. The cells were then fixed and stained for
evaluation of cytotoxicity. The results indicate that mAb A2
specifically inhibited or neutralized the cytotoxicity of
rhTNF.alpha., whereas it had no effect on human lymphotoxin
(TNF.beta.) (FIG. 4) or murine TNF (FIG. 5).
[0286] Experiments were next performed to analyze the
cross-reactivity of mAb A2 with TNF derived from non-human
primates. Monocytes isolated from B514 (baboon), J91 (cynomolgus)
and RH383 (rhesus) blood by Ficoll gradient centrifugation and
adherence, were incubated at 1.times.10.sup.5 cells/well in RPMi
1640 medium with 5% FBS and 2 .mu.g/ml of E. coli LPS for 3 or 16
hr at 37.degree. C. to induce TNF production. Supernatants from
duplicate wells were pooled and stored at 4.degree. C. for less
than 20 hr until the TNF bioassay was performed, as described
above, using A673/6 cells. Two-fold dilutions of the culture
supernatants were mixed with either medium or purified mAb A2 at a
final concentration of 1 .mu.g/ml, incubated at room temperature
for 30 min. and aliquots transferred to the indicator cells. The
results showed that mAb A2 failed to significantly inhibit or
neutralize the cytotoxic activity of TNF produced by baboon,
cynomolgus and rhesus monkey monocytes.
[0287] A further experiment was conducted with chimpanzee TNF.
Monocytes isolated from CH563 (chimpanzee) blood were incubated as
described above to generate TNF-containing supernatants. The
ability of 10 .mu.g/ml of mAb A2 to inhibit or neutralize the
bioactivity of these supernatants was assayed as above. Human TNF
was used as a positive control. Results, shown in FIG. 6, indicate
that mAb A2 had potent inhibiting and/or neutralizing activity for
chimpanzee TNF, similar to that for human TNF (FIG. 7).
[0288] The inhibiting and/or neutralizing activity of mAb A2 was
compared with three other murine mAbs specific for human TNF,
termed TNF-1, TNF-2 and TNF-3, and a control mAb. Two-fold serial
dilutions of purified mAbs were mixed with rhTNF (40 pg/ml),
incubated at room temperature for 30 min, and aliquots tested for
TNF bioactivity as above. It was found that mAbs TNF-1, TNF-2 and
TNF-3 each had a similar moderate degree of inhibiting and/or
neutralizing activity. In contrast, mAb A2 had much more potent
inhibiting and/or neutralizing activity.
Example III
General Strategy for Cloning Antibody V and C Genes
[0289] The strategy for cloning the V regions for the H and L chain
genes from the hybridoma A2, which secretes the anti-TNF antibody
described above, was based upon the linkage in the genome between
the V region and the corresponding J (joining) region for
functionally rearranged (and expressed) Ig genes. J region DNA
probes can be used to screen genomic libraries to isolate DNA
linked to the J regions. Although DNA in the germline configuration
(i.e., unrearranged) would also hybridize to J probes, this DNA
would not be linked to a Ig V region sequence and can be identified
by restriction enzyme analysis of the isolated clones.
[0290] The cloning utilized herein was to isolate V regions from
rearranged H and L chain genes using J.sub.H and J.sub.K probes.
These clones were tested to see if their sequences were expressed
in the A2 hybridoma by Northern analysis. Those clones that
contained expressed sequence were cloned into expression vectors
containing human C regions and transfected into mouse myeloma cells
to determine if an antibody was produced. The antibody from
producing cells was then tested for binding specificity and
functionally compared to the A2 murine antibody.
Example IV
Construction of a L Chain Genomic Library
[0291] To isolate the L chain V region gene from the A2 hybridoma,
a size-selected genomic library was constructed using the phage
lambda vector charon 27. High molecular weight DNA was isolated
from A2 hybridoma cells and digested to completion with restriction
endonuclease HindIII. The DNA was then fractionated on a 0.8%
agarose gel and the DNA fragments of three different size ranges of
approximately 3 kb, 4 kb and 6 kb were isolated from the gel by
electroelution. The size ranges for library construction were
chosen based upon the size of HindIII fragments that hybridized on
a southern blot with the J.sub.K probe. After phenol/chloroform
extraction and ethanol precipitation, the DNA fragments from each
size class were ligated with lambda charon 27 arms and packaged
into phage particles in vitro using Gigapack Gold from Stratagene
(LaJolla, Calif.).
[0292] These libraries were screened directly at a density of
approximately 20,000 plaques per 150 mm petri dish using a
.sup.32P-labeled J.sub.K probe. The mouse L chain J.sub.K probe was
a 2.7 kb HindIII fragment containing all five J.sub.K segments. The
probe was labeled with .sup.32P by random priming using a kit
obtained from Boehringer Mannheim. Free nucleotides were removed by
centrifugation through a Sephadex G-SO column. The specific
activities of the probe was approximately 10.sup.9 cpm/.mu.g.
[0293] Plaque hybridizations were carried out in 5.times.SSC, 50%
formamide, 2.times.Denhardt's reagent, and 200 .mu.g/ml denatured
salmon sperm DNA at 42.degree. C. for 18-20 hours. Final washes
were in 0.5.times.SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65.degree. C. Positive clones
were identified after autoradiography.
Example V
Construction of H Chain Genomic Library
[0294] To isolate the V region gene for the A2 H chain, a genomic
library was constructed in the lambda gt10 vector system. High
molecular weight DNA was digested to completion with restriction
endonuclease EcoRI and fragments of approximately 7.5 kb were
isolated after agarose gel electrophoresis. These fragments were
ligated with lambda gt10 arms and packaged into phage particles in
vitro using Gigapack Gold.
[0295] This library was screened at a density of 20,000 plaques per
150 mm plate using a J.sub.H probe. The J.sub.H probe was a 2 kb
BamHI/EcoRI fragment containing both J3 and J4 segments. The probe
was labeled as in Example III and had a similar specific
radioactivity. Hybridization and wash conditions were identical to
those used in Example III.
Example VI
Cloning of the TNF-Specific V Gene Regions
[0296] Several positive clones were isolated from the H and L chain
libraries after screening approximately 10.sup.6 plaques from each
library using the J.sub.H and J.sub.K probes, respectively.
Following plaque purification, bacteriophage DNA was isolated for
each positive clone, digested with either EcoRI (H chain clones) or
HindIII (L chain clones) and fractionated on 1% agarose gels. The
DNA was transferred to nitrocellulose and the blots were hybridized
with the J.sub.H or the J.sub.K probe.
[0297] Several H chain clones were obtained that contained 7.5 k/D
EcoRI DNA encoding fragments of MAbs to the J.sub.H probe. For the
light chain libraries, several clones from each of the three
size-selected libraries were isolated that contained HindIII
fragments that hybridize to the J.sub.K probe. For the L chain,
several independently derived HindIII fragments of 2.9 kb from the
2 kb library hybridized with a 1250 bp mRNA from A2, but not with
SP2/0 mRNA (see Example VII). In addition, several HindIII
fragments derived from the 4 kb library hybridized both to the A2
mRNA and the fusion partner mRNA. A 5.7 kb HindIII fragment from
the 6 kb library did not hybridize to either RNA.
[0298] The observed lengths of hybridizing A2 mRNA were the correct
sizes for H and L chain mRNA, respectively. Because the RNA
expression was restricted to the A2 hybridoma, it was assumed that
the 7.5 kb H chain fragments and the 2.9 kb L chain fragments
contained the correct V region sequences from A2. One example of
each type was chosen for further study. The important functional
test is the demonstration that these V regions sequences, when
combined with appropriate C region sequences, are capable of
directing the synthesis of an antibody with a specificity and
affinity similar to that of the murine A2 antibody.
[0299] The 7.5 kb H chain fragment and the 2.9 kb L chain fragment
were subcloned into plasmid vectors that allow expression of the
chimeric mouse/human proteins in murine myeloma cells (see Examples
VIII and IX). These plasmids were co-transfected into SP2/0 cells
to ascertain if intact antibody molecules were secreted, and if so,
if they were of the correct specificity and affinity Control
transfections were also performed pairing the putative anti-TNF H
chain with an irrelevant, but expressed, L chain; the putative
anti-TNF L chain was also paired with an irrelevant, but expressed,
H chain. The results indicated that the 7.5 kb H chain fragment
could be expressed, whereas the 2.9 kb L chain fragment could not.
This was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis that suggested portions
of the coding region were not in the proper amino acid reading
frame when compared to other known L chain amino acid
sequences.
[0300] Because the 2.9 kb HindIII fragment appeared not to contain
a functional V gene, the 4.0 kb and 5.7 kb HindIII fragments
isolated from L chain libraries were cloned into expression vectors
and tested for expression of chimeric antibody after
co-transfection with the 7.5 kb H chain. The 5.7 kb HindIII
fragment was incapable of supporting antibody expression, whereas
the 4.0 kb HindIII fragment did support antibody expression. The
antibody resulting from the co-transfection of the 7.5 kb putative
H chain V region and the 4.0 kb L chain V region was purified,
tested in solid phase TNF binding assay, and found to be inactive.
It was concluded that the V region contained on the 4.0 kb HindIII
fragment was not the correct anti-TNF V region, but was contributed
to the hybridoma by the fusion partner. This was subsequently
confirmed by sequence analysis of cDNA derived from the A2
hybridoma and from the fusion partner.
[0301] Other independently derived L chain clones containing 2.9 kb
HindIII fragments that hybridized with A2 mRNA were characterized
in more detail. Although the restriction maps were similar, the
clones fell into two classes with respect to the presence or
absence of an AccI enzyme site. The original (non-functional) 2.9
kb fragment (designated clone 8.3) was missing an AccI site present
in some other clones (represented by clone 4.3). The DNA sequence
of clone 4.3 was extremely similar to clone 8.3, but contained a
single amino acid reading frame with close homology to known L
chains, unlike clone 8.3. The 2.9 kb HindIII fragment from clone
4.3 was subcloned into the L chain expression vector and
co-transfected with the putative anti-TNF H chain into SP2/0 cells.
An antibody was synthesized, purified and tested in the solid phase
TNF binding assay. This antibody bound to TNF, and therefore, the
clone 4.3 L chain V region was assumed to be the correct one.
[0302] The A2 murine hybridoma has been shown to contain at least
four rearranged L chain V region genes. At least two of these are
expressed as proteins: clone 4.3 (the correct anti-TNF L chain
gene) and the gene contained in the 4.0 kb HindIII fragment
(contributed by the fusion partner). The expression of two L chains
implies that the resulting antibody secreted from the murine
hybridoma is actually a mixture of antibodies, some using the
correct L chain, some using the incorrect L chain, and some using
one of each. The presence of two different L chains in the murine
A2 antibody has been confirmed by SDS gel and N-terminal protein
sequence analysis of the purified antibody. Because construction of
the chimeric A2 antibody involves cloning the individual H and L
chain genes and expressing them in a non-producing cell line, the
resulting antibody will have only the correct L chain and therefore
should be a more potent antibody (see Examples X, XI and XII).
Example VII
Northern Analysis of Cloned DNA
[0303] Cloned DNA corresponding to the authentic H and L chain V
regions from the A2 hybridoma would be expected to hybridize to A2
mRNA. Non-functional DNA rearrangements at either the H or L chain
genetic loci should not be expressed.
[0304] Ten .mu.g total cellular RNA was subjected to
electrophoresis on 1% agarose/formaldehyde gels (Sambrook et al.,
infra) and transferred to nitrocellulose. Blots were hybridized
with random primed DNA probes in 50% formamide, 2.times.Denhardt's
solution, 5.times.SSC, and 200 .mu.g/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA
at 42.degree. C. for 10 hours. Final wash conditions were
0.5.times.SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65.degree. C.
[0305] The subcloned DNA fragments were labeled with .sup.32P by
random priming and hybridized to Northern blots containing total
RNA derived from A2 cells or from cells of SP2/0, the fusion
partner parent of A2. The 7.5 kb EcoRI H chain fragment hybridized
with a 2 kb mRNA from A2, but not with SP2/0 mRNA. Similarly, the
2.9 kb L chain HindIII fragment (clone 4.3) hybridized with a 1250
bp mRNA from A2, but not with SP2/0 mRNA. The observed lengths of
A2 mRNA hybridizing were the correct sizes for H and L chain mRNA,
respectively, confirming that the V region sequences on these DNA
fragments are expressed in A2 hybridoma cells.
Example VIII
Construction of Expression Vectors
[0306] The putative L (clone 4.3) and H chain V genes described
above were joined to human kappa and gamma1 constant region genes
in expression vectors. The 7.5 kb EcoRI fragment corresponding to
the putative V.sub.H region gene from A2 was cloned into an
expression vector containing the human C.sub.gamma1 gene and the
Ecogpt gene to yield the plasmid designated pA2HG1apgpt (see FIG.
8).
[0307] The 2.9 kb putative VL fragment from clone 4.3 was cloned
into a vector containing the human kappa C.sub.k gene and the
Ecogpt gene to allow selection in mammalian cells. The resulting
plasmid was designated pA2HuKapgpt (See FIG. 8).
Example IX
Expression of Chimeric Antibody Genes
[0308] To express the chimeric H and L chain genes, the expression
plasmids were transfected into cells of the non-producing mouse
myeloma cell line, SP2/0. Plasmid DNA to be transfected was
purified by centrifuging to equilibrium in ethidium bromide/cesium
chloride gradients twice. Plasmid DNA (10-50 .mu.g) was added to
10.sup.7 SP2/0 cells in medium containing Hank's salts, and the
mixture was placed in a BIORAD electroporation apparatus.
Electroporation was performed at 20 volts, following which the
cells were plated in 96 well microtiter plates.
[0309] Mycophenolic acid selection was applied after 24 hours and
drug resistant colonies were identified after 1-2 weeks. Resistant
colonies were expanded to stable cell lines and tissue culture
supernatant from these cell lines was tested for antibody using an
ELISA assay with goat anti-human IgG Fc antibody and goat
anti-human H+L conjugated with alkaline phosphatase (obtained from
Jackson Laboratories).
[0310] The chimeric A2 antibody was purified from tissue culture
supernatant by Protein A-Sepharose chromatography. The supernatant
was adjusted to 0.1M Tris, 0.002M EDTA, pH 8.0 and loaded on a
Protein A-Sepharose column equilibrated in the same buffer. The IgG
was eluted with 0.1M citrate, pH 3.5, inhibited or neutralized with
1M Tris, and dialyzed into phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
[0311] The purified chimeric antibody was evaluated for its binding
and inhibiting and/or neutralizing activity.
Example X
Specificity of an Anti-TNF Chimeric Antibody
[0312] Since the antigen binding domain of cA2 was derived from
murine A2, these mAbs would be expected to compete for the same
binding site on TNF. Fixed concentrations of chimeric A2 and murine
mAb A2 were incubated with increasing concentrations of murine and
chimeric A2 competitor, respectively, in a 96-well microtiter plate
coated with rhTNF (Dainippon, Osaka, Japan). Alkaline-phosphatase
conjugated anti-human immunoglobulin and anti-mouse immunoglobulin
second antibodies were used to detect the level of binding of
chimeric and murine A2, respectively. Cross-competition for TNF
antigen was observed in this solid-phase ELISA format (FIGS. 9A and
9B). This finding is consistent with the expected identical epitope
specificity of cA2 and murine A2.
[0313] The affinity constant for binding of mouse mAb A2 and cA2 to
rhTNF.alpha. was determined by Scatchard analysis (see, for
example, Scatchard, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 51:660 (1949)). The
results are shown in FIG. 10. This analysis involved measuring the
direct binding of .sup.125I labelled cA2 to immobilized
rhTNF.alpha. in a 96-well plate. The antibodies were each labelled
to a specific activity of about 9.7 .mu.Ci/.mu.g by the iodogen
method. An affinity constant (Ka) of 0.5.times.10.sup.9 liters/mole
was calculated for the mouse mAb A2. Unexpectedly, the chimeric A2
antibody had a higher affinity, with a Ka of 1.8.times.10.sup.9
liters/mole. Thus, the chimeric anti-TNF.alpha. antibody of the
present invention was shown to exhibit a significantly higher
affinity of binding to human TNF.alpha. than did the parental
murine A2 mAb. This finding was surprising, since murine and
chimeric antibodies, fragments and regions would be expected to
have affinities that are equal to or less than that of the parent
mAb.
[0314] Such high affinity anti-TNF antibodies, having affinities of
binding to TNF.alpha. of at least 1.times.10.sup.8M.sup.-1, more
preferably at least 1.times.10.sup.9 M.sup.-1 (expressed as Ka) are
preferred for immunoassays which detect very low levels of TNF in
biological fluids. In addition, anti-TNF antibodies having such
high affinities are preferred for therapy of TNF-.alpha.-mediated
conditions or pathology states.
[0315] The specificity of cA2 for TNF was confirmed by testing for
cross-neutralization of human lymphotoxin (TNF-.beta.). Lymphotoxin
shares some sequence homology and certain biological activities,
for example, tumor cell cytotoxicity, with TNF (Pennica, et al.,
Nature 312:724-729 (1984)). Cultured human A673 cells were
incubated with increasing concentrations of human lymphotoxin
(GENENTECH, San Francisco, Calif.) with or without 4 .mu.g/ml
chimeric A2 in the presence of 20 .mu.g/ml cycloheximide at 39 C
overnight. Cell death was measured by vital staining with naphthol
blue-black, as above. The results indicated that cA2 was
ineffective at inhibiting and/or neutralizing human lymphotoxin,
confirming the TNF.alpha.-specificity of the chimeric antibody.
[0316] The ability of A2 or cA2 to react with TNF from different
animal species was also evaluated. As mentioned earlier, there are
multiple epitopes on human TNF to which inhibiting and/or
neutralizing mAbs will bind (Moller, et al., infra). Human TNF has
bioactivity in a wide range of host animal species. However,
certain inhibiting and/or neutralizing epitopes on human TNF are
conserved amongst different animal species and others appear to be
restricted to humans and chimpanzees.
[0317] Neutralization experiments utilized endotoxin-activated cell
supernatants from freshly isolated human, chimpanzee, rhesus and
cynomolgus monkey, baboon, pig, dog, rabbit, or rat monocytes as
the TNF source. As discussed above, murine mAb A2 inhibited or
neutralized activity of only human and chimpanzee TNF, and had no
effect on TNF derived from other primates and lower animals A2 also
did not inhibit or neutralize the cytotoxic effect of recombinant
mouse TNF.
[0318] Thus, the epitope recognized by A2 is one shared by human
and chimpanzee TNF.alpha.. Chimeric A2 was also tested in this
manner for cross-reactivity with monocyte-derived TNF from rat,
rabbit, dog and pig, as well as with purified recombinant mouse
TNF.alpha., and natural and recombinant human TNF.alpha.. Chimeric
A2 only inhibited or neutralized natural and recombinant human
TNF.alpha.. Therefore, cA2 appears to share species specificity
with murine A2.
Example XI
In Vitro Activity and Neutralization Efficacy of a Chimeric
Anti-TNF Antibody
[0319] Both the murine and chimeric anti-TNF.alpha. antibodies, A2
and cA2 were determined to have potent TNF-inhibiting and/or
neutralizing activity. In the TNF cytotoxicity assay described
above, murine A2, at a concentration of about 125 ng/ml completely
inhibited or neutralized the biological activity of a 40 pg/ml
challenge of rhTNF.alpha.. Two separate determinations of
inhibiting and/or neutralizing potency, expressed as the 50%
Inhibitory Dose (ID50) were determined to be 15.9.+-.1.01 and
17.9.+-.1.6 ng/ml (Mean+Std error). Thus the mAb A2 has an ID50 of
about 17 ng/ml.
[0320] In this same experimental system, three other murine
anti-TNF.alpha. antibodies (termed TNF-1, TNF-2 and TNF-3) of
comparable binding affinity to TNF were found to have ID50 values
of 1-2 orders of magnitude greater, and thus were significantly
less potent in neutralization than A2.
[0321] The ability of cA2 to inhibit or neutralize human TNF.alpha.
bioactivity in vitro was tested using the bioassay system described
above. Cultured A673 cells were incubated with 40 pg/ml natural
(Genzyme, Boston, Mass.) or recombinant (Suntory, Osaka, Japan)
human TNF with or without antibody overnight as above, and cell
death was measured by vital staining. As expected based upon the
above results with the A2 mouse mAb, cA2 also inhibited or
neutralized both natural and rhTNF in a dose-dependent manner in
the cytotoxicity assay (FIG. 11). In this assay format, levels of
cA2 as low as 125 ng/ml completely abolished the toxic activity of
TNF. Upon repeated analysis, the cA2 exhibited greater
TNF-inhibiting and/or neutralizing activity than did the parent
murine A2 mAb. Such inhibiting and/or neutralizing potency, at
antibody levels below 1 .mu.g/ml, can easily be attained in the
blood of a subject to whom the antibody is administered.
Accordingly, such highly potent inhibiting and/or neutralizing
anti-TNF antibodies, in particular the chimeric antibody, are
preferred for therapeutic use in TNF.alpha.-mediated pathologies or
conditions.
[0322] As mentioned above, TNF induces cellular secretion of IL-6.
Furthermore, there is evidence that IL-6 is involved in the
pathophysiology of sepsis, although the precise role of IL-6 in
that syndrome is unclear (Fong, et al., J. Exp. Med. 170:1627-1633
(1989); Starnes Jr., et al., J. Immunol. 145:4185-4191 (1990)). The
ability of cA2 to inhibit or neutralize TNF-induced IL-6 secretion
was evaluated using cultured human diploid FS-4 fibroblasts. The
results in Table 2 show that cA2 was effective in blocking IL-6
secretion in cells that had been incubated overnight with TNF.
TNF-induced IL-6 secretion was not inhibited in the absence of a
mAb or in the presence of a control mAb specific for an irrelevant
antigen.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 In Vitro Neutralization of TNF-Induced IL-6
Secretion TNF Concentration (ng/ml) Antibody 0 0.3 1.5 7.5 None
<0.20 1.36 2.00 2.56 Control mAb <0.20 1.60 1.96 2.16 cA2
<0.20 <0.20 <0.20 0.30 Values represent mean
concentrations of IL-6 of duplicate wells, in ng/ml. RhTNF
(Suntory, Osaka, Japan), with or without 4 .mu.g/ml antibody, was
added to cultures of FS-4 fibroblasts and after 18 h, the
supernatant was assayed for IL-6 using the QUANTIKINE Human IL-6
Immunoassay (from R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN). Control mAb =
chimeric mouse/human IgG1 anti-platelet mAb (7E3).
[0323] The ability of TNF to activate procoagulant and adhesion
molecule activities of endothelial cells (EC) is thought to be an
important component of pathology pathophysiology. In particular,
this can be associated with the vascular damage, disseminated
intravascular coagulation, and severe hypotension that is
associated with the sepsis syndrome. Therefore, the ability of cA2
to block TNF-induced activation of cultured human umbilical vein
endothelial cells (HUVEC) was evaluated. TNF stimulation of
procoagulant activity was determined by exposing intact cultured
HUVEC cells to TNF (with or without antibody) for 4 hours and
analyzing a cell lysate in a human plasma clotting assay. The
results in Table 3 show the expected upregulation by TNF of HUVEC
procoagulant activity (reflected by a decreased clotting time).
Chimeric antibody cA2 effectively inhibited or neutralized this TNF
activity in a dose-dependent manner.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3 In Vitro Neutralization of TNF-Induced
Procoagulant Activity TNF Concentration (ng/ml) Antibody .mu.g/ml
250 25 0 None -- 64 .+-. 4* 63 .+-. 1 133 .+-. 13 Control Ab 10.00
74 .+-. 6 N.D. 178 .+-. 55 cA2 10.00 114 .+-. 5 185 .+-. 61 141
.+-. 18 cA2 3.30 113 .+-. 2 147 .+-. 3 N.D. cA2 1.10 106 .+-. 1 145
.+-. 8 N.D. A2 0.37 73 .+-. 17 153 .+-. 4 N.D. cA2 0.12 64 .+-. 1
118 .+-. 13 N.D. *Values represent mean plasma clotting time, in
seconds (.+-. S.D.). Clotting time was determined in normal human
plasma after addition of the rhTNF (Dainippon, Osaka, Japan) with
or without antibody-treated HUVEC lysate and Ca.sup.++ at
37.degree. C. N.D. = not done. Control Ab is a chimeric mouse/human
IgG1 anti-CD4 antibody.
[0324] In addition to stimulating procoagulant activity, TNF also
induces surface expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules
such as ELAM-1 and ICAM-1. The ability of cA2 to inhibit or
neutralize this activity of TNF was measured using an ELAM-1
specific detection radioimmunoassay. Cultured HUVEC were stimulated
with 250 ng/ml rhTNF (Dainippon, Osaka, Japan) with or without
antibody at 37.degree. C. overnight in a 96-well plate format.
Surface expression of ELAM-1 was determined by sequential addition
of a mouse anti-human ELAM-1 mAb and .sup.125I-labelled rabbit
anti-mouse immunoglobulin second antibody directly to culture
plates at 4.degree. C.
[0325] As shown in FIG. 12, TNF induced the expression of ELAM-1 on
the surface of cultured HUVEC cells, and this activity was again
effectively blocked in a dose-related manner by cA2.
[0326] Finally, TNF is known to stimulate mitogenic activity in
cultured fibroblasts. Chimeric A2 inhibited or neutralized
TNF-induced mitogenesis of human diploid FS-4 fibroblasts cultures,
confirming the potent inhibiting and/or neutralizing capability of
cA2 against a broad spectrum of in vitro TNF biological
activities.
Example XII
Determination of Amino Acid Sequences (Epitope) on Human
TNF-.alpha. Recognized by cA2 mAb Reagents
[0327] The following reagents are readily available from commercial
sources. FMOC-L-Ala-OPfp, FMOC-L-Cys(Trt)-OPfp,
FMOC-L-Asp(OtBu)-OPfp, FMOC-L-Giu (OtBu)-OPfp, FMOC-L-Phe-OPfp,
FMOC-Gly-OPfp, FMOC-L-His (Boc)-OPfp, FMOC-L-Ile-OPfp,
FMOC-L-Lys(Boc)-OPfp, FMOC-L-Leu-OPfp, FMOC-L-Asn-OPfp,
FMOC-L-Pro-OPfp, FMOC-L-Gin-OPfp, FMOC-L-Arg(Mtr)-OPfp,
FMOC-L-Ser(tBu)-ODhbt, FMOC-L-Thr(tBu)-ODhbt, FMOC-L-Val-OPfp,
FMOC-L-Trp-OPfp, FMOC-L-Try(tBu)-OPfp, and 1-hydroxy-fbenotriazol
(HOBT) were obtained from Cambridge Research Biochemicals.
Piperidine and was obtained from Applied Biosystems, Inc.
1-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidinone (NMP) was obtained from EM Science;
Methanol from JT Baker; Acetic Anhydride from Applied Biosystems,
Inc., Trifluoroaccetic acid (TFA) from Applied Biosystems, Inc.;
Diisopropylamne (DIEA), Triethylamine, Dithiothreitol (DTT) and
Anisole from Aldrich and Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) from JT Baker.
[0328] Abbreviations: FMOC, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl; tBu t-butyl
ether; OrB, t-butyl ester; Boc, t-butyloxycarbonyl; Mtr,
4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl-benzenesulfonyl; Trt, trityl; OPfp,
pentafluorophenylester; ODnbt. oxo-benzotriazone ester.
[0329] A chimeric antibody of the present invention, designated
cA2, was used to determine which portions of the TNF amino acid
sequence were involved in inhibitory binding by the antibody by
epitope mapping, whereby the amino acid sequences of TNF-.alpha.
recognized by cA2 have been identified.
[0330] The complete primary sequence of human TNF.alpha., according
to Pennica et al., Nature 312:724-729 (1984) is shown in FIG. 13
(SEQ ID NO:1). Overlapping decapeptides beginning with every second
amino acid and covering the entire amino acid sequence of human
TNF-.alpha. were synthesized on polyethylene pins using the method
of Gysen (Gysen et al., Peptides: Chemistry and Biological,
Proceedings of the Twelfth American Peptide Symposium, p. 519-523,
Ed, G. R. Marshall, Escom, Leiden, 1988). Sets of peptide pins
bearing free N-terminal amino groups and acetylated N-terminal
amino groups were individually prepared. Both sets of peptide pins
were incubated in solutions containing the anti-TNF mAb cA2 to
determine the amino acid sequences that make up the cA2 epitope on
human TNF-.alpha., as described below. FIG. 14A shows the results
of binding to the overlapping decapeptides that comprise the entire
sequence of human TNF.alpha.. The O.D. (optional density)
correlates directly with the increased degree of cA2 binding. FIG.
14B shows the results of binding of cA2 to the same set of peptide
pins in the presence of human TNF.alpha.. This competitive binding
study delineates peptides which can show non-specific binding to
CA2.
[0331] There are at least two non-contiguous peptide sequences of
TNF-.alpha. recognized by cA2. Using the conventional protein
numbering system wherein the N-terminal amino acid is number 1, the
cA2 mAb recognizes an epitope composed at least in part of amino
acids located within residues 87-108 or both residues 59-80 and
87-108 of TNF (SEQ ID NO:1). FIG. 15 presents these non-contiguous
sequences within the TNF sequence.
[0332] Unexpectedly, the mAb cA2 blocks the action of TNF-.alpha.
without binding to the putative receptor binding locus, which can
include one or more of, e.g., 11-13, 37-42, 49-57 or 155-157 of
hTNF.alpha. (of SEQ ID NO:1). Preferred anti-TNF mAbs are those
that inhibit this binding of human TNF-.alpha. to its receptors by
virtue of their ability to bind to one or more of these peptide
sequences. These antibodies can block the activity of TNF by virtue
of binding to the cA2 epitope, such binding demonstrated to inhibit
TNF activity. The identification of those peptide sequences
recognized by cA2 provides the information necessary to generate
additional MAbs with binding characteristics and therapeutic
utility that parallel the embodiments of this application.
Peptide Pin Synthesis
[0333] Using an epitope mapping kit purchased from Cambridge
Research Biochemicals, Inc. (CRB), dodecapeptides corresponding to
the entire sequence of human TNF-.alpha. were synthesized on
polyethylene pins.
[0334] A synthesis schedule was generated using the CRB epitope
mapping software. Prior to the first amino acid coupling, the pins
were deprotected with a 20% piperidine in NMP solution for 30
minutes at room temperature. After deprotection, the pins were
washed with NMP for five minutes at room temperature, followed by
three methanol washes. Following the wash steps, the pins were
allowed to air dry for at least 10 minutes.
[0335] The following procedure was performed for each coupling
cycle: [0336] 1) The amino acid derivatives and the HOBT were
weighted out according to the weights required in the synthesis
schedule. [0337] 2) The HOBT was dissolved in the appropriate
amount of NMP according to the synthesis schedule. [0338] 3) The
amino acid derivatives were dissolved in the recommended amount of
HOBT solution and 150 microliters were pipetted into the
appropriate wells as directed by the well position sheet of the
synthesis schedule. [0339] 4) The blocks containing the pins were
placed into the wells, and the "sandwich" units stored in plastic
bags in a 30.degree. C. water bath for 18 hours. [0340] 5) The pins
were removed from the wells and washed once (for 5 minutes) with
NMP, three times (for two minutes) with methanoi and air dried for
10 minutes. [0341] 6) The pins were deprotected as described above
and the procedure repeated.
[0342] To acetylate the peptides on one block of pins, the peptide
pins were washed, deprotected and treated with 150 microliters of a
solution containing NMP; acetic anhydride:triethylamine (5:2:1) for
90 minutes at 30.degree. C., followed by the washing procedure
outlined above. The second set of peptide pins was deprotected by
not acetylated to give free N-terminal amino groups.
[0343] The final deprotection of the peptides to remove the side
chain protecting groups was done using a mixture of
TFA:anisole:dithiothreitol, 95:2.5:2.5 (v/v/w) for four hours at
ambient temperature. After deprotection, the pins were air dried
for 10 minutes, followed by a 15 minute sonication in a solution of
0.1% HCl in methanol/distilled water (1:1). The pins dried over
night and were then ready for testing.
ELISA Assay for cA2 Binding to TNF-.alpha. Peptide PINs
Reagents: Disruption Buffer
[0344] Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (31.2 g, Sigma cat #S-0751 or
equivalent) and sodium dodecylsulfate (20.0 g, Sigma cat #L-3771 or
equivalent) were dissolved in 2.0 L of milliQ water. The pH was
adjusted to 7.2.+-.0.1 with 50% w/w sodium hydroxide (VWR cat
#VW6730-3 or equivalent).
Blocking Buffer
[0345] Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (0.39 g, Sigma cat #S-0751 or
equivalent) disodium hydrogen phosphate (1.07 g, Baker cat #3828-1
or equivalent) and sodium chloride (8.50 g, Baker cat #3624-5 or
equivalent) were dissolved in 1.0 L of milliQ water. The pH was
adjusted to 7.2.+-.0.1 with 50% w/w sodium hydroxide (VWR cat
VW6730-3 or equivalent). Chicken egg albumin (10.0 g, Sigma cat
#A-5503 or equivalent) and bovine serum albumin (10.0 g, Sigma, cat
#A-3294 or equivalent) were dissolved at room temperature with
gentle stirring. The solution was filtered, and to the solution was
added Tween 20 (2.0 ml, Sigma cat #P-13.79 or equivalent). The
solution was stirred gently at room temperature for 30 min,
filtered and stored at 40.degree..
PBS/Tween 20
[0346] A 10.times. concentrate was prepared by dissolving sodium
dihydrogen phosphate (3.90 g, Sigma cat #S-0751 or equivalent),
disodium hydrogen phosphate (10.70 g, Baker cat #3828-1 or
equivalent) and sodium chloride (85.0 g, Baker cat #3624-5 or
equivalent) in 1.0 L of milliQ water. The pH was adjusted to
7.2.+-.0.1 with 50% w/w sodium hydroxide (VWR cat #VW 6730 or
equivalent). To the solution was added Tween 20 (5.0 mL, Sigma cat
#P-1379 or equivalent), and the mixture stirred gently. Just prior
to use 100 mL of this solution was diluted to 1.0 L with milliQ
water.
Substrate Solution
[0347] Substrate buffer was prepared by dissolving citric acid
(4.20 g, Malinckrodt cat #0627 or equivalent) and disodium hydrogen
phosphate (7.10 g, Baker cat #3828-1 or equivalent) in 1.0 L of
milliQ water. The pH was adjusted to 5.00 with 50% w/w sodium
hydroxide (VWR cat #VW6730-3 or equivalent). Immediately prior to
use an OPD substrate tablet (30 mg, Sigma cat #P-8412 or equivalent
and 30% (v/v) hydrogen peroxide (40 .mu.L, Sigma cat #P-1379 or
equivalent) were added to the substrate buffer 25.0 mL). The
solution was wrapped in foil and mixed thoroughly.
4 NH.sub.2SO.sub.4
[0348] Sulfuric acid (53 mL, EM Science cat #SX1244-5 or
equivalent) was slowly added to MILLI-Q water (447 mL) and cooled
to room temperature prior to use.
Equipment
[0349] Molecular Devices Model nu-max plate reader or equivalent.
Scientific Products Model R4140 Oscillating table shaker and
equivalent. BRANSON Model 5200 ultra-sonic bath or equivalent.
FINNPIPETTE Model 4172317 multichannel pipetter or equivalent.
CORNING Model 25801 96 well disposable polystyrene Elisa
Plates.
[0350] Prior to use and after each subsequent use the peptide pins
were cleaned using the following procedure. Disruption buffer (2.0
L) was heated to 60.degree. and placed in an ultra-sonic bath in a
fume hood. To the disruption buffer was added dithiolthreitol (2.5
g, Sigma cat #D-0632 or equivalent). The peptide pins were
sonicated in this medium for 30 min, washed thoroughly with milliQ
waster, suspended in a boiling ethanol bath for 2 min, and
air-dried.
[0351] Blocking buffer (200 .mu.L) was added to a 96 well
disposable polystyrene Elisa plate and the peptide pins suspended
in the wells. The peptide pins and plate were incubated for 2 hours
at room temperature on an oscillating table shaker. The plates and
peptide pins were washed with PBS/Tween 20 (four times). To each
well was added a 20 .mu.g/ml concentration of cA2 antibody (diluted
with blocking buffer, 175 .mu.L/well). TNF competition was done by
incubation of TNF.alpha. (40 .mu.g/ml) and cA2 (20 .mu.g/ml) in
BSA/ovalbumin/BBS for three hours at room temperature. The peptide
pins were suspended in the plate and incubated at 4.degree.
overnight. The peptide pins and plate were washed with PBS/Tween 20
(four times). To each well was added anti-human goat antibody
conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (diluted with blocking buffer
to 1/2000, 175 .mu.L/well, Jackson IMMUNORESEARCH Labs). The
peptide pins were suspended in the plate, and incubated for 1 hour
at room temperature on a oscillating table shaker. The plates and
peptide pins were washed with PBS/Tween 20 (four times). To each
well was added freshly prepared substrate solution (150
.mu.L/well), the peptide pins were suspended in the plate and
incubated for 1 hour at room temperature on an oscillating table
shaker. The peptide pins were removed and to each well is added 4N
H.sub.2SO.sub.4 (50 .mu.L). The plates were read in a Molecular
Devices plate reader (490 nm, subtracting 650 nm as a blank), and
the results are shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B, as described above.
Example XIII
Production of Mouse Anti-Human TNF mAb Using TNF Peptide
Fragments
[0352] Female BALB/c mice, as in Example I above, are injected
subcutaneously and intraperitoneally (i.p.) with forty .mu.g of
purified E. coli-derived recombinant human TNF (rhTNF) fragments
comprising anti-TNF epitopes of at least 5 amino acids located
within the non-contiguous sequence 59-80, 87-108 or both residues
59-80 and 87-108 of TNF (of SEQ ID NO:1), as presented above,
emulsified with an equal volume of complete Freund's adjuvant
(obtained from Difco Laboratories) in 0.4 ml is into a mouse. One
week later, a booster injection of 5 .mu.g of these rhTNF fragments
in incomplete Freund's adjuvant is given i.p. followed by four
consecutive i.p. injections of 10 .mu.g of TNF fragments including
anti-TNF epitopes including amino acids from residues 59-80, 87-108
or both 59-80 and 87-108 of hTNF.alpha. (of SEQ ID NO:1) without
adjuvant. Eight weeks after the last injection, the mouse is
boosted i.p. with 10 .mu.g of TNF.
[0353] Four days later, the mouse is sacrificed, the spleen is
obtained and a spleen cell suspension is prepared. Spleen cells are
fused with cells of the nonsecreting hybridoma, Sp2/0 (ATCC
CRL1581), at a 4:1 ratio of spleen cells to Sp2/0 cells, in the
presence of 0.3 ml of 30% polyethylene glycol, PEG 1450. After
incubation at 37.degree. C. for 6 hours, the fused cells are
distributed in 0.2 ml aliquots into 96-well plates at
concentrations of 2.times.10.sup.4 SP2/0 cells per well. Feeder
cells, in the form of 5.times.10.sup.4 normal BALB/c spleen cells,
are added to each well.
[0354] The growth medium used consisted of RPM1-1640 medium, 10%
heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Hyclone), 0.1 mM MEM
nonessential amino acids, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 2 mM L-glutamine,
100 U/ml penicillin, 100 .mu.g/ml streptomycin (GIBCO Laboratories)
and, for selection, hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT)
(Boehringer Mannheim). A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) is
employed for screening supernatants for the presence of mAbs
specific for rhTNF.alpha. fragments including portions of residues
59-80, 87-108 or both 59-80 and 87-108 of hTNF.alpha. (of SEQ ID
NO:1). This assay is described in Example II, above. The background
binding in this assay is about 500 cpm. A supernatant is considered
positive if it yielded binding of 2000 cpm or higher.
[0355] Of the supernatants screened, one or more positive
supernatants are routinely identified by RIA. Of these positive
supernatants, the highest binding (as shown by the higher cpm
values) are subcloned at limiting dilution on mouse feeder cells.
Upon further analysis of the supernatants in neutralization assays,
routinely one or more antibodies are found to have potent
inhibiting and/or neutralizing activity. These positive and
inhibiting and/or neutralizing hybridoma lines are then selected
and maintained in RPM1-1640 medium with 10% FBS (GIBCO), 0.1 mM
nonessential amino acids, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 2 mM L-glutamine,
100 U/ml penicillin and 100 .mu.g/ml streptomycin.
Example XIV
Production of Murine and Chimeric Antibodies, Fragments and Regions
from TNF Peptides
[0356] Murine and chimeric antibodies, fragments and regions are
obtained by construction of chimeric expression vectors encoding
the mouse variable region of antibodies obtained in Example XIII
and human constant regions, as presented in Examples IV-IX
above.
[0357] The resulting chimeric A2 antibody is purified from tissue
culture supernatant by Protein A-Sepharose chromatography. The
supernatant is adjusted to 0.1M Tris, 0.002M EDTA, pH 8.0 and
loaded on a Protein A-Sepharose column equilibrated in the same
buffer. The IgG is then eluted with 0.1M citrate, pH 3.5,
neutralized with 1M Tris, and dialyzed into phosphate buffered
saline (PBS).
[0358] The purified murine and chimeric antibodies, fragments and
regions are evaluated for its binding and inhibiting and/or
neutralizing activity.
Example XV
In Vitro Activity and Neutralization Efficacy of a Chimeric
Anti-TNF Antibody
[0359] Both the murine and chimeric anti-TNF.alpha. antibodies of
the present invention, as obtained according to Examples XIII and
XIV, are determined to have potent TNF-inhibiting and/or
neutralizing activity, as shown for example, in the TNF
cytotoxicity assay described above, expressed as the 50% Inhibitory
Dose (ID50).
[0360] In this same experimental system, three other murine
anti-TNF.alpha. antibodies (termed TNF-1, TNF-2 and TNF-3) of
comparable binding affinity to TNF are found to have ID50 values of
1-2 orders of magnitude greater, and thus have significantly less
potency in neutralization, than both the murine and chimeric
anti-TNF.alpha. antibodies of the present invention.
[0361] The ability of both the murine and chimeric anti-TNF.alpha.
antibodies of the present invention, as obtained according to
Examples XIII and XIV, to inhibit or neutralize human TNF.alpha.
bioactivity in vitro is tested using the bioassay system described
above. Cultured cells producing the murine or chimeric
anti-TNF.alpha. antibodies of the present invention, as obtained
according to Examples XIII and XIV, are incubated with 40 pg/ml
natural (Genzyme, Boston, Mass.) or recombinant (Suntory, Osaka,
Japan) human TNF with or without antibody overnight as above, and
cell death is measured by vital staining. As expected, both the
murine and chimeric anti-TNF.alpha. antibodies of the present
invention, as obtained according to Examples XIII and XIV,
inhibited or neutralized both natural and rhTNF in a dose-dependent
manner in the cytotoxicity assay. Such inhibiting and/or
neutralizing potency, at antibody levels below 1 .mu.g/ml, can
easily be attained in the blood of a subject to whom the antibody
is administered. Accordingly, such highly potent inhibiting and/or
neutralizing anti-TNF antibodies, in particular the chimeric
antibody, are preferred for therapeutic use in TNF.alpha.-mediated
pathologies or conditions.
[0362] The ability of cA2 to inhibit or neutralize TNF-induced IL-6
secretion is evaluated using cultured human diploid FS-4
fibroblasts. The results are expected to show that both murine and
chimeric anti-TNF.alpha. antibodies of the present invention, as
obtained according to Examples XIII and XIV, are effective in
blocking IL-6 secretion in cells that had been incubated overnight
with TNF. TNF-induced IL-6 secretion is not inhibited in the
absence of a mAb or in the presence of a control mAb specific for
an irrelevant antigen.
[0363] The ability of TNF to activate procoagulant and adhesion
molecule activities of endothelial cells (EC) is thought to be an
important component of pathology pathophysiology. In particular,
this can be associated with the vascular damage, disseminated
intravascular coagulation, and severe hypotension that is
associated with the sepsis syndrome. Therefore, the ability of both
the murine and chimeric anti-TNF.alpha. antibodies of the present
invention, as obtained according to Examples XIII and XIV, to block
TNF-induced activation of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial
cells (HUVEC) is evaluated. TNF stimulation of procoagulant
activity is determined by exposing intact cultured HUVEC cells to
TNF (with or without antibody) for 4 hours and analyzing a cell
lysate in a human plasma clotting assay. The results are expected
to show the expected upregulation by TNF of HUVEC procoagulant
activity (reflected by a decreased clotting time). Both the murine
and chimeric anti-TNF.alpha. antibodies of the present invention,
as obtained according to Examples XIII and XIV, are expected to
effectively inhibit or neutralize this TNF activity in a
dose-dependent manner.
[0364] In addition to stimulating procoagulant activity, TNF also
induces surface expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules
such as ELAM-1 and ICAM-1. Both the murine and chimeric
anti-TNF.alpha. antibodies of the present invention, as obtained
according to Examples XIII and XIV, are expected to inhibit or
neutralize this activity of TNF is measured using an ELAM-1
specific detection radioimmunoassay. Cultured HUVEC are stimulated
with 250 ng/ml rhTNF (Dainippon, Osaka, Japan) with or without
antibody at 37.degree. C. overnight in a 96-well plate format.
Surface expression of ELAM-1 is determined by sequential addition
of a mouse anti-human ELAM-1 mAb and .sup.125I-labelled rabbit
anti-mouse immunoglobulin second antibody directly to culture
plates at 4.degree. C.
[0365] TNF is expected to induce the expression of ELAM-1 on the
surface of cultured HUVEC cells, and this activity is again
expected to be effectively blocked in a dose-related manner by both
the murine and chimeric anti-TNF.alpha. antibodies of the present
invention, as obtained according to Examples XIII and XIV.
[0366] Finally, TNF is known to stimulate mitogenic activity in
cultured fibroblasts. Both the murine and chimeric anti-TNF.alpha.
antibodies of the present invention, as obtained according to
Examples XIII and XIV, are expected to inhibit or neutralize
TNF-induced mitogenesis of human diploid FS-4 fibroblasts cultures,
confirming the potent inhibiting and/or neutralizing capability of
both the murine and chimeric anti-TNF.alpha. antibodies of the
present invention, as obtained according to Examples XIII and XIV
against a broad spectrum of in vitro TNF biological activities.
Example XVI
In Vivo Activity and Efficacy of cA2 Antibody
[0367] Evidence that the potent in vitro inhibiting and/or
neutralizing capability of cA2 is manifest in vivo was obtained.
Earlier animal studies showed that administration of TNF to
experimental animals mimics the pathology state obtained with
either Gram-negative bacterial infection or direct endotoxin
administration (Tracey et al., infra (1986); Tracey et al., infra
(1987); Lehmann et al. infra).
[0368] An in vivo model wherein lethal doses of human TNF are
administered to galactosamine-sensitized mice (Lehmann, V. et al.,
infra) is substantially modified for testing the capability of both
the murine and chimeric anti-TNF.alpha. antibodies of the present
invention, as obtained according to Examples XIII and XIV above, to
inhibit or neutralize TNF in vivo. An i.p. challenge with 5 .mu.g
(0.25 mg/kg) of rhTNF resulted in 80-90 percent mortality in
untreated control animals and in animals treated i.v. 15-30 minutes
later with either saline or 2 mg/kg control antibody (a chimeric
IgG1 derived from murine 7E3 anti-platelet mAb). In contrast,
treatment with both the murine and chimeric anti-TNF.alpha.
antibodies of the present invention, as obtained according to
Examples XIII and XIV, is expected to reduce mortality to 0-30
percent with 0.4 mg/kg of antibody, and to 0-10 percent with 20
mg/kgs. These expected results indicate that both the murine and
chimeric anti-TNF.alpha. antibodies of the present invention, as
obtained according to Examples XIII and XIV, are capable of
inhibiting and/or neutralizing the biological activity of TNF in
vivo as well as in vitro.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 4 Prevention of Human TNF-Induced Lethality by
Chimeric A2 Outcome (Survivors/Total) Antibody Experiment #1
Experiment #2 None 1/10 N.D. Control Ab, 2 mg/kg 2/10 1/10 cA2 (2
mg/kg) (p = 0.0001) 9/10 10/10 (p = 0.0055) cA2 (0.4 mg/kg) (p =
0.0001) 7/10 10/10 (p = 0.07) Female C3H/HeN mice were administered
5 .mu.g rhTNF (Dainippon, Osaka, Japan) + 18 mg galactosamine i.p.
and antibody was administered 15-30 minutes later i.v. Deaths were
recorded 48 hours post-challenge. Control MAb = chimeric
mouse/human IgG1 anti-platelet MAb (7E3). N.D. = not done. p values
refer to comparison with the control Ab.
Example XVII
cA2 MAb Safety in Chimpanzees
[0369] The epitope specificity of A2 can be for an epitope which
predominates in humans and chimpanzees. Therefore, the chimpanzee
was chosen as a relevant mammalian species to determine the
toxicological potential and provide safety information for cA2.
Chimpanzees were dosed at levels of 15 mg/kg for four to five
consecutive days and 30 mg/kg once or for three consecutive days.
No adverse clinical signs, and no changes considered to be cA2
treatment related were observed in the monitored parameters
including routine hematology and blood chemistry. Thus, doses of up
to 30 mg/kg for three consecutive days were well tolerated in
chimpanzees.
Example XVIII
Clinical Activity and Efficacy of cA2 Antibody
[0370] Chimeric IgG1 anti-human TNF MAb cA2 was administered to
healthy male human volunteers as patients. One hour after receiving
4 ng/kg of an NIH reference endotoxin, the volunteers were
administered either saline, as a control, or 0.01, 0.10 or 10 mg/kg
of cA2 in a pharmaceutically acceptable form. TNF levels in serum
were measured over time and were found to show a dose dependent
decrease in peak TNF levels with no TNF being detected in
volunteers receiving a 10 mg/kg dose of cA2. Accordingly, therapy
with an anti-TNF antibody of the present invention is expected to
inhibit TNF-mediated effects in humans.
[0371] Patients receiving endotoxin developed pronounced leukopenia
thought to be due to margination of white blood cells. As the white
blood cells become activated, they can attach to endothelial
receptors with resultant endothelial damage. At doses of 1.0 to
10.0 mg/kg, this leukopenia is prevented, whereas, at 0.01 and 0.1
mg/kg dosages, a drop in white cell count was observed. The drop
was most pronounced among the polymorph cell line. In all patients
there was a subsequent leukocytosis, which was unchanged by
treatment with anti-TNF antibody cA2. This blocking effect on white
blood cell margination is expected to represent a protective effect
against the endothelial damage associated with TNF. It is expected
in the art that this TNF-related endothelial damage plays a
significant role in the morbidity and mortality associated with
sepsis, and it is therefore expected that the anti-TNF antibodies
of the present invention will provide a protective effect against
these damaging effects, as presented herein.
Example XIX
Treatment of Sepsis in Humans Using a Chimeric Anti-TNF
Antibody
[0372] The chimeric anti-TNF MAb cA2 has been used in two phase
I/II studies. In a phase I/II study in septic patients, 20 patients
with the sepsis syndrome received a single dose of either 0.1, 1.0,
5.0 or 10 milligrams of cA2 per kilogram bodyweight. Another 60
patients received 100 milligrams of HA-1A, a human anti-lipid A Mab
currently under evaluation for gram negative sepsis, followed with
either placebo or 1.0, 5.0, or 10 milligrams cA2 per kilogram
bodyweight. The cA2 was administered as a single, intravenous
infusion over a 60 minute period. Clinical assessment, vital signs,
and laboratory parameters were measured before, during and
periodically for 28 days after the infusion. In this study, cA2 was
well tolerated. No adverse events were reported as "probably" or
"definitely" related to cA2. All deaths were reported as
"definitely not" related to cA2.
[0373] Accordingly, human treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in
human patients was expected, and found, to provide a suitable
treatment, as described herein.
Example XX
Clinical Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis by a Anti-TNF Antibody
or Peptide of the Present Invention
[0374] A Phase I open label study was conducted for methods and
compositions of the present invention using a chimeric anti-TNF MAb
for the treatment of patients with severe refractory rheumatoid
arthritis. Nine patients were enrolled in the study. The first five
patients were treated with chimeric anti-TNF antibody (cA2), 10
mg/kg as a single dose infused over a period of two hours. These
patients were subsequently retreated with a second infusion of 10
mg/kg on day 14 of the study. The second group of five patients
received an infusion of 5 mg/kg on the first day of the study. They
were then treated with additional infusions of 5 mg/kg on days 5,
9, and 13. Four of the planned five patients in this second group
have been treated to date.
Preparation, Administration, and Storage of Test Material
[0375] The chimeric monoclonal anti-TNF antibody was supplied in
single-use glass vials containing 20 mL with 100 mg of anti-TNF (5
mg/mL). The anti-TNF antibody was stored at 2-8.degree. C. Prior to
infusion, the antibody was withdrawn from the vials and filtered
through a low-protein-binding 0.22 .mu.m filter. This filtered
antibody was then diluted to a final volume of 300 mL with normal
saline. The 300 mL antibody preparation was then infused via an
in-line filter over a period of not less than two hours.
[0376] Prior to each repeat infusion of study medication a test
dose of 0.1 mL of the infusion was diluted in 10 mL of normal
saline and administered by slow IV push over 5 minutes. The patient
was observed for 15 minutes for signs or symptoms of an immediate
hypersensitivity reaction. If no reaction was observed in this time
period, the full dose was administered as described above.
Administration Protocol
[0377] Group 1 (patients 1-5): a total of 2 infusions, on day 1 and
day 15 of the trial; dosage 10 mg/kg on each occasion;
[0378] Group 2 (patients 6-9): a total of 4 infusions, on days 1,
5, 9 and 13 of the trial; dosage 5 mg/kg on each occasion.
[0379] All infusions were administered iv over 2 hours in a total
volume of cA2+saline of 300 ml. Infusions subsequent to the first
in any patient were preceded by a small test dose administered as
an iv push. All patients had at least three years of disease
activity with rheumatoid arthritis. The patients ranged in age from
23 to 63. All patients had failed therapy with at least three
different DMARD (Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drug). Six of the
nine patients had serum rheumatoid factors, and all nine patients
had erosions present on X-rays.
Clinical Monitoring
[0380] Patients were monitored during and for 24 hours after
infusions for hemodynamic change, fever or other adverse events.
Clinical and laboratory monitoring for possible adverse events was
undertaken on each follow-up assessment day. Clinical response
parameters were performed at the time-points as specified in the
flow charts present in Tables 9A and 9B. These evaluations were
performed prior to receiving any infusions.
[0381] Clinical response studies will be comprised of the following
parameters:
1. Number of tender joints and assessment of pain/tenderness
[0382] The following scoring will be used: [0383] 0=No
pain/tenderness [0384] 1=Mild pain. The patient says it is tender
upon questioning. [0385] 2=Moderate pain. The patient says it is
tender and winces. [0386] 3=Severe pain. The patient says it is
tender and winces and withdraws. 2. Number of swollen joints [0387]
Both tenderness and swelling will be evaluated for each joint
separately. MCP's, PIP's etc. will not be considered as one joint
for the evaluation. 3. Duration of morning stiffness (in minutes)
4. Grip strength 5. Visual analog pain scale (0-10 cm) 6. Patients
and blinded evaluators will be asked to assess the clinical
response to the drug. Clinical response will be assessed using a
subjective scoring system as follows: [0388] 5=Excellent response
(best possible anticipated response) [0389] 4=Good response (less
than best possible anticipated response) [0390] 3=Fair response
(definite improvement but could be better) [0391] 2=No response (no
effect) [0392] 1=Worsening (disease worse) Measurement of index of
disease activity is scored according to the following Table 5.
TABLE-US-00006 [0392] TABLE 5 Clinical Characteristics of Patients
1-5 Previous Disease Treatment Concomitant Patient Age/ Duration
Rheumat. Erosions/ (DMARDs Anti-rheumatic Number Sex (years) Factor
Nodules only) Therapy 01 48/F 7 +ve -ve/+ve *Sal, DP, Myo, **Pred 5
mg Aur, MTX, Aza, Chl 02 63/F 7 -ve +ve/-ve Sal, Myo, DP Para 1-2 g
03 59/M 3 +ve +ve/-ve Aur, Chl, Myo, Pred 10 mg; MTX, Sal Ind 225
mg 04 56/M 10 +ve +ve/-ve Myo, DP, Aza, Pred 12.5 mg, Sal Ibu 2 g,
Para 1-2 g 05 28/F 3 +ve +ve/-ve Myo, Sal, DP, Pred 8 mg, Aza Para
1-2 g, Cod 16 mg *Sal = Sulphasalazine; DP = D-penicillamine; Myo =
Myocrisin; Aur = auranofin; MTX = methotrexate; Aza = azathioprine;
Chl = hydroxychloroquine. **Pred = prednisolone (dosage/day); Para
= paracetamol; Ind = indomethacin; Ibu = ibuprofen; Cod = codeine
phosphate.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 6 Clinical Characteristics of Patients 6-9
Previous Disease Treatment Concomitant Patient Age/ Duration
Rheumat. Erosions/ (DMARDs Anti-rheumatic Number Sex (years) Factor
Nodules only) Therapy 06 40/M 3 +ve +ve/-ve *Sal, Chl, Aur **Nap 1
g 07 54/F 7 -ve +ve/-ve DP, Myo, Sal, Para 1-2 g Aza, MTX Cod 16-32
mg 08 23/F 11 +ve +ve/-ve Chl, Myo, Sal, Pred 7.5 mg, Dicl MTX, Aza
100 mg, Para 1-2 g, Dext 100-200 mg 09 51/F 15 -ve +ve/+ve Myo,
Chl, DP, Pred 7.5 mg, Dicl MTX 125 mg, Para 1-3 g *Sal =
Sulphasalazine; Chl = chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine; Aur =
auranofin; DP = D-penicillamine; Myo = Myocrisin; Aza =
azathioprine; MTX = methotrexate. **Nap = naprosyn (dosage/day);
Para = paracetamol; Cod = codeine phosphate; Pred = prednisolone;
Dicl = diclofenac; Dext = dextropropoxyphene.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 7 Disease Activity at Entry for Patients 1-5
ESR Grip (mm/hr Pain Number Ritchie Strength normal CRP Morning
(10-10 Swollen Articular L/R (mm/ ranges: (mg/l; IDA Patient
Stiffness cm on Joints Index Hg; max F < 15; normal (range
Number (mins) VAS) (0-28) (0-69) 300) M < 10) range <10) 1-4)
01 60 3.9 19 30 108/107 35 5 2.67 02 20 2.7 25 31 67/66 18 14 2.0
03 90 4.9 14 16 230/238 48 44 2.5 04 30 6.9 17 12 204/223 24 35
2.33 05 90 5.7 28 41 52/89 87 107 3.0
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 8 Disease Activity at Entry for Patients 6-9
ESR Grip (mm/hr Pain Number Ritchie Strength normal CRP Morning
(0-10 Swollen Articular L/R (mm/ ranges: (mg/l; IDA Patient
Stiffness cm on Joints Index Hg; max F < 15; normal (range
Number (mins) VAS) (0-28) (0-69) 300) M < 10) range <10) 1-4)
06 120 5.0 3 4 260/280 23 33 2.33 07 105 7.4 27 31 59/80 25 10 2.83
08 270 9.3 17 37 73/125 35 31 3.17 09 180 4.5 20 26 53/75 15 33
2.5
[0393] All patients have tolerated the infusions of chimeric
anti-CD4 and no serious adverse reactions have been observed.
Specifically, no episodes of hemodynamic instability, fevers, or
allergic reactions were observed in association with the infusions.
Patients have not experienced any infections.
[0394] Although this is a non-blinded study, all patients
experienced improvement in their clinical assessments of disease
status, as well in biochemical parameters of inflammation measured
in their serum.
[0395] Clinical assessments, including the duration of early
morning stiffness; the assessment of pain on a visual analogue
scale; total count of swollen joints; Ritchie articular index (a
scaled score which assesses the total number of tender joints and
the degree of joint tenderness); and Index of Disease Activity (a
scaled score which incorporates several clinical and laboratory
parameters), showed impressive improvements compared to controls.
These improvements were typically in the range of an 80% drop from
the baseline score; a degree of improvement which is well beyond
the amount of improvement that can be attributed to placebo
response. In addition, the duration of these improvements was for
six to eight weeks in most cases, a duration of response far longer
than would be anticipated from a placebo.
[0396] The improvements in clinical assessments were corroborated
by improvements in biochemical inflammatory parameters measured in
serum. The patients showed rapid drops of serum C-reactive protein,
usually in the range of 80% from the baseline. Reductions in the
erythrocyte sedimentation rate, usually in the range of 40%, were
also observed. Circulating soluble TNF receptors were also
decreased following therapy. The durations of the biochemical
responses were similar to the duration of the clinical
responses.
[0397] Preliminary assessment of immune responses to the chimeric
anti-TNF antibody has shown no antibody response in the first four
patients.
[0398] In summary, the preliminary evaluation of the results of
this Phase I trial indicate that treatment of patients with
advanced rheumatoid arthritis with anti-TNF MAb of the present
invention is well tolerated and anti-TNF treatment is associated
with rapid and marked improvement in clinical parameters of disease
activity, including early morning stiffness, pain, and a number of
tender and swollen joints; and is accompanied by improvement of
biochemical parameters of inflammation.
[0399] Although this was an open label study, the magnitude of the
clinical improvements is well beyond the degree of improvement that
would be anticipated from a placebo response, such that the present
invention is shown to have significant clinical efficacy for
treating rheumatoid arthritis.
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 9A Flowchart for Chimeric Anti-TNF Study
C0168TRA Group I (10 mg/kg at day 1 and day 14) Pre- Screen- Wk 0
Wk 0 Wk 2 Scr ing D 1 D 2 Wk 1 D 14 Wk 3 Wk 4 Wk 6 Wk 8 Consent X
Demography X Physical X X Examination Pregnancy X Test Weight X X X
X Vital Signs X X* X X X* X X X X Anti-TNF X X Infusion Labs, see X
X' X X X' X X X X Chart Clinical X X X' X X X X (Safety) Clinical X
X' X X' X X X X (Response) Synovial X X7 Biopsy Response X
Evaluation Hematology + X X' X X' X X X X ESR Biochemistry X X' X
X' X X X X Urinalysis X' X X' X X X X CRP + RF X' X X' X X X X
Serum Cytokines X' X X' X X X X PBL X X X Pharmacokinetic X.sup.#
X.sup.# X.sup.$ HACA Response X' X X' X X X X X* = Vital signs will
be obtained prior to infusion, every 30 minutes during the infusion
and every 30 minutes for 2 hours after the infusion; X' = Needs to
be done prior to the infusion; X.sup.# = Serum samples will be
obtained prior to the infusion and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours
after the end of the infusion; X.sup.$ = Serum samples will be
obtained to the infusion and at 2 hours after the end of the
infusion.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 9B Flowchart for Chimeric Anti-TNF Study
C0168TRA Group 2 (5 mg/kg at days 1, 5, 9 and 13, 4 times total)
Pre- Screen- Wk 0 Wk 0 Wk 0 Wk 0 Wk 1 Scr ing D 1 D 2 D 5 D 9 D 13
Wk 2 Wk 3 Wk 4 Wk 6 Wk 8 Consent X Demography X Physical X X
Examination Pregnancy X Test Weight X X X X X X Vital Signs X X* X
X* X* X* X X X X X Anti-TNF X X X X Infusion Labs, see X X' X X' X'
X' X X X X X Chart Clinical X X' X' X' X X X X X (Safety) Clinical
X X' X' X X X X X (Response) Synovial X X7 Biopsy Response X
Evaluation Hematology + X X' X' X X X X X ESR Biochemistry X X' X'
X X X X X Urinalysis X' X' X X X X X CRP + RF X' X' X X X X X Serum
Cytokines X' X' X X X X X PBL X X X X Pharmacokinetic X.sup.#
X.sup.# X.sup.$ X.sup.$ X.sup.$ HACA Response X' X' X X X X X X* =
Vital signs will be obtained prior to infusion, every 30 minutes
during the infusion and every 30 minutes for 2 hours after the
infusion; X' = Needs to be done prior to the infusion; X.sup.# =
Serum samples will be obtained prior to the infusion and at 1, 2,
4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after the end of the infusion; X.sup.$ =
Serum samples will be obtained to the infusion and at 2 hours after
the end of the infusion.
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 10 Measurement of the Index of Disease
Activity (DA) Variables of Disease Activity Morning Grip Ritchie
IDA Stiffness Pain Strength Articular Hemoglobin (g/dl) Score (min)
(VAS, cm)* (mmHg) Index Male Female ESR 1 <10 .sup. 0-2.4
>200 0 >14.1 >11.7 0.20 2 10-30 2.5-4.4 50-200 1-7
13-14.sup. 10.8-11.6 21-45 3 31-120 4.5-6.4 30-49 8-17 10-12.9
8.4-10.7 46-80 4 >120 6.5-10 <30 >18 <9.9 <8.3
>81 *Pain was measured on a visual analog scale (VAS) 0-10
cm.
Conclusions (1)
[0400] Safety of anti-TNF in RA Anti-TNF was safe and very well
tolerated: [0401] no hemodynamic, febrile or allergic episodes;
[0402] no infections; [0403] no clinical adverse events; [0404] a
single laboratory adverse event only, probably unrelated to
anti-TNF.
Conclusions (2)
[0405] Efficacy of anti-TNF in RA Anti-TNF therapy resulted in:
[0406] rapid and marked improvements in EMS, pain and articular
index in most patients; [0407] slower but marked improvement in
swollen joint score, maximal by 3-4 weeks; [0408] rapid and
impressive falls in serum CRP, and a slower fall in ESR; [0409]
normalization of CRP and ESR in some patients; [0410] rapid falls
in serum C4d (a complement breakdown product) and IL-6 in patients
where these indices were elevated at entry.
[0411] Duration of clinical improvements variable, with rebound in
some patients at 6-8 weeks.
[0412] Accordingly, the present invention has been shown to have
clinical efficacy in human patients for treating TNF involved
pathologies using TNF MAbs of the present invention, such as for
treating rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, the human clinical use
of TNF antibodies of the present invention in humans is also shown
to correlate with in vitro data and in vivo animal data for the use
of anti-TNF antibodies of the present invention for treating
TNF-related pathologies.
Example XXI
Treatment of Crohn's Disease in Humans Using Anti-TNF.alpha.
Antibodies
Case History SB.
[0413] This 16 year old patient has a history of Crohn's disease
since age 12. She was suffering from diarrhoea, rectal blood loss,
abdominal pain, fever and weight loss. She showed perianal lesions,
severe colitis and irregularity of the terminal ileum. She was
treated with prednisolone (systemic and local) and pentasa. This
resulted in remission of the disease, but she experienced extensive
side effects of the treatment. She experienced severe exacerbations
at age 12 and 12 yrs, 5 months, (Immuran.TM. added), 12 yrs, 9
months, 13 yrs, 5 months, and 14 yrs, 10 months. She experienced
severe side effects (growth retardation, morbus Cushing, anemia,
muscle weakness, delayed puberty, not able to visit school).
[0414] At 15 yrs, 11 months, she was diagnosed with a mass in the
right lower quadrant. She had a stool frequency of 28 times per
week (with as much as 10 times per day unproductive attempts). The
Crohn's index was 311, the pediatric score 77.5. The sedimentation
rate was elevated. Albumen and hemoglobin reduced. Before the first
treatment the score was 291 and pediatric score was 60, and she
would possibly have to lose her colon. She was infused on
compassionate grounds with 10 mg/kg cA2, without any side effects
noticed. One week after treatment her sedimentation rate was
reduced from 66 to 32 mm. The Crohn's index was 163 and pediatric
score 30. She was reported to feel much better and the frequency of
the stools was reduced greatly. There was apparently no more
diarrhoea, but normal faeces. On October 15th, before the second
infusion she had gained weight, had a sedimentation rate of 20 mm,
an albumen of 46 h/l, Crohn's index 105, pediatric score 15. There
seemed to be improvement on video endoscopy. A second infusion was
performed at 16 yrs.
[0415] The patient was greatly improved after the second infusion.
A endoscopy showed only 3 active ulcers and scar tissue.
[0416] This is in contrast with her colon on admission when the
thought was that her colon should be removed. This case history
shows a dramatic improvement of severe Crohn's disease upon
treatment with cA2 anti-TNF antibody.
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 11 Case History SB 11y, 8m Physical
Examination Diarrhoea, rectal blood loss, abdominal pain, fever
(40%) weight loss perianal lesions Sigmoidoscopy Severe colitis,
probably M. Crohn Enterolysis Irregularity terminal ileum Therapy
Prednisolone 10 mg 3 dd Pentasa 250 mg 3 dd Enema (40 mg
prednisone, 2 g 5 ASA) ml 1 dd Result Remission, however: extensive
side effects of prednisone and stunting growth Action Prednisone
11y, 11m Exacerbation Same clinical picture as 11y, 8m
Sigmoidoscopy Recurrence of colitis (grade IV) in last 60 cm and
anus Therapy Prednisolone 40 mg 1 dd Pentasa 500 mg 3 dd Enema 1 dd
Result Better 12y, 5m Severe Exacerbation Despite intensive
treatment Sigmoidoscopy Extensive perianal and sigmoidal lesions;
active disease Therapy Continued + Immuran .TM. 25 mg 1 dd Result
Slight improvement, however still growth retardation, cushing,
anaemia, muscle weakness Action Prednisone 12y, 9m Exacerbation
Sigmoidoscopy Extensive (active colitis, polyps) Action Prednisone:
30 mg 1 dd, Immuran .TM. 50 mg 1 dd Pentasa 500 mg 3 dd Enema 2 dd
Result Still needs enemas with prednisone and oral prednisone.
Delayed puberty, stunting growth 14y, 10m Severe Exacerbation
Weight loss, abdominal pain, fever Ileoscopy Active colitis (grade
IV), perianal lesions. Terminal ileum normal Result No remission
still fever, poor appetite, weight loss, diarrhea, not able to
visit school Important Findings 14y, 11m 151.9 cm; 34 kg; t =
38.degree. C., Abdominal mass in right lower quadrant; stool
frequency 28 per week (however goes 10-15 times a day but most
often without success); ESR 55 mm; Hb 6.2 mmol/l; Ht 0, 29 l/l;
alb. 38.4 g/l Crohn's Dis./Act Index: 311 Pediatric score: 77.5
14y, 11.2m 151.8 cm; 34.6 kg (before 1st infusion) Crohn's Dis/Act
Index: 291 Pediatric score: 60 14y, 11.4m 151.8 cm; 34.6 kg; ESR
332 mm; Hb 5.7 mmol/l Crohn's Dis/Act Index: 163 Pediatric score:
30 15y, 0m 152.1 cm: 34.8 kg (before 2nd infusion) Feels like she
has never felt before. Parents also very enthusiastic; ESR 30 mm:
Hb 6.3 mol/l; Ht 0, 32 11; Alb 46 g/l Crohn Dis/Act Index: 105
Pediatric Score: 15 Videoendoscopy: Improvement No problems or side
effects observed during and following infusion.
[0417] Accordingly, anti-TNF antibodies according to the present
invention, as exemplified by cA2, are shown to provide successful
treatment of TNF related pathologies, as exemplified by Crohn's
disease, in human patients with no or little side effects.
Example XXII
Treatment of Arthritis in Humans Using Chimeric Immunoglobulin
Chain of the Present Invention
Patient Selection
[0418] Twenty patients were recruited, each of whom fulfilled the
revised American Rheumatism Association criteria for the diagnosis
of RA (Arnett et al., Arthritis Rheum. 31:315-324 (1988). The
clinical characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 12. The
study group comprised 15 females and 5 males, with a median age of
51 years (range 23-72), a median disease duration of 10.5 years
(range 3-20) and a history of failed therapy with standard
disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs; median number of
failed DMARDs: 4, range 2-7). Seventeen were seropositive at entry
or had been seropositive at some stage of their disease, all had
erosions on X-Rays of hands or feet, and 3 had rheumatoid nodules.
All patients had active disease at trial entry, as defined by an
Index of Disease Activity (IDA; Mallya et al., Rheumatol. Rehab.
20:14-17 (1981) of at least 1.75, together with at least 3 swollen
joints, and were classed as anatomical and functional activity
stage 2 or 3' (Steinbrocker et al., JAMA 140:659-662 (1949). The
pooled data for each of the clinical and laboratory indices of
disease activity at the time of screening for the trial (up to 4
weeks prior to trial entry), and on the day of trial entry itself
(week 0), are shown in Tables 13 and 14.
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 12 Demographic Features of 20 Patients with
Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis DD Pat Age/Sex (yr) Previous DMARDs
Concomitant therapy 1 48/F 7 SSZ, DP, GST, AUR, MTX, Pred 5 mg AZA,
HCQ 2 63/F 7 SSZ, GST, DP Para 1-2 g 3 59/M 3 AUR, HCQ, GST, Pred
10 mg; Indo 225 mg MTX, SSZ 4 56/M 10 GST, DP, AZA, SSZ Pred 12.5
mg; Ibu 2 g; Para 1-2 g 5 28/F 3 GST, SSZ, DP, AZA Pred 8 mg; Para
1-2 g; Cod 16 mg 6 40/M 3 SSZ, HCQ, AUR Nap 1 g 7 54/F 7 DP, GST,
SSZ, Para 1-2 g; Cod 16-32 mg AZA, MTX 8 23/F 11 HCQ, GST, SSZ,
Pred 7.5 mg; Dicl 100 mg; Para 1-2 g; MTX, AZA Dex 100-200 mg 9
51/F 15 GST, HCQ, DP, MTX Pred 7.5 mg; Dicl 125 mg; Para 1-3 g 10
47/F 12 SSZ, CYC, MTX Ben 4 g 11 34/F 10 DP, SSZ, MTX Pred 10 mg;
Para 1.5 g; Cod 30-90 mg 12 57/F 12 GST, MTX, DP, AUR Asp 1.2 g 13
51/F 7 SSZ, AZA Para 1-4 g 14 72/M 11 GST, DP, AZA, MTX Pred 5 mg;
Para 1-4 g; Cod 16-63 mg 15 51/F 17 HCQ, DP, SSZ, MTX Asp 0.3 g 16
62/F 16 GST, DP, SSZ, Para 1-4 g; Cod 16-64 mg MTX, AZA 17 56/F 11
SSZ, DP, GST, Pred 7.5 mg; Eto 600 mg; Para 1-2 g; MTX, HCQ, AZA
Dext 100-200 mg 18 48/F 14 GST, MTX, DP, SS, Pred 7.5 mg; Indo 100
mg; Para 1-3 g ZAUR, AZA 19 42/F 3 SSZ, MTX Fen 450 mg; Ben 6 g;
Cod 30 mg 20 47/M 20 GST, DP, SSZ, AZA Pred 10 mg; Para 1-3 g Pat.
= Patient; DD(yrs) = Disease duration (years); DMARDs =
disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; SSZ = sulphasalazine; DP =
D-penicillamine; GST = gold sodium thiomalate; AUR = auranofin; MTX
= methotrexate; AZA = azathioprine; HCQ = (hydroxy)chloroquine; CYC
= cyclophosphamide. Pred = prednisolone (dose/day); Para =
paracetamol; Indo = Indomethacin; Ibu = ibuprofen; Cod = codeine
phosphate; Nap = naprosyn; Dicl = diclofenac; Dext =
dextropropoxyphene; Ben = benorylate; Asp = aspirin; eto =
etodolac; Fen = fenbufen.
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 13 Changes in Clinical Assessments Following
Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients with cA2 Grip Grip
Patient Pain Swollen Strength Strength Assessment Morning Score
Ritchie Joints (L) (R) (grades Week of Stiffness (0-10) Index
(0-28) (0-300) (0-300) IDA improved Trial (min) cm (0-69) number mm
Hg mm Hg (1-4) 0-3) Screen 135 7.4 23 16 84 96 3 NA (0-600) .sup.
(4-9.7) (4-51) (4-28) (45-300) (57-300) (2.3-3.3) p value 0 180 7.1
28 18 77 92 2 NA (20-600) (2.7-9.7) (4-52) (3-27) (52-295) (50-293)
(2-3.5) p value 1 20 2.6 13 13.5 122 133 2 1 (0-180) (0.6-7.8)
(2-28) (1-25) (66-300) (57-300) (1.5-3.3) (1-3) <0.001 <0.001
<0.001; >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 <0.001 NA <0.002 p
value 2 15 3.0 13 11.5 139 143 2 1.5 (0-150) (0.2-6.4) (1-28)
(1-22) (75-300) (59-300) (1.5-3.2) (1-3) <0.001 <0.001
<0.001 <0.003; <0.03; >0.05 <0.001 NA <0.02
>0.05 p value 3 5 2.2 8 6 113 142 2 2 (0-150) (0.2-7.4) (0-22)
(1-19) (51-300) (65-300) (1.2-3.2) (1-2) <0.001 <0.001
<0.001 <0.001; >0.05 >0.05 <0.001 NA <0.002 p
value 4 15 1.90 10 6 124 148 1.8 2 (0-90) (0.1-5.6) (0-17) (0-21)
(79-300) (64-300) (1.3-2.7) (1-2) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
<0.001; <0.02; <0.03; <0.001 NA <0.002 >0.05
>0.05 p value 6 5 1.9 6 5 119 153 1.7 2 (0-90) (0.1-6.2) (0-18)
(1-14) (68-300) (62-300) (1.3-2.8) (1-2) <0.001 <0.001
<0.001 <0.001 <0.04; <0.05; <0.001 NA >0.05
>0.05 p value 8 15 2.1 8 7 117 167 1.8 2 (0-60) (0-2-7.7) (1-28)
(1-18) (69-300) (52-300) (1.5-2.8) (1-3) <0.001 <0.001
<0.001 <0.001 <0.03; <0.03; <0.001 NA >0.05
>0.05 Datas are expressed as the median (range) of values from
20 patients; data from patient 15 were not included after week 2
(dropout); P values show significance by Mann-Whitney test compared
with week 0 values; adjusted for multiple statistical comparisons.
IDA = Index of disease activity; NA = not applicable.
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 14 Changes in Laboratory Measures Following
Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis patients with cA2 Platelet RF
Week of Hgb WBC .times. Count .times. ESR CRP SAA Inverse Trial
g/liter 10/liter 10/liter mm/hour mg/liter mg/ml titer Screen 117
7.9 353 59 42 ND ND (98-146) (3.9-15.2) (274-631) (18-87) (9-107) P
value 0 113 9.0 341 55 39.5 245 2.560 (97-144) (4.9-15.7) (228-710)
(15-94) (5-107) (18-1900) (160-10.240) p value 1 114 8.5 351 26 5
58 ND (96-145) (3.6-13.6) (223-589) (13-100) (0-50) (0-330)
>0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 <0.001 <0.001; <0.003
p value 2 112 8.2 296 27 5.5 89 ND (95-144) (4.3-12.7) (158-535)
(10-90) (0-80) (11-900) >0.05 >0.05 <0.04; <0.02;
<0.001; <0.02; >0.05 >0.05 <0.003 <0.04 p value 3
110 9.0 289 27 7 ND ND (89-151) (3.7-14.4) (190-546) (12-86) (0-78)
>0.05 >0.05 <0.03; <0.04; <0.01; >0.05 >0.05
<0.002 p value 4 112 8.2 314 23 10 ND ND (91-148) (4.7-13.9)
(186-565) (10-87) (0-91) >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 <0.04;
<0.004; >0.05 <0.02 p value 6 116 9.1 339 23 8 ND ND
(91-159) (2.9-13.9) (207-589) (12-78) (0-59) >0.05 >0.05
>0.05 <0.03; <0.001 >0.05 p value 8 114 7.6 339 30 6 ND
480 (94-153) (4.2-13.5) (210-591) (7-73) (0-65) (40-05.120)
>0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 <0.001 >0.05 Data are
expressed as the median (range) of values from 20 patients; data
from patient 15 were not included after week 2 (dropout). For
rheumatoid factor (RF), only those patients with week 0 titers
>1/160 in the particle agglutination assay were included (No. =
14). P values show significance by Mann-Whitney test compared with
week 0 values; adjusted for multiple statistical comparisons; ND =
not done. Normal ranges: hemoglobin (Hgb) 120-160 g/liter (F),
135-175 g/liter (M); white blood cell count (WBC) 3-11 .times.
10.sup.9/liter; platelet count 150-400 .times. 10.sup.9/liter;
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) <15 mm/hour (F), <10
mm/hour (M); C-reactive protein (CRP) <10 mg/liter; serum
amyloid A(SAA) <10 mg/ml.
[0419] All DMARDs were discontinued at least 1 month prior to trial
entry. Patients were allowed to continue on a nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drug and/or prednisolone (<12.5 mg/day) during
the trial. The dosage of these agents was kept stable for 1 month
prior to trial entry and during the course of the trial, and no
parenteral corticosteroids were allowed during these periods.
Simple analgesics were allowed ad libitum. Patients with other
serious medical conditions were excluded. Specific exclusions
included serum creatinine >150 umol/liter (normal range 60-120
umol/liter), hemoglobin (Hgb)<90 gm/liter (normal range 120-160
gm/liter [females]; 135-175 gm/liter [males]), white blood cell
count (WBC)<4.times.10 g/liter (normal range
4-11.times.10.sup.9/liter), platelet count <100.times.10 g/liter
(normal range 150-400.times.10.sup.9/liter), and abnormal liver
function tests or active pathology on chest X-Ray.
[0420] All patients gave their informed consent for the trial, and
approval was granted by the local ethics committee.
Treatment
[0421] The cA2 antibody was stored at 4.degree. C. in 20 ml vials
containing 5 mg of cA2 per milliliter of 0.01 M phosphate buffered
saline in 0.15M sodium chloride at a pH of 7.2 and was filtered
through a 0.2 .mu.m sterile filter before use. The appropriate
amount of cA2 was then diluted to a total volume of 300 ml in
sterile saline and administered intravenously via a 0.2 .mu.m
in-line filter over a 2 hour period.
[0422] Patients were admitted to hospital for 8-24 hours for each
treatment, and were mobile except during infusions. The trial was
of an open, uncontrolled design, with a comparison of two treatment
schedules. Patients 1 to 5 and 11 to 20 received a total of 2
infusions, each of 10 mg/kg cA2, at entry to the study (week 0) and
14 days later (week 2). Patients 6 to 10 received 4 infusions of 5
mg/kg activity included complete blood counts, C-reactive protein
(CRP; by rate nephelometry) and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR; Westergren). Follow-up assessments were made at monthly
intervals after the conclusion of the formal trial period, in order
to assess the duration of response.
[0423] Analysis of improvement in individual patients was made
using two separate indices. Firstly, an index of disease activity
(IDA) was calculated for each time point according to the method of
Mallya and Mace (Mallya et al., Rheumatol. Rehab. 20:14-17 (1981),
with input variable of morning stiffness, pain score, Ritchie
Index, grip strength, ESR and Hgb. The second index calculated was
that of Paulus (Paulus et al., Arthritis Rheum. 33:477-484 (1990)
which uses input variables of morning stiffness, ESR, joint
pain/tenderness, joint swelling, patient's and physician's global
assessment of disease severity. In order to calculate the presence
or otherwise of a response according to this index, two
approximations were made to accommodate our data. The 28 swollen
joint count used by us (nongraded; validated in Fuchs et al.,
Arthritis Rheum. 32:531-537 (1989)) was used in place of the more
extensive graded count used by Paulus, and the patient's and
physician's global assessments of response recorded by us were
approximated to the global assessments of disease activity used by
Paulus infra. In addition to determining response according to
these published indices, we selected 6 disease activity assessments
of interest (morning stiffness, pain score, Ritchie index, swollen
joint count, ESR and CRP) and calculated their mean percentage
improvement. We have used FIGS. 24 and 25 to give an indication of
the degree of improvement seen in responding patients.
Immunological Investigations
[0424] Rheumatoid factors were measured using the rheumatoid
arthritis particle agglutination assay (PAPA, FujiBerio Inc.,
Tokyo, Japan), in which titers of 1/160 or greater were considered
significant. Rheumatoid factor isotypes were measured by ELISA
(Cambridge Life Sciences, Ely, UK). The addition of cA2 at
concentrations of up to 200 .mu.g/ml to these assay cA2, at entry,
and days 4, 8 and 12. The total dose received by the 2 patient
groups was therefore the same at 20 mg/kg.
Assessment Safety Monitoring
[0425] Vital signs were recorded every 15 to 30 minutes during
infusions, and at intervals for up to 24 hours post infusion.
Patients were questioned concerning possible adverse events before
each infusion and at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 of the trial. A
complete physical examination was performed at screening and week
8. In addition, patients were monitored by standard laboratory
tests including complete blood count, C3 and C4 components of
complement, IgG, IgM and IgA, serum electrolytes, creatinine, urea,
alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase and total bilirubin.
Sample times for these tests were between 0800 and 0900 hours
(pre-infusion) and 1200-1400 hours (24 hours post completion of the
infusion). Blood tests subsequent to day 1 were performed in the
morning, usually between 0700 and 1200 hours. Urine analysis and
culture were also performed at each assessment point.
Response Assessment
[0426] The patients were assessed for response to cA2 at weeks 1,
2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 of the trial. The assessments were all made
between 0700 and 1300 hours by the same observer. The following
clinical assessments were made: duration of morning stiffness
(minutes), pain score (0 to 10 cm on a visual analog scale),
Ritchie Articular Index (maximum 69; Ritchie et al., Quart. J. Med.
147:393-406 (1968)), number of swollen joints (28 joint count;
validated in Fuchs et al., Arthritis Rheum. 32:531-537 (1989), grip
strength (0 to 300 mm Hg, mean of 3 measurements per hand by
sphygmomanometer cuff) and an assessment of function (the Stanford
Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) modified for British
patients; 34). In addition, the patients' global assessments of
response were recorded on a 5-point scale (worse, no response, fair
response, good response, excellent response). Routine laboratory
indicators of disease systems did not alter assay results (data not
shown). Antinuclear antibodies were detected by immunofluorescence
on HEpo 2 cells (Biodiagnostics, Upton, Worcs. UK) and antibodies
to extractable nuclear antigens were measured by counter
immunoelectrophoresis with poly-antigen extract (Biodiagnostics).
Sera positive by immunofluorescence were also screened for
antibodies to DNA by the Farr assay (Kodak Diagnostics, Amersham,
UK). Anti-cardiolipin antibodies were measured by ELISA (Shield
Diagnostics, Dundee, Scotland). Serum amyloid A (SAA) was measured
by sandwich ELISA (Biosource International, Camarillo, Calif.,
USA). Antiglobulin responses to the infused chimeric antibody were
measured by an in-house ELISA, using cA2 as a capture reagent.
Cytokine Assays
[0427] Bioactive TNF was measured in sera using the WEHI 164 clone
13 cytotoxicity assay (Espevik et al., J. Imm. Methods 95:99-105
(1986). Total IL-6 was measured in sera using a commercial
immunoassay (Medgenix Diagnostics, SA, Belgium) and by a sandwich
ELISA developed "in house" using monoclonal antibodies provided by
Dr. F. di Padova (Basel, Switzerland). Microtiter plates were
coated with monoclonal antibody LNI 314-14 at a concentration of 3
ug/ml for 18 hours at 4.degree. C. and blocked with 3% bovine serum
albumin in 0.1M phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.2. Undiluted sera
or standards (recombinant hIL 6, 0-8.1 ug/ml) were added to the
wells in duplicate and incubated for 18 hours at 4.degree. C. Bound
IL-6 was detected by incubation with monoclonal antibody LNI 110-14
for 90 minutes at 37.degree. C., followed by biotin labeled goat
anti-murine IgG2b for 90 minutes at 37.degree. C. (Southern
Biotechnology, Birmingham, Ala.). The assay was developed using
streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase (Southern Biotechnology) and
p-nitrophenylphosphate as a substrate and the optical density read
at 405 nm
Statistics
[0428] Comparisons between week 0 and subsequent time points were
made for each assessment using the Mann-Whitney test. For
comparison of rheumatoid factor (RAPA) titers, the data were
expressed as dilutions before applying the test.
[0429] This was an exploratory study, in which prejudgements about
the optimal times for assessment were not possible. Although it has
not been common practice to adjust for multiple statistical
comparisons in such studies, a conservative statistical approach
would require adjustment of p values to take into account analysis
at several time points. The p values have therefore been presented
in two forms: unadjusted, and after making allowance for analysis
at multiple time points by use of the Bonferroni adjustment. Where
p values remained <0.001 after adjustment, a single value only
is given. A p value of <0.05 is considered significant.
Results
Safety of cA2
[0430] The administration of cA2 was exceptionally well tolerated,
with no headache, fever, hemodynamic disturbance, allergy or other
acute manifestation. No serious adverse events were recorded during
the 8-week trial. Two minor infective episodes were recorded,
patient 15 presented at week 2 with clinical features of bronchitis
and growth of normal commensals only on sputum culture. She had a
history of smoking and of a similar illness 3 years previously. The
illness responded promptly to treatment with amoxicillin, but her
second cA2 infusion was withheld and the data for this patient are
therefore not analyzed beyond week 2. Patient 18 showed significant
bacteriuria on routine culture at week 6 (>10.sup.5/ml; lactose
fermenting coliform), but was asymptomatic. This condition also
responded promptly to amoxicillin.
[0431] Routine analysis of blood samples showed no consistent
adverse changes in hematological parameters, renal function, liver
function, levels of C3 or C4 or immunoglobulins during the 8 weeks
of the trial. Four minor, isolated and potentially adverse
laboratory disturbances were recorded. Patient 2 experienced a
transient rise in blood urea, from 5.7 mmol/liter to 9.2 mmol/liter
(normal range 2.5 to 7 mmol/liter), with no change in serum
creatinine. This change was associated with the temporary use of a
diuretic, prescribed for a non-rheumatological disorder. The
abnormality normalized within 1 week and was classified as
"probably not" related to cA2. Patient 6 experienced a transient
fall in the peripheral blood lymphocyte count, from 1.6 to
0.8.times.10.sup.9/liter (normal range
1.0-4.8.times.10.sup.9/liter). This abnormality normalized by the
next sample point (2 weeks later), was not associated with any
clinical manifestations and was classified as "possible related" to
cA2. Patients 10 and 18 developed elevated titers of anti-DNA
antibodies at weeks 6 and 8 of the trial, with elevated
anti-cardiolipin antibodies being detected in patient 10 only. Both
patients had a pre-existing positive antinuclear antibody and
patient 10 had a history of borderline lymphocytopenia and high
serum IgM. There were no clinical features of systemic lupus
erythematosus and the laboratory changes were judged `possibly
related` to cA2.
Efficacy of cA2 Disease Activity
[0432] The pattern of response for each of the clinical assessments
of disease activity and the derived IDA are shown in Table 13. All
clinical assessments showed improvement following treatment with
cA2, with maximal responses from week 3. Morning stiffness fell
from a median of 180 minutes at entry to 5 minutes at week 6
(p<0.001, adjusted), representing an improvement of 73%.
Similarly, the Ritchie Index improved from 28 to 6 at week 6,
(p<0.001, adjusted, 79% improvement) and the swollen joint count
fell from 18 to 5, (p<0.001, adjusted, 72% improvement). The
individual swollen joint counts for all time points are shown in
FIG. 24. Grip strength also improved; the median grip strength rose
from 77 (left) and 92 (right) mm Hg at entry to 119 (left) and 153
(right) mmHg at week 6 (p<0.04, p<0.05, left and right
respectively; p>0.05 after adjustment for multiple comparisons).
The IDA showed a fall from a median of 3 at entry to 1.7 at week 6
(p<0.001, adjusted). Patients were asked to grade their
responses to cA2 on a 5 point scale. No patient recorded a response
of "worse" or "no change" at any point in the trial. "Fair", "good"
and "excellent" responses were classed as improvements of 1, 2 and
3 grades respectively. At week 6, the study group showed a median
of 2 grades of improvement (Table 13).
[0433] We also measured changes in the patients' functional
capacity, using the HAQ modified for British patients (range 0-3).
The median (range) HAQ score improved from 2(0.9-3) at entry to 1.1
(0-2.6) by week 6, (p<0.001; p<0.002 adjusted).
[0434] The changes in the laboratory tests which reflect disease
activity are shown in Table 14. The most rapid and impressive
changes were seen in serum CRP, which fell from a median of 39.5
mg/liter at entry to 8 mg/liter by week 6 of the trial (p<0.001,
adjusted; normal range <10 mg/liter), representing an
improvement of 80%. Of the 19 patients with elevated CRP at entry,
17 showed falls to the normal range at some point during the trial.
The improvement in CRP was maintained in most patients for the
assessment period (Table 14 and FIG. 25); the exceptions with high
values at 4 and 6 weeks tended to be those with the highest
starting values (data not shown). The ESR also showed improvement,
with a fall from 55 mm/hour at entry to 23 mm/hour at week 6
(p<0.03; p>0.05 adjusted; 58% improvement; normal range
<10 mm/hour, <15 mm/hour, males and females respectively).
SAA levels were elevated in all patients at trial entry, and fell
from a median of 245 mg/ml to 58 mg/ml at week 1 (p<0.003,
adjusted; 76% improvement; normal range <10/mg/ml) and to 80
mg/ml at week 2 (p<0.04, adjusted). No significant changes were
seen in Hgb, WBC or platelet count at week 6, although the latter
did improve at weeks 2 and 3 compared with trial entry (Table
14).
[0435] The response data have also been analyzed for each
individual patient. The majority of patients had their best overall
responses at week 6, at which time 13 assessed their responses as
"good" while 6 assessed their responses as "fair". Eighteen of the
19 patients who completed the treatment schedule achieved an
improvement in the index of Disease Activity (Mallya et al.,
Rheumatol. Rehab. 20:14-17 (1981) of 0.5 or greater at week 6, and
10 achieved an improvement of 1.0 or greater. All patients achieved
a response at week 6 according to the index of Paulus (Paulus et
al., Arthritis Rheum. 33:477-484 (1990). Finally, all patients
showed a mean improvement at week 6 in the 6 selected measures of
disease activity (as presented above) of 30% or greater, with 18 of
the 19 patients showing a mean improvement of 50% or greater.
[0436] Although the study was primarily designed to assess the
short-term effects of cA2 treatment, follow-up clinical and
laboratory data are available for those patients followed for
sufficient time (number=12). The duration of response in these
patients, defined as the duration of a 30% (or greater) mean
improvement in the 6 selected disease activity measures, was
variable, ranging from 8 to 25 (median 14) weeks.
[0437] Comparison of the clinical and laboratory data for patients
treated with 2 infusions of cA2 (each at 10 m/kg) compared with
those treated with 4 infusions (each at 5 mg/kg) showed no
significant differences in the rapidity or extent of response (data
not shown).
Immunological Investigations and Cytokines
[0438] Measurement of rheumatoid factor by RAPA showed 14 patients
with significant titers (>1/160) at trial entry. Of these, 6
patients showed a fall of at least 2 titers on treatment with cA2,
while the remaining patients showed a change of 1 titer or less. No
patient showed a significant increase in RF titer during the trial.
The median RF titer in the 11 patients fell from 1/2, 560 at entry
to 1/480 by week 8 (p>0.05; Table 14). Specific RF isotypes were
measured by ELISA, and showed falls in the 6 patients whose RAPA
had declined significantly, as well as in some other patients.
Median values for the three RF isotypes in the 14 patients
seropositive at trial entry were 119, 102 and 62 IU/ml (IgM, IgG
and IgA isotypes respectively) and at week 8 were 81, 64 and 46
IU/ml (p>0.05).
[0439] We tested sera from the first 9 patients for the presence of
bioactive TNF, using the WEHI 164 clone 13 cytotoxicity assay
(Espevik et al., J. Imm. Methods 95:99-105 (1986). In 8 patients,
serum sets spanning the entire trial period were tested, while for
patient 9, one pre-trial, one period were tested, patient, one pre,
one intermediate and the last available sample only were tested.
The levels of bioactive TNF were below the limit of sensitivity of
the assay in the presence of human serum (1 pg/ml). Since
production of CRP and SAA are thought to be regulated in large part
by IL-6, we also measured serum levels of this cytokine, using 2
different assays which measure total IL-6. In the Medgenix assay,
IL-6 was significantly elevated in 17 of the patients at entry. In
this group, levels fell from 60 (18-500) pg/ml to 40 (0-230) pg/ml
at week 1 (p>0.05; normal range <10 pg/ml) and to 32 (0-210)
pg/ml at week 2 (p<0.005, p<0.01, adjusted). These results
were supported by measurement of serum IL-6 in the first 16
patients in a separate ELISA developed in-house. IL-6 was
detectable in 11 of the 16, with median (range) levels falling from
210 (25-900) pg/ml at entry to 32 (01,700) pg/ml at week 1
(p<0.02, p<0.04, adjusted; normal range <10 pg/ml) and to
44 (0-240) pg/ml at week 2 (p<0.02, p<0.03, adjusted).
[0440] We tested sera from the first 10 patients for the presence
of anti-globulin responses to the infused chimeric antibody, but
none were detected. In many patients however, cA2 was still
detectable in serum samples taken at week 8 and this can have
interfered with the ELISA.
Discussion
[0441] This is the first report describing the use of
anti-TNF.alpha. antibodies in human autoimmune disease. Many
cytokines are produced in rheumatoid synovium, but we chose to
target specifically TNF.alpha. because of mounting evidence that it
was a major molecular regulator in RA. The study results presented
here support that view and allow three important conclusions to be
drawn.
[0442] First, treatment with cA2 was safe and the infusion
procedure was well tolerated. Although fever, headache, chills and
hemodynamic disturbance have all been reported following treatment
with anti CD4 or anti CDw52 in RA, such features were absent in our
patients. Also notable was the absence of any allergic event
despite repeated treatment with the chimeric antibody, although the
interval between initial and repeat infusions can have been too
short to allow maximal expression of any anti-globulin response.
The continuing presence of circulating cA2 at the conclusion of the
trial may have precluded detection of antiglobulin responses, but
also implied that any such responses were likely to be of low titre
and/or affinity. Although we recorded 2 infective episodes amongst
the study group, these were minor and the clinical courses were
unremarkable. TNF.alpha. has been implicated in the control of
listeria and other infections in mice (Havell et al., J. Immunol.
143:2894-2899 (1989), but our limited experience does not suggest
an increased risk of infections after TNF.alpha. blockade in
man.
[0443] The second conclusion concerns the clinical efficacy of cA2.
The patients we treated had long-standing, erosive, and for the
most part seropositive disease, and had each failed therapy with
several standard DMARDs. Despite this, the major clinical
assessments of disease activity and outcome (morning stiffness,
pain score, Ritchie index, swollen joint count and HAQ score)
showed statistically significant improvement, even after adjustment
for multiple comparisons. All patients graded their response as at
least "fair", with the majority grading it as "good". In addition,
all achieved a response according to the criteria of Paulus and
showed a mean improvement of at least 30% in 6 selected disease
activity measures.
[0444] The improvements in clinical assessments following treatment
with cA2 appear to be at least as good as those reported following
treatment of similar patients with antileukocyte antibodies. The
two therapeutic approaches can already be distinguished, however,
by their effects on the acute phase response, since in several
studies of antileukocyte antibodies, no consistent improvements in
CRP or ESR were seen. In contrast, treatment with cA2 resulted in
significant falls in serum CRP and SAA, with normalization of
values in many patients. The changes were rapid and marked, and in
the case of CRP, sustained for the duration of the study (Table
14). The falls in ESR were less marked, achieving statistical
significance only when unadjusted (Table 14).
[0445] These results are consistent with current concepts that
implicate TNF.alpha. in the regulation of hepatic acute phase
protein synthesis, either directly, or by control of other,
secondary, cytokines such as IL-6 (Fong et al., J. Exp. Med.
170:1627-1633 (1989); Guerne et al., J. Clin. Invest. 83:585-592
(1989)). In order to investigate the mechanism of control of the
acute phase response in our patients, we measured serum TNF.alpha.
and IL-6 before and after cA2 treatment. Bioactive TNF.alpha. was
not detectable in baseline or subsequent sera. We used 2 different
assays for IL-6, in view of previous reports of variability between
different immunoassays in the measurement of cytokines in
biological fluids (Roux-Lombard et al., Clin. Exp. Rheum.
10:515-520 (1992), and both demonstrated significant falls in serum
IL-6 by week 2. These findings support the other objective
laboratory changes induced by cA2, and provide in vivo evidence
that TNF.alpha. is a regulatory cytokine for IL-6 in this disease.
Amongst the other laboratory tests performed, rheumatoid factors
fell significantly in 6 patients.
[0446] Neutralization of TNF.alpha. can have a number of beneficial
consequences, including a reduction in the local release of
cytokines such as IL-6 and other inflammatory mediators and
modulation of synovial endothelial/leukocyte interactions. cA2 can
also bind directly to synovial inflammatory cells expressing
membrane TNF.alpha., with subsequent in situ cell lysis.
[0447] The results obtained in this small series have important
implications, both scientifically and clinically. At the scientific
level, the ability of the neutralizing antibody, cA2, to reduce
acute phase protein synthesis, reduce the production of other
cytokines such as IL-6, and significantly improve the clinical
state demonstrates that it is possible to interfere with the
cytokine network in a useful manner without untoward effects. Due
to the many functions and overlapping effects of cytokines such as
IL-1 and TNF.alpha., and the fact that cytokines induce the
production of other cytokines and of themselves, there had been
some pessimism as to whether targeting a single cytokine in vivo
would have any beneficial effect (Kingsley et al., Immunol. Today
12:177-179 (1991), Trentham, Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 3:369-372
(1991)). This view is clearly refuted. On the clinical side, the
results of short-term treatment with cA2 are significant and
confirm that TNF.alpha. is useful as a new therapeutic target in
RA.
Example XXIII
Treatment with Chimeric Anti-TNF in a Patient with Severe
Ulcerative Colitis
[0448] The patient is a 41 year old woman with long term ulcerative
colitis, which was diagnosed by endoscopy and histology. She has a
pancolitis, but the main disease activity was left-sided. There
were no extra-intestinal complications in the past. Maintenance
therapy consisted of Asacol.TM.. Only one severe flair-up occurred
4 years previously and was successfully treated with steroids.
[0449] At beginning month one, she was admitted elsewhere because
of a very severe flair-up of the ulcerative colitis. Treatment
consisted of high doses of steroids intravenously, antibiotics,
asacol and Total Parental Nutrition. Her clinical condition
worsened and a colectomy was considered.
[0450] At end of month one, she was admitted at the internal ward
of the AMC. Her main complaints consisted of abdominal pains,
frequent water stools with blood and mucopus and malaise. [0451]
Medication: ASACOL 2 dd 500 mg, orally [0452] Di-Adresone-T 1 dd
100-mg, intravenously [0453] Flagyl 3 dd 500 mg, intravenously
[0454] Fortum 3 dd 1 gram, intravenously [0455] Total parental
nutrition via central venous catheter
[0456] On physical examination the patient was moderately ill with
a weight of 55 kg and a temperature of 36.degree. C. Jugular venous
pressure was not elevated. Blood pressure was 110/70 mm Hg with a
pulse rate of 80 per minute. No lymphadenopathy was found.
Oropharynx was normal. Central venous catheter was inserted in situ
with no signs of inflammation at the place of insertion. Normal
auscultation of the lungs and heart. The abdomen was slightly
distended and tender. Bowel sounds where reduced. Liver and spleen
where not enlarged. No signs of peritonitis. Rectal examination was
normal.
[0457] All cultures of the stools where negative.
[0458] Plain x-ray of the abdomen; slightly dilated colon. No
thumb-printing, no free air, no toxic megacolon.
[0459] Sigmoidoscopy; (video-taped) Very severe inflammation with
deep ulcers. Dilated rectum and sigmoid. Because of danger of
perforation the color, the endoscopy was limited to the
racto-sigmoid. No biopsies where taken.
[0460] Conclusion at time of admission: Severe steroid resistant
flair-up of ulcerative colitis.
[0461] Antibiotics were stopped, because no improvement was noticed
and there was no temperature.
[0462] After informed consent of the patient, treatment was started
with 10 mg/kg bodyweight (a 550 mg) of cA2 chimeric monoclonal
anti-TNF (Centocor) given intravenously over 2 hours (according the
protocol of cA2 used in severe Crohn's disease).
[0463] During the infusion there were no complaints. Vital signs
were monitored and were all normal. Before and after infusion blood
samples were drawn. Two days after infusion she had less abdominal
pain, the stool frequency decreased and no blood was seen in the
stools any more. However she developed high temperature (40.degree.
C.). Blood cultures were positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Infection of the central venous catheter was suspected. The
catheter was removed and the same Staphylococcus was cultured from
the tip of the central venous catheter. During this period she was
treated with antibiotics for three days. After this her temperature
dropped and she recovered substantially. Steroids were tapered off
to 40 mg of prednisone daily.
[0464] After 14 days sigmoidoscopy was repeated and showed a
remarkable improvement of the mucosa with signs of
reepithelization. There were no signs of bleeding, less mucopus and
even some normal vascular structures were seen.
[0465] At four months she was discharged.
[0466] At the outpatient clinic further monitoring was done weekly.
Patient is still improving. Stool frequency is two times per day
without blood or mucopus. Her laboratory improved, but there is
still anaemia, probably due to iron deficiency. A colonoscopy is
planned in the nearby future.
[0467] Our conclusion is that this patient had a very severe
flair-up of her ulcerative colitis. She was refractory to treatment
and a total colectomy was seriously considered. After infusion of
cA2 the clinical course improved dramatically in spite of the fact
that there was a complication of a sepsis which was caused by the
central venous catheter.
Example XXIV
Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Humans with cA2 Antibody
Patients
[0468] Patients were recruited from the clinics of four cooperating
trial centers or after referral from outside physicians. Patients
aged 18-75 were included if they met the criteria of the American
College of Rheumatology for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis,
had had disease for at least six months, had a history of failed
treatment with at least one disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug
(DMARD) and had evidence of erosive disease on radiography of hands
and feet. In addition, patients had to have active disease, as
defined by the presence of six or more swollen joints plus at least
three of four secondary criteria (duration of morning stiffness
.gtoreq.45 minutes; .gtoreq.6 tender or painful joints; erythrocyte
sedimentation rate (ESR).gtoreq.28 mm/h; C-reactive protein
(CRF).gtoreq.20 mg/L). Patients with severe physical incapacity
(Steinbrocker class IV) or with clinically evident joint ankylosis
were excluded. Other exclusion criteria included: severe anaemia
(haemoglobin <8.5 g/dL); leucopenia (white cells
<3.5.times.10.sup.9/L, neutrophils <1.5.times.10.sup.9/L) or
thrombocytopenia (100.times.10.sup.9/L); elevation of liver
function tests to over three times the upper limit of normal or of
serum creatine to over 150 mmol/L; or active pathology on chest
film. Patients were also excluded if they had a history of previous
administration of murine monoclonal antibodies, a history of cancer
or HIV infection, or current other serious medical conditions.
Female patients of child-bearing age had to be using an effective
method of birth control and to have a negative pregnancy test
before entry.
[0469] No patient had received other experimental drugs targeted to
TNF (e.g., oxpentifylline) in the previous three months. Patients
taking disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs at screening were
withdrawn from their therapy at least four weeks before entry.
Patients taking low-dose oral corticosteroids (prednisolone
.ltoreq.12.5 mg per day) or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
at screening were allowed to continue on stable doses. Additional
steroids by injection or other routes were not allowed. Simple
analgesics were freely allowed.
[0470] All patients gave their informed consent for the trial,
which was approved by each of the local regional ethics
committees.
Study Infusions
[0471] The cA2 antibody was supplied as a sterile solution
containing 5 mg cA2 per ml of 0.01 mol/L phosphate-buffered saline
in 0.15 mol/L sodium chloride with 0.01% polysorbate 80, pH 7.2.
The placebo vials contained 0.1% human serum albumin in the same
buffer. Before use, the appropriate amount of cA2 or placebo was
diluted to 300 mL in sterile saline by the pharmacist, and
administered intravenously via a 0.2 .mu.m in-line filter over 2
hours. The characteristics of the placebo and cA2 infusion bags
were identical, and the investigators and patients did not know
which infusion was being administered.
Assessments
[0472] Patients were seen at an initial screening visit and if
eligible, were entered within four weeks. On the day of entry,
patients were admitted to the hospital and randomized (in blocks of
6, stratified for center) to one of three groups (24 per group).
The first group received a single infusion of placebo. The other
two groups received one infusion of cA2, 1 mg/kg ("low dose") and
10 mg/kg ("high dose"). The doses of cA2 were chosen on the basis
of experience in the open-label trial and by extrapolation from the
anti-TNF-treated collagen-arthritis mice.
[0473] Patients were monitored for adverse events during infusions
and regularly thereafter, by interviews, physical examination, and
laboratory testing.
[0474] Before the start of the trial, all clinical observers agreed
on a standard technique to assess joints, and to establish
protocols for the collection of other clinical data. In each
center, patients were assessed by the same clinical observer at
each evaluation visit, usually between 0800 and 1100 hour. Clinical
observers were additionally blinded to the results of laboratory
testing for acute-phase measures (ESR and CRP).
[0475] The six primary disease-activity assessments were chosen to
allow analysis of the response in individual patients according to
the Paulus index. The assessments contributing to this index were
the tender and swollen joint scores (60 and 58 joints,
respectively, hips not assessed for swelling; graded 0-3), the
duration of morning stiffness (minutes), the patient's and
observer's assessment of disease severity (on a 5 point scale,
ranging from 1 (symptom-free) to 5 (very severe) and ESR. Patients
were considered to have responded if at least four of the six
variables improved, defined as at least 20% improvement in the
continuous variables, and at least two grades of improvement or
improvement from grade 1 to 1 in the two disease-severity
assessments (Paulus 20% response). Improvements of at least 50% in
the continuous variables were also used (Paulus 50%).
[0476] Other disease-activity assessments included the pain score
(0-10 cm on a visual analogue scale (VAS)), an assessment of
fatigue (0-10 cm VAS), and grip strength (0-300 mm Hg, mean of
three measurements per hand by sphygmomanometer cuff).
[0477] The ESR was measured at each study site with a standard
method (Westergen). CRP (Abbott fluorescent polarizing immunoassay)
and rheumatoid factor (rheumatoid-arthritis particle-agglutination
assay (RAPA, FujiBerio, Tokyo); titres.gtoreq.160 were taken to be
important) were measured in stored frozen serum samples shipped to
a central laboratory.
Statistics
[0478] The analysis was on the basis of intention to treat. The
sample size was chosen as having an 80% probability of achieving a
statistically significant (p<0.05) result if the true response
rates were 10% and 40% in the placebo and 10 mg/kg cA2 groups,
respectively. Fisher's exact test was used to compare the groups
for baseline sex ratio and rheumatoid factor status and for Paulus
response rates. Comparisons between groups for other demographic
features and for individual disease activity assessments were by
analysis of variance, or Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistics where
appropriate (baseline comparison of disease-modifying
anti-rheumatic drugs usage, patient's and observer's assessments of
disease severity/activity). The Paulus 20% response rate at week 4
was defined as the primary efficacy endpoint, with other time
points and variables considered supportive. Levels of significance
were therefore not adjusted for multiple comparisons.
Results
[0479] Seventy-two patients were initially randomized. One patient
presented two weeks after treatment with 1 mg/kg cA2 with probable
pneumonia that required admission to the hospital. The patient was
withdrawn and, according to protocol, another patient was
recruited. Thus, the intention-to-treat analysis brought the number
analyzed in the 1 mg/kg group to 25 patients and the total number
to 73.
[0480] The three groups were well-matched at entry, with no
significant differences in age, sex ratio, disease duration, number
of failed disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, or percentage of
patients with significant titre of rheumatoid factor (Table 15).
Demographic data were similar between the four sites. The patients
had active disease at entry, as judged by the presence of multiple
tender and swollen joints, high pain scores, substantial morning
stiffness, raised acute-phase measures (Table 16). Comparison
between groups revealed no significant differences for any of the
clinical and laboratory indices of disease activity at entry.
[0481] The response rates at Paulus 20% and 50% are shown in Table
17. Only 2 of 24 placebo recipients achieved a 20% response at week
4. By contrast, 19 of 24 patients treated with 10 mg/kg cA2
achieved a response by week 4 (p0.0001 compared with placebo). The
response rates in the 1 mg/kg group were intermediate, with 11 of
25 patients responding at week 4 (p=0.0083). Analysis of the Paulus
50% response showed similar differences between the groups, with 14
of 24 high-dose cA2 patients responding (p=0.0005), compared with 2
of 24 patients in the placebo group. Analysis of the response data
for corticosteroid use showed that patients who were taking
steroids behaved no differently in their responses from
non-steroid-treated patients.
[0482] Although secondary to the differences in overall response
rates, analysis of changes in individual disease-activity
assessments was also of interest (Table 16). Significant
improvements were seen in both cA2 groups for each of the clinical
assessments. For many assessments, maximum mean improvements in
cA2-treated groups exceeded 60%. Among the laboratory measures,
significant falls were seen in both cA2 groups for ESR, CRP, and
platelet counts, with the best improvements seen in the high-dose
group. The changes in CRP were particularly rapid in onset and
impressive in extent, with many individual patients achieving
normal concentrations (10 mg/L, data not shown). In addition,
significant improvements relative to placebo were seen for
haemoglobin, especially in the high-dose cA2 group. Trends towards
a fall in white cell count (from increased counts at entry) in both
cA2 groups supported the changes in other laboratory measures, but
did not reach statistical significance (Table 16).
[0483] Detailed time response profiles for six disease-activity
assessments common to the American College of Rheumatology and the
European League Against Rheumatism core-sets showed rapid and
highly significant falls in the cA2-treated groups compared with
placebo, with significant inter-group differences evident as early
as 24 and 72 h (CRP and all other assessments, respectively).
[0484] Seeking possible dose-response relations, we compared
response rates between the cA2 groups. We found no difference in
20% or 50% Paulus responses at week 2, but significantly higher
response rates for the high-dose group at week 4 (likelihood ratio
1.8, 95% CI 1.1, 2.9, p=0.0186; 2.1, 1.1, 4.1, p=0.0450, for Paulus
20% and 50%, respectively). A similar analysis for each of the
individual disease-activity assessments showed no greater benefit
with the higher dose at week 2 of the study, except for haemoglobin
(least squares mean difference 0.5, 95% CI 0.1, 0.9, p=0.021). By
week 4, however, some diminution of the response in the 1 mg/kg
group was evident for several assessments; responses in the 120
mg/kg group were maintained (Table 16). As a result, significantly
better responses were seen at this time in the high-dose group,
including pain score (least-squares mean difference -1.8, 95% CI
-3.4 -0.2, p=0.036), right (28.4, 5.4, 51.3, p=0.018) and left grip
strength (20.6, 3.3, 37.9, p=0.022), observer's assessment of
disease severity (-0.8, -1.3, -0.4, p<0.035), ESR (-15.0, -23.6
to -1.4 p=0.035), CRP (-20.7, -32.1, -9.2, p<0.001), and
haemoglobin (0.5, 0.0, 1.0, p=0.042).
[0485] The infusions of cA2 and placebo were well tolerated, with
no episodes of fever or hemodynamic disturbance. The adverse events
recorded during the 4 weeks after treatment are shown in Table 18.
In all, two-thirds of the adverse events occurred in the cA2
groups. Infections formed the largest group, with 5 infections
recorded in the 1 mg/kg group and 1 each in those receiving 10
mg/kg cA2 and placebo.
[0486] Of the 72 initially randomized, 2 patients had severe
adverse events. One was the patient with probable pneumonia. The
patient recovered fully with treatment, but was withdrawn and
replaced. This event was judged "possibly" related to cA2. A second
patient presented 1 week after treatment with 10 mg/kg cA2 with a
pathological fracture of the clavicle, but continued in the study.
In retrospect, a minor bony abnormality was evident on an X-ray
film taken pretreatment, and the event was judged "probably not"
related to cA2.
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 15 Demographic Features Group 1 mg/kg cA2 10
mg/kg cA2 Placebo (n = 24) (n = 25) (n = 24) Age (yr) 48-1 (11-9)
56-2 (12-2) 50-6 (13-1) M/F 7/17 5/25 4/20 Disease Duration 9-0
(7-3) 7-5 (4-8) 7-3 (5-2) Previous Drugs* 3-7 (1-9) 2-8 (1-5) 3-1
(1-7) Rheumatoid Factor 7% 96% 75% (seropositive) Mean (SC).
*Number of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs previously
used.
TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 16 Disease Activity Assessments Statistical
analysis vs. Placebo Data Summary 1 mg/kg cA2 10 mg/kg cA2 Assess
Wk Placebo 1 mg/kg cA2 10 mg/kg cA2 Least-sq 95% CI p Least-sq 95%
CI p Tender joint count 0 27.8 (13.5) 29.1 (14.1) 28.1 (12.7) 2
25.7 (16.6) 12.1 (10.2) 11.1 (6.9) -14.8 -21.2, -8.4 <0.001
-14.8 -20.2, -9.5 <0.001 4 26.2 (15.5) 16.9 (12.1) 11.3 (9.8)
-10.9 -16.4, -5.3 <0.001 -15.2 -21.2, -9.2 <0.001 Swollen
Joint count (0-58) 0 23.4 (10.5) 21.4 (10.6) 21.8 (11.5) 2 24.2
(12.1) 11.1 (8.1) 8.2 (5.5) -10.9 -15.6, -6.3 <0.001 -14.4
-19.6, -9.2 <0.001 4 23.0 (11.2) 12.9 (8.8) 8.6 (6.4) -8.2
-12.8, -3.6 0.001 -12.7 -17.8, -7.5 <0.001 Pain Score (0-10 cm)
0 6.8 (1.8) 6.6 (2.6) 6.7 (2.5) 2 6.9 (2.6) 2.5 (2.6) 2.6 (2.1)
-1.3 -5.7, -2.9 <0.001 -4.3 -5.8, -2.8 <0.001 4 6.9 (2.5) 4.2
(2.9) 2.5 (1.8) -2.6 -4.2, -0.9 0.003 -4.3 -5.8, -2.9 <0.001
Morning Stiffness (min) 0 132.3 (286.7) 142.0 (122.0) 143.1 (106.5)
2 150.6 (284.0) 27.4 (48.7) 10.3 (14.9) -88.9 -147.5, -30.3 0.004
-101.2 -156.4, -16.1 <0.001 4 172.3 (300.1) 99.6 (286.3) 8.3
(13.6) -33.4 -156.4, 89-6 0.592 -124.8 -188.9, -60.8 <0.001
Fatigue Score (0-10 cm) 0 6.3 (2.3) 6.5 (2.6) 5.6 (2.4) 2 5.8 (2.9)
3.2 (2.7) 2.8 (2.3) -2.6 -4.3, -1.0 -0.003 -2.3 -3.9, -0.7 0.006 4
5.6 (3.0) 3.8 (2.8) 2.3 (1.7) -1.9 -3.6, -0.2 0.028 -2.6 4.3, -1.0
0.003 Grip Strength, right (0-300 mm Hg) 0 120.7 (50.2) 102.4
(48.8) 117.0 (64.1) 2 122.7 (51.5) 161.8 (78.3) 175.3 (79.1) 55.8
32.6, 79.0 <0.001 56.4 35.0, 77.3 <0.001 4 119.1 (50.2) 131.8
(65.0) 175.2 (78.6) 31.3 15.6, 46.9 <0.001 59.9 35.9, 83.9
<0.001 Grip Strength, left (0-300 mm Hg) 0 120.0 (58.4) 100.8
(46.8) 108.4 (50.5) 2 123.3 (64.9.sup. 152.4 (72.0) 157.2 (65.1)
46.7 23.7, 69.6 <0.001 45.4 28.9, 52.0 <0.001 4 120.9 (58.4)
126.6 (65.8) 155.1 (60.9) 25.0 6.5, 43.5 0.010 45.8 28.9, 62.7
<0.001 Disease Severity, patient (1-5) 0 3.8 (0.5) 3.7 (0.5) 3.6
(0.6) 2 3.8 (0.8) 3.5 (0.7) 2.6 (1.0) -1.2 -1.6, -0.8 <0.001
-1.1 -1.6 -0.6 <0.001 4 3.3 (0.8) 3.0 (0.8) 2.6 (0.8) -0.7 -1.2,
-0.3 0.002 -1.2 -1.7 -0.8 <0.001 Disease Severity, Observer 0
3.7 (0.7) 3.7 (0.5) 3.6 (0.7) 2 3.5 (0.8) 2.5 (0.8) 2.3 (0.6) -1.0
-1.5, -0.6 <0.001 -1.2 -1.6, -0.8 <0.001 4 3.6 (2.0) 3.0
(1.0) 2.2 (0.6) -0.6 -1.1, -0.1 0.036 -1.4 -1.9, -1.0 <0.001 ESR
(mm/h) 0 63.1 (24.8) 58.1 (25.5) 63.1 (27.6) 2 67.0 (27.4) 41.8
(24.6) 42.4 (25.2) -23.1 -35.9, -10.4 <0.001 -24.9 -39.0, -10.9
<0.001 4 65.1 (29.8) 52.4 (32.3) 42.7 (24.6) -10.7 -26.4, 5.1
0.185 -22.5 -38.7, -6.3 0.009 CRP (mg/L) 0 64 (42) 67 (41) 64 (36)
2 53 (30) 39 (39) 28 (29) -19.1 -34.1, -4.1 0.016 -24.3 -38.8, -9.8
0.002 4 60 (42) 58 (39) 35 (29) -7.7 -20.5, 5.1 0.239 -28.8 -33.7,
-12.9 <0.001 Haemoglobin g/dL 0 11.6 (1.6) 11.8 (1.3) 11.0 (1.1)
2 10.9 (1.5) 11.5 (1.2) 11.2 (1.1) 0.4 0.0, 0.7 0.052 0.8 0.5, 1.2
<0.001 4 10.9 (1.7) 11.7 (1.2) 11.4 (1.2) 0.6 0.1, 1.0 0.022 1.1
0.6, 1.5 <0.001 WBC (.times.10.sup.9/L) 0 10.7 (3.5) 10.1 (3.5)
9.0 (2.1) 2 10.5 (2.9) 9.2 (3.2) 8.4 (2.5) -0.8 -1.9, 0.4 0.202
-0.4 -1.4, 0.6 0.414 4 10.3 (3.2) 9.3 (4.3) 7.7 (2.0) -0.4 -1.6,
0.8 0.500 -0.9 -1.9, 0.2 0.096 Platelets (.times.10.sup.9/L) 0 447
(126) 421 (132) 400 (127) 2 471 (135 375 (111) 368 (117) -69 -108,
-30 0.001 -56 -89, -22 0.002 4 462 (115) 406 (131) 345 (120) -29
-073, 16 0.208 -69 -103, -36 0.001 Mean (SD) *0.2 1 = baseline and
after 2 and 4 weeks of study. Least sq. = least-squares mean
difference. WBC = white blood cells. Normal values: ESR, female
<15, male <10; CRP <10; haemoglobin, female 12-16, male
13.5-17.5; WBC 4-11, platelets 150-400.
TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 17 Responses According to Paulus 20% and 50%
Criteria at Each Evaluation Point Data Summary Statistical Analysis
vs. Placebo Placebo 1 mg/kg cA2 10 mg/kg cA2 1 mg/kg cA2 10 mg/kg
cA2 n = 24 n = 25 n = 24 LR 95% CI p LR 95% CI p Paulus 20% Day 3 2
(8%) 8 (32%) 7 (29%) 3.8 1.1, 14.0 0.0738 3.5 0.9, 13.4 0.1365 Wk 1
2 (8%) 13 (52%) 16 (67%) 6.2 2.1, 18.6 0.0015 8.0 3.0, 21.5 0.0001
Wk 2 3 (13%) 15 (60%) 18 (75%) 5.0 2.1, 12.2 0.0008 6.0 2.7, 13.5
<0.0001 Wk 3 4 (17%) 12 (48%) 21 (88%) 2.9 1.2, 7.1 0.0322 5.3
2.7, 10.3 <0.0001 Wk 4 2 (8%) 11 (44%) 19 (79%) 5.3 1.7, 16.9
0.0083 9.5 3.9, 23.4 <0.0001 Paulus 50% Day 3 1 (4%) 6 (24%) 2
(9%) 5.8 1.0, 33.1 0.0983 2.0 0.2, 20.0 1.000 Wk 1 1 (4) 11 (44%)
12 (50%) 10.6 2.5, 44.6 0.0019 12.0 3.0, 47.5 0.007 Wk 2 0 11 (44%)
12 (50%) NA NA 0.0002 NA NA <0.0001 Wk 3 2 (8%) 7 (28%) 13 (54%)
3.4 0.9, 13.0 0.1383 6.5 2.2, 19.2 0.0013 Wk 4 2 (8%) 7 (28%) 14
(58%) 3.4 0.9, 13.0 0.1383 7.0 2.5, 20.0 0.0005 LR = likelihood
ratio, NA = not applicable (ratio could not be calculated because
no placebo recipients responded at that time).
TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 18 All Adverse Events Recorded During 4 Weeks
After Entry 1 mg/kg 10 mg/kg System Event Placebo cA2 cA2
Respiratory URTI 1(0) 2(0) 1(1) Probable -- 1(1) -- pneumonia
Pleuritis -- 1(0) -- Gastro Nausea 2(0) -- -- intestinal Diarrhoea
1(1) -- -- Abdominal Pain -- 2(0) -- Peptic Ulcer -- 1(0) -- Blood
loss per -- 1(0) -- rectum Cardiovascular Hypertension 1(0) 1(1)
1(1) Peripheral oedema -- 1(0) 1(0) Skin Rash 3(1) 1(0) --
Infection -- 2(2) -- Injection site -- 1(1) -- reaction
Neurological Dizziness 3(1) -- -- Headache -- -- 1(0)
Musculoskeletal Rheumatoid -- 1(0) -- nodules Popliteal cyst --
1(0) -- Fracture -- -- 1(0) Other Malaise -- 1(0) -- Rigors -- 1(1)
-- Facial oedema -- 1(0) -- Scleritis/conjunctivitis -- 1(0) --
Vasculitis 1(0) -- -- URTI = upper respiratory tract infection.
Those events judged by blinded observers to be reasonably related
to infusion shown in brackets.
Example XXV
Treatment of Crohn's Disease with cA2 Antibody
[0487] This patient is a 25 year old female known with Crohn's
disease with an eight year history, who has had several
exacerbations of Crohn's disease. Following the birth of a child
the patient developed again an exacerbation. Prednisone treatment
was increased to 30 mg about 15 months earlier. It was not possible
to sufficiently taper off prednisone, and azathioprine was added to
the therapy six months prior to antibody treatment. Remission could
not be achieved, and in the end the patient was enrolled in this
trial.
[0488] At enrollment her Crohn's medication had been stable for
four months and consisted of mesalazine 3.times.250 mg, prednisone
20 mg, and azathioprine 100 mg. Her main symptoms were frequent
diarrhoea, abdominal cramps and poor general well being. Her CDAI
was 216, CRP 14 and ESR 32. Endoscopy prior to treatment showed
severe inflammation with pseudopolyps and deep ulcerations of the
ascending and transverse colon.
[0489] The patient was infused with 840 mg of cA2 (10 mg/kg). From
day 5 and onwards through week 8 there was considerable improvement
of her symptoms, as is also reflected by a marked decrease in the
CDAI. For the first time in many years the patient had formed
stools again. CRP and ESR also decreased a little, although not as
markedly as the CDAI, but these were not that much elevated prior
to the treatment. This improvement is also objectivated by the
endoscopic findings, which show a greatly improved image at week 4
and a complete remission at week 8.
[0490] Prior to the infusion of cA2, the patient already had on her
buttocks skin eruptions which were identified as pyoderma
gangrenosum. These skin lesions also improved substantially during
treatment, although they have not vanished completely. Before the
treatment with cA2, the patient already had problems with decreased
vision but she did not report this. During the follow up after
three weeks she reported this and she was immediately sent to the
ophthalmologist who concluded that the reduced vision was a result
of cataract due to prednisone. This was the rationale for tapering
off prednisone to 15 mg at week 6.
[0491] Colon biopsies taken during the 8 week endoscopy showed a
mild to moderate focal epithelial dysplasia in one of the biopsy
specimens. This is a common finding in patients with chronic
inflammatory bowel disease. However, differentiation between
epithelial dysplasia associated with inflammatory bowel disease or
a fragment of tubular adenoma could not be made.
Pre-Treatment Endoscopy
[0492] Smooth introduction of the scope till the bottom of the
cecum. Because of slight edema it is not possible to enter the
terminal ileum. Also the patient indicates that these attempts are
quite painful. While retracting the scope the colon is inspected.
Especially the promixal part till approximately the flexural
lienalis is severely inflamed and has pseudopolyps and deep
ulcerations. Also the mucosa is edematous. More distally the mucosa
looks more normal. At about 15 cm, there is a small lesion, which
could be the exit of a fistula. Biopsies are taken and the entire
endoscopy is taken on video. Conclusion: Unchanged image compared
to previous endoscopy.
Four Week Endoscopy
[0493] Smooth introduction of the scope till in the terminal ileum.
While withdrawing, the terminal ileum and cecum are inspected. The
inflammation is considerably less than compared to the endoscopy of
4 weeks ago. There are still a few pseudopolyps and left and right
a small ulceration, but compared to the endoscopy of 4 weeks ago,
there is a dramatic improvement of the endoscopic image. Distally
the mucosa looks normal. A diligent search has been made for the
fistula opening which was seen last time at 15 cm of the anal ring.
At this location we do see a scar with a slightly indurated edge,
but at this moment it does not appear to be a real fistula opening.
Conclusion: Greatly improved endoscopic image, compared to the
endoscopy of 4 weeks ago.
Eight Week Endoscopy
[0494] There are only pseudopolyps left. Conclusion: Complete
remission.
Example XXVI
p55 Fusion Protein Structure
[0495] The extracellular domains of the p55 and p75 receptors were
expressed as Ig fusion proteins from DNA constructs designed to
closely mimic the structure of naturally occurring, rearranged Ig
genes. Thus, the fused genes included the promoter and leader
peptide coding sequence of a highly expressed chimeric mouse-human
antibody (cM-T412, Looney et al., Hum. Antibody Hybridomas
3:191-200 (1992)) on the 5' side of the TNF receptor insert, and
codons for eight amino acids of human J sequence and a genomic
fragment encoding all three constant domains of human IgG1 on the
3' side of the receptor insert position (FIGS. 27 and 29).
[0496] Minor changes were introduced at the N-terminal ends of the
heavy chain fusion proteins so that the first two amino acids would
be identical or similar to the first two amino acids (Gln-Ile)
encoded by the cM-T412 antibody gene (from which the leader peptide
originated). This was done to increase the likelihood that any
interactions between the N-terminal end of the mature protein and
the leader peptide would still result in efficient transport into
the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Boyd et al., Cell 62:
1031-1033 (1990). Therefore, the Asp.sup.1 and Ser.sup.2 residues
of naturally occurring p55 were replaced with a Gln residue, and
the Leu.sup.1 residue of p75 was preceded by a Gln residue in all
p75 constructs. No amino acid changes were introduced at the
N-terminal end of the p55 light chain fusion.
Expression Vectors
[0497] PCR methodology was used to engineer cloned genes.
Oligonucleotides were purchased from National Biosciences
(Plymouth, Minn.). PCR amplification kits were from Perkin Elmer
(CA) and DNA sequencing kits from U.S. Biochemical Corporation
(Cleveland, Ohio) Alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-human
IgG was purchased from Jackson ImmunoResearch (West Grove, Pa.).
.sup.125I-labeled human TNF was obtained from Du Pont Company, NEN
(Boston, Mass.) and unlabeled recombinant human TNF from R&D
Systems (Minneapolis, Minn.). Protein A-Sepharose beads was
purchased from PHARMACIA (Piscataway, N.J.).
[0498] PCR methodology was used to engineer two cloned genes
encoding the heavy chain or light chain of an efficiently expressed
murine antibody, cM-T412 (see Looney et al.), for the purpose of
directing the expression of foreign genes in a mammalian cell
system. The approaches were to effectively delete the coding region
of the antibody variable region and to place a unique restriction
site in its place (StuI for the heavy chain vector and EcoRV for
the light chain vector).
[0499] The resulting vector contained 2.5 kb of 5' flanking genomic
DNA, the promoter, the leader peptide coding sequence (including
the leader intron), a StuI cloning site to introduce inserts,
coding sequence for eight amino acids of human J sequence Gly Thr
Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser (SEQ ID NO:6) followed by genomic sequences
for the human IgG1 constant region. An analogous vector was made
from the cM-T412 light chain gene except that an EcoRV cloning site
was introduced at the carboxyl terminal end of the light chain
leader peptide and a different human J sequence was encoded by the
vector Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys (SEQ ID NO:7). Both vectors are
based on plasmid pSV2-gpt and subsequent vector derivatives that
contain genomic sequences for either the heavy chain or light chain
constant regions. See Mulligan et al., Science 209:1422-1427
(1980). The E. coli gpt gene allows selection of transfected cells
with mycophenolic acid.
Heavy Chain Vector
[0500] A previously cloned EcoRI fragment containing the cM-T412
heavy chain gene (Goeddel et al., Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant.
Biol. 51: 597-609 (1986)) was subcloned into pUC19. This
recombinant plasmid was used as a template for two PCR reactions.
In one reaction, an oligo corresponding to the "reverse" primer of
the pUC plasmids and the 3' oligo 5'-CCTGGATACCTGTGAAAAGA-3' (SEQ
ID NO:8) (with half of a Stul site; oligo was phosphorylated prior
to the PCR reaction) were used to amplify a fragment containing 3
kb of 5' flanking DNA, the promoter, transcription start site and
leader peptide coding sequence (including the leader intron). In
the second reaction, the 5' oligo 5'CCTGGTACCTTAGTCACCGTCT CCTCA-3'
(SEQ ID NO:9) (with half of a Stul site; oligo phosphorylated prior
to the PCR reaction) and an oligo corresponding to the "forward"
primer of pUC plasmids amplified a fragment encoding eight amino
acids of human J sequence Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser (SEQ ID
NO:6) and a splice donor to allow splicing to the human constant
region coding sequence provided in another vector. The two PCR
fragments were digested with EcoRI and then simultaneously ligated
into EcoRI-digested pUC19 to make pHC684 (FIG. 27).
[0501] Because the Stul site formed at the junction of the two PCR
fragments was followed by a "GG" dinucleotide sequence, a dcm
methylation site was formed preventing Stul from digesting that
site when the DNA was grown in HB 101 strain of E. coli. Therefore,
the plasmid DNA was introduced into dcm-JM110 E. coli cells and
reisolated. Stul was then able to cut at the junction but a second
Stul site in the 5' flanking DNA was a apparent (DNA sequencing
showed that Stul site to also be followed by a GG dinucleotide and
therefore also methylated). To make the Stul cloning site at the
junction be unique, a 790 bp Xba1 fragment that included only one
of the two Stul sites was subcloned into pUC 19 to make the vector
pHC707 (FIG. 27) which was then grown in JM110 cells. The Stul
cloning site formed at the junction of the two PCR fragments second
and third nucleotides (i.e., "CA") of the last codon (Ala) of the
signal sequence in order to maintain the appropriate translation
reading frame (FIG. 27).
[0502] A PCR fragment encoding a protein of interest can then be
ligated into the unique Stul site of pHC707. The insert can include
a translation stop codon that would result in expression of a
"non-fusion" protein. Alternatively, a fusion protein could be
expressed by the absence of a translation stop codon, thus allowing
translation to proceed through additional coding sequences
positioned downstream of the Stul cloning site. pH 730 contains
coding sequences for all three constant domains of human IgG1 and
was designed to accommodate the Xba1 fragments of pHC707 at a
unique Xba1 site upstream of the IgG1 coding sequences (FIG. 28).
Coding sequences in the Stul site of pHC707 would not be fused
directly to the IgG1 coding sequences in pHC730 but would be
separated by an intron sequence that partially originates from
pHC707 and partially from pHC730. These intron sequences would be
deleted in the cell following transcription resulting in an RNA
molecule that is translated into a chimeric protein with the
protein of interest fused directly to the IgG1 constant
domains.
[0503] The plasmid pHC730 was a modified form of an IgG1
expression, pSV2gpt-hCy1 vector described previously (Goeddel et
al., Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 51:597-609 (1986)) (FIG.
28). The modifications were (1) removal of the unique Sal1 and Xba1
sites upstream of the constant region coding sequence, (2)
insertion of a Sal1 linker into the unique BamHI site to allow use
of Sal1 to linearize the plasmid prior to transfections, and (3)
ligation into the unique EcoRI site the cloned cM-T412 EcoRI
fragment but with the Xba1 fragment flanking the V gene deleted
(FIG. 28). The resulting expression vector had a unique Xba1 site
for inserting the Xba1 fragments from pHC707.
Light Chain Vector
[0504] A previously cloned HindIII fragment containing the cM-T412
light chain gene (Goeddel et al., Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant.
Biol. 51:597-609 (1986)) was subcloned into pUC19 and the resulting
plasmid used as template for PCR reactions. In one PCR reaction the
"reverse" pUC primer and the 3' oligo
5'-AATAGATATCTCCTTCAACACCTGCAA-3' (SEQ ID NO:10) (with an EcoRV
site) were used to amplify a 2.8 kb fragment containing 5' flanking
DNA, the promoter, transcription start site and leader peptide
coding sequence (including the leader intron) of the cloned light
chain gene. This fragment was then digested with HindIII and EcoRV.
In a second PCR reaction, the 5' oligo 5'-ATCGGG ACAAAGTTGG
AAATA-3' (SEQ ID NO:11) (with half of an EcoRV site) and the
"forward" pUC primer were used to amplify a fragment encoding seven
amino acids of human J sequence (Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys) and
an intron splice donor sequence. This fragment was digested with
HindIII and ligated along with the other PCR fragment into pUC cut
with HindIII. The resulting plasmid, pLC671 (FIG. 29), has a unique
EcoRV cloning site at the junction of the two PCR fragments with
the EcoRV site positioned such that the first three nucleotides of
the EcoRV site encoded the first amino acid of the mature protein
(Asp).
[0505] The pLC671 HindIII insert was designed to be positioned
upstream of coding sequences for the human kappa light chain
constant region present in a previously described expression
vector, pSV2gpt-hCk (FIG. 30). However, pSV2gpt-hCk contained an
EcoRV site in its gpt gene. Because it was desired that the EcoRV
site in the pLC671 HindIII fragment be a unique cloning site after
transferring the fragment into pSV2gpt-hCk, the EcoRV site in
pSV2gpt-hCk was first destroyed by PCR mutagenesis. Advantage was
taken of the uniqueness of this EcoRV site in pSV2gpt-hCk and a
Kpn1 site 260 bp upstream of the EcoRV site. Therefore, the 260 bp
Kpn1-EcoRV fragment was removed from pSV2gpt-hCk and replaced with
a PCR fragment that has identical DNA sequence to the 260 bp
fragment except for a single nucleotide change that destroys the
EcoRV site. The nucleotide change that was chosen was a T to a C in
the third position of the EcoRV recognition sequence (i.e., GACATC
changed to GACATC). Because the translation reading frame is such
that GAT is a codon and because both GAT and GAG codons encode an
Asp residue, the nucleotide change does not change the amino acid
ended at that position. Specifically, pSV2gpt-hCk was used as
template in a PCR reaction using the 5' oligo 5'GGCGGTCT
GGTACCGG-3' (SEQ ID NO:12) (with a Kpn1 site) and the 3' oligo
5'-GTCAACAACATAGTCATCA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 13) (with the complement of
the Asp codon). The 260 bp PCR fragment was treated with the Klenow
fragment of DNA polymerase to fill-in the DNA ends completely and
then digested with Kpn1. The fragment was ligated into pSV2gpt-hCk
that had its Kpn1-EcoRV fragment removed to make pLC327 (FIG.
30).
[0506] The HindIII fragment of pLC671 was cloned into the unique
HindIII site of pLC327 to make the light chain expression vector,
pLC690 (FIG. 30). This plasmid can be introduced into cells without
further modifications to encode a truncated human kappa light
chain, JCk, that contains the first two amino acids of the cM-T412
light chain gene, seven amino acids of human J sequences, and the
light chain constant region. Alternatively, coding sequence of
interest can be introduced into the unique EcoRV site of pLC690 to
make a light chain fusion protein.
TNF Receptor DNA Constructs
[0507] For the p55 heavy chain fusion, amino acids 3-159 of the p55
extracellular domain were encoded in a PCR fragment generated using
the 5' oligo 5' CACAGGTGTGTCCCCAAGGAAAA-3' (SEQ ID NO:14) (with the
Val.sup.3 codon) and the 3' oligo 5'-AATCTGGGGTAGGCACAA-3' (SEQ ID
NO:15) (with the complement of the Ile.sup.159 codon). For the p55
light chain fusion, amino acids 2-159 were encoded in a PCR
fragment made using the 5' oligo 5,-AGTGTGTGTCCCCAAGG3' (SEQ ID
NO:16) (with the Ser.sup.2 codon) and the same 3' oligo shown
above. The light chain vector contained the codon for Asp.sup.1 of
p55. The DNA template for these PCR reactions was a previously
reported human p55 cDNA clone. (Gray et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 87:7380-7384 (1990)).
[0508] A truncated light chain that lacked a variable region was
expressed by transfecting cells with the light chain vector with no
insert in the EcoRV cloning site. The resulting protein, termed
JC.sub.K, consisted of the first two amino acids of the cM-T412
light chain gene, seven amino acids of human J sequence (Gly Thr
Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys) (SEQ ID NO:7), and the human light chain
constant region.
[0509] A non-fusion form of p55 (p55-nf) was expressed in CHO-K1
cells using the CMV-major immediate early promoter after
introducing a translation stop codon immediately after Ile.sup.159.
Secreted p55 was purified by affinity chromatography on a
TNF.alpha. column.
Transfections and ELISA assays
[0510] All plasmids were linearized with a restriction enzyme prior
to introducing them into cells. Cells of the myeloma cell line
X63-Ag8.653 were transfected with 12 .mu.g of DNA by
electroporation. Cell supernatants were assayed for IgG domains
Briefly, supernatants were incubated in plates coated with
anti-human IgG Fe and then bound protein detected using alkaline
phosphatase-conjugated anti-human and light chains.
Purification of Fusion Proteins
[0511] Cell supernatants were clarified by centrifugation followed
by passage through a 0.45 micron filter. Supernatants were adjusted
to 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 150 mM NaCl, and 1 mM EDTA (1.times.
protein A buffer) and passed over a column of protein A-Sepharose
beads. The column was washed in 1.times. protein A buffer followed
by 100 mM Na Citrate, pH 5.0 to elute bound bovine IgG originating
from the cell media. Bound fusion protein was then eluted in 100 mM
Na Citrate, pH 3.5, neutralized with 0.2 volumes 1 M Tris, and
dialyzed against PBS.
TNF Cytotoxicity Assays
[0512] TNF-sensitive WEHI-164 cells (Espevik et al., J. Immunol.
Methods 95:99-105 (1986)) were plated in 1 .mu.g/ml actinomycin D
at 50,000 cells per well in 96-well microtiter plates for 3-4
hours. Cells were exposed to 40 pM TNF.alpha. or TNF.beta. and
varying concentrations of fusion protein. The mixture was incubated
overnight at 37.degree. C. Cell viability was determined by adding
3-[4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl]-2, 5diphenyltetrazolium bromide dye
(MTT) to a final concentration of 0.5 mg/ml, incubating for 4 hours
at 37.degree. C., lysing the cells in 0.1 N HCl, 0.1% SDS and
measuring the optical density at 550 nm wavelength.
Saturation Binding Analyses
[0513] Fusion proteins were captured while at a concentration of 10
ng/ml in 96-well microtiter plates coated with goat anti-human Fc
antibodies. Varying concentrations of .sup.125I-TNF (34.8
.mu.Ci/.mu.g) were added in PBS/1% BSA and allowed to bind for two
hours at room temperature. Plates were washed and bound cpm
determined. Non-specific binding was determined using an irrelevant
antibody.
[0514] Several different versions of the p55 fusion proteins were
expressed. Unlike what was reported for CD4 (Capon et al., Nature
337:525-531 (1989)) and IL-2 (Landolfi, J. Biol. Chem. 146:915-919
(1991)) fusion proteins that also included the CH1 domain of the
heavy chain, inclusion of a light chain proved to be necessary to
get secretion of the Ig heavy chain fusion proteins from the murine
myeloma cells. The light chain variable region was deleted to
enable the TNF R domain on the heavy chain to bind TNF without
steric hindrance from the light chain.
[0515] The "double fusion" (df) protein, p55-df2, has p55 fused to
both the heavy chain and light chain and is therefore tetravalent
with regard to p55. p55-sf3 has the p55 receptor (and the same
eight amino acids of human J sequence present in p55-sf2 and
p55-df2) linked to the hinge region, i.e., the C.sub.H1 domain of
the constant region is deleted.
[0516] After one or two rounds of subcloning, spent cell
supernatant from the various cell lines were yielding 20 .mu.g/ml
(for p55-sf2) of fusion protein. The proteins were purified from
the spent supernatant by protein A column chromatography and
analyzed by SDS-PAGE with or without a reducing agent. Each fusion
protein was clearly dimeric in that their M.sub.r estimates from
their migration through a non-reducing gel was approximately double
the estimated M.sub.r from a reducing gel. However, two bands were
seen for p55-sf2 (lane 1) and p55-df2. Two lines of evidence
indicated that, in each case, the lower bands did not include a
light chain while the upper bands did include a light chain. First,
when p55-sf2 containing both bands were passed over an anti-kappa
column, the upper band bound to the column (lane 3) while the lower
band passed through the column. Second, Western blots have shown
that only the upper bands were reactive with anti-kappa
antibodies.
[0517] It is believed that the versions of these fusion proteins
that do not have a light chain (k) were not secreted to a
significant degree but rather were primarily released from dead
cells because 1) supernatants from cells transfected with the p55
heavy chain fusion gene and no light chain gene did not have
detectable fusion protein until after there was significant cell
death, and 2) the ratio of the k- to k+ versions of p55-sf2
increased as cell cultures went from 95% viability to 10%
viability.
Example XXVII
p75
[0518] To make a p75 heavy chain fusion (p75-sf2), amino acids
1-235 (Smith et al., Science 248: 1019-1023 (1990) and Kohno et
al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87:8331-8335 (1990)) were encoded in a
fragment prepared using the 5' oligo 5'CACAGCTGCCCGCCCAGGTGGCAT-3'
(SEQ ID NO:17) (with the Leu.sup.1 codon) and the 3' oligo
5'-GTCGCCAGTGCTCCC TT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 18) (with the complement of
the Asp.sup.235 codon). Two other p75 heavy chain fusions (p75P-sf2
and p75P-sf3) were made using the same 5' oligo with the 3' oligo
5'ATCGGACGTGGACGTGCAGA-3' (SEQ ID NO:19). The resulting PCR
fragment encoded amino acids 1-182. The PCR fragments were
blunt-end ligated into the Stul or EcoRV site of the appropriate
vector and checked for the absence of errors by sequencing the
inserts completely.
[0519] Several different versions of the p75 fusion proteins were
also expressed. p75-sf2 has the complete extracellular domain of
p75 fused to the heavy chain while p75P-sf2 lacks the C-terminal 53
amino acids of the p75 extracellular domain. p75P-sf3 is the same
as p75P-sf2 except that it lacks the C.sub.H1 domain. The region
deleted in p75P-sf2 and -sf3 contains sites of O-linked
glycosylation and a proline-rich region, neither of which is
present in the extracellular domain of p55. Seckinger et al., Proc.
Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 87:5188-5192 (1990).
[0520] Similar to p55-sf2, two bands were seen for p75-sf2 (lane 7)
and p75P-sf2 (lane 8).
WEHI Cytotoxicity Assays
[0521] The ability of the various fusion proteins to bind and
neutralize human TNF.alpha. or TNF.beta. was tested in a
TNF-mediated cell killing assay. Overnight incubation of the murine
fibrosarcoma cell line, WEHI 164 (Espevik et al., J. Immunol.
Methods 95:99-105 (1986)), with 20 pM (1 ng/ml) TNF.alpha. results
in essentially complete death of the culture. When the fusion
proteins were pre-incubated with TNF.alpha. (FIGS. 31A, B and C and
Table 1 above) or TNF.beta. (FIG. 32) and the mixture added to
cells, each fusion protein demonstrated dose-dependent protection
of the cells from TNF cytotoxicity. Comparison of the viability of
control cells not exposed to TNF to cells incubated in both TNF and
fusion protein showed that the protection was essentially complete
at higher concentrations of fusion protein.
[0522] Tetravalent p55-df2 showed the greatest affinity for
TNF.alpha. requiring a concentration of only 55 pM to confer 50%
inhibition of 39 pM (2 ng/ml) TNF.alpha. (FIG. 31A and Table 1).
Bivalent p55-sf2 and p75P-sf2 were nearly as efficient, requiring
concentrations of 70 pM to half-inhibit TNF.alpha.. Approximately
two times as much p75-sf2 was required to confer 50% inhibition
compared to p55-sf2 at the TNF concentration that was used. The
monomeric, non-fusion form of p55 was much less efficient at
inhibiting TNF.alpha. requiring a 900-fold molar excess over
TNF.alpha. to inhibit cytotoxicity by 50%. This much-reduced
inhibition was also observed with a monomeric, Fab-like p55 fusion
protein that was required at a 2000-fold molar excess over
TNF.alpha. to get 50% inhibition. The order of decreasing
inhibitory activity was therefore
p55-df2>p55-sf2=p75P-sf2>p75-sf2>>>monomeric
p55.
[0523] Surprisingly, the order of decreasing inhibitory activity
was different for TNF.beta., as presented in FIG. 32. p75P-sf2 was
most efficient at inhibition requiring a concentration of 31 pM to
half-inhibit human TNF.beta. at 2 pM. Compared to p75P-sf2, three
times as much p75-sf2 and three times as much p55-sf2 were
necessary to obtain the same degree of inhibition. The order of
decreasing inhibitory activity was therefore
p75P-sf2>p75-sf2=p55-sf2.
Affinity Measurements
[0524] A comparison was made of the binding affinity of various
fusion proteins and TNF.alpha. by saturation binding (FIGS. 33A and
33B) and Scatchard analysis (FIGS. 33C-33H). A microtiter plate was
coated with excess goat anti-Fc polyclonal antibody and incubated
with 10 ng/ml of fusion protein in TBST buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH
7.8, 150 NaCl, 0.05% Tween-20) for 1 hour. Varying amounts of
.sup.125I labeled TNF.alpha. (specific activity--34.8 .mu.Ci/.mu.g)
was then incubated with the captured fusion protein in PBS (10 mM
Na Phosphate, pH 7.0, 150 mM NaCl) with 1% bovine serum albumin for
2 hours. Unbound TNF.alpha. was washed away with four washes in PBS
and the cpm bound was quantitated using a y-counter. All samples
were analyzed in triplicate. The slope of the lines in (FIGS.
33C-H) represent the affinity constant, K.sub.a. The dissociation
constant (K.sub.d) values (see Table 1) were derived using the
equation K.sub.d=1/K.
Example XXVIII
In Vivo Results
[0525] C3H mice were challenged with 5 .mu.g of human TNF.alpha.
after treatment with an immunoreceptor molecule of the invention.
The effect of the treatment was compared with two control
treatments. The first control, cA2, is a chimeric mouse/human
IgG.sub.1 monoclonal antibody that binds human TNF, and thus is a
positive control. The second control, c17-1A, is a chimeric
mouse/human IgG.sub.1 irrelevant monoclonal antibody and is thus a
negative control. The results of the treatments were as presented
in the following Table 19.
TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 19 Treatment Dead Fraction % Dead 1 .mu.g cA2
5/14 36% 10 .mu.g cA2 1/15 7% 50 .mu.g c17-1A 13/15 87% 1 .mu.g
p55-sf2 8/15 53% 10 .mu.g p55-sf2 0/15 0% 50 .mu.g p55-sf2 0/15
0%
[0526] Mice were injected with 25 .mu.g of p55 fusion protein or a
control antibody and 1 hour later were challenged with 1 .mu.g
lipopolysaccharide (type J5). Mice were checked 24 hours later. The
results are presented in the following Table 20.
TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 20 Treatment Dead Fraction % Dead Control
Antibody 11/11 100% p55-sf2 0/13 0%
[0527] All references cited herein, including journal articles or
abstracts, published or corresponding U.S. or foreign patent
applications, issued U.S. or foreign patents, or any other
references, are entirely incorporated by reference herein,
including all data, tables, figures, and text presented in the
cited references. Additionally, the entire contents of the
references cited within the references cited herein are also
entirely incorporated by reference.
[0528] Reference to known method steps, conventional methods steps,
known methods or conventional methods is not in any way an
admission that any aspect, description or embodiment of the present
invention is disclosed, taught or suggested in the relevant
art.
[0529] The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will
so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others
can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art (including
the contents of the references cited herein), readily modify and/or
adapt for various applications such specific embodiments, without
undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept
of the present invention. Therefore, such adaptations and
modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of
equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and
guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the
phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description
and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of
the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled
artisan in light of the teachings and guidance presented herein, in
combination with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the
art.
EQUIVALENTS
[0530] Those skilled in the art will know, or be able to ascertain,
using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the
specific embodiments of the invention described herein. These and
all other equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the
following claims.
Sequence CWU 1
1
191157PRTHomo sapiens 1Val Arg Ser Ser Ser Arg Thr Pro Ser Asp Lys
Pro Val Ala His Val1 5 10 15 Val Ala Asn Pro Gln Ala Glu Gly Gln
Leu Gln Trp Leu Asn Arg Arg 20 25 30 Ala Asn Ala Leu Leu Ala Asn
Gly Val Glu Leu Arg Asp Asn Gln Leu 35 40 45 Val Val Pro Ser Glu
Gly Leu Tyr Leu Ile Tyr Ser Gln Val Leu Phe 50 55 60 Lys Gly Gln
Gly Cys Pro Ser Thr His Val Leu Leu Thr His Thr Ile65 70 75 80 Ser
Arg Ile Ala Val Ser Tyr Gln Thr Lys Val Asn Leu Leu Ser Ala 85 90
95 Ile Lys Ser Pro Cys Gln Arg Glu Thr Pro Glu Gly Ala Glu Ala Lys
100 105 110 Pro Trp Tyr Glu Pro Ile Tyr Leu Gly Gly Val Phe Gln Leu
Glu Lys 115 120 125 Gly Asp Arg Leu Ser Ala Glu Ile Asn Arg Pro Asp
Tyr Leu Asp Phe 130 135 140 Ala Glu Ser Gly Gln Val Tyr Phe Gly Ile
Ile Ala Leu145 150 155 2321DNAMus Balb/cCDS(1)...(321) 2gac atc ttg
ctg act cag tct cca gcc atc ctg tct gtg agt cca gga 48Asp Ile Leu
Leu Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Ile Leu Ser Val Ser Pro Gly1 5 10 15gaa aga
gtc agt ttc tcc tgc agg gcc agt cag ttc gtt ggc tca agc 96Glu Arg
Val Ser Phe Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Gln Phe Val Gly Ser Ser 20 25 30atc
cac tgg tat cag caa aga aca aat ggt tct cca agg ctt ctc ata 144Ile
His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Arg Thr Asn Gly Ser Pro Arg Leu Leu Ile 35 40
45aag tat gct tct gag tct atg tct ggg atc cct tcc agg ttt agt ggc
192Lys Tyr Ala Ser Glu Ser Met Ser Gly Ile Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly
50 55 60agt gga tca ggg aca gat ttt act ctt agc atc aac act gtg gag
tct 240Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Ser Ile Asn Thr Val Glu
Ser65 70 75 80gaa gat att gca gat tat tac tgt caa caa agt cat agc
tgg cca ttc 288Glu Asp Ile Ala Asp Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Ser His Ser
Trp Pro Phe 85 90 95acg ttc ggc tcg ggg aca aat ttg gaa gta aaa
321Thr Phe Gly Ser Gly Thr Asn Leu Glu Val Lys 100 1053107PRTMus
Balb/c 3Asp Ile Leu Leu Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Ile Leu Ser Val Ser Pro
Gly1 5 10 15 Glu Arg Val Ser Phe Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Gln Phe Val
Gly Ser Ser 20 25 30 Ile His Trp Tyr Gln Gln Arg Thr Asn Gly Ser
Pro Arg Leu Leu Ile 35 40 45 Lys Tyr Ala Ser Glu Ser Met Ser Gly
Ile Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly 50 55 60 Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe
Thr Leu Ser Ile Asn Thr Val Glu Ser65 70 75 80 Glu Asp Ile Ala Asp
Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Ser His Ser Trp Pro Phe 85 90 95 Thr Phe Gly
Ser Gly Thr Asn Leu Glu Val Lys 100 105 4357DNAMus
Balb/cCDS(1)...(357) 4gaa gtg aag ctt gag gag tct gga gga ggc ttg
gtg caa cct gga gga 48Glu Val Lys Leu Glu Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu
Val Gln Pro Gly Gly1 5 10 15tcc atg aaa ctc tcc tgt gtt gcc tct gga
ttc att ttc agt aac cac 96Ser Met Lys Leu Ser Cys Val Ala Ser Gly
Phe Ile Phe Ser Asn His 20 25 30tgg atg aac tgg gtc cgc cag tct cca
gag aag ggg ctt gag tgg gtt 144Trp Met Asn Trp Val Arg Gln Ser Pro
Glu Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Val 35 40 45gct gaa att aga tca aaa tct att
aat tct gca aca cat tat gcg gag 192Ala Glu Ile Arg Ser Lys Ser Ile
Asn Ser Ala Thr His Tyr Ala Glu 50 55 60tct gtg aaa ggg agg ttc acc
atc tca aga gat gat tcc aaa agt gct 240Ser Val Lys Gly Arg Phe Thr
Ile Ser Arg Asp Asp Ser Lys Ser Ala65 70 75 80gtc tac ctg caa atg
acc gac tta aga act gaa gac act ggc gtt tat 288Val Tyr Leu Gln Met
Thr Asp Leu Arg Thr Glu Asp Thr Gly Val Tyr 85 90 95tac tgt tcc agg
aat tac tac ggt agt acc tac gac tac tgg ggc caa 336Tyr Cys Ser Arg
Asn Tyr Tyr Gly Ser Thr Tyr Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln 100 105 110ggc acc
act ctc aca gtc tcc 357Gly Thr Thr Leu Thr Val Ser 1155119PRTMus
Balb/c 5Glu Val Lys Leu Glu Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gln Pro Gly
Gly1 5 10 15 Ser Met Lys Leu Ser Cys Val Ala Ser Gly Phe Ile Phe
Ser Asn His 20 25 30 Trp Met Asn Trp Val Arg Gln Ser Pro Glu Lys
Gly Leu Glu Trp Val 35 40 45 Ala Glu Ile Arg Ser Lys Ser Ile Asn
Ser Ala Thr His Tyr Ala Glu 50 55 60 Ser Val Lys Gly Arg Phe Thr
Ile Ser Arg Asp Asp Ser Lys Ser Ala65 70 75 80 Val Tyr Leu Gln Met
Thr Asp Leu Arg Thr Glu Asp Thr Gly Val Tyr 85 90 95 Tyr Cys Ser
Arg Asn Tyr Tyr Gly Ser Thr Tyr Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln 100 105 110 Gly
Thr Thr Leu Thr Val Ser 115 68PRTHomo sapiens 6Gly Thr Leu Val Thr
Val Ser Ser1 5 77PRTHomo sapiens 7Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys1 5
820DNAArtificial SequencePCR oligonucleotides 8cctggatacc
tgtgaaaaga 20927DNAArtificial SequencePCR oligonucleotides
9cctggtacct tagtcaccgt ctcctca 271027DNAArtificial SequencePCR
oligonucleotides 10aatagatatc tccttcaaca cctgcaa
271121DNAArtificial SequencePCR oligonucleotides 11atcgggacaa
agttggaaat a 211216DNAArtificial SequencePCR oligonucleotides
12ggcggtctgg taccgg 161319DNAArtificial SequencePCR
oligonucleotides 13gtcaacaaca tagtcatca 191423DNAArtificial
SequencePCR oligonucleotides 14cacaggtgtg tccccaagga aaa
231518DNAArtificial SequencePCR oligonucleotides 15aatctggggt
aggcacaa 181617DNAArtificial SequencePCR oligonucleotides
16agtgtgtgtc cccaagg 171724DNAArtificial SequencePCR
oligonucleotides 17cacagctgcc cgcccaggtg gcat 241817DNAArtificial
SequencePCR oligonucleotides 18gtcgccagtg ctccctt
171920DNAArtificial SequencePCR oligonucleotides 19atcggacgtg
gacgtgcaga 20
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