U.S. patent application number 13/046772 was filed with the patent office on 2013-06-06 for novel expression-regulating sequences and expression products in the field of filamentous fungi.
The applicant listed for this patent is Mark Aaron Emalfarb, Peter Jan Punt, Cornelia Maria Johanna Van Zeijl. Invention is credited to Mark Aaron Emalfarb, Peter Jan Punt, Cornelia Maria Johanna Van Zeijl.
Application Number | 20130143271 13/046772 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 8171350 |
Filed Date | 2013-06-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130143271 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Emalfarb; Mark Aaron ; et
al. |
June 6, 2013 |
NOVEL EXPRESSION-REGULATING SEQUENCES AND EXPRESSION PRODUCTS IN
THE FIELD OF FILAMENTOUS FUNGI
Abstract
The invention pertains to novel proteins corresponding to
Chrysosporium glycosyl hydrolases of families 7 and 10, exhibiting
a minimum aminoacid identity of 70 and 75%, respectively, with the
amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No's 2 and 4, and to a protein
corresponding to a Chrysosporium glyceraldehyde phosphate
dehydrogenase, exhibiting at least 86% amino acid identity with the
partial amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 6. The invention further
relates to nucleic acid sequences encoding these proteins, and
especially to promoter sequences regulating the expression of the
corresponding genes. The preferred host for expressing these genes
is a fungus, especially a Chrysosporium strain.
Inventors: |
Emalfarb; Mark Aaron;
(Jupiter, FL) ; Punt; Peter Jan; (Houten, NL)
; Van Zeijl; Cornelia Maria Johanna; (Vleuten de Meern,
NL) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Emalfarb; Mark Aaron
Punt; Peter Jan
Van Zeijl; Cornelia Maria Johanna |
Jupiter
Houten
Vleuten de Meern |
FL |
US
NL
NL |
|
|
Family ID: |
8171350 |
Appl. No.: |
13/046772 |
Filed: |
March 14, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10257629 |
Apr 11, 2003 |
7906309 |
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PCT/NL01/00301 |
Apr 17, 2001 |
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13046772 |
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09548938 |
Apr 13, 2000 |
6573086 |
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10257629 |
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PCT/NL99/00618 |
Oct 6, 1999 |
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09548938 |
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PCT/EP98/06496 |
Oct 6, 1998 |
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PCT/NL99/00618 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
435/72 ; 435/190;
435/200; 435/254.11; 435/320.1; 536/23.2; 536/24.32 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C12Y 302/01008 20130101;
C12N 9/248 20130101; C12N 9/2437 20130101; C12Y 302/01004 20130101;
C12N 9/0008 20130101; C12N 9/24 20130101; C12Y 302/01091
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
435/72 ; 435/200;
435/190; 536/23.2; 435/320.1; 435/254.11; 536/24.32 |
International
Class: |
C12N 9/24 20060101
C12N009/24; C12N 9/00 20060101 C12N009/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Apr 13, 2000 |
EP |
00201343.1 |
Claims
1. A protein corresponding to a Chrysosporium glycosyl hydrolase
family 7, exhibiting at least 75% amino acid identity [as
determined by BLAST algorithm] with the amino acid sequence of SEQ
ID No.2 or a part thereof having at least 20 contiguous amino acids
which are identical to the corresponding part of the amino acid
sequence 1-246 or 394-526 of SEQ ID No.2.
2. A protein corresponding to a Chrysosporium glyceraldehyde
phosphate dehydrogenase, exhibiting at least 86% amino acid
identity [as determined by BLAST algorithm] with the partial amino
acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 6 or a part thereof having at least 20
contiguous amino acids which are identical to the corresponding
part of the amino acid sequence 1-277 of SEQ ID No. 6.
3. A process of hydrolysing .beta.-glucosidic bonds, comprising the
use of an enzyme according to claim 1.
4. A nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein according to claim
1.
5. A nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein according to claim
2.
6. A nucleic acid sequence comprising at least 70% of the
nucleotides contained in the 5'-non-coding region of the nucleic
acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID No's 1 and 5.
7. A nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleic acid
expression-regulatory region derived from Chrysosporium, contained
in the 5'-noncoding region of the nucleic acid sequence of any one
of SEQ ID No's 1 and 5, operationally linked to a nucleic acid
sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest.
8. A recombinant microbial strain, preferably a fungal strain,
containing a nucleic acid sequence according to claim 7, and
capable of expressing the polypeptide encoded by the coding nucleic
acid sequence.
9. A recombinant microbial strain, preferably a fungal strain,
containing a nucleic acid sequence according to claim 8, and
capable of expressing the polypeptide encoded by the coding nucleic
acid sequence.
10. A recombinant microbial strain, preferably a fungal strain,
containing a nucleic acid sequence according to claim 9, and
capable of expressing the polypeptide encoded by the coding nucleic
acid sequence.
11. A recombinant microbial strain, preferably a fungal strain,
containing a nucleic acid sequence according to claim 10, and
capable of expressing the polypeptide encoded by the coding nucleic
acid sequence.
12. A process of producing a polypeptide using a construct
according to claim 10.
13. A process of producing a polypeptide using a microbial strain
according to claim 11.
14. An oligonucleotide probe comprising at least 15 contiguous
nucleotides of the nucleic acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID No's
1 and 5, or its complement.
15. An oligonucleotide probe according to claim 14, wherein the
probe is 20-50 nucleotides in length.
16. An oligonucleotide probe according to claim 14 wherein the
probe is labeled with a detectable label.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The subject invention relates to novel enzymes derived from
filamentous fungi, especially from strains of the genus
Chrysosporium, and to coding sequences and expression-regulating
sequences for these enzymes. The present invention is an extension
on the invention disclosed in WO 00/20555 (PCT/NL99/00618), filed
Oct. 6, 1999, not published prior to the present priority date. The
latter disclosure is herein incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
[0002] A number of hosts for gene expression and methods of
transformation have been disclosed in the prior art. Bacteria are
often mentioned e.g. Escherichia coli. E. coli is however a
micro-organism incapable of secretion of a number of proteins or
polypeptides and as such is undesirable as host cell for production
of protein or polypeptide at the industrial level. An additional
disadvantage for E. coli, which is valid also for bacteria in
general, is that prokaryotes cannot provide additional
modifications required for numerous eukaryotic proteins or
polypeptides to be produced in an active form. Glycosylation of
proteins and proper folding of proteins are examples of processing
required to ensure an active protein or polypeptide is produced. To
ensure such processing one can sometimes use mammalian cells;
however, the disadvantage of such cells is that they are often
difficult to maintain and require expensive media. Such
transformation systems are therefore not practical for production
of proteins or polypeptides at the industrial level. They may be
cost efficient for highly priced pharmaceutical compounds requiring
relatively low amounts, but certainly not for industrial
enzymes.
[0003] A number of fungal expression systems have been developed
e.g. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus nidulans,
Trichoderma reesei. A number of others have been suggested but for
various reasons have not found wide-spread acceptance or use. In
general terms the ideal host must fulfil a large number of
criteria: [0004] The ideal host must be readily fermented using
inexpensive medium. [0005] The ideal host should use the medium
efficiently. [0006] The ideal host must produce the polypeptide or
protein in high yield, i.e. must exhibit high protein to biomass
ratio. [0007] The ideal host should be capable of efficient
secretion of the protein or polypeptide. [0008] The ideal host must
enable ease of isolation and purification of the desired protein or
poly-peptide. [0009] The ideal host must process the desired
protein or polypeptide such that it is produced in an active farm
not requiring additional activation or modification steps. [0010]
The ideal host should be readily transformed. [0011] The ideal host
should allow a wide range of expression regulatory elements to be
used thus ensuring ease of application and versatility. [0012] The
ideal host should allow use of easily selectable markers that are
cheap to use. [0013] The ideal host should produce stable
transformants. [0014] The ideal host should allow cultivation under
conditions not detrimental to the protein or polypeptide product,
e.g. low viscosity, low shear.
[0015] WO 96/02563 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,602,004, 5,604,129 and
5,695,985 to Novo Nordisk describe the drawbacks of Aspergillus and
Trichoderma systems and suggest that cultivation conditions for
other fungi may be more suited to large scale protein production.
The only examples provided for any transformed cultures are those
of Myceliophthora thermophila, Acremonium alabamense, Thielavia
terrestris and Sporotrichum cellulophilum strains. The Sporotrichum
strain is reported to lyse and produce green pigment under
fermentation conditions not leading to such results for the other
strains. A non-sporulating mutant of Thielavia terrestris is
described as being the organism of choice by virtue of its
morphology. However it is also stated that the protoplasting
efficiency of Thielavia and Acremonium (whereby the Acremonium
strain used was the imperfect state of the Thielavia strain used)
is low and that hygromycin was not useful as a selection marker. A
large number of others are suggested as being potentially useful by
virtue of their morphology but no transformation thereof is
described. The suggested strains are Corynascus, Thermoascus,
Chaetomium, Ctenomyces, Scytalidium and Talaromyces. The
transformed hosts are mentioned as only producing low levels of the
introduced Humicola xylanase with Thielavia producing the lowest
amount; however, the information is ambiguous and could actually
infer Thielavia was the best embodiment. The nomenclature of this
reference is based on the ATCC names of Industrial Fungi of 1994.
Thus it is apparent that no high degree of heterologous expression
was achieved and in fact no positive correlation could be derived
between the postulated morphology and the degree of expression. If
any correlation could be made, it was more likely to be negative.
According to the 1996 ATCC fungal classification Sporotrichum
thermophilum ATCC 20493 is a Myceliophthora thermophila strain.
Currently the strain is still identified as Myceliophthora
thermophila. The unpredictability of the art is apparent from these
recent disclosures.
[0016] WO 97/26330 of Novo Nordisk suggests a method of obtaining
mutants of filamentous fungal parent cells having an improved
property for production of heterologous polypeptide. The method
comprises first finding a specific altered morphology followed by
assessing whether a transformant produces more heterologous
polypeptide than the parent. The method is illustrated only for
strains of Fusarium A3/5 and Aspergillus oryzae. The method is
suggested to be applicable for Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Thielavia,
Fusarium, Neurospora, Acremonium, Tolyplocadium, Humicola,
Seytalidium, Myceliophthora or Mucor. As stated above, the
unpredictability in the art and also the unpredictability of the
method of the cited application do not provide a generally
applicable teaching with a reasonable expectation of success.
[0017] In WO 00/20555, we have described an alternative fungal
expression system with the simplicity of use of the above-mentioned
Aspergilli and Trichoderma fulfilling the above requirements. The
new system provides the additional advantages that transformation
rates are higher than those for the frequently used Trichoderma
reesei system. In addition the culture conditions offer the
additional bonus of being advantageous for the polypeptide
product.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0018] We now describe a number of industrially interesting enzymes
derived from Chrysosporium strains, together with full sequence
information. We also describe novel promoter systems derived from
Chrysosporium strains and useful for expressing homologous and
heterologous genes.
[0019] The present invention is in particular concerned with
glycosyl hydrolases of the families 7 (e.g. cellobiohydrolases) and
10 (e.g. xylanases), and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenases,
as identified by their amino acid sequence, as well as peptides
derived from these enzymatic proteins, and with nucleic acid
sequences encoding these peptides and proteins, as well as, in
particular, with regulating sequences related to these genes.
[0020] In particular, the present invention pertains to isolated or
recombinant enzymic proteins or active parts thereof of the three
classes referred to above, including mutants thereof having at
least a certain degree of sequence identity as specified in the
further disclosure and in the claims, as well as nucleic acid
sequences encoding these proteins or parts thereof, and/or nucleic
acid sequences regulating their expression. These enzymes are
especially: (1) a glycosyl hydrolase of family 7
(cellobiohydrolase, CBH1) having at least 75%, preferably at least
80% or even at least 85% amino acid identity with the sequence of
SEQ ID No 2; (2) a glycosyl hydrolase of family 10 (endo-xylanase
XYL1) having at least 70%, preferably at least 75% or even at least
80% amino acid identity with the sequence of SEQ ID No 4; and (3) a
glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD1) having at least 86%,
preferably at least 90% or even at least 93% amino acid identity
with the sequence of SEQ ID No 6. Polypeptides and nucleic acid
sequences encoding these poly-peptides, having at least 20,
preferably at least 30 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID No's 2, 4
and 6 are also a preferred part of the invention. The corresponding
nucleotide sequences are depicted in SEQ ID No's 1 (cbh1), 3 (xy11)
and 5 (gpd1), respectively.
[0021] The recombinant enzymes may comprise essentially the
complete protein, or a truncated protein having at least part of
the enzymatic activity. Such truncated part may be the catalytic
domain, or at least about 75% of the amino acids thereof. By way of
example, the catalytic domain of the CBH1 according to the
invention comprises the amino acids 20-495 of the aminoacid
sequence of SEQ ID No. 2, and the catalytic domain of the XYL1
according to the invention comprises the aminoacids 54-384 of the
aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID No. 4. The catalytic domain may or may
not be combined with a signal sequence originating from another
protein and/or with a carbohydrate-binding domain from another
enzymic protein. Alternatively, the cellulose-binding domain of the
enzymes of the invention (CBH1 and XYL1) may be fused to catalytic
domains of other enzymic proteins.
[0022] The nucleic acid sequences according to the invention may be
complete protein-encoding regions or oligonucleotides or,
preferentially, expression-regulating sequences. Oligonucleotides
may be used also as probes for identifying genes corresponding to,
but not identical to the genes of SEQ ID No.'s 1, 3 and 5; these
genes, when fulfilling the percentage identity criteria defined
herein, as well as encoding and non-encoding parts thereof and
their expression products are also part of the invention.
Oligonucletoides are preferably 15-75, most preferably 20-50
nucleotides in length.
[0023] The invention also pertains to expression systems
(cassettes) comprising either an expression-regulating region
(including a promoter) of any of the three protein classes fused to
a gene encoding another protein of interest, or an encoding region
of any of these proteins fused to another expression regulating
region, or both the expression-regulating region and the
protein-encoding region of these novel proteins. The
expression-regulating region comprises at least 60%, preferably at
least 70%, more preferably at least 75% or even 80% of the
5'-non-coding region of SEQ ID No.'s 1, 3 and 5, and/or at least
20, especially at least 40 contiguous nucleotides from these 5'
non-coding regions. Terminating sequences similarly derived from
the 3' non-coding regions of the genes of the invention are also
useful in expressing cassettes, whether combined with homologous or
heterologous genes.
[0024] The polynucleotides and oligonucleotides of the invention
can have the minimum sequence identity with the corresponding
sequences of SEQ ID NO's 1, 3 or 5, or, alternatively hybridise
under stringent conditions with these given sequences. Stringent
hybridisation conditions are those as understood in the art, e.g.
hybridisation in 6.times.SSC (20.times.SSC per 1000 ml:175.3 g
NaCl, 107.1 g sodium citrate.5H.sub.2O, pH 7.0), 0.1% SDS, 0.05%
sodium pyrophosphate, 5*Denhardt's solution and 20 .mu.g/ml
denatured herring sperm DNA at 56.degree. C. for 18-24 hrs followed
by two 30 min. washes in 5.times.SSC, 0.1% SDS at 56.degree. C. and
two 30 min. washes in 2.times.SSC, 0.1% SSC at 56.degree. C.
[0025] These expression systems may be contained in a Chrysosporium
host, such as a Chrysosporium lucknowense host, or in another
non-fungal or, preferably, fungal host. Examples of other fungal
hosts are other Chrysosporium species or strains, Fusarium species,
Aspergillus species etc. Such host may be advantageously a host
that does not itself, intrinsically or as a result of the culture
conditions, produce a protein corresponding to the protein of
interest, so as to simplify the recovery of the protein of
interest.
[0026] Where reference is made in this specification and in the
appending claims to "polypeptides" or "peptides" or "polypeptides
of interest" or "peptides of interest" as the products of the
expression system of the invention, this term also comprise
proteins, i.e. polypeptides having a particular function and/or
secondary and/or tertiary structure. Where reference is made to a
percentage amino acid identity, such identity relates to a complete
protein or to a specific part defined by initial and final amino
acid number, as determined by the conventionally used BLAST
algorithm.
[0027] In the fungal expression system described in WO 00/20555,
the pH of the culture medium can be neutral or alkaline thus no
longer subjecting the produced protein or polypeptide to aggressive
and potentially inactivating acid pH. It is also possible to
culture at acid pH such as pH 4 for cases where the protein or
polypeptide is better suited to an acidic environment. Suitably
culture can occur at a pH between 4.0-10.0. A preference however
exists for neutral to alkaline pH as the host strain exhibits
better growth at such pH, e.g. between 6 and 9. Growth at alkaline
pH which can be from pH 8 up and can even be as high as 10 is also
a good alternative for some cases. Also the cultivation temperature
of such host strains is advantageous to the stability of some types
of produced polypeptide. The cultivation temperature is suitably at
a temperature of 23-43.degree. C. Clearly such conditions are of
particular interest for production of mammalian polypeptides. The
selected temperature will depend on cost effectiveness of the
cultivation and sensitivity of the polypeptide or cultivation
strain.
[0028] It has also been ascertained that the biomass to viscosity
relation and the amount of protein produced is exceedingly
favourable for the Chrysosporium host. Comparisons have been
carried out with Trichoderma longibrachiatum (formerly also known
as Trichoderma reesei) and with Aspergillus niger. Trichoderma
longibrachiatum gave 2.5-5 g/l biomass, Aspergillus niger gave 5-10
g/l biomass and the Chrysosporium host gave 0.5-1 g/l biomass under
their respective optimised conditions. This thus offers 5-10 fold
improvement over the commercially used strains. The subject
invention is directed at expression systems comprising a nucleic
acid sequence encoding a heterologous protein or polypeptide, said
nucleic acid sequence being operably linked to an expression
regulating region described below and optionally a secretion signal
encoding sequence and/or a carrier protein encoding sequence.
Preferably a recombinant strain according to the invention will
secrete the polypeptide of interest. This will avoid the necessity
of disrupting the cell in order to isolate the polypeptide of
interest and also minimise the risk of degradation of the expressed
product by other components of the host cell.
[0029] Chrysosporium can be defined by morphology consistent with
that disclosed in Barnett and Hunter 1972, Illustrated Genera of
Imperfect Fungi, 3rd Edition of Burgess Publishing Company. Other
sources providing details concerning classification of fungi of the
genus Chrysosporium are known e.g. Sutton Classification (Van
Oorschot, C. A. N. (1980) "A revision of Chrysosporium and allied
genera" in Studies in Mycology No. 20 of the CBS in Baarn, The
Netherlands p 1-36). CBS is one of the depository institutes of the
Budapest Treaty. According to these teachings the genus
Chrysosporium falls within the family Moniliaceae which belongs to
the order Hyphomycetales.
[0030] The following strains are defined as Chrysosporium but the
definition of Chrysosporium is not limited to these strains: C.
botryoides, C. carmichaelii, C. crassitunicatum, C. europae, C.
evolceannui, C. farinicola, C. fastidium, C. filiforme, C.
georgiae, C. globiferum, C. globiferum var. articulatum, C.
globiferum var. niveum, C. hirundo, C. hispanicum, C. holmii, C.
indicum, C. inops, C. keratinophilum, C. kreiselii, C.
kuzurovianum, C. lignorum, C. lobatum, C. lucknowense, C.
lucknowense Garg 27K, C. medium, C. medium var. spissescens, C.
mephiticum, C. merdarium, C. merdarium var. roseum, C. minor, C.
pannicola, C. parvum, C. parvum var. crescens, C. pilosum, C.
pseudomerdarium, C. pyriformis, C. queenslandicum, C. sigleri, C.
sulfureum, C. synchronum, C. tropicum, C. undulatum, C.
vallenarense, C. vespertilium, C. zonatum.
[0031] C. lucknowense forms one of the species of Chrysosporium
that have raised particular interest as it has provided a natural
high producer of cellulase proteins (WO 98/15633 and related U.S.
Pat. No. 5,811,381). The characteristics of this Chrysosporium
lucknowense are:
[0032] Colonies attain 55 mm diameter on Sabouraud glucose agar in
14 days, are cream-coloured, felty and fluffy; dense and 3-5 mm
high; margins are defined, regular, and fimbriate; reverse pale
yellow to cream-coloured. Hyphae are hyaline, smooth- and
thin-walled, little branched. Aerial hyphae are mostly fertile and
closely septate, about 1-3.5 .mu.m wide. Submerged hyphae are
infertile, about 1-4.5 pan wide, with the thinner hyphae often
being contorted. Conidia are terminal and lateral, mostly sessile
or on short, frequently conical protrusions or short side branches.
Conidia are solitary but in close proximity to one another, 1-4
conidia developing on one hyphal cell, subhyaline, fairly thin- and
smooth-walled, mostly subglobose, also clavate orobovoid, 1-celled,
2.5-11.times.1.5-6 .mu.m, with broad basal scars (1-2 .mu.m).
Intercalary conidia are absent. Chlamydospores are absent. ATCC
44006, CBS 251.72, CBS 143.77 and CBS 272.77 are examples of
Chrysosporium lucknowense strains and other examples are provided
in WO 98/15633 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,381).
[0033] A further strain was isolated from this species with an even
higher production capacity for cellulases. This strain is called C1
by its internal notation and was deposited with the International
Depository of the All Russian Collection of micro-organisms of the
Russian Academy of Sciences Bakrushina Street 8, Moscow, Russia
113184 on Aug. 29, 1996, as a deposit according to the Budapest
Treaty and was assigned Accession Number VKM F-3500D. It is called
Chrysosporium lucknowense Garg 27K. The characteristics of the C1
strain are as follows:
[0034] Colonies grow to about 55-66 mm diameter in size on
potato-dextrose agar in about 7 days; are white-cream-coloured,
felty, 2-3 .mu.m high at the centre; margins are defined, regular,
fimbriate; reverse pale, cream-coloured. Hyphae are hyaline,
smooth- and thin-walled, little branched. Aerial hyphae are
fertile, septate, 2-3 mm wide. Submerged hyphae are infertile.
Conidia are terminal and lateral; sessile or on short side
branches; absent; solitary, but in close proximity to one another,
hyaline, thin- and smooth-walled, subglobose, clavate or obovoid,
1-celled, 4-10 .mu.m. Chlamydo-spores are absent. Intercalary
conidia are absent.
[0035] The method of isolation of the C1 strain is described in WO
98/15633, U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,381, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,015,707.
Also included within the definition of Chrysosporium are strains
derived from Chrysosporium predecessors including those that have
mutated somewhat either naturally or by induced mutagenesis.
Mutants of Chrysosporium can be obtained by induced mutagenesis,
especially by a combination of irradiation and chemical
mutagenesis.
[0036] For example strain C1 was mutagenised by subjecting it to
ultraviolet light to generate strain UV13-6. This strain was
subsequently further mutated with
N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to generate strain NG7C-19.
The latter strain in turn was subjected to mutation by ultraviolet
light resulting in strain UV18-25. During this mutation process the
morphological characteristics have varied somewhat in culture in
liquid or on plates as well as under the microscope. With each
successive mutagenesis the cultures showed less of the fluffy and
felty appearance on plates that are described as being
characteristic of Chrysosporium, until the colonies attained a flat
and matted appearance. A brown pigment observed with the wild type
strain in some media was also less prevalent in mutant strains. In
liquid culture the mutant UV 18-25 was noticeably less viscous than
the wild type strain C1 and the mutants UV13-6 and NG7C-19. While
all strains maintained the gross microscopic characteristics of
Chrysosporium, the mycelia became narrower with each successive
mutation and with UV18-25 distinct fragmentation of the mycelia
could be observed. This mycelial fragmentation is likely to be the
cause of the lower viscosity associated with cultures of UV 18-25.
The ability of the strains to sporulate decreased with each
mutagenic step. The above illustrates that for a strain to belong
to the genus Chrysosporium there is some leeway from the above
morphological definition. At each mutation step production of
cellulase and extracellular proteins has in addition also
increased, while several mutations resulted in decrease of protease
expression. Criteria with which fungal taxonomy can be determined
are available from CBS, VKMF and ATCC for example. The strains
internally designated as Chrysosporium strain C1, strain UV13-6,
strain NG7C-19 and strain UV 18-25, have been deposited in
accordance with the Budapest Treaty with the All Russian Collection
(VKM) depository institute in Moscow. Wild type C1 strain was
deposited with number VKM F-3500 D, deposit date Aug. 29, 1996, C1
UV13-6 mutant was deposited as VKM F-3632 D (Sep. 2, 1998), C1
NG7c-19 mutant was deposited as VKM F-3633 D (Sep. 2, 1998) and C1
UV18-25 mutant was deposited as VKM F-3631 D (Sep. 2, 1998).
[0037] It is preferable to use non-toxic Chrysosporium strains of
which a number are known in the art as this will reduce risks to
the environment upon large scale production and simplify production
procedures with the concomitant reduction in costs.
[0038] An expression-regulating region is a DNA sequence recognised
by the host Chrysosporium strain for expression. It comprises a
promoter sequence operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence
encoding the polypeptide to be expressed. The promoter is linked
such that the positioning vis-a-vis the initiation codon of the
sequence to be expressed allows expression. The promoter sequence
can be constitutive or inducible. Any expression regulating
sequence or combination thereof capable of permitting expression of
a polypeptide from a Chrysosporium strain is envisaged. The
expression regulating sequence is suitably a fungal
expression-regulating region e.g. an ascomycete regulating region.
Suitably the fungal expression regulating region is a regulating
region from any of the following genera of fungi: Aspergillus,
Trichoderma, Chrysosporium, Hansenula, Mucor, Pichia, Neurospora,
Tolypocladium, Rhizomucor, Fusarium, Penicillium, Saccharomyces,
Talaromyces or alternative sexual forms thereof like Emericella,
Hypocrea e.g. the cellobiohydrolase promoter from Trichoderma,
glucoamylase promoter from Aspergillus, glyceraldehyde phosphate
dehydrogenase promoter from Aspergillus, alcohol dehydrogenase A
and alcohol dehydrogenase R promoter of Aspergillus, TAKA amylase
promoter from Aspergillus, phosphoglycerate and cross-pathway
control promoters of Neurospora, aspartic proteinase promoter of
Rhizomucor miehei, lipase promoter of Rhizomucor miehei and
beta-galactosidase promoter of Penicillium canescens. An expression
regulating sequence from the same genus as the host strain is
extremely suitable, as it is most likely to be specifically adapted
to the specific host. Thus preferably the expression regulating
sequence is one from a Chrysosporium strain.
[0039] Preferably an expression-regulating region enabling high
expression in the selected host is applied. This is preferably an
expression-regulating region derived from Chrysosporium according
to the invention. It can also be a high expression-regulating
region derived from a heterologous host, such as are well known in
the art. Specific examples of proteins known to be expressed in
large quantities and thus providing suitable expression regulating
sequences for the invention are without being limited thereto
hydrophobin, protease, amylase, xylanase, pectinase, esterase,
beta-galactosidase, cellulase (e.g. endo-glucanase,
cellobiohydrolase) and polygalacturonase. The high production has
been ascertained in both solid state and submerged fermentation
conditions. Assays for assessing the presence or production of such
proteins are well known in the art. The catalogues of Sigma and
Megazyme for example provide numerous examples. Megazyme is located
at Bray Business Park, Bray, County Wicklow in Ireland. Sigma
Aldrich has many affiliates world wide e.g. USA P.O. Box 14508 St.
Louis Mo. For cellulase we refer to commercially available assays
such as CMCase assays, endoviscometric assays, Avicelase assays,
beta-glucanase assays, RBBCMCase assays, Cellazyme C assays.
Xylanase assays are also commercially available (e.g. DNS and
Megazyme). Alternatives are well known to a person skilled in the
art and can be found from general literature concerning the subject
and such information is considered incorporated herein by
reference. By way of example we refer to "Methods in Enzymology"
Volume 1, 1955 right through to volumes 297-299 of 1998. Suitably a
Chrysosporium promoter sequence is applied to ensure good
recognition thereof by the host.
[0040] We hive found that heterologous expression-regulating
sequences work as efficiently in Chrysosporium as native
Chrysosporium sequences. This allows well known constructs and
vectors to be used in transformation of Chrysosporium as well as
offering numerous other possibilities for constructing vectors
enabling good rates of expression in this novel expression and
secretion host. For example standard Aspergillus transformation
techniques can be used as described for example by Christiansen et
al in Bio/Technol. 6:1419-1422 (1988). Other documents providing
details of Aspergillus transformation vectors, e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos.
4,816,405, 5,198,345, 5,503,991, 5,364,770 and 5,578,463,
EP-B-215.594 (also for Trichoderma) and their contents are
incorporated by reference. As extremely high expression rates for
cellulase have been ascertained for Chrysosporium strains, the
expression regulating regions of such proteins are particularly
preferred. We refer for specific examples to the previously
mentioned deposited Chrysosporium strains.
[0041] A nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleic acid
expression regulatory region from Chrysosporium, preferably from
Chrysosporium lucknowense or a derivative thereof forms a preferred
embodiment of the invention, as does the mutant Chrysosporium
strain comprising such operably linked to a gene encoding a
polypeptide to be expressed. Such a nucleic acid construct will be
an expression regulatory region from Chrysosporium associated with
cellulase or xylanase expression, preferably cellobiohydrolase
expression, or glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase expression,
as detailed below. The nucleic acid sequence according to the
invention can suitably be obtained from a Chrysosporium strain,
such strain being defined elsewhere in the description. The manner
in which promoter sequences can be determined are numerous and well
known in the art. Nuclease deletion experiments of the region
upstream of the ATG codon at the beginning of the relevant gene
will provide such sequence. Also for example analysis of consensus
sequences can lead to finding a gene of interest. Using
hybridisation and amplification techniques one skilled in the art
can readily arrive at the corresponding promoter sequences. The
promoter sequences of C1 endoglucanases were identified in this
manner, by cloning the corresponding genes. Preferred promoters
according to the invention are the 55 kDa cellobio-hydrolase (CBH1)
promoter, the 30 kDa xylanase (Xyl1) promoters, and the
glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase promoter, as the enzymes are
expressed at high level by their own promoters. The corresponding
promoter sequences are identified in a straightforward manner by
cloning as described in WO 00/20555, using the sequence information
given in SEQ ID No. 1 (for CBH1) and SEQ ID No. 3 (for Xyl1),
respectively. The promoters of the carbohydrate-degrading enzymes
of Chrysosporium, especially C1 promoters, can advantageously be
used for expressing desired polypeptides in a host organism,
especially a fungal or other microbial host organism. Promoter
sequences having at least 65%, preferably at least 70%, most
preferably at least 75% nucleotide sequence identity with the
sequence given in SEQ ID No's 1, 3 and 5, or with the sequences
found for other Chrysosporium genes, are part of the present
invention.
[0042] For particular embodiments of the recombinant strain and the
nucleic acid sequence according to the invention we also refer to
the examples. We also refer for the recombinant strains to prior
art describing high expression promoter sequences in particular
those providing high expression in fungi e.g. such as are disclosed
for Aspergillus and Trichoderma. The prior art provides a number of
expression regulating regions for use in Aspergillus e.g. U.S. Pat.
No. 5,252,726 of Novo and U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,358 of Unilever. The
contents of such prior art are hereby incorporated by
reference.
[0043] The hydrophobin gene is a fungal gene that is highly
expressed. It is thus suggested that the promoter sequence of a
hydrophobin gene, preferably from Chrysosporium, may be suitably
applied as expression regulating sequence in a suitable embodiment
of the invention. Trichoderma reesei and Trichoderma harzianum gene
sequences for hydrophobin have been disclosed for example in the
prior art as well as a gene sequence for Aspergillus fumigatus and
Aspergillus nidulans and the relevant sequence information is
hereby incorporated by reference (Munoz et al, Curr. Genet. 1997,
32(3):225-230; Nakari-Setala T. et al, Eur. J. Biochem. 1996 15:235
(1-2):248-255, M. Parta et al, Infect. Immun. 1994 62 (10):
4389-4395 and Stringer M. A. et al. Mol. Microbiol. 1995
16(1):33-44). Using this sequence information a person skilled in
the art can obtain the expression regulating sequences of
Chrysosporium hydrophobin genes without undue experimentation
following standard techniques as suggested already above. A
recombinant Chrysosporium strain according to the invention can
comprise a hydrophobin-regulating region operably linked to the
sequence encoding the polypeptide of interest.
[0044] An expression regulating sequence can also additionally
comprise an enhancer or silencer. These are also well known in the
prior art and are usually located some distance away from the
promoter. The expression regulating sequences can also comprise
promoters with activator binding sites and repressor binding sites.
In some cases such sites may also be modified to eliminate this
type of regulation. Filamentous fungal promoters in which creA
sites are present have been described. Such creA sites can be
mutated to ensure the glucose repression normally resulting from
the presence of the non-mutated sites is eliminated. Gist-Brocades'
WO 94/13820 illustrates this principle. Use of such a promoter
enables production of the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid
sequence regulated by the promoter in the presence of glucose. The
same principle is also apparent from WO 97/09438. These promoters
can be used either with or without their creA sites. Mutants in
which the creA sites have been mutated can be used as expression
regulating sequences in a recombinant strain according to the
invention and the nucleic acid sequence it regulates can then be
expressed in the presence of glucose. Such Chrysosporium promoters
ensure derepression in an analogous manner to that illustrated in
WO 97/09438. The identity of creA sites is known from the prior
art. Alternatively, it is possible to apply a promoter with CreA
binding sites that have not been mutated in a host strain with a
mutation elsewhere in the repression system e.g. in the creA gene
itself, so that the strain can, notwithstanding the presence of
creA binding sites, produce the protein or polypeptide in the
presence of glucose.
[0045] Terminator sequences are also expression-regulating
sequences and these are operably linked to the 3' terminus of the
sequence to be expressed. Any fungal terminator is likely to be
functional in the host Chrysosporium strain according to the
invention. Examples are A. nidulans trpC terminator (1), A. niger
alpha-glucosidase terminator (2), A. niger glucoamylase terminator
(3), Mucor miehei carboxylprotease terminator (U.S. Pat. No.
5,578,463) and the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase terminator.
Naturally Chrysosporium terminator sequences will function in
Chrysosporium and are suitable e.g. CBH1 terminator.
[0046] A suitable recombinant Chrysosporium strain to be used
according to the invention has the nucleic acid sequence to be
expressed operably linked to a sequence encoding the amino acid
sequence defined as signal sequence. A signal sequence is an amino
acid sequence which when operably linked to the amino acid sequence
of the expressed polypeptide allows secretion thereof from the host
fungus. Such a signal sequence may be one normally associated with
the heterologous polypeptide or may be one native to the host. It
can also be foreign to both host and the polypeptide. The nucleic
acid sequence encoding the signal sequence must be positioned in
frame to permit translation of the signal sequence and the
heterologous polypeptide. Any signal sequence capable of permitting
secretion of a polypeptide from a Chrysosporium strain is
envisaged. Such a signal sequence is suitably a fungal signal
sequence, preferably an ascomycete signal sequence.
[0047] Suitable examples of signal sequences can be derived from
yeasts in general or any of the following specific genera of fungi:
Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Chrysosporium, Pichia, Neurospora,
Rhizomucor, Hansenula, Humicola, Mucor, Tolypocladium, Fusarium,
Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Talaromyces or alternative sexual forms
thereof like Emericella, Hypocrea. Signal sequences that are
particularly useful are often natively associated with the
following proteins a cellobiohydrolase, an endoglucanase, a
beta-galactosidase, a xylanase, a pectinase, an esterase, a
hydrophobin, a protease or an amylase. Examples include amylase or
glucoamylase of Aspergillus or Humicola (4), TAKA amylase of
Aspergillus oryzae, alpha-amylase of Aspergillus niger, carboxyl
peptidase of Mucor (U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,463), a lipase or
proteinase from Rhizomucor miehei, cellobiohydrolase of Trichoderma
(5), beta-galactosidase of Penicillium canescens and alpha mating
factor of Saccharomyces.
[0048] Alternatively the signal sequence can be from an amylase or
subtilisin gene of a strain of Bacillus. A signal sequence from the
same genus as the host strain is extremely suitable as it is most
likely to be specifically adapted to the specific host thus
preferably the signal sequence is a signal sequence of
Chrysosporium, especially of Chrysosporium strain C1, strain
UV13-6, strain NG7C-19 and strain UV18-25, referred to above.
Signal sequences from filamentous fungi, yeast and bacteria are
useful. Signal sequences of non-fungal origin are also considered
useful, particularly bacterial, plant and mammalian.
[0049] A recombinant host to be used according to any of the
embodiments of the invention can further comprise a selectable
marker. Such a selectable marker will permit easy selection of
transformed or transfected cells. A selectable marker often encodes
a gene product providing a specific type of resistance foreign to
the non-transformed strain. This can be resistance to heavy metals,
antibiotics and biocides in general. Prototrophy is also a useful
selectable marker of the non-antibiotic variety. Non-antibiotic
selectable markers can be preferred where the protein or
polypeptide of interest is to be used in food or pharmaceuticals
with a view to speedier or less complicated regulatory approval of
such a product. Very often the GRAS indication is used for such
markers. A number of such markers are available to the person
skilled in the art. The FDA e.g. provides a list of such. Most
commonly used are selectable markers selected from the group
conferring resistance to a drug or relieving a nutritional defect
e.g. the group comprising amdS (acetamidase), hph (hygromycin
phosphotransferase), pyrG (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase),
trpC (anthranilate synthase), argB (ornithine
carbamoyltransferase), sC (sulphate adenyl-transferase), bar
(phosphinothricin acetyltransferase), glufosinate resistance, niaD
(nitrate reductase), a bleomycin resistance gene, more specifically
Sh ble, sulfonylurea resistance e.g. acetolactate synthase mutation
ilv1. Selection can also be carried out by virtue of
cotransformation where the selection marker is on a separate vector
or where the selection marker is on the same nucleic acid fragment
as the polypeptide-encoding sequence for the polypeptide of
interest.
[0050] As used herein the term heterologous polypeptide is a
protein or polypeptide not normally expressed and secreted by the
Chrysosporium host strain used for expression according to the
invention. The polypeptide can be of plant or animal (vertebrate or
invertebrate) origin e.g. mammalian, fish, insect, or
micro-organism origin, with the proviso it does not occur in the
host strain. A mammal can include a human. A micro-organism
comprises viruses, bacteria, archae-bacteria and fungi i.e.
filamentous fungi and yeasts. Bergey's Manual for Bacterial
Determinology provides adequate lists of bacteria and
archaebacteria. For pharmaceutical purposes quite often a
preference will exist for human proteins thus a recombinant host
according to the invention forming a preferred embodiment will be a
host wherein the polypeptide is of human origin. For purposes such
as food production suitably the heterologous polypeptide will be of
animal, plant or algal origin. Such embodiments are therefore also
considered suitable examples of the invention. Alternative
embodiments that are useful also include a heterologous polypeptide
of any of bacterial, yeast, viral, archaebacterial and fungal
origin. Fungal origin is most preferred.
[0051] A suitable embodiment of the invention will comprise a
heterologous nucleic acid sequence with adapted codon usage. Such a
sequence encodes the native amino acid sequence of the host from
which it is derived, but has a different nucleic acid sequence,
i.e. a nucleic acid sequence in which certain codons have been
replaced by other codons encoding the same amino acid but which are
more readily used by the host strain being used for expression.
This can lead to better expression of the heterologous nucleic acid
sequence. This is common practice to a person skilled in the art.
This adapted codon usage can be carried out on the basis of known
codon usage of fungal vis-a-vis non-fungal codon usage. It can also
be even more specifically adapted to codon usage of Chrysosporium
itself. The similarities are such that codon usage as observed in
Trichoderma, Humicola and Aspergillus should enable exchange of
sequences of such organisms without adaptation of codon usage.
Details are available to the skilled person concerning the codon
usage of these fungi and are incorporated herein by reference.
[0052] The invention is not restricted to the above-mentioned
recombinant Chrysosporium strains, but also covers a recombinant
Chrysosporium strain comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a
homologous protein for a Chrysosporium strain, said nucleic acid
sequence being operably linked to an expression-regulating region
and said recombinant strain expressing more of said protein than
the corresponding non-recombinant strain under the same conditions.
In the case of homologous polypeptide of interest such is
preferably a neutral or alkaline enzyme like a hydrolase, a
protease or a carbohydrate degrading enzyme as already described
elsewhere. The polypeptide may also be acidic. Preferably the
recombinant strain will express the polypeptide in greater amounts
than the non-recombinant strain. All comments mentioned vis-a-vis
the heterologous polypeptide are also valid (mutatis mutandis) for
the homologous polypeptide cellulase.
[0053] Thus the invention also covers genetically engineered
microbial strains wherein the sequence that is introduced can be of
Chrysosporium origin. Such a strain can, however, be distinguished
from natively occurring strains by virtue of for example
heterologous sequences being present in the nucleic acid sequence
used to transform or transfect the Chrysosporium, by virtue of the
fact that multiple copies of the sequence encoding the polypeptide
of interest are present or by virtue of the fact that these are
expressed in an amount exceeding that of the non-engineered strain
under identical conditions or by virtue of the fact that expression
occurs under normally non-expressing conditions. The latter can be
the case if an inducible promoter regulates the sequence of
interest contrary to the non-recombinant situation or if another
factor induces the expression than is the case in the
non-engineered strain. The invention is directed at strains derived
through engineering either using classical genetic technologies or
genetic engineering methodologies.
[0054] The expression systems and host strains containing them
according to the invention can comprise a nucleic acid sequence
encoding a heterologous protein selected from
carbohydrate-degrading enzymes (cellulases, xylanases, mannanases,
mannosidases, pectinases, amylases, e.g. glucoamylases,
.alpha.-amylases, .alpha.- and .beta.-galactosidases, .alpha.- and
.beta.-glucosidases, .beta.-glucanases, chitinases, chitanases),
proteases (endoproteases, amino-proteases, amino- and
carboxy-peptidases, keratinases), other hydrolases (lipases,
esterases, phytases), oxidoreductases (catalases, glucose-oxidases)
and transferases (transglycosylases, transglutaminases, isomerases
and invertases).
[0055] The most interesting products to be produced according to
invention are cellulases, xylanases, pectinases, lipases and
proteases, wherein cellulases and xylanases cleave beta-1,4-bonds,
and cellulases comprise endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases and
beta-glucosidases. These proteins are extremely useful in various
industrial processes known in the art. Specifically for cellulases
we refer e.g. to WO 98/15633 describing cellobiohydrolases and
endoglucanases of use. The contents of said application are hereby
incorporated by reference.
[0056] A recombinant according to the invention may have a nucleic
acid sequence encoding the polypeptide of interest encodes a
polypeptide that is inactivated or unstable at acid pH i.e. pH
below 6, even below pH 5.5, more suitably even below pH 5 and even
as low as or lower than pH 4. This is a particularly interesting
embodiment, as the generally disclosed fungal expression systems
are not cultured under conditions that are neutral to alkaline, but
are cultured at acidic pH. Thus the system according to the
invention provides a safe fungal expression system for proteins or
polypeptides that are susceptible to being inactivated or are
unstable at acid pH.
[0057] Quite specifically a recombinant strain as defined in any of
the embodiments according to the invention, wherein the nucleic
acid sequence encoding the polypeptide of interest encodes a
protein or polypeptide exhibiting optimal activity and/or stability
at a pH above 5, preferably at neutral or alkaline pH (i.e. above
7) and/or at a pH higher than 6, is considered a preferred
embodiment of the invention. More than 50%, more than 70% and even
more than 90% of optimal activities at such pH values are
anticipated as being particularly useful embodiments. A polypeptide
expressed under the cultivation conditions does not necessarily
have to be active at the cultivation conditions, in fact it can be
advantageous for it to be cultured under conditions under which it
is inactive as its active form could be detrimental to the host.
What is however required is for the protein or polypeptide to be
stable under the cultivation conditions. The stability can be
thermal stability. It can also be stability against specific
compositions or chemicals, such as are present for example in
compositions or processes of production or application of the
polypeptide or protein of interest. LAS in detergent compositions
comprising cellulases or lipases, etc. is an example of a chemical
often detrimental to proteins. The time periods of use in
applications can vary from short to long exposure so stability can
be over a varying length of time varying per application. The
skilled person will be able to ascertain the correct conditions on
a case by case basis. One can use a number of commercially
available assays to determine the optimal activities of the various
enzymatic products. The catalogues of Sigma and Megazyme for
example show such. Specific examples of tests are mentioned
elsewhere in the description. The manufacturers provide guidance on
the application.
[0058] A Chrysosporium strain can be suitably used to transform or
transfect with the sequence of interest to be expressed and such a
strain exhibits a relatively low biomass. We have found that
Chrysosporium strains having a biomass two to five times lower than
that of Trichoderma reesei when cultured to a viscosity of 200-600
cP at the end of fermentation and exhibiting a biomass of 10 to 20
times lower than that of Aspergillus niger when cultured to a
viscosity of 1500-2000 cP under corresponding conditions, i.e.
their respective optimal cultivation conditions can provide a high
level of expression. This level of expression far exceeds that of
the two commercial reference strains at a much lower biomass and at
much lower viscosity. This means that the yield of expression of
such Chrysosporium strains will be appreciably higher than from
Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei. Such a transformed or
transfected Chrysosporium strain forms a suitable embodiment of the
invention.
[0059] We find a biomass of 0.5-1.0 g/l for Chrysosporium strain
C1(18-25) as opposed to 2.5-5.0 g/l for Trichoderma reesei and 5-10
g/l of Aspergillus niger under the above described conditions. In
the Examples we provide details of this process.
[0060] In a suitable embodiment a recombinant Chrysosporium strain
produces protein or poly-peptide in at least the amount equivalent
to the production in moles per liter of cellulase by the strain
UV13-6 or C-19, and most preferably at least equivalent to or
higher than that of the strain UV18-25 under the corresponding or
identical conditions, i.e. their respective optimal cultivation
conditions.
[0061] We have also found that expression and secretion rates are
exceedingly high when using a Chrysosporium strain exhibiting the
mycelial morphology of strain UV 18-25 i.e. fragmented short
mycelia. Thus a recombinant strain according to the invention will
preferably exhibit such morphology. The invention however also
covers non-recombinant strains or otherwise engineered strains of
Chrysosporium exhibiting this novel and inventive characteristic.
Also covered by the invention is a recombinant Chrysosporium strain
in any of the embodiments described according to the invention
further exhibiting reduced sporulation in comparison to C1,
preferably below that of strain UV13-6, preferably below that of
NG7C-19, preferably below that of UV18-25 under equivalent
fermenter conditions. Also covered by the invention is a
recombinant Chrysosporium strain in any of the embodiments
described according to the invention further exhibiting at least
the amount of protein production ratio to biomass in comparison to
C1, preferably in comparison to that of any of strains UV13-6,
NG7C-19 and UV18-25 under equivalent fermenter conditions. The
invention however also covers non-recombinant strains or otherwise
engineered strains of Chrysosporium exhibiting this novel and
inventive characteristic as such or in combination with any of the
other embodiments.
[0062] Another attractive embodiment of the invention also covers a
recombinant Chrysosporium strain exhibiting a viscosity below that
of strain NG7C-19, preferably below that of UV18-25 under
corresponding or identical fermenter conditions. The invention
however also covers non-recombinant strains or otherwise engineered
strains of Chrysosporium exhibiting this novel and inventive
characteristic as such or in combination with any of the other
embodiments. We have determined that the viscosity of a culture of
UV18-25 is below 10 cP opposed to that of Trichoderma reesei being
of the order 200-600 cP, with that of Aspergillus niger being of
the order 1500-2000 cP under their respective optimal culture
conditions at the end of fermentation. The process used for such
determination is provided in the examples.
[0063] Viscosity can be assessed in many cases by visual
monitoring. The fluidity of the substance can vary to such a large
extent that it can be nearly solid, sauce-like or liquid. Viscosity
can also readily be ascertained by Brookfield rotational
viscometry, use of kinematic viscosity tubes, falling ball
viscometer or cup type viscometer. The yields from such a low
viscosity culture are higher than from the commercial known higher
viscosity cultures per time unit and per cell.
[0064] The processing of such low viscosity cultures according to
the invention is advantageous in particular when the cultures are
scaled up. The subject Chrysosporium strains with the low viscosity
perform very well in cultures as large as up to 150,000 liter
cultures. Thus any culture size up to 150,000 litres provides a
useful embodiment of the invention. Any other conventional size of
fermentation should be carried out well with the strains according
to the invention. The reasoning behind this is that problems can
arise in large scale production with the formation of aggregates
that have mycelia that are too dense and/or are unevenly
distributed. The media as a result cannot be effectively utilised
during the culture thus leading to an inefficient production
process in particular in large scale fermentations i.e. over
150,000 liters. Aeration and mixing become problematic leading to
oxygen and nutrient starvation and thus reduced concentration of
productive biomass and reduced yield of polypeptide during the
culture and/or can result in longer fermentation times. In addition
high viscosity and high shear are not desirable in commercial
fermentation processes and in current commercial processes they are
the production limiting factors. All these negative aspects can be
overcome by the Chrysosporium host according to the invention which
exhibits much better characteristics than Trichoderma reesei,
Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae that are commercially used
in this respect i.e. exhibits better protein production levels and
viscosity properties and biomass figures.
[0065] A Chrysosporium strain according to any of the
above-mentioned embodiments of the invention, said strain further
exhibiting production of one or more of the fungal enzymes selected
from the carbohydrate-degrading enzymes, proteases, other
hydrolases, oxidoreductase, and transferases mentioned above, is
considered a particularly useful embodiment of the invention. The
most interesting products are specifically cellulases, xylanases,
pectinases, lipases and proteases. Also useful as embodiment of the
invention however is a Chrysosporium strain exhibiting production
of one or more fungal enzymes that exhibit neutral or alkaline
optimal stability and/or activity, preferably alkaline optimal
stability and/or activity, said enzyme being selected from
carbohydrate-degrading enzymes, hydrolases and proteases,
preferably hydrolases and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes. In the
case of non-recombinant Chrysosporium, such enzymes are suitably
other than cellulase as disclosed in WO 98/15633. Enzymes of
particular interest are xylanases, proteases, esterases, alpha
galactosidases, beta-galactosidases, beta-glucanases and
pectinases. The enzymes are not limited to the aforementioned. The
comments vis-a-vis stability and activity elsewhere in the
description are valid here also.
[0066] The invention also covers a method of producing a
polypeptide of interest, said method comprising culturing a host
strain (e.g. fungal such as of the genera Chrysosporium,
Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Hansenula, Mucor, Pichia, Neurospora,
Tolypocladium, Rhizomucor, Fusarium, Penicillium or bacterial or
other microbial) in any of the embodiments according to the
invention under conditions permitting expression and preferably
secretion of the polypeptide and recovering the subsequently
produced polypeptide of interest.
[0067] Where protein or polypeptide is mentioned, variants and
mutants e.g. substitution, insertion or deletion mutants of
naturally occurring proteins are intended to be included that
exhibit the activity of the non-mutant. The same is valid vis-a-vis
the corresponding nucleic acid sequences. Processes such as gene
shuffling, protein engineering and directed evolution site directed
mutagenesis and random mutagenesis are processes through which such
polypeptides, variants or mutants can be obtained. U.S. Pat. No.
5,223,409, U.S. Pat. No. 5,780,279 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,356
provide teaching of directed evolution. Using this process a
library of randomly mutated gene sequences created for example by
gene shuffling via error prone PCR occurs in any cell type. Each
gene has a secretion region and an immobilising region attached to
it such that the resulting protein is secreted and stays fixed to
the host surface. Subsequently conditions are created that
necessitate the biological activity of the particular polypeptide.
This occurs for a number of cycles ultimately leading to a final
gene with the desired characteristics. In other words a speeded up
directed process of evolution. U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,192 also
describes a process for obtaining DNA, RNA, peptides, polypeptides
or protein by way of synthetic polynucleotide coupling
stochastically generated sequences, introduction thereof into a
host followed by selection of the host cell with the corresponding
predetermined characteristic.
[0068] Another application of the method of the present invention
is in the process of "directed evolution", wherein novel
protein-encoding DNA sequences are generated, the encoded proteins
are expressed in a host cell, and those sequences encoding proteins
having a desired characteristic are mutated and expressed again.
The process is repeated for a number of cycles until a protein with
the desired characteristics is obtained. Gene shuffling, protein
engineering, error-prone PCR, site-directed mutagenesis, and
combinatorial and random mutagenesis are examples of processes
through which novel DNA sequences encoding exogenous proteins can
be generated. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,223,409, 5,780,279 and 5,770,356
provide teaching of directed evolution. See also Kuchner and
Arnold, Trends in Biotechnology, 15:523-530 (1997); Schmidt-Dannert
and Arnold, Trends in Biotech., 17:135-136 (1999); Arnold and
Volkov, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 3:54-59 (1999); Zhao et al.,
Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2nd Ed.,
(Demain and Davies, eds.) pp. 597-604, ASM Press, Washington D.C.,
1999; Arnold and Wintrode, Encyclopedia of Bioprocess Technology:
Fermentation, Biocatalysis, and Bioseparation, (Flickinger and
Drew, eds.) pp. 971-987, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999; and
Minshull and Stemmer, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 3:284-290.
[0069] An application of combinatorial mutagenesis is disclosed in
Hu et al., Biochemistry. 1998 37:10006-10015. U.S. Pat. No.
5,763,192 describes a process for obtaining novel protein-encoding
DNA sequences by stochastically generating synthetic sequences,
introducing them into a host, and selecting host cells with the
desired characteristic. Methods for effecting artificial gene
recombination (DNA shuffling) include random priming recombination
(Z. Shao, et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 26:681-683 (1998)), the
staggered extension process (H. Zhao et al., Nature Biotech.,
16:258-262 (1998)), and heteroduplex recombination (A. Volkov et
al., Nucleic Acids Res., 27:e18 (1999)). Error-prone PCR is yet
another approach (Song and Rhee, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
66:890-894 (2000)).
[0070] There are two widely-practised methods of carrying out the
selection step in a directed evolution process. In one method, the
protein activity of interest is somehow made essential to the
survival of the host cells. For example, if the activity desired is
a cellulase active at pH 8, a cellulase gene could be mutated and
introduced into the host cells. The transformants are grown with
cellulose as the sole carbon source, and the pH raised gradually
until only a few survivors remain. The mutated cellulase gene from
the survivors, which presumably encodes a cellulase active at
relatively high pH, is subjected to another round of mutation, and
the process is repeated until transformants that can grow on
cellulose at pH 8 are obtained. Thermostable variants of enzymes
can likewise be evolved, by cycles of gene mutation and
high-temperature culturing of host cells (Liao et al., Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 83:576-580 (1986); Giver et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 95:12809-12813 (1998).
[0071] An alternative to the massively parallel "survival of the
fittest" approach is serial screening. In this approach, individual
transformants are screened by traditional methods, such as
observation of cleared or coloured zones around colonies growing on
indicator media, colorimetric or fluorometric enzyme assays,
immunoassays, binding assays, etc. See for example Joo et al.,
Nature 399:670-673 (1999), where a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase
not requiring NADH as a cofactor was evolved by cycles of mutation
and screening; May et al., Nature Biotech. 18:317-320 (2000), where
a hydantoinase of reversed stereoselectivity was evolved in a
similar fashion; and Miyazaki et al., J. Mol. Biol. 297:1015-1026
(2000), where a thermostable subtilisin was evolved.
[0072] Standard cloning and protein or polypeptide isolation
techniques can be used to arrive at the required sequence
information. Parts of known sequences can be used as probes to
isolate other homologues in other genera and strains. The nucleic
acid sequence encoding a particular enzyme activity can be used to
screen a Chrysosporium library for example. A person skilled in the
art will realise which hybridisation conditions are appropriate.
Conventional methods for nucleic acid hybridisation construction of
libraries and cloning techniques are described in Sambrook et al
(Eeds) (1989) In "Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual" Cold
Spring Harbor, Press Plainview, New York, and Ausubel et al (Eds)
"Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" (1987) John Wiley and
Sons, New York. The relevant information can also be derived from
later handbooks and patents, as well as from various commercially
available kits in the field.
[0073] In an alternative embodiment, said method comprises
culturing a strain according to the invention under conditions
permitting expression and preferably secretion of the protein or
poly-peptide or precursor thereof and recovering the subsequently
produced polypeptide and optionally subjecting the precursor to
additional isolation and purification steps to obtain the
polypeptide of interest. Such a method may suitably comprise a
cleavage step of the precursor into the polypeptide or precursor of
interest. The cleavage step can be cleavage with a Kex-2 like
protease, any basic amino acid paired protease or Kex-2 for example
when a protease cleavage site links a well secreted protein carrier
and the polypeptide of interest. A person skilled in the art can
readily find Kex-2-like protease sequences as consensus sequence
details for such are available and a number of alternatives have
already been disclosed e.g. furin.
[0074] Suitably in a method for production of the polypeptide
according to any of the embodiments of the invention the
cultivation occurs at pH higher than 5, preferably 5-10, more
preferably 6-9. Suitably in such a method the cultivation occurs at
a temperature between 25-43.degree. C., preferably 30-40.degree. C.
The strain used in the method according to the invention is quite
suitably a recombinant Chrysosporium strain or other fungal or
non-fungal strain. The method according to the invention in such a
case can further be preceded by the step of production of a
recombinant strain according to the invention. The selection of the
appropriate conditions will depend on the nature of the polypeptide
to be expressed and such selection lies well within the realm of
normal activity of a person skilled in the art.
[0075] The method of production of a recombinant strain according
to the invention is also part of the subject invention. The method
comprises stably introducing a nucleic acid sequence encoding a
heterologous or homologous polypeptide into a suitable host strain,
said nucleic acid sequence being operably linked to an expression
regulating region, said introduction occurring in a manner known
per se for transforming filamentous fungi. As stated above numerous
references hereof are available and a small selection has been
cited. The information provided is sufficient to enable the skilled
person to carry out the method without undue burden. The method
comprises introduction of a nucleic acid sequence comprising any of
the nucleic acid elements described in the various embodiments of
the recombinant strain according to the invention as such or in
combination.
[0076] By way of example the introduction can occur using the
protoplast transformation method. The method is described in the
examples. Alternative protoplast or spheroplast transformation
methods are known and can be used as have been described in the
prior art for other filamentous fungi. Details of such methods can
be found in many of the cited references and are thus incorporated
by reference. A method according to the invention suitably
comprises using a non-recombinant strain as starting material for
introduction of the desired sequence encoding the polypeptide of
interest.
[0077] The subject invention also covers a method of producing
Chrysosporium enzyme, said method comprising culturing a
Chrysosporium or other strain in or on a cultivation medium at pH
higher than 5, preferably 5-10, more preferably 6-9, suitably
6-7.5, 7.5-9 as examples of neutral and alkaline pH ranges.
[0078] More in general the invention further covers a method of
producing enzymes exhibiting neutral or alkaline optimal activity
and/or stability, preferably alkaline optimal activity and/or
stability. The preferred ranges vis-a-vis pH and optimal activity
as well as assays with which to determine such have been provided
elsewhere in the description. The enzyme should be selected from
carbohydrate-degrading enzymes, proteases, other hydrolases,
oxidoreductases, and transferases, as described above, said method
comprising cultivating a host cell transformed or transfected with
the corresponding enzyme-encoding nucleic acid sequence. Suitably
such an enzyme will be a Chrysosporium enzyme. A suitable method
such as this comprises production specifically of cellulase,
xylanase, pectinase, lipase and protease, wherein cellulase and
xylanase cleave .beta.-1,4-bonds and cellulase comprises
endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase and .beta.-glucosidase. The method
according to the invention can comprise cultivating any
Chrysosporium host according to the invention comprising nucleic
acid encoding such aforementioned enzymes. Suitably the production
of non-recombinant Chrysosporium hosts according to the invention
is directed at production of carbohydrate degrading enzymes,
hydrolases and proteases. In such a case the enzyme is suitably
other than a cellulase. Methods of isolating are analogous to those
described in WO 98/15633 and are incorporated by reference.
[0079] The enzymes produced according to the invention are also
covered by the invention. Enzymes of Chrysosporium origin as can be
isolated from non-recombinant Chrysosporium strains according to
the invention are also covered. They exhibit the aforementioned
stability, activity characteristics. Suitably they are stable in
the presence of LAS. In particular proteases with pI 4-9.5,
proteases with a MW of 25-95 kD, xylanases with pI between 4.0 and
9.5, xylanases with MW between 25 and 65 kD, endoglucanases with a
pI between 3.5 and 6.5, endoglucanases with MW of 25-55 kDa,
.beta.-glucosidases, .alpha.,.beta.-galactosidases with a pI of
4-4.5, .beta.-glucosidases, .alpha.,.beta.-galactosidases with a MW
of 45-50 kDa, cellobiohydrolases of pl 4-5, cellobiohydrolases of
MW 45-75 kDa, e.g. a MW of 55 kD and pI 4.4, polygalacturonases,
with a pI of 4.0-5.0 polygalacturonase of 60-70 kDa, e.g. 65-kDa,
esterases with a pl 4-5, and esterases with a MW of 95-105 kDa with
the afore-mentioned stability, activity characteristics are
claimed. The molecular weights (MW) are those determined by
SDS-PAGE. The non-recombinant i.e. natively occurring enzyme is
other than cellulase as disclosed in WO 98/15633. Enzymes with
combinations of the pI values and molecular weights mentioned above
are also covered.
[0080] The invention is also concerned with the (over)production of
non-protein products by the mutant (recombinant) strains of the
invention. Such non-protein products include primary metabolites
such as organic acids, amino acids, and secondary such as
antibiotics, e.g. penicillins and cephalosporins and other
therapeutics. These products are the result of combinations of
biochemical pathways, involving several fungal genes of interest.
Fungal primary and secondary metabolites and procedures for
producing these metabolites in fungal organisms are well known in
the art. Examples of the production of primary metabolites have
been described by Mattey M., The Production of Organic Acids,
Current Reviews in Biotechnology, 12, 87-132 (1992). Examples of
the production of secondary metabolites have been described by
Penalva et al. The Optimization of Penicillin Biosynthesis in
Fungi, Trends in Biotechnology 16, 483-489 (1998).
EXAMPLES
Examples of Transformation Comparing Chrysosporium, Trichoderma and
Tolypocladium Geodes
[0081] Two untransformed Chrysosporium C1 strains and one
Trichoderma reesei reference strain were tested on two media (Gs pH
6.8 and Pridham agar, PA, pH 6.8). To test the antibiotic
resistance level spores were collected from 7 day old PDA plates.
Selective plates were incubated at 32.degree. C. and scored after
2.4 and 5 days. It followed that the C-1 strains NG7C-19 and
UV18-25 clearly have a low basal resistance level both to
phleomycin and hygromycin. This level is comparable to that for a
reference T. reesei commonly used laboratory strain. Thus there is
clear indication these two standard fungal selectable markers can
be used well in Chrysosporium strains. Problems with other standard
fungal selectable markers should not be expected.
[0082] Selection of Sh-ble (phleomycin-resistance) transformed
Chrysosporium strains was successfully carried out at 50 .mu.g/ml.
This was also the selection level used for T. reesei thus showing
that differential selection can be easily achieved in
Chrysosporium. The same comments are valid for transformed strains
with hygromycin resistance at a level of 150 .mu.g/ml.
[0083] The protoplast transformation technique was used on
Chrysosporium based on the most generally applied fungal
transformation technology. All spores from one 90 mm PDA plate were
recovered in 8 ml IC 1 and transferred into a shake flask of 50 ml
IC1 medium for incubation for 15 hours at 35.degree. C. and 200
rpm. After this the culture was centrifuged, the pellet was washed
in MnP, brought back into solution in 10 ml MnP and 10 mg/ml
Caylase C.sub.3 and incubated for 30 minutes at 35.degree. C. with
agitation (150 rpm).
[0084] The solution was filtered and the filtrate was subjected to
centrifugation for 10 minutes at 3500 rpm. The pellet was washed
with 10 ml MnPCa.sup.2+. This was centrifuged for 10 minutes at
25.degree. C. Then 50 microlitres of cold MPC was added. The
mixture was kept on ice for 30 minutes whereupon 2.5 ml PMC was
added. After 15 minutes at room temperature 500 microlitres of the
treated protoplasts were mixed to 3 ml of MnR Soft and immediately
plated out on a MnR plate containing phleomycin or hygromycin as
selection agent. After incubation for five days at 30.degree. C.
transformants were analysed (clones become visible after 48 hours).
Transformation efficiency was determined using 10 microgrammes of
reference plasmid pAN8-1.sup.19. The results are presented in the
following Table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Transformation efficiency (using 10 .mu.g of
reference plasmid pAN8-1) T. reesei NG7C-19 UV18-25 Viability
10.sup.6/200 .mu.l 5 10.sup.6/200 .mu.l 5 10.sup.6/200 .mu.l
Transformants 2500 10.sup.4 10.sup.4 Per 200 .mu.l Transformants
per 2500 2000 2000 10.sup.6 viable cells
The Chrysosporium transformant's viability is superior to that of
Trichoderma. The transformability of the strains is comparable and
thus the number of transformants obtained in one experiment lies 4
times higher for Chrysosporium than for T. reesei. Thus the
Chrysosporium transformation system not only equals the commonly
used T. reesei system, but even outperforms it. This improvement
can prove especially useful for vectors that are less
transformation efficient than pAN8-1. Examples of such less
efficient transformation vectors are protein carrier vectors for
production of non-fungal proteins which generally yield 10 times
fewer transformants.
[0085] A number of other transformation and expression vectors were
constructed with homologous Chrysosporium protein encoding
sequences and also with heterologous protein encoding sequences for
use in transformation experiments with Chrysosporium.
[0086] Examples of expression systems include a Chrysosporium
xylanase Xyl 1 promoter fragment linked to a xylanase signal
sequence in frame with a xylanase open reading frame followed by a
xylanase terminator sequence. Transformant selection is carried out
by using cotransformation with a selectable vector.
[0087] Another example is a Chrysosporium lucknowense
cellobiohydrolase promoter linked to Penicillium endoglucanase 3
signal sequence in frame with the Penicillium endoglucanase 3 open
reading frame followed by the Chrysosporium cellobiohydrolase
terminator sequence. In addition this vector carries a second
expression cassette with a selection marker i.e. the aceetamidase S
gene (AmdS gene).
[0088] A further example comprises Chrysosporium
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 promoter linked to the
Aspergillus niger glucoamylase signal sequence and the glucoamylase
open reading frame fused to the human Interleukine 6 open reading
frame. In adddition this vector carries a second expression
cassette with a selection marker i.e. the AmdS gene.
[0089] A still further example is a Aspergillus nidulans
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase A promoter linked to the
endoglucanase 5 open reading frame followed by a Aspergillus
nidulans terminator sequence.
Examples of Heterologous and Homologous Expression of Chrysosporium
Transformants
[0090] C1 strains (NG7C-19 and/or UV18-25) have been tested for
their ability to secrete various hetero-logous proteins: a
bacterial protein (Streptoalloteichus hindustanus
phleomycin-resistance protein, Sh ble), a fungal protein
(Trichoderma reesei xylanase II, XYN2) and a human protein (the
human lysozyme, BIZ).
C1 Secretion of Trichoderma reesei xylanase II (XYN2). C1 strain
UV18-25 has been transformed by the plasmids pUT1064 and pUT1065.
pUT1064 presents the two following fungal expression cassettes:
[0091] The first cassette allows the selection of
phleomycin-resistant transformants: [0092] Neurospora crassa
cross-pathway control gene 1 (cpc-1) promoter.sup.14 [0093]
Streptoalloteichus hindustanus phleomycin-resistance gene Sh
ble.sup.4 [0094] Aspergillus nidulans tryptophan-synthase (trpC)
terminator.sup.5
[0095] The second cassette is the xylanase production cassette:
[0096] T. reesei strain TR2 cbh1 promoter.sup.15 [0097] T. reesei
strain TR2 xyn2 gene (including its signal sequence).sup.16-T.
reesei strain TR2 cbh1 terminator.sup.15
[0098] The vector also carries an E. coli replication origin from
plasmid pUC19.sup.6. The plasmid detailed map is provided in FIG.
1.
pUT1065 presents the following fungal expression cassette: [0099]
A. nidulans glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpdA)
promoter.sup.2 [0100] A synthetic T. reesei cellobiohydrolase I
(cbh1) signal sequence.sup.1, 3 [0101] S. hindustanus
phleomycin-resistance gene Sh ble.sup.4 used as
carrier-protein.sup.10 [0102] A linker peptide (SGERK) featuring a
KEX2-like protease cleavage site.sup.1 [0103] T. reesei strain
TR2xyn2 gene (without signal sequence).sup.16 [0104] A. nidulans
tryptophan-synthase (trpC) terminator.sup.5
[0105] The vector also carries the beta-lactamase gene (bla) and an
E. coli replication origin from plasmid pUC18.sup.6. The plasmid
detailed map is provided in FIG. 2.
C1 protoplasts were transformed with plasmid pUT1064 or pUT1065
following the same procedure already described in the above
example. The fusion protein in plasmid pUT1065 (Sh ble :: XYN2) is
functional with respect to the phleomycin resistance thus allowing
easy selection of the C1 transformants. Moreover, the level of
phleomycin resistance correlates roughly with the level of xyn2
expression. In pUT1064, xyn2 was cloned with its own signal
sequence.
[0106] The xylanase production of C1 transformants
(phleomycin-resistant clones) was analysed by xylanase activity
assay as follows: Primary transformants were toothpicked to
GS+phleomycin (5 .mu.g/ml) plates (resistance verification) and
also on XYLAN plates (xylanase activity detection by clearing zone
visualisation.sup.17). Plates were grown for 5 days at 32.degree.
C. Each validated clone was subcloned onto XYLAN plates. Two
subclones per transformant were used to inoculate PDA plates in
order to get spores for liquid culture initiation. The liquid
cultures in IC1+5 g/l KPhtalate were grown 5 days at 27.degree. C.
(shaking 180 rpm). Then, the cultures were centrifuged (5000 g, 10
min.). From these samples, xylanase activity was measured by DNS
technique according to Miller et al..sup.18
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Active XYN2 production levels in C1 (best
producers) Active xylanase II concentration Xylanase II specific
activity in culture media in culture media Untransformed UV18-25
3.9 U./ml 3.8 U./mg total prot. UV18-25::1064 clone 7-1 4.7 U./ml
4.7 U./mg total prot. UV18-25::1064 clone 7-2 4.4 U./ml 4.3 U./mg
total prot. UV18-25::1065 clone 1-1 29.7 U./ml 25.6 U./mg total
prot. UV18-25::1065 clone 1-2 30.8 U./ml 39.4 U./mg total prot.
These data show that:
[0107] 1) Points 1 to 4 from example 2 are confirmed.
[0108] 2) C1 can be used as host for the secretion of a
heterologous fungal protein.
APPENDIX TO THE EXAMPLES
Media
Transformation Media:
TABLE-US-00003 [0109] Mandels Base: MnP Medium: KH.sub.2PO.sub.4
2.0 g/l Mandels Base with (NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4 1.4 g/l Peptone
1 g/l MgSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O 0.3 g/l MES 2 g/l CaCl.sub.2.sup.-
0.3 g/l Sucrose 100 g/l Oligoelements 1.0 ml/l Adjust pH to 5 MnR
MnP CA.sup.2+: MnP + sucrose 130 g/l MnP Medium + 50 mM Yeast
extract 2.5 g/l CaCl.sub.2 2H.sub.2O Glucose 2.5 g/l Adjust pH to
6.5 Agar 15 g/l MnR Soft: MnR with only 7.5 g/l of agar. MPC:
CaCl.sub.2 50 mM pH 5.8 MOPS 10 mM PEG 40%
For Selection and Culture
TABLE-US-00004 [0110] GS: Glucose 10 g/l [Merieux] Biosoyase 5 g/l
pH should be 6.8 Agar 15 g/l PDA: Potato Dextrose Agar 39 g/l
[Difco] pH should be 5.5 MPG: Mandels Base with K.Phtalate 5 g/l
Glucose 30 g/l Yeast extract 5 g/l
[0111] The regeneration media (MnR) supplemented with 50 .mu.g/ml
phleomycin or 100-150 .mu.g/ml hygromycin is used to select
transformants. GS medium, supplemented with 5 .mu.g/ml phleomycin
is used to confirm antibiotic resistance.
[0112] PDA is a complete medium for fast growth and good
sporulation. Liquid media are inoculated with 1/20th of spore
suspension (all spores from one 90 mm PDA plate in 5 ml 0.1%
Tween). Such cultures are grown at 27.degree. C. in shake flasks
(200 rpm).
Isolation and Characterisation of C1 Genes and Gene Expression
Sequences of CBH1, XYL1, and GPD
Construction of a BlueSTAR Gene Library of UV18-25
[0113] Chromosomal DNA of UV18-25 was partially digested with
Sau3A, fragments of 12-15 kb were isolated and ligated in a BamHI
site of cloning vector BlueSTAR. Packaging of 20% of the ligation
mixture resulted in a gene library of 4.6.times.10.sup.4
independent clones. This library was multiplied and stored at
4.degree. C. and -80.degree. C. The rest of the ligation mixture
was also stored at 4.degree. C. Screening the Gene Library of
UV18-25 for Isolation of the Genes for cbh1, xyl1 and gpd1
[0114] For the isolation of the different genes, in total
.+-.7.5.times.10.sup.4 individual BlueSTAR phages per probe were
hybridised in duplo. Hybridisation was carried out with the PCR
fragments of cbh1, and xyl1 (as described in WO 00/20555) at
homologous conditions (65.degree. C.; 0.2.times.SSC) and with the
gpd1 gene of A. niger at heterologous conditions (53.degree. C.;
0.5.times.SSC). The number of positive signals is given in Table 3.
The positive clones were rescreened and for each clone two
individual phages were used for further experiments. DNA of the
different clones was analysed by restriction analysis to determine
the number of different clones isolated from each gene (results are
given in Table 3). As for each of the 3 genes, 4-6 different clones
were isolated, we conclude that the primary gene library
(.+-.4-5.times.10.sup.4 clones) represents about 5.times. genome of
UV18-25. From this result we conclude that the complete genome of
UV 18-25 is represented in 9.times.10.sup.3 clones. Based on an
average genomic insert of 13 kb, this would indicate a genome size
of .+-.120 Mb, which is 3 times the size of the Aspergillus
genome.
[0115] PCR reactions with specific primers for the gene present on
the plasmid (based on previous sequence determination from the
isolated PCR fragments) and the T7 and T3 primer present in the
polylinker of pBlueSTAR we were able to determine the location of
the genes in a number of clones. From each gene a plasmid was used
for sequence determination of the gene.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 3 Screening of 7.5 .times. 10.sup.4 phages of
the gene library of UV18-25 with PCR fragments of UV18-25 for the
cbh1 gene and the xy1l gene (homologous conditions) and with the
gpdA gene of A. niger (heterologous conditions). DNA isolation and
restriction analysis was used to determine the number of different
clones. Positive in positive in clone used for Gene first screening
rescreening different clones sequencing cbh1 8 7 4 pCBH7 xyl1 9 6 5
pXyl5 gpd1 12 12 6 pGPD4
Sequence Analysis of the Cloned Genes
[0116] For the cbh1, xyl1, and the gpd1 gene, the results of the
sequence determination are represented in SEQ ID No's 1, 3 and 5
respectively. Also the deduced amino acid sequences of the proteins
are represented in these SEQ ID No's 2, 4 and 6. Some properties of
the proteins are given in Table 4. It should be mentioned that the
position of the start of the translation and the introns is based
on homology with genes from the same family (i.e. paper
genetics).
CBH1
[0117] From the amino acid sequences of CBH1, we concluded that the
protein is about 63 kD in size and that a cellulose-binding domain
(CBD) is present at the C-terminal part of the protein.
Interestingly, no evidence was found for the presence of a CBD in
the isolated 55 kD major protein. However, the presence of the
isolated peptides from this 55 kD major protein in the encoded CBH1
protein (SEQ ID No.1, 2), confirms that the 55 kD protein is
encoded by the cloned gene. A possible explanation of these results
is that the 55 kD protein is a truncated version of the CBH1
protein lacking the CBD.
[0118] The cellobiohydrolase CBH1 has activity against
MUF-cellobioside, MUF lactoside, FP and avicel, also against
p-nitrophenyl .beta.-glucoside, cellobiose and p-nitrophenyl
lactoside. Its activity toward MUF cellobioside is inhibited by
cellobiose with inhibition constant of 0.4 mM. The Michaelis
constant toward MUF cellobioside was 0.14 mM, toward MUF lactoside
was 4 mM and toward CMC was 3.6 WI. The pH optimum is from 4.5 to
7.50% of maximum activity toward CMC and 80% activity toward
RBB-CMC is kept at pH 8. 70-80% activity within pH 5-8 is kept
during 25 hours of incubation. The temperature optimum is
60-70.degree. C. CBH1 is a member of the cellobiohydrolase family
7. The corresponding CBH promoter, which is a preferred embodiment
of the invention, is indicated in SEQ ID No. 1.
Xyl1
[0119] From the amino acid sequences of Xyl1 we conclude that also
here a CBD is present, in this protein at the N-terminal side (i.e.
directly attached to or at less than 5 amino acids distance from
the signal sequence). In the literature only few more xylanases
with a CBD are known (Fusarium oxysporum, Humicola grisea and
Neocallimastix patriciarum). The estimated size of the Xyl1 protein
is 43 kD and several peptides isolated from a 30 kD xylanase
originate from this protein (SEQ ID No. 3, 4). Several isolated
peptides could not be found in the encoded sequence. This could
indicate that alternative xylanase proteins are present in UV18-25.
In previous analyses, no evidence was found for the presence of CBD
in this 30 kD protein. Also from these results we hypothesized that
the CBD of the protein is cleaved off by proteolysis. This
hypothesis will be analysed further (by determination of
activities, N-terminal sequences and sizes of the different
proteins in the different C1 strains: C1 wild type, NG7C, UV13-6,
UV 18-25 and protease mutants of UV18-25). Also the effect of the
presence or absence of the CBD on enzymatic activities is analysed
in more detail. Overexpression of the full length genes in various
C1 hosts may be considered.
[0120] The presence of a cellulose-binding domain (CBD) is a
particular feature of this enzyme. The only other known family 10
glycolytic enzyme (xylanase) having an N-terminal CBD is the
Fusarium oxysporum XylF. The CBD of the Chtysosporium lucknowense
Xyl1 protein has the sequence: WGQCG GQGWT GPTTC VSGAV CQFVN DWYSQ
CV (amino acids 22-53 of SEQ ID No. 4). This sequence does not
comply to the CBD consensus sequence described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,763,254 (Novo). This consensus sequence of U.S. Pat. No.
5,763,254 is: W/Y-G/A-Q-C-G G-Q/I/N-GN-W/F/Y-S/T/N/Q
G-P/A/C-T/R/K-T/CN-C X-X-G/P-S/T/F/L/A/--T/K
C-V/T/R/E/K-K/Q/A-Q/1-N Q/D/A-W/F/Y-Y-Y/S/H/A-Q C-L/I/QN/T, wherein
W/Y means either W or Y etc., X means any amino acid, and - means
absent. Four differences with the most degenerate consensus
sequence are present in Xyl1, which are underlined in sequence 7
above. The invention thus pertains to xylanases having an
N-terminal CBD different from this consensus CBD and other than the
Fusarium oxysporum xylanase. More particularly the xylanase of the
invention has a CBD having at least 55%, especially at least 65%,
preferably at least 75% sequence identity with the sequence 7
above. Preferably the CBD contains one of the amino acids Phe, Tyr
and Trp at position 23, or at least one of the four amino acids Val
at position 20, Gln at position 22, Phe at position 23, and Val at
position 24. Preferred sequences comprise Cys-Xaa-Phe, Xaa-Phe-Val,
Cys-Xaa-Phe-Val, Cys-Gln-Phe, Val-Cys-Xaa-Phe, Gln-Phe-Val,
Gln-Trp-Val, Gln-Tyr-Val, Val-Cys-Gln, Val-Cys-Gln-Phe, and
Val-Cys-Xaa-Phe-Val, wherein Xaa is any amino acid or preferably
Val, Thr, Arg, Glu, Gln or Lys, or most preferably Gln or Glu.
[0121] The xylanase does not possess MUF cellobiase activity and is
thus a true xylanase. It possesses high activity within a broad pH
range from 5-8 maintaining 65% of maximum activity at pH 9-10; it
is a member of the xylanase F family. The corresponding xylanase
promoter, which is a preferred embodiment of the invention, is
shown in SEQ ID No. 3. The Michaelis constant towards birch xylan
is 4.2 g/l for the 30 kD xylanase. Temperature optimum was high and
equal to 70.degree. C. for the xylanase.
Gpd1
[0122] The DNA sequence of the C-terminal part of the gpd1 gene is
not determined. The promoter sequences of this gene is a preferred
embodiment of the present invention and is depicted in SEQ ID No.
5.
[0123] The expression level of four Chrysosporium genes was studied
by Northern analysis. Various strains of C. lucknowense were grown
in rich medium containing pharmedia with cellulose and lactose
(medium 1) or rich medium containing pharmedia and glucose (medium
2) at 33.degree. C. After 48 h, mycelium was harvested and RNA was
isolated. The RNA was hybridised with 4 different probes: EG5, EG6,
Xyl1 and CBH. After exposure, the Northern blots were stripped and
hybridised again with a probe for ribosomal L3 as a control for the
amount of mRNA on the blot. Most strains showed very high response
for CBH and high response for Xyl1 in medium 1; in medium 2, half
of the strain showed high response for all genes, and the other
half showed low response. The order of expression strength was
deducted from these data as CBH>Xy11>EG5>EG6.
[0124] The protein Xyl1 of C. lucknowense is 67% identical (72%
homologous) to its closest homologue in the Genbank DATABASE (Table
4). The strong homology of the CBH1 protein to its related Humicola
grisea homologue (74% identical/82% homologous) is noteworthy. It
is also noted that in all cases the closest homologues originate
from Fusarium, Humicola or other Pyrenomycetous (Sordariamycetous)
fungi (Table 4), whereas Chrysosporium belongs to the
Plectomycetous (Eurotiomycetous) fungi according to the NCBI
database (Table 4). Thus the invention also pertains to
glycanolytic enzymes, especially cellobiohydrolases and xylanases
comprising a CBD, derived from plectomycetous fungi.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 4 Structural and comparative data of CBH1,
Xyl1, and GPD1 of the invention. isolated number glycosidase from
of amino related sequences family C1 acids introns remarks (%
identity/% homology) CBH1 7 70 kD 526 1 CBD Humicola grisea (74/82)
55 kD (63 kD) (CBH1: P15828) Fusarium oxysporum (58/68) (CBH:
P46238) Neurospora crassa (60/69) (CBH1: P38676) XYL1 10 30 kD 333
3 CBD Fusarium oxysporum (67/72) (43 kD) (XylF: P46239) Penicillium
simplissicum (63/72) (XylF: P56588) Aspergillus aculeatus (61/70)
(XylF: O59859) GPD1 -- -- Incomplete 2+? -- Podospora anserina
(85/89) (GPD: P32637) Neurospora crassa 80/86) (GPD: U67457)
Cryphonectria parasitica 80/85) (GPD: P19089)
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0125] FIG. 1 is a pUT1064 map
[0126] FIG. 2 is a pUT1065 map
REFERENCES
The Contents Hereof are Incorporated
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TABLE-US-00007 [0145] SEQ ID No 1: DNA sequence and amino acid of
complete Chrysosporium CBH1 gene including promoter and terminator
sequences. Promoter sequence (1- 1779), terminator sequence
(3427-4451) and intron sequence (2179- 2256) are given in small
case. aaggtatccgatttggggaacgtcgatgaaagtattgcaaaagtgacgagagttgcgcaa
60 ctaactcgctgccgaagaagctgcggaagaaagagaacaccgaaagtggaataacgttac 120
ggatgtcctgacctcaaagttgaaaccagcccttcctgctctatttgggaaagcggcttg 180
cccttgaatgcgctgcactgtggcacgactaccagtgatcgggaggagcaaactaccctg 240
gtccgttccttggtggggcggcactaggcccaacttagggtgatcggaggtcgatgccgc 300
ggtcctcgttggtctgggctcttctcatttcccggtttgcaccccccgttgcacctgctg 360
atcgcccgccaacgccgatgaggttgcgcccagaccgacaatcaccgcggctgcattccc 420
aagtatattgaagatggcaccaggtacccggttttgcgtcccagtcgtttggtgccaaat 480
ttgggagtttttgagcctcaagatctggggaaatcgacctcaacttccatacaagttaaa 540
gtcgcacacacggcgagttccacgaagagacacatttttttctgaaggcctctctccccg 600
cacatcagaaaccaccaaataccaagactgcagaagccggggtaagtgggccaccgggac 660
tacactaaaatgcggggagaagcgagatccgttgcgaagggaagggatggggtgtgctgc 720
ggctttctccgctctcgtgcgccttttgcttgaatctagtgtacaccagggtaggctccg 780
aaggagtatctacggcagcgctgttcgtgctgcgttgagagtcagggcggagacgagcag 840
gcgacaggagcctcgcaccggcacttcggatcgcatttgcgcggagcgtcaaatacgctc 900
ttctgcggtcatcagagagcatcgtgaaccaaggttcttccgcagggcggcctgggcttc 960
gcagagtcgcactcggcggacgccttccgtgtcacccctgataacctggctgccgcgccc 1020
agactcctccaatgaggtgtgtggttgccctcgccgacccttcagcaaccttaatcgctt 1080
ccatcgcacggctccacgtcctcgaacgatgccctcagtccgtgcccggccgtggcaacc 1140
ataacgtgacatcgccgcccagcctactagccgctatcgaccggttaggcttgtcaccgc 1200
agcgcccattctccatcgggcctctactctgatccacctcacccaccgcaagcactagcg 1260
agcctcaccagagtgcaagcgacacgacccgcttggcccttcgtccttgactatctccca 1320
gacctcttgccatcttgccgacgccgcccccttttttttctcctccccctgccggcaggt 1380
cggtggccccagtcccgagatggcattgctccgttgtccatgacgacccatcattcgatg 1440
gctgactggcacactcgtcttgtttgagcatcgacggcccgcggcccgtctcccacggta 1500
cggaacctcgttgtacagtacctctcgtaatgatacccaacaccggggccgagcgctggg 1560
agggcggcgttcccgagaagccgggaaggcggctggccggctgacctttgtgacttggcg 1620
atggatgcggccatggagaatgtccgtccgaagcgacgcgacaattagcctggctaccat 1680
cgatataaattgggtgattcccagctcttgatgggcgtgtcttctgcctggcagccctcg 1740
tcttcagatcaagcaactgtgtgctgatcctcttccgccATGTACGCCAAGTTCGCGACC 1800 M
Y A K F A T
CTCGCCGCCCTTGTGGCTGGCGCCGCTGCTCAGAACGCCTGCACTCTGACCGCTGAGAAC 1860 L
A A L V A G A A A Q N A C T L T A E N
CACCCCTCGCTGACGTGGTCCAAGTGCACGTCTGGCGGCAGCTGCACCAGCGTCCAGGGT 1920 H
P S L T W S K C T S G G S C T S V Q G
TCCATCACCATCGACGCCAACTGGCGGTGGACTCACCGGACCGATAGCGCCACCAACTGC 1980 S
I T I D A N W R W T H R T D S A T N C
TACGAGGGCAACAAGTGGGATACTTCGTACTGCAGCGATGGTCCTTCTTGCGCCTCCAAG 2040 Y
E G N K W D T S Y C S D G P S C A S K
TGCTGCATCGACGGCGCTGACTACTCGAGCACCTATGGCATCACCACGAGCGGTAACTCC 2100 C
C I D G A D Y S S T Y G I T T S G N S
CTGAACCTCAAGTTCGTCACCAAGGGCCAGTACTCGACCAACATCGGCTCGCGTACCTAC 2160 L
N L K F V T K G Q Y S T N I G S R T Y
CTGATGGAGAGCGACACCAAGTACCAGAgtaagttcctctcgcacccggccgccgggaga 2220 L
M E S D T K Y Q M
tgatggcgcccagcccgctgacgcgaatgacacaGTGTTCCAGCTCCTCGGCAACGAGTT 2280 F
Q L L G N E F
CACCTTCGATGTCGACGTCTCCAACCTCGGCTGCGGCCTCAATGGCGCCCTCTACTTCGT 2340 T
F D V D V S N L G C G L N G A L Y F V
GTCCATGGATGCCGATGGTGGCATGTCCAAGTACTCGGGCAACAAGGCAGGTGCCAAGTA 2400 S
M D A D G G M S K Y S G N K A G A K Y
CGGTACCGGCTACTGTGATTCTCAGTGCCCCCGCGACCTCAAGTTCATCAACGGCGAGGC 2460 G
T G Y C D S Q C P R D L K F I N G E A
CAACGTAGAGAACTGGCAGAGCTCGACCAACGATGCCAACGCCGGCACGGGCAAGTACGG 2520 N
V E N W Q S S T N D A N A G T G K Y G
CAGCTGCTGCTCCGAGATGGACGTCTGGGAGGCCAACAACATGGCCGCCGCCTTCACTCC 2580 S
C C S E M D V W E A N N M A A A F T P
CCACCCTTGCACCGTGATCGGCCAGTCGCGCTGCGAGGGCGACTCGTGCGGCGGTACCTA 2640 H
P C W V I G Q S R C E G D S C G G T Y
CAGCACCGACCGCTATGCCGGCATCTGCGACCCCGACGGATGCGACTTCAACTCGTACCG 2700 S
T D R Y A G I C D P D G C D F N S Y R
CCAGGGCAACAAGACCTTCTACGGCAAGGGCATGACGGTCGACACGACCAAGAAGATCAC 2760 Q
G N K T F Y G K G M T V D T T K K I T
GGTCGTCACCCAGTTCCTCAAGAACTCGGCCGGCGAGCTCTCCGAGATCAAGCGGTTCTA 2820 V
V T Q F L K N S A G E L S E I K R F Y
CGTCCAGAACGGCAAGGTCATCCCCAACTCCGAGTCCACCATCCCGGGCGTCGAGGGCAA 2880 V
Q N G K V I P N S E S T I P G V E G N
CTCCATCACCCAGGACTGGTGCGACCGCCAGAAGGCCGCCTTCGGCGACGTGACCGACTT 2940 S
I T Q D W C D R Q K A A F G D V T D ?
NCAGGACAAGGGCGGCATGGTCCAGATGGGCAAGGCCCTCGCGGGGCCCATGGTCCTCGT 3000 Q
D K G G M V Q M G K A L A G P M V L V
CATGTCCATCTGGGACGACCACGCCGTCAACATGCTCTGGCTCGACTCCACCTGGCCCAT 3060 M
S I W D D H A V N M L W L D S T W P I
CGACGGCGCCGGCAAGCCGGGCGCCGAGCGCGGTGCCTGCCCCACCACCTCGGGCGTCCC 3120 D
G A G K P G A E R G A C P T T S G V P
CGCTGAGGTCGAGGCCGAGGCCCCCAACTCCAACGTCATCTTCTCCAACATCCGCTTCGG 3180 A
E V E A E A P N S N V I F S N I R F G
CCCCATCGGCTCCACCGTCTCCGGCCTGCCCGACGGCGGCAGCGGCAACCCCAACCCGCC 3240 P
I G S T V S G L P D G G S G N P N P P
CGTCAGCTCGTCCACCCCGGTCCCCTCCTCGTCCACCACATCCTCCGGTTCCTCCGGCCC 3300 V
S S S T P V P S S S T T S S G S S G P
GACTGGCGGCACGGGTGTCGCTAAGCACTATGAGCAATGCGGAGGAATCGGGTTCACTGG 3360 T
G G T G V A K H Y E Q C G G I G F T G
CCCTACCCAGTGCGAGAGCCCCTACACTTGCACCAAGCTGAATGACTGGTACTCGCAGTG 3420 P
T Q C E S P Y T C T K L N D W Y S Q C
CCTGTAAacgaacctctctgaaggaggttctgagacacgcgcgattcttctgtatatagt 3480 L
* tttatttttcactctggagtgcttcgctccaccagtacataaaccttttttttcacgtaa 3540
caaaatggcttcttttcagaccatgtgaaccatcttgatgccttgacctcttcagttctc 3600
actttaacgtagttcgcgttagtctgtatgtcccagttgcatgtagttgagataaatacc 3660
cctggaagtgggtctgggcctttgtgggacggagccctctttctgtggtctggagagccc 3720
gctctctaccgcctaccttcttaccacagtacactactcacacattgctgaactgaccca 3780
tcataccgtactttatcctgttaattcgtggtgctgtcgactattctatttgctcaaatg 3840
gagagcacattcatcggcgcagggatacacggtttatggaccccaagagtgtaaggacta 3900
ttattagtaatattatatgcctctaggcgccttaacttcaacaggcgagcactactaatc 3960
aacttttggtagacccaattacaaacgaccatacgtgccggaaattttgggattccgtcc 4020
gctctccccaaccaagctagaagaggcaacgaacagccaatcccggtgctaattaaatta 4080
tatggttcattttttttaaaaaaattttttcttcccattttcctctcgcttttctttttc 4140
gcatcgtagttgatcaaagtccaagtcaagcgagctatttgtgctatagctcggtggcta 4200
taatcagtacagcttagagaggctgtaaaggtatgataccacagcagtattcgcgctata 4260
agcggcactcctagactaattgttacggtctacagaagtaggtaataaaagcgttaattg 4320
ttctaaatactagaggcacttagagaagctatctaaatatatattgaccctagcttatta 4380
tccctattagtaagttagttagctctaacctatagatagccaaatgctataataggtacc 4440
agggttcaaaa 4451 SEQ ID No: 2: Amino acid of complete Chrysosporium
CBH1 protein. The putative signal peptide (1-19) is shown in italic
letters and the cellulose binding domain (496-526) is shown in bold
underlined letters. MYAKFATLAA LVAGAAAQNA CTLTAENHPS LTWSKCTSGG
SCTSVQGSIT 50 IDANWRWTHR TDSATNCYEG NKWDTSYCSD GPSCASKCCI
DGADYSSTYG 100 ITTSGNSLNL KFVTKGQYST NIGSRTYLME SDTKYQMFQL
LGNEFTFDVD 150 VSNLGCGLNG ALYFVSMDAD GGMSKYSGNK AGAKYGTGYC
DSQCPRDLKF 200 INGEANVENW QSSTNDANAG TGKYGSCCSE MDVWEANNMA
AAFTPHPC?V 250 IGQSRCEGDS CGGTYSTDRY AGICDPDGCD FNSYRQGNKT
FYGKGMTVDT 300 TKKITVVTQF LKNSAGELSE IKRFYVQNGK VIPNSESTIP
GVEGNSITQD 350 WCDRQKAAFG DVTD?QDKGG MVQMGKALAG PMVLVMSIWD
DHAVNMLWLD 400 STWPIDGAGK PGAERGACPT TSGVPAEVEA EAPNSNVIFS
NIRFGPIGST 450 VSGLPDGGSG NPNPPVSSST PVPSSSTTSS GSSGPTGGTG
VAKHYEQCGG 500 IGFTGPTQCE SPYTCTKLND WYSQCL * 526 SEQ ID No. 3 DNA
sequence sequence of complete Chrysosporium Xyl1 gene including
promoter and terminator sequences. Promoter sequence (1-969),
terminator sequence (2428-3030(3028)) and intron sequences (1043-
1116, 1181-1332(1331), 1596(1595)-1674(1672) are given in small
case. tcatcaacttggcgtttggatgtactaatattacacgtcgtttgcnnagcggagtctgtg
60 tcatctccgtggggtcgggtgctccagacgacgcttcgggccgatcctgaattcgggaag 120
gaaacggttcggctaatcaggtcctctaaaatataacgaagcactacagagggagttcct 180
cagaggacatcgtatcaaccgaagaacgaagcgccgaaaggactgatcaaaacaggagta 240
ggtagggatgtgtgagtacctaaactttccatacctgacataaaatcatcatggtgcttc 300
agacctgtttgatgaggcgagggcggaggccgcattgtattttcgttccttccttctttt 360
tgttagtatatctnagggttccatcgtaaaatggaatcttccagctctactagtaattag 420
aacaatagttctgatgtcgtgcgccaagctttttcagatgactgccaaaaacccatcatg 480
ggtatggacaaaagcagtaatcggagtcacaacgccgcattttccttcatgatttccgtc 540
aaccggagaggtcggaggaggactccggccacatgtgatgcgaagaagtacatggcgcca 600
tggttctaacctcttatagtctgaaaatgcgcggaggccagcgaagccaagcccgggaac 660
cgttcttgtcatggtttcagtattgtttcgctaaacattctatccgattcgcgataggtg 720
cggctgccaccgaaggttgtatccttaaagctttggtaagtacggagtacggaaatggaa 780
acgcgccgcagtcctggttccatcggtatcctccgcatgctccgccaaaaaaagaaaacc 840
cgggtatgtttacaaaggatataagagacaagatgcaccacccgcccccttcccatctgc 900
cggttgcccacgtcgccgtcgactgcttgtccgcttcctacctgcagcctctttcagaga 960
ccatcaaacATGCGTACTCTTACGTTCGTGCTGGCAGCCGCCCCGGTGGCTGTGCTTGCC 1020 M
R T L T F V L A A A P V A V L A
CAATCTCCTCTGTGGGGCCAGTgtatgtaattgccttactcggaaaatagtcaccactag 1080 Q
S P L W G Q C
agggacttaagctcactacttcctgtttcacaatagGCGGCGGTCAAGGCTGGACAGGTC 1140 G
G Q G W T G
CCACGACCTGCGTTTCtGGCGCAGTATGCCAATTCGTCAAgtcagtaactgcttttatt 1200 P
T T C V S G A V C Q F V N
tcttttctctctgggattacgatttcgttttgcacttagcttggttctgcatttcattgt 1260
tgtattgttctctttttgtgtgtgagaggttttattaccacctaaaggccatttgctaac 1320
aaatctccccagTGACTGGTACTCCCAATGCGTGCCCGGATCGAGCAACCCTCCTACGGG 1380 D
W Y S Q C V P G S S N P P T G
CACCACCAGCAGCACCACTGGAAGCACCCCGGCTCCTACTGGCGGCGGCGGCAGCGGAAC 1440 T
T S S T T G S T P A P T G G G G S G T
CGGCCTCCACGACAAATTCAAGGCCAAGGGCAAGCTCTACTTCGGAACCGAGATCGATCA 1500 G
L H D K F K A K G K L Y F G T E I D H
CTACCATCTCAACAACAATGCCTTGACCAACATTGTCAAGAAAGACTTTGGTCAAGTCAC 1560 Y
H L N N N A L T N I V K K D F G Q V T
TCACGAGAACAGCTTGAAGTGGGATGCTACTGAGCgtgagtgacctctcctccttctccc 1620 H
E N S L K W D A T E P
gacaataatagataattacgagccggttcgaggctgacattgcgcgattctagCGAGCC 1680 S
R GCAATCAATTCAACTTTGCCAACGCCGACGCGGTTGTCAACTTTGCCCAGGCCAACGGCA 1740
N Q F N F A N A D A V V N F A Q A N G K
AGCTCATCCGCGGCCACACCCTCCTCTGGCACTCTCAGCTGCCGCAGTGGGTGCAGAACA 1800 L
I R G H T L L W H S Q L P Q W V Q N I
TCAACGACCGCAACACCTTGACCCAGGTCATCGAGAACCACGTCACCACCCTTGTCACTC 1860 N
D R N T L T Q V I E N H V T T L V T R
GCTACAAGGGCAAGATCCTCCACTGGGACGTCGTTAACGAGATCTTTGCCGAGGACGGCT 1920 Y
K G K I L H W D V V N E I F A E D G S
CGCTCCGCGACAGCGTCTTCAGCCGCGTCCTCGGCGAGGACTTTGTCGGCATCGCCTTCC 1980 L
R D S V F S R V L G E D F V G I A F R
GCGCCGCCCGCGCCGCCGATCCCAACGCCAAGCTCTACATCAACGACTACAACCTCGACA 2040 A
A R A A D P N A K L Y I N D Y N L D I
TTGCCAACTACGCCAAGGTGACCCGGGGCATGGTCGAGAAGGTCAACAAGTGGATCGCCC 2100 A
N Y A K V T R G M V E K V N K W I A Q
AGGGCATCCCGATCGACGGCATCGGCACCCAGTGCCACCTGGCCGGGCCCGGCGGGTGGA 2160 G
I P I D G I G T Q C H L A G P G G W N
ACACGGCCGCCGGCGTCCCCGACGCCCTCAAGGCCCTCGCCGCGGCCAACGTCAAGGAGA 2220 T
A A G V P D A L K A L A A A N V K E I
TCGCCATCACCGAGCTCGACATCGCCGGCGCCTCCGCCAACGACTACCTCACCGTCATGA 2280 A
I T E L D I A G A S A N D Y L T V M N
ACGCCTGCCTCCAGGTCTCCAAGTGCGTCGGCATCACCGTCTGGGGCGTCTCTGACAAGG 2340 A
C L Q V S K C V G I T V W G V S D K D
ACAGCTGGAGGTCGAGCAGCAACCCGCTCCTCTTCGACAGCAACTACCAGCCAAAGGCGG 2400 S
W R S S S N P L L F D S N Y Q P K A A
CATACAATGCTCTGATTAATGCCTTGTAAgaggaggtatattatttttagaggcaatgaa 2460 Y
N A L I N A L *
gctaggaggaaagaggggaagtgaggtaattagctaggacaggcaaatctagcagcaatt 2520
ataagtcaacactatataaaatattcctataatggcttgtgcttcggtgtgcaaaaaaaa 2580
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaactcaaaaacaaaaatgatccaacatgatt 2640
cgaaatggcgaccttgcaaatgcacacctcagataataccactatacaatacaccttaaa 2700
tggcacctaaatccatttgtctgcggtcatagacggggcttaagaagcctgggatgcagg 2760
tgtcgatgcaagggttacgtcagtgtatgatatgagtatgaaccatgctgtctgggtaat 2820
tctccactttccctccccttacgactcttcgggtgtgcctctctagaaagtcgactcctg 2880
gcgcctcagatcgccctttggctctgttcggtacaatgacgtccgctggtttcttccaaa 2940
gaccaggtatttctcccgtggcaacaaagaataccaaatacctatatcgaaccgtagtct 3000
tctgataattagatgtctctcaaggcgcgg 3030 SEQ ID No. 4 Amino acid
sequence of complete Chrysosporium Xyl1 protein. The signal peptide
(1-20) is shown in italic letters and the cellulose binding domain
(22-53) is shown in bold underlined letters. 1 MRTLTFVLAA
APVAVLAQSP LWGQCGGQGW TGPTTCVSGA VCQFVNDWYS 51 QCVPGSSNPP
TGTTSSTTGS TPAPTGGGGS GTGLHDKFKA KGKLYFGTEI 101 DHYHLNNNAL
TNIVKKDFGQ VTENSLKWDA TEPSRNQFNF ANADAVVNFA 151 QANGKLIRGH
TLLWHSQLPQ WVQNINDRNT LTQVIENHVT TLVTRYKGKI 201 LHWDVVNEIF
AEDGSLRDSV FSRVLGEDFV GIAFRAARAA DPNAKLYIND 251 YNLDIANYAK
VTRGMVEKVN KWIAQGIPID GIGTQCHLAG PGGWNTAAGV 301 PDALKALAAA
NVKEIAITEL DIAGASANDY LTVMNACLQV SKCVGITVWG 351 VSDKDSWRSS
SNPLLFDSNY QPKAAYNALI NAL* SEQ ID No: 5 DNA sequence of partial
Chrysosporium GPD1 gene including promoter sequences. Promoter
sequence (1-1555) and intron sequence (1682- 1781) are given in
small case. The 3' end of the gene is lacking.
tgagcagcaatgagcagcaatgagcattcctgggccaccgagtctgagtgccagtacgga 60
gtatcgtacttcgtaccggggtttgatttggtgacggtgcttttcacctctcgatgcccg 120
aaatcgggtctaagctgagtttgatcaaatatgtgactccaacatcgcccccttcggcaa 180
accccgtcgacacgtgtgtcatccttccattgcaagcgatcactcgcagggcgtgacgat 240
gaacgagatttttgcccggaccgattcgcggatatagcggcagccgaccagccctaccac 300
actgatggccgtgtcactagtgtatgctcccagaaccgcaagcatacactgggcaatgct 360
tggtatgcagttgaggcagctttatgtttccatacccttccacttcggctcggggactcg 420
gcggggtcgcggaagtttgacggcagccgtcgggccttaggccgagattaccgtggttgt 480
ggcccagttttagccgttcccgtccgtttcctaccggaccatgattttcgtgaaccattg 540
caatcccgaagcgcatttccgacgttaaggagttacctccgctgcccagaattcatgatc 600
gtggccggctcaaggcagcgtggcggggcatccgtgtcaagctcccaggaggaggtgcgc 660
gatttcaaatccgggccaaaacaggccaagactggctggccaaaaaaaggagcgtagacg 720
gcccgggacatcggacgtcagctcgcagccacccaaaaccggtccgatctactcgcttac 780
tgtggtagttcaggtacttttgagtagtaaaaacgctacggcagggccggggggttcccc 840
ggtgacggaggtgcctctgcggtggcgaacatcccacgcactctcgagctacggtgacac 900
ctcgtgtcctgttggtcttgcaatgctggggcggcaggaaatgcgtcgcgctcctcccgg 960
ccaagacctaaaacagacagcgccgcaaagtcgctcactagcaccgcgaaacgaagatgc 1020
cccacctcaacgcaatctgtgatgcaagcaattgggaaggctcaccccacctcagcgagg 1080
ggctcaaccatttttattatcagctcatgccaccacaacatgactgttttctttccttgc 1140
tcatcccacatttgacaaaaatcgtcgattaatctctttccatacaggccgtccgcgctc 1200
tgataaccacataaaagtctcttcagtcaacagctcaaagctccctcatccctccaggta 1260
agcagccaaagagctcccccacggaccccgcactgcctcatcccgcctgtatcggacctg 1320
cgcgacccagcagagaatcccaaacctttgctgcttgctgcccggttccggactgagctg 1380
caacccaagcctttaaaaagcttttcccttctcccacggtgtcaactctgtcctatccct 1440
ccgacatccgttgagctcaacaactccccgaaccttttaccccgcgccgagctacccctc 1500
catcaaaccaccctgacagctcgctcactcacctccccacatcacagaaatcaaaATGAC 1560 M
T -- TATCAAGGTCGGCATCAACGGTTTCGGCCGTATCGGCCGTATCGTCTTCCGCAACTCCAT
1620 I K V G I N G F G R I G R I V F R N S I --
CGAGCACTCGGATGTCGAGATCGTTGCCGTCAACGACCCCTTCATTGAGCCCAAGTACGC 1680 E
H S D V E I V A V N D P F I E P K Y A --
Tgtaagtagttttttttttccttcctcgcgttctttcctgttccatcgacagtacgagat 1740
GatcttgcaggcggatcggagctaaccgcgattgtcgtacagGAGTACATGCTCAAGTAT 1800 E
Y M L K Y --
GACTCGACCCACGGTATCTTCAACGGCACCATCGCCGTCGAGGGCAACGACCTCATTGTC 1860 D
S T H G I F N G T I A V E G N D L I V --
AACGGCAAGAGGGTCAAGTTCTACACTGAGCGGGMCCCCGCCAACATTCCCTGGARGGAA 1920 N
G K R V K F Y T E R ? P A N I P W ? E --
ACTGGTGCCGAGTACATMRTCGAGTCGACCGGTGTGTTCACCAMCACCSAGAAGGCTAGC 1980 T
G A E Y I ? E S T G V F T ? T ? K A S --
GCCCACCTCAAGGGCGGCGCCAAGCGCGTCATCATCTCTGCTCCCTCGGCCGATGCCCCC 2040 A
H L K G G A K R V I I S A P S A D A P --
ATGTACGTCATGGGCGTCAACGAGAAGACCTACGACGGCAAGGCCCAGGTCATCTCTAAC 2100 M
Y V M G V N E K T Y D G K A Q V I S N --
GCCTCGTGCACCACCAACTGCCTGGCTCCCCTCGCCAAGGTCATCCACGACAAGTTCGGC 2160 A
S C T T N C L A P L A K V I H D K F G --
CTCGTTGAGGGTCTCATGACCACCGTCCACTCCTACACTGCCACCCAGAAGACCGTCGAT 2220 L
V E G L M T T V H S Y T A T Q K T V D --
GGTCCCTCTGCCAAGGACTGGCGTGGTGGCCGTGGTGCTGCTCAGAACATCATCCCCAGC 2280 G
P S A K D W R G G R G A A Q N I I P S --
AGCACTGGCGCCGCCAAGGCCGTCGGCAAGGTCATCCCTGAGCTCAACGGCAAGCTCACC 2340 S
T G A A K A V G K V I P E L N G K L T --
GGCATGTCCCTCCGTGTCCCCACCCCCAACGTTTCCGTTGTCGACCTCACCTGCCGCCTC 2400 G
M S L R V P T P N V S V V D L T C R L --
GAGAAGGAGGCTACCTACGACGACATCAAGGCCGCCATCAAGGAGGCCGCCGCCGGCCCC 2460 E
K E A T Y D D I K A A I K E A A A G P --
CTCAAGGgtgagttatctggttcctttttttttttttggagaacgacacatgctgataaa 2520 L
K G acccagGCATCCTCGACTACACTGAGG 2547 I L D Y T E SEQ ID No. 6 Amino
acid of partial Chrysosporium GPD1 protein (the C-terminus is
lacking in the sequence available). MTIKVGINGF GRIGRIVFRN
SIEHSDVEIV AVNDPFIEPK YAEYMLKYDS THGIFNGTIA VEGNDLIVNG KRVKFYTER?
PANIPW?ETG AEYI?ESTGV FT?T?KASAH LKGGAKRVII SAPSADAPMY VMGVNEKTYD
GKAQVISNAS CTTNCLAPLA KVIHDKFGLV EGLMTTVHSY TATQKTVDGP SAKDWRGGRG
AAQNIIPSST GAAKAVGKVI PELNGKLTGM SLRVPTPNVS VVDLTCRLEK EATYDDIKAA
IKEAAAGPLK GILDYTE
Sequence CWU 1
1
1214451DNAChrysosporium
lucknowenseCDS(1780)..(2188)CDS(2256)..(3424)modified_base(2941)a,
t, c, g, other or unknown 1aaggtatccg atttggggaa cgtcgatgaa
agtattgcaa aagtgacgag agttgcgcaa 60ctaactcgct gccgaagaag ctgcggaaga
aagagaacac cgaaagtgga ataacgttac 120ggatgtcctg acctcaaagt
tgaaaccagc ccttcctgct ctatttggga aagcggcttg 180cccttgaatg
cgctgcactg tggcacgact accagtgatc gggaggagca aactaccctg
240gtccgttcct tggtggggcg gcactaggcc caacttaggg tgatcggagg
tcgatgccgc 300ggtcctcgtt ggtctgggct cttctcattt cccggtttgc
accccccgtt gcacctgctg 360atcgcccgcc aacgccgatg aggttgcgcc
cagaccgaca atcaccgcgg ctgcattccc 420aagtatattg aagatggcac
caggtacccg gttttgcgtc ccagtcgttt ggtgccaaat 480ttgggagttt
ttgagcctca agatctgggg aaatcgacct caacttccat acaagttaaa
540gtcgcacaca cggcgagttc cacgaagaga cacatttttt tctgaaggcc
tctctccccg 600cacatcagaa accaccaaat accaagactg cagaagccgg
ggtaagtggg ccaccgggac 660tacactaaaa tgcggggaga agcgagatcc
gttgcgaagg gaagggatgg ggtgtgctgc 720ggctttctcc gctctcgtgc
gccttttgct tgaatctagt gtacaccagg gtaggctccg 780aaggagtatc
tacggcagcg ctgttcgtgc tgcgttgaga gtcagggcgg agacgagcag
840gcgacaggag cctcgcaccg gcacttcgga tcgcatttgc gcggagcgtc
aaatacgctc 900ttctgcggtc atcagagagc atcgtgaacc aaggttcttc
cgcagggcgg cctgggcttc 960gcagagtcgc actcggcgga cgccttccgt
gtcacccctg ataacctggc tgccgcgccc 1020agactcctcc aatgaggtgt
gtggttgccc tcgccgaccc ttcagcaacc ttaatcgctt 1080ccatcgcacg
gctccacgtc ctcgaacgat gccctcagtc cgtgcccggc cgtggcaacc
1140ataacgtgac atcgccgccc agcctactag ccgctatcga ccggttaggc
ttgtcaccgc 1200agcgcccatt ctccatcggg cctctactct gatccacctc
acccaccgca agcactagcg 1260agcctcacca gagtgcaagc gacacgaccc
gcttggccct tcgtccttga ctatctccca 1320gacctcttgc catcttgccg
acgccgcccc cttttttttc tcctccccct gccggcaggt 1380cggtggcccc
agtcccgaga tggcattgct ccgttgtcca tgacgaccca tcattcgatg
1440gctgactggc acactcgtct tgtttgagca tcgacggccc gcggcccgtc
tcccacggta 1500cggaacctcg ttgtacagta cctctcgtaa tgatacccaa
caccggggcc gagcgctggg 1560agggcggcgt tcccgagaag ccgggaaggc
ggctggccgg ctgacctttg tgacttggcg 1620atggatgcgg ccatggagaa
tgtccgtccg aagcgacgcg acaattagcc tggctaccat 1680cgatataaat
tgggtgattc ccagctcttg atgggcgtgt cttctgcctg gcagccctcg
1740tcttcagatc aagcaactgt gtgctgatcc tcttccgcc atg tac gcc aag ttc
1794 Met Tyr Ala Lys Phe 1 5gcg acc ctc gcc gcc ctt gtg gct ggc gcc
gct gct cag aac gcc tgc 1842Ala Thr Leu Ala Ala Leu Val Ala Gly Ala
Ala Ala Gln Asn Ala Cys 10 15 20act ctg acc gct gag aac cac ccc tcg
ctg acg tgg tcc aag tgc acg 1890Thr Leu Thr Ala Glu Asn His Pro Ser
Leu Thr Trp Ser Lys Cys Thr 25 30 35tct ggc ggc agc tgc acc agc gtc
cag ggt tcc atc acc atc gac gcc 1938Ser Gly Gly Ser Cys Thr Ser Val
Gln Gly Ser Ile Thr Ile Asp Ala 40 45 50aac tgg cgg tgg act cac cgg
acc gat agc gcc acc aac tgc tac gag 1986Asn Trp Arg Trp Thr His Arg
Thr Asp Ser Ala Thr Asn Cys Tyr Glu 55 60 65ggc aac aag tgg gat act
tcg tac tgc agc gat ggt cct tct tgc gcc 2034Gly Asn Lys Trp Asp Thr
Ser Tyr Cys Ser Asp Gly Pro Ser Cys Ala70 75 80 85tcc aag tgc tgc
atc gac ggc gct gac tac tcg agc acc tat ggc atc 2082Ser Lys Cys Cys
Ile Asp Gly Ala Asp Tyr Ser Ser Thr Tyr Gly Ile 90 95 100acc acg
agc ggt aac tcc ctg aac ctc aag ttc gtc acc aag ggc cag 2130Thr Thr
Ser Gly Asn Ser Leu Asn Leu Lys Phe Val Thr Lys Gly Gln 105 110
115tac tcg acc aac atc ggc tcg cgt acc tac ctg atg gag agc gac acc
2178Tyr Ser Thr Asn Ile Gly Ser Arg Thr Tyr Leu Met Glu Ser Asp Thr
120 125 130aag tac cag a gtaagttcct ctcgcacccg gccgccggga
gatgatggcg 2228Lys Tyr Gln 135cccagcccgc tgacgcgaat gacacag tg ttc
cag ctc ctc ggc aac gag ttc 2281 Met Phe Gln Leu Leu Gly Asn Glu
Phe 140 145acc ttc gat gtc gac gtc tcc aac ctc ggc tgc ggc ctc aat
ggc gcc 2329Thr Phe Asp Val Asp Val Ser Asn Leu Gly Cys Gly Leu Asn
Gly Ala 150 155 160ctc tac ttc gtg tcc atg gat gcc gat ggt ggc atg
tcc aag tac tcg 2377Leu Tyr Phe Val Ser Met Asp Ala Asp Gly Gly Met
Ser Lys Tyr Ser 165 170 175ggc aac aag gca ggt gcc aag tac ggt acc
ggc tac tgt gat tct cag 2425Gly Asn Lys Ala Gly Ala Lys Tyr Gly Thr
Gly Tyr Cys Asp Ser Gln 180 185 190tgc ccc cgc gac ctc aag ttc atc
aac ggc gag gcc aac gta gag aac 2473Cys Pro Arg Asp Leu Lys Phe Ile
Asn Gly Glu Ala Asn Val Glu Asn 195 200 205tgg cag agc tcg acc aac
gat gcc aac gcc ggc acg ggc aag tac ggc 2521Trp Gln Ser Ser Thr Asn
Asp Ala Asn Ala Gly Thr Gly Lys Tyr Gly210 215 220 225agc tgc tgc
tcc gag atg gac gtc tgg gag gcc aac aac atg gcc gcc 2569Ser Cys Cys
Ser Glu Met Asp Val Trp Glu Ala Asn Asn Met Ala Ala 230 235 240gcc
ttc act ccc cac cct tgc acc gtg atc ggc cag tcg cgc tgc gag 2617Ala
Phe Thr Pro His Pro Cys Thr Val Ile Gly Gln Ser Arg Cys Glu 245 250
255ggc gac tcg tgc ggc ggt acc tac agc acc gac cgc tat gcc ggc atc
2665Gly Asp Ser Cys Gly Gly Thr Tyr Ser Thr Asp Arg Tyr Ala Gly Ile
260 265 270tgc gac ccc gac gga tgc gac ttc aac tcg tac cgc cag ggc
aac aag 2713Cys Asp Pro Asp Gly Cys Asp Phe Asn Ser Tyr Arg Gln Gly
Asn Lys 275 280 285acc ttc tac ggc aag ggc atg acg gtc gac acg acc
aag aag atc acg 2761Thr Phe Tyr Gly Lys Gly Met Thr Val Asp Thr Thr
Lys Lys Ile Thr290 295 300 305gtc gtc acc cag ttc ctc aag aac tcg
gcc ggc gag ctc tcc gag atc 2809Val Val Thr Gln Phe Leu Lys Asn Ser
Ala Gly Glu Leu Ser Glu Ile 310 315 320aag cgg ttc tac gtc cag aac
ggc aag gtc atc ccc aac tcc gag tcc 2857Lys Arg Phe Tyr Val Gln Asn
Gly Lys Val Ile Pro Asn Ser Glu Ser 325 330 335acc atc ccg ggc gtc
gag ggc aac tcc atc acc cag gac tgg tgc gac 2905Thr Ile Pro Gly Val
Glu Gly Asn Ser Ile Thr Gln Asp Trp Cys Asp 340 345 350cgc cag aag
gcc gcc ttc ggc gac gtg acc gac ttn cag gac aag ggc 2953Arg Gln Lys
Ala Ala Phe Gly Asp Val Thr Asp Xaa Gln Asp Lys Gly 355 360 365ggc
atg gtc cag atg ggc aag gcc ctc gcg ggg ccc atg gtc ctc gtc 3001Gly
Met Val Gln Met Gly Lys Ala Leu Ala Gly Pro Met Val Leu Val370 375
380 385atg tcc atc tgg gac gac cac gcc gtc aac atg ctc tgg ctc gac
tcc 3049Met Ser Ile Trp Asp Asp His Ala Val Asn Met Leu Trp Leu Asp
Ser 390 395 400acc tgg ccc atc gac ggc gcc ggc aag ccg ggc gcc gag
cgc ggt gcc 3097Thr Trp Pro Ile Asp Gly Ala Gly Lys Pro Gly Ala Glu
Arg Gly Ala 405 410 415tgc ccc acc acc tcg ggc gtc ccc gct gag gtc
gag gcc gag gcc ccc 3145Cys Pro Thr Thr Ser Gly Val Pro Ala Glu Val
Glu Ala Glu Ala Pro 420 425 430aac tcc aac gtc atc ttc tcc aac atc
cgc ttc ggc ccc atc ggc tcc 3193Asn Ser Asn Val Ile Phe Ser Asn Ile
Arg Phe Gly Pro Ile Gly Ser 435 440 445acc gtc tcc ggc ctg ccc gac
ggc ggc agc ggc aac ccc aac ccg ccc 3241Thr Val Ser Gly Leu Pro Asp
Gly Gly Ser Gly Asn Pro Asn Pro Pro450 455 460 465gtc agc tcg tcc
acc ccg gtc ccc tcc tcg tcc acc aca tcc tcc ggt 3289Val Ser Ser Ser
Thr Pro Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Thr Thr Ser Ser Gly 470 475 480tcc tcc
ggc ccg act ggc ggc acg ggt gtc gct aag cac tat gag caa 3337Ser Ser
Gly Pro Thr Gly Gly Thr Gly Val Ala Lys His Tyr Glu Gln 485 490
495tgc gga gga atc ggg ttc act ggc cct acc cag tgc gag agc ccc tac
3385Cys Gly Gly Ile Gly Phe Thr Gly Pro Thr Gln Cys Glu Ser Pro Tyr
500 505 510act tgc acc aag ctg aat gac tgg tac tcg cag tgc ctg
taaacgaacc 3434Thr Cys Thr Lys Leu Asn Asp Trp Tyr Ser Gln Cys Leu
515 520 525tctctgaagg aggttctgag acacgcgcga ttcttctgta tatagtttta
tttttcactc 3494tggagtgctt cgctccacca gtacataaac cttttttttc
acgtaacaaa atggcttctt 3554ttcagaccat gtgaaccatc ttgatgcctt
gacctcttca gttctcactt taacgtagtt 3614cgcgttagtc tgtatgtccc
agttgcatgt agttgagata aatacccctg gaagtgggtc 3674tgggcctttg
tgggacggag ccctctttct gtggtctgga gagcccgctc tctaccgcct
3734accttcttac cacagtacac tactcacaca ttgctgaact gacccatcat
accgtacttt 3794atcctgttaa ttcgtggtgc tgtcgactat tctatttgct
caaatggaga gcacattcat 3854cggcgcaggg atacacggtt tatggacccc
aagagtgtaa ggactattat tagtaatatt 3914atatgcctct aggcgcctta
acttcaacag gcgagcacta ctaatcaact tttggtagac 3974ccaattacaa
acgaccatac gtgccggaaa ttttgggatt ccgtccgctc tccccaacca
4034agctagaaga ggcaacgaac agccaatccc ggtgctaatt aaattatatg
gttcattttt 4094tttaaaaaaa ttttttcttc ccattttcct ctcgcttttc
tttttcgcat cgtagttgat 4154caaagtccaa gtcaagcgag ctatttgtgc
tatagctcgg tggctataat cagtacagct 4214tagagaggct gtaaaggtat
gataccacag cagtattcgc gctataagcg gcactcctag 4274actaattgtt
acggtctaca gaagtaggta ataaaagcgt taattgttct aaatactaga
4334ggcacttaga gaagctatct aaatatatat tgaccctagc ttattatccc
tattagtaag 4394ttagttagct ctaacctata gatagccaaa tgctataata
ggtaccaggg ttcaaaa 44512526PRTChrysosporium
lucknowenseMOD_RES(365)Any amino acid 2Met Tyr Ala Lys Phe Ala Thr
Leu Ala Ala Leu Val Ala Gly Ala Ala1 5 10 15Ala Gln Asn Ala Cys Thr
Leu Thr Ala Glu Asn His Pro Ser Leu Thr 20 25 30Trp Ser Lys Cys Thr
Ser Gly Gly Ser Cys Thr Ser Val Gln Gly Ser 35 40 45Ile Thr Ile Asp
Ala Asn Trp Arg Trp Thr His Arg Thr Asp Ser Ala 50 55 60Thr Asn Cys
Tyr Glu Gly Asn Lys Trp Asp Thr Ser Tyr Cys Ser Asp65 70 75 80Gly
Pro Ser Cys Ala Ser Lys Cys Cys Ile Asp Gly Ala Asp Tyr Ser 85 90
95Ser Thr Tyr Gly Ile Thr Thr Ser Gly Asn Ser Leu Asn Leu Lys Phe
100 105 110Val Thr Lys Gly Gln Tyr Ser Thr Asn Ile Gly Ser Arg Thr
Tyr Leu 115 120 125Met Glu Ser Asp Thr Lys Tyr Gln Met Phe Gln Leu
Leu Gly Asn Glu 130 135 140Phe Thr Phe Asp Val Asp Val Ser Asn Leu
Gly Cys Gly Leu Asn Gly145 150 155 160Ala Leu Tyr Phe Val Ser Met
Asp Ala Asp Gly Gly Met Ser Lys Tyr 165 170 175Ser Gly Asn Lys Ala
Gly Ala Lys Tyr Gly Thr Gly Tyr Cys Asp Ser 180 185 190Gln Cys Pro
Arg Asp Leu Lys Phe Ile Asn Gly Glu Ala Asn Val Glu 195 200 205Asn
Trp Gln Ser Ser Thr Asn Asp Ala Asn Ala Gly Thr Gly Lys Tyr 210 215
220Gly Ser Cys Cys Ser Glu Met Asp Val Trp Glu Ala Asn Asn Met
Ala225 230 235 240Ala Ala Phe Thr Pro His Pro Cys Thr Val Ile Gly
Gln Ser Arg Cys 245 250 255Glu Gly Asp Ser Cys Gly Gly Thr Tyr Ser
Thr Asp Arg Tyr Ala Gly 260 265 270Ile Cys Asp Pro Asp Gly Cys Asp
Phe Asn Ser Tyr Arg Gln Gly Asn 275 280 285Lys Thr Phe Tyr Gly Lys
Gly Met Thr Val Asp Thr Thr Lys Lys Ile 290 295 300Thr Val Val Thr
Gln Phe Leu Lys Asn Ser Ala Gly Glu Leu Ser Glu305 310 315 320Ile
Lys Arg Phe Tyr Val Gln Asn Gly Lys Val Ile Pro Asn Ser Glu 325 330
335Ser Thr Ile Pro Gly Val Glu Gly Asn Ser Ile Thr Gln Asp Trp Cys
340 345 350Asp Arg Gln Lys Ala Ala Phe Gly Asp Val Thr Asp Xaa Gln
Asp Lys 355 360 365Gly Gly Met Val Gln Met Gly Lys Ala Leu Ala Gly
Pro Met Val Leu 370 375 380Val Met Ser Ile Trp Asp Asp His Ala Val
Asn Met Leu Trp Leu Asp385 390 395 400Ser Thr Trp Pro Ile Asp Gly
Ala Gly Lys Pro Gly Ala Glu Arg Gly 405 410 415Ala Cys Pro Thr Thr
Ser Gly Val Pro Ala Glu Val Glu Ala Glu Ala 420 425 430Pro Asn Ser
Asn Val Ile Phe Ser Asn Ile Arg Phe Gly Pro Ile Gly 435 440 445Ser
Thr Val Ser Gly Leu Pro Asp Gly Gly Ser Gly Asn Pro Asn Pro 450 455
460Pro Val Ser Ser Ser Thr Pro Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Thr Thr Ser
Ser465 470 475 480Gly Ser Ser Gly Pro Thr Gly Gly Thr Gly Val Ala
Lys His Tyr Glu 485 490 495Gln Cys Gly Gly Ile Gly Phe Thr Gly Pro
Thr Gln Cys Glu Ser Pro 500 505 510Tyr Thr Cys Thr Lys Leu Asn Asp
Trp Tyr Ser Gln Cys Leu 515 520 52533028DNAChrysosporium
lucknowenseCDS(970)..(1042)CDS(1117)..(1180)CDS(1332)..(1594)CDS(1673)..(-
2424)modified_base(46)..(47)a, t, c, g, other or unknown
3tcatcaactt ggcgtttgga tgtactaata ttacacgtcg tttgcnnagc ggagtctgtg
60tcatctccgt ggggtcgggt gctccagacg acgcttcggg ccgatcctga attcgggaag
120gaaacggttc ggctaatcag gtcctctaaa atataacgaa gcactacaga
gggagttcct 180cagaggacat cgtatcaacc gaagaacgaa gcgccgaaag
gactgatcaa aacaggagta 240ggtagggatg tgtgagtacc taaactttcc
atacctgaca taaaatcatc atggtgcttc 300agacctgttt gatgaggcga
gggcggaggc cgcattgtat tttcgttcct tccttctttt 360tgttagtata
tctnagggtt ccatcgtaaa atggaatctt ccagctctac tagtaattag
420aacaatagtt ctgatgtcgt gcgccaagct ttttcagatg actgccaaaa
acccatcatg 480ggtatggaca aaagcagtaa tcggagtcac aacgccgcat
tttccttcat gatttccgtc 540aaccggagag gtcggaggag gactccggcc
acatgtgatg cgaagaagta catggcgcca 600tggttctaac ctcttatagt
ctgaaaatgc gcggaggcca gcgaagccaa gcccgggaac 660cgttcttgtc
atggtttcag tattgtttcg ctaaacattc tatccgattc gcgataggtg
720cggctgccac cgaaggttgt atccttaaag ctttggtaag tacggagtac
ggaaatggaa 780acgcgccgca gtcctggttc catcggtatc ctccgcatgc
tccgccaaaa aaagaaaacc 840cgggtatgtt tacaaaggat ataagagaca
agatgcacca cccgccccct tcccatctgc 900cggttgccca cgtcgccgtc
gactgcttgt ccgcttccta cctgcagcct ctttcagaga 960ccatcaaac atg cgt
act ctt acg ttc gtg ctg gca gcc gcc ccg gtg gct 1011 Met Arg Thr
Leu Thr Phe Val Leu Ala Ala Ala Pro Val Ala 1 5 10gtg ctt gcc caa
tct cct ctg tgg ggc cag t gtatgtaatt gccttactcg 1062Val Leu Ala Gln
Ser Pro Leu Trp Gly Gln15 20gaaaatagtc accactagag ggacttaagc
tcactacttc ctgtttcaca atag gc 1118 Cys 25ggc ggt caa ggc tgg aca
ggt ccc acg acc tgc gtt tct ggc gca gta 1166Gly Gly Gln Gly Trp Thr
Gly Pro Thr Thr Cys Val Ser Gly Ala Val 30 35 40tgc caa ttc gtc aa
gtcagtaact gcttttattt cttttctctc tgggattacg 1220Cys Gln Phe Val Asn
45atttcgtttt gcacttagct tggttctgca tttcattgtt gtattgttct ctttttgtgt
1280gtgagaggtt ttattaccac ctaaaggcca tttgctaaca aatctcccca g t gac
1335 Asptgg tac tcc caa tgc gtg ccc gga tcg agc aac cct cct acg ggc
acc 1383Trp Tyr Ser Gln Cys Val Pro Gly Ser Ser Asn Pro Pro Thr Gly
Thr 50 55 60acc agc agc acc act gga agc acc ccg gct cct act ggc ggc
ggc ggc 1431Thr Ser Ser Thr Thr Gly Ser Thr Pro Ala Pro Thr Gly Gly
Gly Gly 65 70 75agc gga acc ggc ctc cac gac aaa ttc aag gcc aag ggc
aag ctc tac 1479Ser Gly Thr Gly Leu His Asp Lys Phe Lys Ala Lys Gly
Lys Leu Tyr80 85 90 95ttc gga acc gag atc gat cac tac cat ctc aac
aac aat gcc ttg acc 1527Phe Gly Thr Glu Ile Asp His Tyr His Leu Asn
Asn Asn Ala Leu Thr 100 105 110aac att gtc aag aaa gac ttt ggt caa
gtc act cac gag aac agc ttg 1575Asn Ile Val Lys Lys Asp Phe Gly Gln
Val Thr His Glu Asn Ser Leu 115 120 125aag tgg gat gct act gag c
gtgagtgacc tctcctcctt ctcccgacaa 1624Lys Trp Asp Ala Thr Glu
130taatagataa ttacgagccg gttcgaggct gacattgcgc gattctag cg agc cgc
1680 Pro Ser Arg 135aat caa ttc aac ttt gcc aac gcc gac gcg gtt gtc
aac ttt gcc cag 1728Asn Gln Phe Asn Phe Ala Asn Ala Asp Ala Val Val
Asn Phe Ala Gln 140 145 150gcc aac ggc aag ctc atc cgc ggc cac acc
ctc ctc tgg cac tct cag 1776Ala Asn Gly Lys Leu Ile Arg Gly His Thr
Leu Leu Trp His Ser Gln 155 160 165ctg ccg cag tgg gtg cag aac atc
aac gac cgc aac acc ttg acc cag 1824Leu Pro Gln Trp Val Gln Asn Ile
Asn Asp Arg Asn Thr Leu Thr Gln 170 175 180gtc atc gag aac cac gtc
acc acc ctt gtc act cgc tac aag ggc aag 1872Val Ile Glu Asn His
Val Thr Thr Leu Val Thr Arg Tyr Lys Gly Lys185 190 195 200atc ctc
cac tgg gac gtc gtt aac gag atc ttt gcc gag gac ggc tcg 1920Ile Leu
His Trp Asp Val Val Asn Glu Ile Phe Ala Glu Asp Gly Ser 205 210
215ctc cgc gac agc gtc ttc agc cgc gtc ctc ggc gag gac ttt gtc ggc
1968Leu Arg Asp Ser Val Phe Ser Arg Val Leu Gly Glu Asp Phe Val Gly
220 225 230atc gcc ttc cgc gcc gcc cgc gcc gcc gat ccc aac gcc aag
ctc tac 2016Ile Ala Phe Arg Ala Ala Arg Ala Ala Asp Pro Asn Ala Lys
Leu Tyr 235 240 245atc aac gac tac aac ctc gac att gcc aac tac gcc
aag gtg acc cgg 2064Ile Asn Asp Tyr Asn Leu Asp Ile Ala Asn Tyr Ala
Lys Val Thr Arg 250 255 260ggc atg gtc gag aag gtc aac aag tgg atc
gcc cag ggc atc ccg atc 2112Gly Met Val Glu Lys Val Asn Lys Trp Ile
Ala Gln Gly Ile Pro Ile265 270 275 280gac ggc atc ggc acc cag tgc
cac ctg gcc ggg ccc ggc ggg tgg aac 2160Asp Gly Ile Gly Thr Gln Cys
His Leu Ala Gly Pro Gly Gly Trp Asn 285 290 295acg gcc gcc ggc gtc
ccc gac gcc ctc aag gcc ctc gcc gcg gcc aac 2208Thr Ala Ala Gly Val
Pro Asp Ala Leu Lys Ala Leu Ala Ala Ala Asn 300 305 310gtc aag gag
atc gcc atc acc gag ctc gac atc gcc ggc gcc tcc gcc 2256Val Lys Glu
Ile Ala Ile Thr Glu Leu Asp Ile Ala Gly Ala Ser Ala 315 320 325aac
gac tac ctc acc gtc atg aac gcc tgc ctc cag gtc tcc aag tgc 2304Asn
Asp Tyr Leu Thr Val Met Asn Ala Cys Leu Gln Val Ser Lys Cys 330 335
340gtc ggc atc acc gtc tgg ggc gtc tct gac aag gac agc tgg agg tcg
2352Val Gly Ile Thr Val Trp Gly Val Ser Asp Lys Asp Ser Trp Arg
Ser345 350 355 360agc agc aac ccg ctc ctc ttc gac agc aac tac cag
cca aag gcg gca 2400Ser Ser Asn Pro Leu Leu Phe Asp Ser Asn Tyr Gln
Pro Lys Ala Ala 365 370 375tac aat gct ctg att aat gcc ttg
taagaggagg tatattattt ttagaggcaa 2454Tyr Asn Ala Leu Ile Asn Ala
Leu 380tgaagctagg aggaaagagg ggaagtgagg taattagcta ggacaggcaa
atctagcagc 2514aattataagt caacactata taaaatattc ctataatggc
ttgtgcttcg gtgtgcaaaa 2574aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa
aaaaactcaa aaacaaaaat gatccaacat 2634gattcgaaat ggcgaccttg
caaatgcaca cctcagataa taccactata caatacacct 2694taaatggcac
ctaaatccat ttgtctgcgg tcatagacgg ggcttaagaa gcctgggatg
2754caggtgtcga tgcaagggtt acgtcagtgt atgatatgag tatgaaccat
gctgtctggg 2814taattctcca ctttccctcc ccttacgact cttcgggtgt
gcctctctag aaagtcgact 2874cctggcgcct cagatcgccc tttggctctg
ttcggtacaa tgacgtccgc tggtttcttc 2934caaagaccag gtatttctcc
cgtggcaaca aagaatacca aatacctata tcgaaccgta 2994gtcttctgat
aattagatgt ctctcaaggc gcgg 30284384PRTChrysosporium lucknowense
4Met Arg Thr Leu Thr Phe Val Leu Ala Ala Ala Pro Val Ala Val Leu1 5
10 15Ala Gln Ser Pro Leu Trp Gly Gln Cys Gly Gly Gln Gly Trp Thr
Gly 20 25 30Pro Thr Thr Cys Val Ser Gly Ala Val Cys Gln Phe Val Asn
Asp Trp 35 40 45Tyr Ser Gln Cys Val Pro Gly Ser Ser Asn Pro Pro Thr
Gly Thr Thr 50 55 60Ser Ser Thr Thr Gly Ser Thr Pro Ala Pro Thr Gly
Gly Gly Gly Ser65 70 75 80Gly Thr Gly Leu His Asp Lys Phe Lys Ala
Lys Gly Lys Leu Tyr Phe 85 90 95Gly Thr Glu Ile Asp His Tyr His Leu
Asn Asn Asn Ala Leu Thr Asn 100 105 110Ile Val Lys Lys Asp Phe Gly
Gln Val Thr His Glu Asn Ser Leu Lys 115 120 125Trp Asp Ala Thr Glu
Pro Ser Arg Asn Gln Phe Asn Phe Ala Asn Ala 130 135 140Asp Ala Val
Val Asn Phe Ala Gln Ala Asn Gly Lys Leu Ile Arg Gly145 150 155
160His Thr Leu Leu Trp His Ser Gln Leu Pro Gln Trp Val Gln Asn Ile
165 170 175Asn Asp Arg Asn Thr Leu Thr Gln Val Ile Glu Asn His Val
Thr Thr 180 185 190Leu Val Thr Arg Tyr Lys Gly Lys Ile Leu His Trp
Asp Val Val Asn 195 200 205Glu Ile Phe Ala Glu Asp Gly Ser Leu Arg
Asp Ser Val Phe Ser Arg 210 215 220Val Leu Gly Glu Asp Phe Val Gly
Ile Ala Phe Arg Ala Ala Arg Ala225 230 235 240Ala Asp Pro Asn Ala
Lys Leu Tyr Ile Asn Asp Tyr Asn Leu Asp Ile 245 250 255Ala Asn Tyr
Ala Lys Val Thr Arg Gly Met Val Glu Lys Val Asn Lys 260 265 270Trp
Ile Ala Gln Gly Ile Pro Ile Asp Gly Ile Gly Thr Gln Cys His 275 280
285Leu Ala Gly Pro Gly Gly Trp Asn Thr Ala Ala Gly Val Pro Asp Ala
290 295 300Leu Lys Ala Leu Ala Ala Ala Asn Val Lys Glu Ile Ala Ile
Thr Glu305 310 315 320Leu Asp Ile Ala Gly Ala Ser Ala Asn Asp Tyr
Leu Thr Val Met Asn 325 330 335Ala Cys Leu Gln Val Ser Lys Cys Val
Gly Ile Thr Val Trp Gly Val 340 345 350Ser Asp Lys Asp Ser Trp Arg
Ser Ser Ser Asn Pro Leu Leu Phe Asp 355 360 365Ser Asn Tyr Gln Pro
Lys Ala Ala Tyr Asn Ala Leu Ile Asn Ala Leu 370 375
38052547DNAChrysosporium lucknowenseGPD1 gene 5tgagcagcaa
tgagcagcaa tgagcattcc tgggccaccg agtctgagtg ccagtacgga 60gtatcgtact
tcgtaccggg gtttgatttg gtgacggtgc ttttcacctc tcgatgcccg
120aaatcgggtc taagctgagt ttgatcaaat atgtgactcc aacatcgccc
ccttcggcaa 180accccgtcga cacgtgtgtc atccttccat tgcaagcgat
cactcgcagg gcgtgacgat 240gaacgagatt tttgcccgga ccgattcgcg
gatatagcgg cagccgacca gccctaccac 300actgatggcc gtgtcactag
tgtatgctcc cagaaccgca agcatacact gggcaatgct 360tggtatgcag
ttgaggcagc tttatgtttc catacccttc cacttcggct cggggactcg
420gcggggtcgc ggaagtttga cggcagccgt cgggccttag gccgagatta
ccgtggttgt 480ggcccagttt tagccgttcc cgtccgtttc ctaccggacc
atgattttcg tgaaccattg 540caatcccgaa gcgcatttcc gacgttaagg
agttacctcc gctgcccaga attcatgatc 600gtggccggct caaggcagcg
tggcggggca tccgtgtcaa gctcccagga ggaggtgcgc 660gatttcaaat
ccgggccaaa acaggccaag actggctggc caaaaaaagg agcgtagacg
720gcccgggaca tcggacgtca gctcgcagcc acccaaaacc ggtccgatct
actcgcttac 780tgtggtagtt caggtacttt tgagtagtaa aaacgctacg
gcagggccgg ggggttcccc 840ggtgacggag gtgcctctgc ggtggcgaac
atcccacgca ctctcgagct acggtgacac 900ctcgtgtcct gttggtcttg
caatgctggg gcggcaggaa atgcgtcgcg ctcctcccgg 960ccaagaccta
aaacagacag cgccgcaaag tcgctcacta gcaccgcgaa acgaagatgc
1020cccacctcaa cgcaatctgt gatgcaagca attgggaagg ctcaccccac
ctcagcgagg 1080ggctcaacca tttttattat cagctcatgc caccacaaca
tgactgtttt ctttccttgc 1140tcatcccaca tttgacaaaa atcgtcgatt
aatctctttc catacaggcc gtccgcgctc 1200tgataaccac ataaaagtct
cttcagtcaa cagctcaaag ctccctcatc cctccaggta 1260agcagccaaa
gagctccccc acggaccccg cactgcctca tcccgcctgt atcggacctg
1320cgcgacccag cagagaatcc caaacctttg ctgcttgctg cccggttccg
gactgagctg 1380caacccaagc ctttaaaaag cttttccctt ctcccacggt
gtcaactctg tcctatccct 1440ccgacatccg ttgagctcaa caactccccg
aaccttttac cccgcgccga gctacccctc 1500catcaaacca ccctgacagc
tcgctcactc acctccccac atcacagaaa tcaaa atg 1558 Met 1act atc aag
gtc ggc atc aac ggt ttc ggc cgt atc ggc cgt atc gtc 1606Thr Ile Lys
Val Gly Ile Asn Gly Phe Gly Arg Ile Gly Arg Ile Val 5 10 15ttc cgc
aac tcc atc gag cac tcg gat gtc gag atc gtt gcc gtc aac 1654Phe Arg
Asn Ser Ile Glu His Ser Asp Val Glu Ile Val Ala Val Asn 20 25 30gac
ccc ttc att gag ccc aag tac gct gtaagtagtt ttttttttcc 1701Asp Pro
Phe Ile Glu Pro Lys Tyr Ala 35 40ttcctcgcgt tctttcctgt tccatcgaca
gtacgagatg atcttgcagg cggatcggag 1761ctaaccgcga ttgtcgtaca g gag
tac atg ctc aag tat gac tcg acc cac 1812 Glu Tyr Met Leu Lys Tyr
Asp Ser Thr His 45 50ggt atc ttc aac ggc acc atc gcc gtc gag ggc
aac gac ctc att gtc 1860Gly Ile Phe Asn Gly Thr Ile Ala Val Glu Gly
Asn Asp Leu Ile Val 55 60 65aac ggc aag agg gtc aag ttc tac act gag
cgg gmc ccc gcc aac att 1908Asn Gly Lys Arg Val Lys Phe Tyr Thr Glu
Arg Xaa Pro Ala Asn Ile 70 75 80ccc tgg arg gaa act ggt gcc gag tac
atm rtc gag tcg acc ggt gtg 1956Pro Trp Xaa Glu Thr Gly Ala Glu Tyr
Ile Xaa Glu Ser Thr Gly Val85 90 95 100ttc acc amc acc sag aag gct
agc gcc cac ctc aag ggc ggc gcc aag 2004Phe Thr Xaa Thr Xaa Lys Ala
Ser Ala His Leu Lys Gly Gly Ala Lys 105 110 115cgc gtc atc atc tct
gct ccc tcg gcc gat gcc ccc atg tac gtc atg 2052Arg Val Ile Ile Ser
Ala Pro Ser Ala Asp Ala Pro Met Tyr Val Met 120 125 130ggc gtc aac
gag aag acc tac gac ggc aag gcc cag gtc atc tct aac 2100Gly Val Asn
Glu Lys Thr Tyr Asp Gly Lys Ala Gln Val Ile Ser Asn 135 140 145gcc
tcg tgc acc acc aac tgc ctg gct ccc ctc gcc aag gtc atc cac 2148Ala
Ser Cys Thr Thr Asn Cys Leu Ala Pro Leu Ala Lys Val Ile His 150 155
160gac aag ttc ggc ctc gtt gag ggt ctc atg acc acc gtc cac tcc tac
2196Asp Lys Phe Gly Leu Val Glu Gly Leu Met Thr Thr Val His Ser
Tyr165 170 175 180act gcc acc cag aag acc gtc gat ggt ccc tct gcc
aag gac tgg cgt 2244Thr Ala Thr Gln Lys Thr Val Asp Gly Pro Ser Ala
Lys Asp Trp Arg 185 190 195ggt ggc cgt ggt gct gct cag aac atc atc
ccc agc agc act ggc gcc 2292Gly Gly Arg Gly Ala Ala Gln Asn Ile Ile
Pro Ser Ser Thr Gly Ala 200 205 210gcc aag gcc gtc ggc aag gtc atc
cct gag ctc aac ggc aag ctc acc 2340Ala Lys Ala Val Gly Lys Val Ile
Pro Glu Leu Asn Gly Lys Leu Thr 215 220 225ggc atg tcc ctc cgt gtc
ccc acc ccc aac gtt tcc gtt gtc gac ctc 2388Gly Met Ser Leu Arg Val
Pro Thr Pro Asn Val Ser Val Val Asp Leu 230 235 240acc tgc cgc ctc
gag aag gag gct acc tac gac gac atc aag gcc gcc 2436Thr Cys Arg Leu
Glu Lys Glu Ala Thr Tyr Asp Asp Ile Lys Ala Ala245 250 255 260atc
aag gag gcc gcc gcc ggc ccc ctc aag g gtgagttatc tggttccttt 2487Ile
Lys Glu Ala Ala Ala Gly Pro Leu Lys 265 270tttttttttt ggagaacgac
acatgctgat aaaacccag gc atc ctc gac tac act 2543 Gly Ile Leu Asp
Tyr Thr 275gag g 2547Glu6277PRTChrysosporium
lucknowenseMOD_RES(80)Asp or Ala 6Met Thr Ile Lys Val Gly Ile Asn
Gly Phe Gly Arg Ile Gly Arg Ile1 5 10 15Val Phe Arg Asn Ser Ile Glu
His Ser Asp Val Glu Ile Val Ala Val 20 25 30Asn Asp Pro Phe Ile Glu
Pro Lys Tyr Ala Glu Tyr Met Leu Lys Tyr 35 40 45Asp Ser Thr His Gly
Ile Phe Asn Gly Thr Ile Ala Val Glu Gly Asn 50 55 60Asp Leu Ile Val
Asn Gly Lys Arg Val Lys Phe Tyr Thr Glu Arg Xaa65 70 75 80Pro Ala
Asn Ile Pro Trp Xaa Glu Thr Gly Ala Glu Tyr Ile Xaa Glu 85 90 95Ser
Thr Gly Val Phe Thr Xaa Thr Xaa Lys Ala Ser Ala His Leu Lys 100 105
110Gly Gly Ala Lys Arg Val Ile Ile Ser Ala Pro Ser Ala Asp Ala Pro
115 120 125Met Tyr Val Met Gly Val Asn Glu Lys Thr Tyr Asp Gly Lys
Ala Gln 130 135 140Val Ile Ser Asn Ala Ser Cys Thr Thr Asn Cys Leu
Ala Pro Leu Ala145 150 155 160Lys Val Ile His Asp Lys Phe Gly Leu
Val Glu Gly Leu Met Thr Thr 165 170 175Val His Ser Tyr Thr Ala Thr
Gln Lys Thr Val Asp Gly Pro Ser Ala 180 185 190Lys Asp Trp Arg Gly
Gly Arg Gly Ala Ala Gln Asn Ile Ile Pro Ser 195 200 205Ser Thr Gly
Ala Ala Lys Ala Val Gly Lys Val Ile Pro Glu Leu Asn 210 215 220Gly
Lys Leu Thr Gly Met Ser Leu Arg Val Pro Thr Pro Asn Val Ser225 230
235 240Val Val Asp Leu Thr Cys Arg Leu Glu Lys Glu Ala Thr Tyr Asp
Asp 245 250 255Ile Lys Ala Ala Ile Lys Glu Ala Ala Ala Gly Pro Leu
Lys Gly Ile 260 265 270Leu Asp Tyr Thr Glu 275732PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic consensus
sequence 7Xaa Xaa Gln Cys Gly Gly Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Gly Xaa Xaa Xaa
Cys Xaa1 5 10 15Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Asn Xaa Xaa Tyr Xaa
Gln Cys Xaa 20 25 3085PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic linker peptide 8Ser Gly Glu Arg Lys1
594PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide sequence 9Val Cys Gln Phe1105PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide
sequence 10Val Cys Xaa Phe Val1 5114PRTArtificialDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic consensus sequence 11Cys Xaa Phe
Val1124PRTArtificialDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic
consensus sequence 12Val Cys Xaa Phe1
* * * * *