U.S. patent application number 13/698817 was filed with the patent office on 2013-05-16 for heat transfer compositions.
This patent application is currently assigned to MEXICHEM AMANCO HOLDING SA DE CV. The applicant listed for this patent is Robert E. Low. Invention is credited to Robert E. Low.
Application Number | 20130119299 13/698817 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 44992144 |
Filed Date | 2013-05-16 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130119299 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Low; Robert E. |
May 16, 2013 |
HEAT TRANSFER COMPOSITIONS
Abstract
The invention provides a heat transfer composition comprising
(i) a first component selected from
trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(E)),
cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(Z)) and mixtures thereof;
(ii) carbon dioxide (R-744); and (iii) a third component selected
from difluoromethane (R-32) 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) and
mixtures thereof.
Inventors: |
Low; Robert E.; (Cheshire,
GB) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Low; Robert E. |
Cheshire |
|
GB |
|
|
Assignee: |
MEXICHEM AMANCO HOLDING SA DE
CV
TLALNEPANTLA ESTADO DE MIXICO
MX
|
Family ID: |
44992144 |
Appl. No.: |
13/698817 |
Filed: |
May 20, 2011 |
PCT Filed: |
May 20, 2011 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/GB11/00772 |
371 Date: |
January 30, 2013 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
252/68 ; 134/10;
165/104.19; 165/104.32; 210/767; 252/67; 29/402.01; 516/12; 516/8;
521/98; 60/643; 62/119 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C11D 7/5018 20130101;
C08J 2325/06 20130101; C09K 2205/12 20130101; C08J 9/146 20130101;
C08J 9/122 20130101; Y10T 29/49718 20150115; F01K 25/08 20130101;
C09K 5/045 20130101; F25B 30/02 20130101; C09K 5/041 20130101; C09K
5/044 20130101; Y02A 40/965 20180101; C02F 1/26 20130101; C08J
2207/04 20130101; C09K 3/30 20130101; B01D 11/0288 20130101; C09K
2205/122 20130101; Y02A 40/963 20180101; C09K 2205/126 20130101;
C09K 2205/106 20130101; F28D 5/00 20130101; C08J 9/127 20130101;
C08J 2375/00 20130101; B01F 17/0035 20130101; Y10T 29/49716
20150115; C08J 2203/142 20130101; C08J 2363/00 20130101; C08J
2203/06 20130101; F25B 45/00 20130101; F28D 15/02 20130101; F25B
13/00 20130101; C08J 2203/14 20130101; B01D 11/0492 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
252/68 ; 252/67;
516/12; 521/98; 516/8; 165/104.19; 165/104.32; 62/119; 60/643;
29/402.01; 134/10; 210/767 |
International
Class: |
C09K 5/04 20060101
C09K005/04; F25B 30/02 20060101 F25B030/02; F28D 5/00 20060101
F28D005/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
May 20, 2010 |
GB |
1008438.2 |
Jun 16, 2010 |
GB |
1010057.6 |
Dec 6, 2010 |
GB |
1020624.1 |
Feb 14, 2011 |
GB |
1102556.6 |
Claims
1. A heat transfer composition comprising: (i) a first component
selected from R-1234ze(E), R-1234ze(Z), or mixtures thereof; (ii) a
second component that is R 744; and (iii) a third component
selected from R-32, R-134a, or mixtures thereof.
2. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the first component
is R-1234ze(E) or a mixture of R-1234ze(E) and R-1234ze(Z).
3. A composition according to claim 1 comprising at least about 15%
by weight R-1234ze(E).
4. A composition according to claim 1 comprising up to about 35% by
weight R 744.
5. A composition according to claim 4 comprising from about 4 to
about 30% R-744 by weight.
6. A composition according to claim 1 comprising up to about 60% by
weight of the third component.
7. A composition according to claim 1 comprising from about 10 to
about 95% R-1234ze(E) by weight, from about 2 to about 30% by
weight R-744, and from about 3 to about 60% by weight of the third
component.
8. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition has a
critical temperature of greater than about 65.degree. C.
9. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the third component
is R-134a or a mixture of R-134a and R-32.
10. A composition according to claim 1 comprising from about 20 to
about 94% by weight R-1234ze(E), from about 2 to about 30% by
weight R-744 and from about 4 to about 50% by weight R-134a.
11. A composition according to claim 10 comprising from about 60 to
about 92% R-1234ze(E), from about 4 to about 30% by weight R-744
and from about 4 to about 10% by weight R-134a.
12. A composition according to claim 10 comprising from about 20 to
about 86% R-1234ze(E), from about 4 to about 30% by weight R-744
and from about 10 to about 50% by weight R-134a.
13. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the third component
is R-32 or a mixture of R-32 and R-134a.
14. A composition according to claim 13 comprising from about 60 to
about 91% by weight R-1234ze(E), from about 4 to about 30% by
weight R-744 and from about 5 to about 30% by weight R-32.
15. A composition according to claim 13 comprising from about 50 to
about 88% by weight R-1234ze(E), from about 4 to about 30% by
weight R-744 and from about 2 to about 20% by weight R-32.
16. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the third component
is a mixture of R-134a and R-32.
17. A composition according to claim 16 comprising from about 5 to
about 95% by weight R-1234ze(E), from about 4 to about 30% by
weight R-744, from about 2 to about 30% by weight R-32 and from
about 2 to about 50 by weight R-134a.
18. A composition according to claim 17 comprising from about 30 to
about 81% by weight R-1234ze(E), from about 10 to about 30% by
weight R-744, from about 5 to about 30% by weight R-32 and from
about 4 to about 10 by weight R-134a.
19. A composition according to claim 17 comprising from about 5 to
about 75% by weight R-1234ze(E), from about 10 to about 30% by
weight R-744, from about 5 to about 25% by weight R-32 and from
about 10 to about 50 by weight R-134a.
20. A composition according to claim 1 consisting essentially of
R-1234ze(E), R-744 and the third component.
21. A composition according to claim 1, further comprising
R-125.
22. A composition consisting essentially of from about 4 to about
34% by weight R-744 and from about 66 to about 96% by weight
R-1234ze(E).
23. A composition according to claim 22 consisting essentially of
from about 4 to about 30% by weight R-744 and from about 70 to
about 96% by weight R-1234ze(E).
24. A composition according to claim 23 consisting essentially of
from about 6 to about 30% by weight R-744 and from about 70 to
about 94% by weight R-1234ze(E).
25. A composition according to claim 22 wherein the composition has
a critical temperature of greater than about 70.degree. C.
26. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition has
a GWP of less than 1000.
27. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition has
a volumetric refrigeration capacity within about 15%, of an
existing refrigerant that the composition is intended to
replace.
28. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is
less flammable than R-32 alone or R-1234yf alone.
29. A composition according to claim 28 wherein the composition has
at least one of: (a) a higher flammable limit; (b) a higher
ignition energy; or (c) a lower flame velocity compared to R-32
alone or R-1234yf alone.
30. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition has
a fluorine ratio (F/(F+H)) of from about 0.42 to about 0.7.
31. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition is
non-flammable.
32. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition has
a cycle efficiency within about 5% of an existing refrigerant that
the composition is intended to replace.
33. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition has
a compressor discharge temperature within about 15K, of an existing
refrigerant that the composition is intended to replace.
34. A composition comprising a lubricant and the composition
according to claim 1.
35. A composition according to claim 34, wherein the lubricant is
selected from mineral oil, silicone oil, PABs, POEs, PAGs, PAG
esters, PVEs, poly (alpha-olefins) and combinations thereof.
36. A composition according to claim 34 further comprising a
stabilizer.
37. A composition according to claim 36, wherein the stabilizer is
selected from diene-based compounds, phosphates, phenol compounds
and epoxides, and mixtures thereof.
38. A composition comprising a flame retardant and the composition
according to claim 1.
39. A composition according to claim 38, wherein the flame
retardant is selected from the group consisting of
tri-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate, (chloropropyl)phosphate,
tri-(2,3-dibromopropyl)-phosphate,
tri-(1,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate, diammonium phosphate, various
halogenated aromatic compounds, antimony oxide, aluminium
trihydrate, polyvinyl chloride, a fluorinated iodocarbon, a
fluorinated bromocarbon, trifluoro iodomethane, perfluoroalkyl
amines, bromo-fluoroalkyl amines and mixtures thereof.
40. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition is a
refrigerant composition.
41. A heat transfer device containing the composition of claim
1.
42. (canceled)
43. A heat transfer device according to claim 41 wherein the heat
transfer device is a refrigeration device.
44. A heat transfer device according to claim 43 wherein the heat
transfer device is selected from group consisting of automotive air
conditioning systems, residential air conditioning systems,
commercial air conditioning systems, residential refrigerator
systems, residential freezer systems, commercial refrigerator
systems, commercial freezer systems, chiller air conditioning
systems, chiller refrigeration systems, and commercial or
residential heat pump systems.
45. A heat transfer device according to claim 43 wherein the heat
transfer device contains a compressor.
46. A blowing agent comprising the composition of claim 1.
47. A foamable composition comprising one or more components
capable of forming foam and the composition of claim 1, wherein the
one or more components capable of forming foam are selected from
polyurethanes, thermoplastic polymers and resins, and mixtures
thereof.
48. (canceled)
49. A foam comprising the composition of claim 1.
50. A sprayable composition comprising material to be sprayed and a
propellant comprising the composition of claim 1.
51. A method for cooling an article comprising condensing the
composition of claim 1 and thereafter evaporating the composition
in the vicinity of the article to be cooled.
52. A method for heating an article comprising condensing the
composition of claim 1 in the vicinity of the article to be heated
and thereafter evaporating the composition.
53. A method for extracting a substance from biomass comprising
contacting biomass with a solvent comprising the composition of
claim 1, and separating the substance from the solvent.
54. A method of cleaning an article comprising contacting the
article with a solvent comprising the composition of claim 1.
55. A method of extracting a material from an aqueous solution
comprising contacting the aqueous solution with a solvent
comprising the composition of claim 1, and separating the material
from the solvent.
56. A method for extracting a material from a particulate solid
matrix comprising contacting the particulate solid matrix with a
solvent comprising the composition of claim 1, and separating the
material from the solvent.
57. A mechanical power generation device containing the composition
of claim 1.
58. A mechanical power generating device according to claim 57
wherein the mechanical power generating device is adapted to use a
Rankine Cycle or modification thereof to generate work from
heat.
59. A method of retrofitting a heat transfer device comprising the
step of removing an existing heat transfer fluid, and introducing
the composition of claim 1.
60. A method of claim 59 wherein the heat transfer device is a
refrigeration device.
61. A method according to claim 60 wherein the heat transfer device
is an air conditioning system.
62. A method for reducing the environmental impact arising from the
operation of a product comprising an existing compound or
composition, the method comprising replacing at least partially the
existing compound or composition with the composition of claim
1.
63. A method for preparing the composition of claim 1, wherein the
composition comprises R-134a, the method comprising introducing
R-1234ze(E), R-744, and the third component into a heat transfer
device containing an existing heat transfer fluid which is
R-134a.
64. A method according to claim 63 further comprising removing at
least some of the existing R-134a from the heat transfer device
before introducing the R-1234ze(E), R-744, and the third
component.
65. A method for generating greenhouse gas emission credit
comprising (i) replacing an existing compound or composition with
the composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a lower GWP
than the existing compound or composition; and (ii) obtaining
greenhouse gas emission credit for said replacing step.
66. A method of claim 65 wherein the use of the composition results
in at least one of a lower Total Equivalent Warming Impact, or a
lower Life-Cycle Carbon Production than is attained by use of the
existing compound or composition.
67. A method of claim 65 carried out on a product from at least one
field of air-conditioning, refrigeration, heat transfer, blowing
agents, aerosols or sprayable propellants, gaseous dielectrics,
cryosurgery, veterinary procedures, dental procedures, fire
extinguishing, flame suppression, solvents, cleaners, air horns,
pellet guns, topical anesthetics, or expansion applications.
68. A method according to claim 62 wherein the product is selected
from a heat transfer device, a blowing agent, a foamable
composition, a sprayable composition, a solvent or a mechanical
power generation device.
69. A method according to claim 68 wherein the product is a heat
transfer device.
70. A method according to claim 65 wherein the existing compound or
composition is a heat transfer composition.
71. A method according to claim 70 wherein the heat transfer
composition is a refrigerant selected from R-134a, R-1234yf,
R-152a, R-404A, R-410A, R-507, R-407A, R-407B, R-407D, R-407E and
R-407F.
72. (canceled)
73. A composition according to claim 10 comprising from about 62 to
about 86% R-1234ze(E), from about 10 to about 28% by weight R-744
and from about 4 to about 10% by weight R-134a.
74. A composition according to claim 10 comprising from about 22 to
about 80% R-1234ze(E), from about 10 to about 28% by weight R-744
and from about 10 to about 50% by weight R-134a.
75. A composition according to claim 13 comprising from about 58 to
about 85% R-1234ze(E), from about 10 to about 28% by weight R-744
and from about 5 to about 30% by weight R-32.
Description
[0001] The invention relates to heat transfer compositions, and in
particular to heat transfer compositions which may be suitable as
replacements for existing refrigerants such as R-134a, R-152a,
R-1234yf, R-22, R-410A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R507 and
R-404a.
[0002] The listing or discussion of a prior-published document or
any background in the specification should not necessarily be taken
as an acknowledgement that a document or background is part of the
state of the art or is common general knowledge.
[0003] Mechanical refrigeration systems and related heat transfer
devices such as heat pumps and air-conditioning systems are well
known. In such systems, a refrigerant liquid evaporates at low
pressure taking heat from the surrounding zone. The resulting
vapour is then compressed and passed to a condenser where it
condenses and gives off heat to a second zone, the condensate being
returned through an expansion valve to the evaporator, so
completing the cycle. Mechanical energy required for compressing
the vapour and pumping the liquid is provided by, for example, an
electric motor or an internal combustion engine.
[0004] In addition to having a suitable boiling point and a high
latent heat of vaporisation, the properties preferred in a
refrigerant include low toxicity, non-flammability,
non-corrosivity, high stability and freedom from objectionable
odour. Other desirable properties are ready compressibility at
pressures below 25 bars, low discharge temperature on compression,
high refrigeration capacity, high efficiency (high coefficient of
performance) and an evaporator pressure in excess of 1 bar at the
desired evaporation temperature.
[0005] Dichlorodifluoromethane (refrigerant R-12) possesses a
suitable combination of properties and was for many years the most
widely used refrigerant. Due to international concern that fully
and partially halogenated chlorofluorocarbons were damaging the
earth's protective ozone layer, there was general agreement that
their manufacture and use should be severely restricted and
eventually phased out completely. The use of
dichlorodifluoromethane was phased out in the 1990's.
[0006] Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22) was introduced as a replacement
for R-12 because of its lower ozone depletion potential. Following
concerns that R-22 is a potent greenhouse gas, its use is also
being phased out.
[0007] Whilst heat transfer devices of the type to which the
present invention relates are essentially closed systems, loss of
refrigerant to the atmosphere can occur due to leakage during
operation of the equipment or during maintenance procedures. It is
important, therefore, to replace fully and partially halogenated
chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants by materials having zero ozone
depletion potentials.
[0008] In addition to the possibility of ozone depletion, it has
been suggested that significant concentrations of halocarbon
refrigerants in the atmosphere might contribute to global warming
(the so-called greenhouse effect). It is desirable, therefore, to
use refrigerants which have relatively short atmospheric lifetimes
as a result of their ability to react with other atmospheric
constituents such as hydroxyl radicals, or as a result of ready
degradation through photolytic processes.
[0009] R-410A and R-407 refrigerants (including R-407A, R-407B and
R-407C) have been introduced as a replacement refrigerant for R-22.
However, R-22, R-410A and the R-407 refrigerants all have a high
global warming potential (GWP, also known as greenhouse warming
potential).
[0010] 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (refrigerant R-134a) was
introduced as a replacement refrigerant for R-12. R-134a is an
energy efficient refrigerant, used currently for automotive air
conditioning. However it is a greenhouse gas with a GWP of 1430
relative to CO.sub.2 (GWP of CO.sub.2 is 1 by definition). The
proportion of the overall environmental impact of automotive air
conditioning systems using this gas, which may be attributed to the
direct emission of the refrigerant, is typically in the range
10-20%. Legislation has now been passed in the European Union to
rule out use of refrigerants having GWP of greater than 150 for new
models of car from 2011. The car industry operates global
technology platforms, and in any event emission of greenhouse gas
has global impact, thus there is a need to find fluids having
reduced environmental impact (e.g. reduced GWP) compared to
HFC-134a.
[0011] R-152a (1,1-difluoroethane) has been identified as an
alternative to R-134a. It is somewhat more efficient than R-134a
and has a greenhouse warming potential of 120. However the
flammability of R-152a is judged too high, for example to permit
its safe use in mobile air conditioning systems. In particular it
is believed that its lower flammable limit in air is too low, its
flame speeds are too high, and its ignition energy is too low.
[0012] Thus there is a need to provide alternative refrigerants
having improved properties such as low flammability. Fluorocarbon
combustion chemistry is complex and unpredictable. It is not always
the case that mixing a non-flammable fluorocarbon with a flammable
fluorocarbon reduces the flammability of the fluid or reduces the
range of flammable compositions in air. For example, the inventors
have found that if non-flammable R-134a is mixed with flammable
R-152a, the lower flammable limit of the mixture alters in a manner
which is not predictable. The situation is rendered even more
complex and less predictable if ternary or quaternary compositions
are considered.
[0013] There is also a need to provide alternative refrigerants
that may be used in existing devices such as refrigeration devices
with little or no modification.
[0014] R-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) has been identified as
a candidate alternative refrigerant to replace R-134a in certain
applications, notably the mobile air conditioning or heat pumping
applications. Its GWP is about 4. R-1234yf is flammable but its
flammability characteristics are generally regarded as acceptable
for some applications including mobile air conditioning or heat
pumping. In particular, when compared with R-152a, its lower
flammable limit is higher, its minimum ignition energy is higher
and the flame speed in air is significantly lower than that of
R-152a.
[0015] The environmental impact of operating an air conditioning or
refrigeration system, in terms of the emissions of greenhouse
gases, should be considered with reference not only to the
so-called "direct" GWP of the refrigerant, but also with reference
to the so-called "indirect" emissions, meaning those emissions of
carbon dioxide resulting from consumption of electricity or fuel to
operate the system. Several metrics of this total GWP impact have
been developed, including those known as Total Equivalent Warming
Impact (TEWI) analysis, or Life-Cycle Carbon Production (LCCP)
analysis. Both of these measures include estimation of the effect
of refrigerant GWP and energy efficiency on overall warming impact.
Emissions of carbon dioxide associated with manufacture of the
refrigerant and system equipment should also be considered.
[0016] The energy efficiency and refrigeration capacity of R-1234yf
have been found to be significantly lower than those of R-134a and
in addition the fluid has been found to exhibit increased pressure
drop in system pipework and heat exchangers. A consequence of this
is that to use R-1234yf and achieve energy efficiency and cooling
performance equivalent to R-134a, increased complexity of equipment
and increased size of pipework is required, leading to an increase
in indirect emissions associated with equipment. Furthermore, the
production of R-1234yf is thought to be more complex and less
efficient in its use of raw materials (fluorinated and chlorinated)
than R-134a. Current projections of long term pricing for R-1234yf
is in the range 10-20 times greater than R-134a. This price
differential and the need for extra expenditure on hardware will
limit the rate at which refrigerants are changed and hence limit
the rate at which the overall environmental impact of refrigeration
or air conditioning may be reduced. In summary, the adoption of
R-1234yf to replace R-134a will consume more raw materials and
result in more indirect emissions of greenhouse gases than does
R-134a.
[0017] Some existing technologies designed for R-134a may not be
able to accept even the reduced flammability of some heat transfer
compositions (any composition having a GWP of less than 150 is
believed to be flammable to some extent).
[0018] A principal object of the present invention is therefore to
provide a heat transfer composition which is usable in its own
right or suitable as a replacement for existing refrigeration
usages which should have a reduced GWP, yet have a capacity and
energy efficiency (which may be conveniently expressed as the
"Coefficient of Performance") ideally within 10% of the values, for
example of those attained using existing refrigerants (e.g. R-134a,
R-152a, R-1234yf, R-22, R-410A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R507 and
R-404a), and preferably within less than 10% (e.g. about 5%) of
these values. It is known in the art that differences of this order
between fluids are usually resolvable by redesign of equipment and
system operational features. The composition should also ideally
have reduced toxicity and acceptable flammability.
[0019] The subject invention addresses the above deficiencies by
the provision of a heat transfer composition comprising (i) a first
component selected from trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene
(R-1234ze(E)), cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(Z)) and
mixtures thereof; (ii) carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2 or R-744); and
(iii) a third component selected from difluoromethane (R-32),
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), and mixtures thereof.
[0020] All of the chemicals herein described are commercially
available. For example, the fluorochemicals may be obtained from
Apollo Scientific (UK).
[0021] Typically, the compositions of the invention contain
trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(E)). The majority of the
specific compositions described herein contain R-1234ze(E). It is
to be understood, of course, that some or all of the R-1234ze(E) in
such compositions can be replaced by R-1234ze(Z). The trans isomer
is currently preferred, however.
[0022] Typically, the composition of the invention contain at least
about 5% by weight R-1234ze(E), preferably at least about 15% by
weight. In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention
contain at least about 45% by weight R-1234ze(E), for example from
about 50 to about 98% by weight.
[0023] The preferred amounts and choice of components for the
invention are determined by a combination of properties: [0024] (a)
Flammability: non-flammable or weakly flammable compositions are
preferred. [0025] (b) Effective operating temperature of the
refrigerant in an air conditioning system evaporator. [0026] (c)
Temperature "glide" of the mixture and its effect on heat exchanger
performance. [0027] (d) Critical temperature of the composition.
This should be higher than the maximum expected condenser
temperature.
[0028] The effective operating temperature in an air conditioning
cycle, especially automotive air conditioning, is limited by the
need to avoid ice formation on the air-side surface of the
refrigerant evaporator. Typically air conditioning systems must
cool and dehumidify humid air; so liquid water will be formed on
the air-side surface. Most evaporators (without exception for the
automotive application) have finned surfaces with narrow fin
spacing. If the evaporator is too cold then ice can be formed
between the fins, restricting the flow of air over the surface and
reducing overall performance by reducing the working area of the
heat exchanger.
[0029] It is known for automotive air-conditioning applications
(Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by A D Althouse et al,
1988 edition, Chapter 27, which is incorporated herein by
reference) that refrigerant evaporation temperatures of -2.degree.
C. or higher are preferred to ensure that the problem of ice
formation is thereby avoided.
[0030] It is also known that non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures
exhibit temperature "glide" in evaporation or condensation. In
other words, as the refrigerant is progressively vaporised or
condensed at constant pressure, the temperature rises (in
evaporation) or drops (in condensation), with the total temperature
difference (inlet to outlet) being referred to as the temperature
glide. The effect of glide on evaporation and condensation
temperature must also be considered.
[0031] The critical temperature of a heat transfer composition
should be higher than the maximum expected condenser temperature.
This is because the cycle efficiency drops as critical temperature
is approached. As this happens, the latent heat of the refrigerant
is reduced and so more of the heat rejection in the condenser takes
place by cooling gaseous refrigerant; this requires more area per
unit heat transferred.
[0032] R-410A is commonly used in building and domestic heat pump
systems and by way of illustration its critical temperature of
about 71.degree. C. is higher than the highest normal condensing
temperature required to deliver useful warm air at about 50.degree.
C. The automotive duty requires air at about 50.degree. C. so the
critical temperature of the fluids of the invention should be
higher than this if a conventional vapour compression cycle is to
be utilised. Critical temperature is preferably at least 15K higher
than the maximum air temperature.
[0033] In one aspect, the compositions of the invention have a
critical temperature of greater than about 65.degree. C.,
preferably greater than about 70.degree. C.
[0034] The carbon dioxide content of the compositions of the
invention is limited primarily by considerations (b) and/or (c)
and/or (d) above. Conveniently, the compositions of the invention
typically contain up to about 35% by weight R-744, preferably up to
about 30% by weight.
[0035] In a preferred aspect, the compositions of the invention
contain from about 4 to about 30% R-744 by weight, preferably from
about 4 to about 28% by weight, or from about 8 to about 30% by
weight, or from about 10 to about 30% by weight.
[0036] The content of the third component, which may include
flammable refrigerants such as R-32, is selected so that even in
the absence of the carbon dioxide element of the composition, the
residual fluorocarbon mixture has a lower flammable limit in air at
ambient temperature (e.g. 23.degree. C.) (as determined in the
ASHRAE-34 12 litre flask test apparatus) which is greater than 5%
v/v, preferably greater than 6% v/v, most preferably such that the
mixture is non-flammable. The issue of flammability is discussed
further later in this specification.
[0037] Typically, the compositions of the invention contain up to
about 60% by weight of the third component. Preferably, the
compositions of the invention contain up to about 50% by weight of
the third component. Conveniently, the compositions of the
invention contain up to about 45% by weight of the third component.
In one aspect, the compositions of the invention contain from about
1 to about 40% by weight of the third component.
[0038] In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention
comprise from about 10 to about 95% R-1234ze(E) by weight, from
about 2 to about 30% by weight R-744, and from about 3 to about 60%
by weight of the third component.
[0039] As used herein, all % amounts mentioned in compositions
herein, including in the claims, are by weight based on the total
weight of the compositions, unless otherwise stated.
[0040] For the avoidance of doubt, it is to be understood that the
stated upper and lower values for ranges of amounts of components
in the compositions of the invention described herein may be
interchanged in any way, provided that the resulting ranges fall
within the broadest scope of the invention.
[0041] In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention consist
essentially of (or consist of) the first component (e.g.
R-1234ze(E)), R-744 and the third component.
[0042] By the term "consist essentially of", we mean that the
compositions of the invention contain substantially no other
components, particularly no further (hydro)(fluoro)compounds (e.g.
(hydro)(fluoro)alkanes or (hydro)(fluoro)alkenes) known to be used
in heat transfer compositions. We include the term "consist of"
within the meaning of "consist essentially of".
[0043] For the avoidance of doubt, any of the compositions of the
invention described herein, including those with specifically
defined compounds and amounts of compounds or components, may
consist essentially of (or consist of) the compounds or components
defined in those compositions.
[0044] The third component is selected from R-32, R-134a and
mixtures thereof.
[0045] In one aspect, the third component contains only one of the
listed components. For example, the third component may contain
only one of difluoromethane (R-32) or 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
(R-134a) Thus, the compositions of the invention may be ternary
blends of R-1234ze(E), R-744 and one of the listed third components
(e.g. R-32 or R-134a).
[0046] However, mixtures of R-32 and R-134a can be used as the
third component. R-134a typically is included to reduce the
flammability of the equivalent composition that does not contain
R-134a.
[0047] The invention contemplates compositions in which additional
compounds are included in the third component. Examples of such
compounds include 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf),
3,3,3-trifluoropropene (R1243zf), 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a),
fluoroethane (R-161), 1,1,1-trifluoropropane (R-263fb),
1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane (R-245eb), propylene (R-1270), propane
(R-290), n-butane (R-600), isobutane (R-600a), ammonia (R-717) and
mixtures thereof.
[0048] Preferably, the compositions of the invention which contain
R-134a are non-flammable at a test temperature of 60.degree. C.
using the ASHRAE-34 methodology. Advantageously, the mixtures of
vapour that exist in equilibrium with the compositions of the
invention at any temperature between about -20.degree. C. and
60.degree. C. are also non-flammable.
[0049] In one preferred embodiment, the third component comprises
R-134a. The third component may consist essentially of (or consist
of) R-134a.
[0050] Compositions of the invention which contain R-134a typically
contain it in an amount of from about 2 to about 50% by weight, for
example from about 5 to about 40% by weight.
[0051] Typical compositions of the invention containing R-134a
comprise from about 20 to about 93% by weight R-1234ze(E), from
about 2 to about 30% by weight R-744 and from about 5 to about 50%
by weight R-134a.
[0052] A relatively low GWP composition containing R-134a comprises
from about 60 to about 92% R-1234ze(E), from about 4 to about 30%
by weight R-744 and from about 4 to about 10% by weight R-134a. A
preferred such composition comprises from about 62 to about 86%
R-1234ze(E), from about 10 to about 28% by weight R-744 and from
about 4 to about 10% by weight R-134a.
[0053] A higher GWP composition containing R-134a comprises from
about 20 to about 86% R-1234ze(E), from about 4 to about 30% by
weight R-744 and from about 10 to about 50% by weight R-134a. A
preferred such composition comprises from about 22 to about 80%
R-1234ze(E), from about 10 to about 28% by weight R-744 and from
about 10 to about 50% by weight R-134a.
[0054] In one embodiment, the third component comprises R-32. The
third component may consist essentially of (or consist of)
R-32.
[0055] Compositions of the invention which contain R-32 typically
contain it in an amount of from about 2 to about 30% by weight,
conveniently in an amount of from about 2 to about 25% by weight,
for example from about 5 to about 20% by weight.
[0056] Typical compositions of the invention containing R-32
comprise from about 60 to about 91% by weight R-1234ze(E), from
about 4 to about 30% by weight R-744 and from about 5 to about 30%
by weight R-32.
[0057] A preferred composition comprises from about 58 to about 85%
R-1234ze(E), from about 10 to about 28% by weight R-744 and from
about 5 to about 30% by weight R-32.
[0058] Further advantageous compositions of the invention
containing R-32 comprise from about 50 to about 88% by weight
R-1234ze(E), from about 4 to about 30% by weight R-744 and from
about 2 to about 20% by weight R-32.
[0059] In one embodiment, the third component comprises R-32 and
R-134a. The third component may consist essentially of (or consist
of) R-32 and R-134a.
[0060] Compositions of the invention containing R-32 and R-134a
typically contain from about 5 to about 95% by weight R-1234ze(E),
from about 4 to about 30% by weight R-744, from about 2 to about
30% by weight R-32 and from about 2 to about 50 by weight
R-134a.
[0061] Preferred compositions comprise from about 5 to about 92% by
weight R-1234ze(E), from about 4 to about 30% by weight R-744, from
about 2 to about 25% by weight R-32 and from about 2 to about 40%
by weight R-134a.
[0062] Advantageous compositions which have a relatively low GWP
comprise from about 30 to about 81% by weight R-1234ze(E), from
about 10 to about 30% by weight R-744, from about 5 to about 30% by
weight R-32 and from about 4 to about 10 by weight R-134a.
Preferably such compositions contain from about 37 to about 81% by
weight R-1234ze(E), from about 10 to about 28% by weight R-744,
from about 5 to about 25% by weight R-32 and from about 4 to about
10 by weight R-134a.
[0063] Yet further compositions of the invention containing R-32
and R-134a, and having a higher GWP, comprise from about 5 to about
75% by weight R-1234ze(E), from about 10 to about 30% by weight
R-744, from about 5 to about 25% by weight R-32 and from about 10
to about 50 by weight R-134a. Preferred such compositions comprise
from about 7 to about 75% by weight R-1234ze(E), from about 10 to
about 28% by weight R-744, from about 5 to about 25% by weight R-32
and from about 10 to about 40 by weight R-134a.
[0064] Compositions according to the invention conveniently
comprise substantially no R-1225 (pentafluoropropene), conveniently
substantially no R-1225ye (1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene) or
R-1225zc (1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene), which compounds may have
associated toxicity issues.
[0065] By "substantially no", we include the meaning that the
compositions of the invention contain 0.5% by weight or less of the
stated component, preferably 0.1% or less, based on the total
weight of the composition.
[0066] Certain compositions of the invention may contain
substantially no: [0067] (i) 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf),
[0068] (ii) cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(Z)), and/or
[0069] (iii) 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (R-1243zf).
[0070] The compositions of the invention have zero ozone depletion
potential.
[0071] Typically, the compositions of the invention have a GWP that
is less than 1300, preferably less than 1000, more preferably less
than 800, 500, 400, 300 or 200, especially less than 150 or 100,
even less than 50 in some cases. Unless otherwise stated, IPCC
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) TAR (Third Assessment
Report) values of GWP have been used herein.
[0072] Advantageously, the compositions are of reduced flammability
hazard when compared to the third component(s) alone, e.g. R-32.
Preferably, the compositions are of reduced flammability hazard
when compared to R-1234yf.
[0073] In one aspect, the compositions have one or more of (a) a
higher lower flammable limit; (b) a higher ignition energy; or (c)
a lower flame velocity compared to the third component(s), such as
R-32, or compared to R-1234yf. In a preferred embodiment, the
compositions of the invention are non-flammable. Advantageously,
the mixtures of vapour that exist in equilibrium with the
compositions of the invention at any temperature between about
-20.degree. C. and 60.degree. C. are also non-flammable.
[0074] Flammability may be determined in accordance with ASHRAE
Standard 34 incorporating the ASTM Standard E-681 with test
methodology as per Addendum 34p dated 2004, the entire content of
which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0075] In some applications it may not be necessary for the
formulation to be classed as non-flammable by the ASHRAE-34
methodology; it is possible to develop fluids whose flammability
limits will be sufficiently reduced in air to render them safe for
use in the application, for example if it is physically not
possible to make a flammable mixture by leaking the refrigeration
equipment charge into the surrounds.
[0076] R-1234ze(E) is non-flammable in air at 23.degree. C.,
although it exhibits flammability at higher temperatures in humid
air. We have determined by experimentation that mixtures of
R-1234ze(E) with flammable fluorocarbons such as R-32, R-152a or
R-161 will remain non-flammable in air at 23.degree. C. if the
"fluorine ratio" R.sub.f of the mixture is greater than about 0.57,
where R.sub.f is defined per gram-mole of the overall refrigerant
mixture as:
R.sub.f=(gram-moles of fluorine)/(gram-moles fluorine+gram-moles
hydrogen)
[0077] Thus for R-161, R.sub.f=1/(1+5)=1/6 (0.167) and it is
flammable, in contrast R-1234ze(E) has R.sub.f= 4/6 (0.667) and it
is non-flammable. We found by experiment that a 20% v/v mixture of
R-161 in R-1234ze(E) was similarly non-flammable. The fluorine
ratio of this non-flammable mixture is 0.2*(1/6)+0.8*(
4/6)=0.567.
[0078] The validity of this relationship between flammability and
fluorine ratio of 0.57 or higher has thusfar been experimentally
proven for HFC-32, HFC-152a and mixtures of HFC-32 with
HFC-152a.
[0079] Takizawa et al, Reaction Stoichiometry for Combustion of
Fluoroethane Blends, ASHRAE Transactions 112(2) 2006 (which is
incorporated herein by reference), shows that there exists a
near-linear relationship between this ratio and the flame speed of
mixtures comprising R-152a, with increasing fluorine ratio
resulting in lower flame speeds. The data in this reference teach
that the fluorine ratio needs to be greater than about 0.65 for the
flame speed to drop to zero, in other words, for the mixture to be
non-flammable.
[0080] Similarly, Minor et al (Du Pont Patent Application
WO2007/053697) provide teaching on the flammability of many
hydrofluoroolefins, showing that such compounds could be expected
to be non-flammable if the fluorine ratio is greater than about
0.7.
[0081] In view of this prior art teaching, it is unexpected that
that mixtures of R-1234ze(E) with flammable fluorocarbons such as
R-32 will remain non-flammable in air at 23.degree. C. if the
fluorine ratio R.sub.f of the mixture is greater than about
0.57.
[0082] Furthermore, we identified that if the fluorine ratio is
greater than about 0.46 then the composition can be expected to
have a lower flammable limit in air of greater than 6% v/v at room
temperature.
[0083] By producing low- or non-flammable R-744/third
component/R-1234ze(E) blends containing unexpectedly low amounts of
R-1234ze(E), the amounts of the third component, in particular, in
such compositions are increased. This is believed to result in heat
transfer compositions exhibiting increased cooling capacity and/or
decreased pressure drop, compared to equivalent compositions
containing higher amounts of (e.g. almost 100%) R-1234ze(E).
[0084] Thus, the compositions of the invention exhibit a completely
unexpected combination of low-/non-flammability, low GWP and
improved refrigeration performance properties. Some of these
refrigeration performance properties are explained in more detail
below.
[0085] Temperature glide, which can be thought of as the difference
between bubble point and dew point temperatures of a zeotropic
(non-azeotropic) mixture at constant pressure, is a characteristic
of a refrigerant; if it is desired to replace a fluid with a
mixture then it is often preferable to have similar or reduced
glide in the alternative fluid. In an embodiment, the compositions
of the invention are zeotropic.
[0086] Advantageously, the volumetric refrigeration capacity of the
compositions of the invention is at least 85% of the existing
refrigerant fluid it is replacing, preferably at least 90% or even
at least 95%.
[0087] The compositions of the invention typically have a
volumetric refrigeration capacity that is at least 90% of that of
R-1234yf. Preferably, the compositions of the invention have a
volumetric refrigeration capacity that is at least 95% of that of
R-1234yf, for example from about 95% to about 120% of that of
R-1234yf.
[0088] In one embodiment, the cycle efficiency (Coefficient of
Performance, COP) of the compositions of the invention is within
about 5% or even better than the existing refrigerant fluid it is
replacing
[0089] Conveniently, the compressor discharge temperature of the
compositions of the invention is within about 15K of the existing
refrigerant fluid it is replacing, preferably about 10K or even
about 5K.
[0090] The compositions of the invention preferably have energy
efficiency at least 95% (preferably at least 98%) of R-134a under
equivalent conditions, while having reduced or equivalent pressure
drop characteristics and cooling capacity at 95% or higher of
R-134a values. Advantageously the compositions have higher energy
efficiency and lower pressure drop characteristics than R-134a
under equivalent conditions. The compositions also advantageously
have better energy efficiency and pressure drop characteristics
than R-1234yf alone.
[0091] The heat transfer compositions of the invention are suitable
for use in existing designs of equipment, and are compatible with
all classes of lubricant currently used with established HFC
refrigerants. They may be optionally stabilized or compatibilized
with mineral oils by the use of appropriate additives.
[0092] Preferably, when used in heat transfer equipment, the
composition of the invention is combined with a lubricant.
[0093] Conveniently, the lubricant is selected from the group
consisting of mineral oil, silicone oil, polyalkyl benzenes (PABs),
polyol esters (POEs), polyalkylene glycols (PAGs), polyalkylene
glycol esters (PAG esters), polyvinyl ethers (PVEs), poly
(alpha-olefins) and combinations thereof.
[0094] Advantageously, the lubricant further comprises a
stabiliser.
[0095] Preferably, the stabiliser is selected from the group
consisting of diene-based compounds, phosphates, phenol compounds
and epoxides, and mixtures thereof.
[0096] Conveniently, the composition of the invention may be
combined with a flame retardant.
[0097] Advantageously, the flame retardant is selected from the
group consisting of tri-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate,
(chloropropyl)phosphate, tri-(2,3-dibromopropyl)-phosphate,
tri-(1,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate, diammonium phosphate, various
halogenated aromatic compounds, antimony oxide, aluminium
trihydrate, polyvinyl chloride, a fluorinated iodocarbon, a
fluorinated bromocarbon, trifluoro iodomethane, perfluoroalkyl
amines, bromo-fluoroalkyl amines and mixtures thereof.
[0098] Preferably, the heat transfer composition is a refrigerant
composition.
[0099] In one embodiment, the invention provides a heat transfer
device comprising a composition of the invention.
[0100] Preferably, the heat transfer device is a refrigeration
device.
[0101] Conveniently, the heat transfer device is selected from the
group consisting of automotive air conditioning systems,
residential air conditioning systems, commercial air conditioning
systems, residential refrigerator systems, residential freezer
systems, commercial refrigerator systems, commercial freezer
systems, chiller air conditioning systems, chiller refrigeration
systems, and commercial or residential heat pump systems.
Preferably, the heat transfer device is a refrigeration device or
an air-conditioning system.
[0102] The compositions of the invention are particularly suitable
for use in mobile air-conditioning applications, such as automotive
air-conditioning systems (e.g. heat pump cycle for automotive
air-conditioning).
[0103] Advantageously, the heat transfer device contains a
centrifugal-type compressor.
[0104] The invention also provides the use of a composition of the
invention in a heat transfer device as herein described.
[0105] According to a further aspect of the invention, there is
provided a blowing agent comprising a composition of the
invention.
[0106] According to another aspect of the invention, there is
provided a foamable composition comprising one or more components
capable of forming foam and a composition of the invention.
[0107] Preferably, the one or more components capable of forming
foam are selected from polyurethanes, thermoplastic polymers and
resins, such as polystyrene, and epoxy resins.
[0108] According to a further aspect of the invention, there is
provided a foam obtainable from the foamable composition of the
invention.
[0109] Preferably the foam comprises a composition of the
invention.
[0110] According to another aspect of the invention, there is
provided a sprayable composition comprising a material to be
sprayed and a propellant comprising a composition of the
invention.
[0111] According to a further aspect of the invention, there is
provided a method for cooling an article which comprises condensing
a composition of the invention and thereafter evaporating said
composition in the vicinity of the article to be cooled.
[0112] According to another aspect of the invention, there is
provided a method for heating an article which comprises condensing
a composition of the invention in the vicinity of the article to be
heated and thereafter evaporating said composition.
[0113] According to a further aspect of the invention, there is
provided a method for extracting a substance from biomass
comprising contacting the biomass with a solvent comprising a
composition of the invention, and separating the substance from the
solvent.
[0114] According to another aspect of the invention, there is
provided a method of cleaning an article comprising contacting the
article with a solvent comprising a composition of the
invention.
[0115] According to a further aspect of the invention, there is
provided a method for extracting a material from an aqueous
solution comprising contacting the aqueous solution with a solvent
comprising a composition of the invention, and separating the
material from the solvent.
[0116] According to another aspect of the invention, there is
provided a method for extracting a material from a particulate
solid matrix comprising contacting the particulate solid matrix
with a solvent comprising a composition of the invention, and
separating the material from the solvent.
[0117] According to a further aspect of the invention, there is
provided a mechanical power generation device containing a
composition of the invention.
[0118] Preferably, the mechanical power generation device is
adapted to use a Rankine Cycle or modification thereof to generate
work from heat.
[0119] According to another aspect of the invention, there is
provided a method of retrofitting a heat transfer device comprising
the step of removing an existing heat transfer fluid, and
introducing a composition of the invention. Preferably, the heat
transfer device is a refrigeration device or (a static) air
conditioning system. Advantageously, the method further comprises
the step of obtaining an allocation of greenhouse gas (e.g. carbon
dioxide) emission credit.
[0120] In accordance with the retrofitting method described above,
an existing heat transfer fluid can be fully removed from the heat
transfer device before introducing a composition of the invention.
An existing heat transfer fluid can also be partially removed from
a heat transfer device, followed by introducing a composition of
the invention.
[0121] In another embodiment wherein the existing heat transfer
fluid is R-134a, and the composition of the invention contains
R134a, R-1234ze(E), R-744, the third component and any R-125
present (and optional components such as a lubricant, a stabiliser
or an additional flame retardant), R-1234ze(E) and R-744, etc, can
be added to the R-134a in the heat transfer device, thereby forming
the compositions of the invention, and the heat transfer device of
the invention, in situ. Some of the existing R-134a may be removed
from the heat transfer device prior to adding the R-1234ze(E),
R-744, etc, to facilitate providing the components of the
compositions of the invention in the desired proportions.
[0122] Thus, the invention provides a method for preparing a
composition and/or heat transfer device of the invention comprising
introducing R-1234ze(E), R-744, the third component, any R-125
desired, and optional components such as a lubricant, a stabiliser
or an additional flame retardant, into a heat transfer device
containing an existing heat transfer fluid which is R-134a.
Optionally, at least some of the R-134a is removed from the heat
transfer device before introducing the R-1234ze(E), R-744, etc.
[0123] Of course, the compositions of the invention may also be
prepared simply by mixing the R-1234ze(E), R-744, the third
component, any R-125 desired (and optional components such as a
lubricant, a stabiliser or an additional flame retardant) in the
desired proportions. The compositions can then be added to a heat
transfer device (or used in any other way as defined herein) that
does not contain R-134a or any other existing heat transfer fluid,
such as a device from which R-134a or any other existing heat
transfer fluid have been removed.
[0124] In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a
method for reducing the environmental impact arising from operation
of a product comprising an existing compound or composition, the
method comprising replacing at least partially the existing
compound or composition with a composition of the invention.
Preferably, this method comprises the step of obtaining an
allocation of greenhouse gas emission credit.
[0125] By environmental impact we include the generation and
emission of greenhouse warming gases through operation of the
product.
[0126] As mentioned above, this environmental impact can be
considered as including not only those emissions of compounds or
compositions having a significant environmental impact from leakage
or other losses, but also including the emission of carbon dioxide
arising from the energy consumed by the device over its working
life. Such environmental impact may be quantified by the measure
known as Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI). This measure has
been used in quantification of the environmental impact of certain
stationary refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, including
for example supermarket refrigeration systems (see, for example,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_equivalent_warming_impact).
[0127] The environmental impact may further be considered as
including the emissions of greenhouse gases arising from the
synthesis and manufacture of the compounds or compositions. In this
case the manufacturing emissions are added to the energy
consumption and direct loss effects to yield the measure known as
Life-Cycle Carbon Production (LCCP, see for example
http://www.sae.org/events/aars/presentations/2007papasavva.pdf).
The use of LCCP is common in assessing environmental impact of
automotive air conditioning systems.
[0128] Emission credit(s) are awarded for reducing pollutant
emissions that contribute to global warming and may, for example,
be banked, traded or sold. They are conventionally expressed in the
equivalent amount of carbon dioxide. Thus if the emission of 1 kg
of R-134a is avoided then an emission credit of 1.times.1300=1300
kg CO.sub.2 equivalent may be awarded.
[0129] In another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a
method for generating greenhouse gas emission credit(s) comprising
(i) replacing an existing compound or composition with a
composition of the invention, wherein the composition of the
invention has a lower GWP than the existing compound or
composition; and (ii) obtaining greenhouse gas emission credit for
said replacing step.
[0130] In a preferred embodiment, the use of the composition of the
invention results in the equipment having a lower Total Equivalent
Warming Impact, and/or a lower Life-Cycle Carbon Production than
that which would be attained by use of the existing compound or
composition.
[0131] These methods may be carried out on any suitable product,
for example in the fields of air-conditioning, refrigeration (e.g.
low and medium temperature refrigeration), heat transfer, blowing
agents, aerosols or sprayable propellants, gaseous dielectrics,
cryosurgery, veterinary procedures, dental procedures, fire
extinguishing, flame suppression, solvents (e.g. carriers for
flavorings and fragrances), cleaners, air horns, pellet guns,
topical anesthetics, and expansion applications. Preferably, the
field is air-conditioning or refrigeration.
[0132] Examples of suitable products include heat transfer devices,
blowing agents, foamable compositions, sprayable compositions,
solvents and mechanical power generation devices. In a preferred
embodiment, the product is a heat transfer device, such as a
refrigeration device or an air-conditioning unit.
[0133] The existing compound or composition has an environmental
impact as measured by GWP and/or TEWI and/or LCCP that is higher
than the composition of the invention which replaces it. The
existing compound or composition may comprise a fluorocarbon
compound, such as a perfluoro-, hydrofluoro-, chlorofluoro- or
hydrochlorofluoro-carbon compound or it may comprise a fluorinated
olefin
[0134] Preferably, the existing compound or composition is a heat
transfer compound or composition such as a refrigerant. Examples of
refrigerants that may be replaced include R-134a, R-152a, R-1234yf,
R-410A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R507, R-22 and R-404A. The
compositions of the invention are particularly suited as
replacements for R-134a, R-152a or R-1234yf, especially R-134a or
R-1234yf.
[0135] Any amount of the existing compound or composition may be
replaced so as to reduce the environmental impact. This may depend
on the environmental impact of the existing compound or composition
being replaced and the environmental impact of the replacement
composition of the invention. Preferably, the existing compound or
composition in the product is fully replaced by the composition of
the invention.
[0136] The invention is illustrated by the following non-limiting
examples.
EXAMPLES
Flammability
[0137] The flammability of certain compositions of the invention in
air at atmospheric pressure and controlled humidity was studied in
a flame tube test as follows.
[0138] The test vessel was an upright glass cylinder having a
diameter of 2 inches. The ignition electrodes were placed 60 mm
above the bottom of the cylinder. The cylinder was fitted with a
pressure-release opening. The apparatus was shielded to restrict
any explosion damage. A standing induction spark of 0.5 second
duration was used as the ignition source.
[0139] The test was performed at 23 or 35.degree. C. (see below). A
known concentration of fuel in air was introduced into the glass
cylinder. A spark was passed through the mixture and it was
observed whether or not a flame detached itself from the ignition
source and propagated independently. The gas concentration was
increased in steps of 1% vol. until ignition occurred (if at all).
The results are shown below (all compositions are v/v basis unless
otherwise stated).
TABLE-US-00001 Temperature Fuel (.degree. C.) Humidity
Results.sup.b R134a/R1234ze(E) 10/90 23 50% RH/23.degree. C. Non
flammable CO2/R134a/R1234ze 23 50% RH/23.degree. C. Non
10/10/80.sup.a flammable R134a/R1234yf 10/90 35 50% RH/23.degree.
C. LFL 6% UFL 11% R134a/R1234ze(E) 10/90 35 50% RH/23.degree. C.
LFL 8% UFL 12% CO2/R134a/R1234ze 35 50% RH/23.degree. C. LFL 10%
10/10/80.sup.a UFL 11%.sup.c .sup.aThis corresponds to about 4%
CO.sub.2, 10% R-134a and 86% R-1234ze(E) by weight. .sup.bLFL =
lower flammable limit and UFL = upper flammable limit
.sup.cIncomplete propagation
[0140] The ternary composition 4% CO.sub.2, 10% R-134a and 86%
R-1234ze(E) by weight was shown to be non-flammable at 23.degree.
C. At 35.degree. C., it was significantly less flammable than
corresponding R134a/R1234yf and R134a/R1234ze(E) mixtures.
Modelled Performance Data
Generation of Accurate Physical Property Model
[0141] The physical properties of R-1234yf and R-1234ze(E) required
to model refrigeration cycle performance, namely critical point,
vapour pressure, liquid and vapour enthalpy, liquid and vapour
density and heat capacities of vapour and liquid were accurately
determined by experimental methods over the pressure range 0-200
bar and temperature range -40 to 200.degree. C., and the resulting
data used to generate Helmholtz free energy equation of state
models of the Span-Wagner type for the fluid in the NIST REFPROP
Version 8.0 software, which is more fully described in the user
guide www.nist.gov/srd/PDFfiles/REFPROP8.PDF, and is incorporated
herein by reference. The variation of ideal gas enthalpy of both
fluids with temperature was estimated using molecular modelling
software Hyperchem v7.5 (which is incorporated herein by reference)
and the resulting ideal gas enthalpy function was used in the
regression of the equation of state for these fluids. The
predictions of this model for R1234yf and R1234ze(E) were compared
to the predictions yielded by use of the standard files for R1234yf
and R1234ze(E) included in REFPROP Version 9.0 (incorporated herein
by reference). It was found that close agreement was obtained for
each fluid's properties.
[0142] The vapour liquid equilibrium behaviour of R-1234ze(E) was
studied in a series of binary pairs with carbon dioxide, R-32,
R-125, R-134a, R-152a, R-161, propane and propylene over the
temperature range -40 to +60.degree. C., which encompasses the
practical operating range of most refrigeration and air
conditioning systems. The composition was varied over the full
compositional space for each binary in the experimental programme,
Mixture parameters for each binary pair were regressed to the
experimentally obtained data and the parameters were also
incorporated into the REFPROP software model. The academic
literature was next searched for data on the vapour liquid
equilibrium behaviour of carbon dioxide with the hydrofluorocarbons
R-32, R-125, R-152a, R-161 and R-152a. The VLE data obtained from
sources referenced in the article Applications of the simple
multi-fluid model to correlations of the vapour-liquid equilibrium
of refrigerant mixtures containing carbon dioxide, by R. Akasaka,
Journal of Thermal Science and Technology, 159-168, 4, 1, 2009
(which is incorporated herein by reference) were then used to
generate mixing parameters for the relevant binary mixtures and
these were then also incorporated into the REFPROP model. The
standard REFPROP mixing parameters for carbon dioxide with propane
and propylene were also incorporated to this model.
[0143] The resulting software model was used to compare the
performance of selected fluids of the invention with R-134a in a
heat pumping cycle application.
Heat Pumping Cycle Comparison
[0144] In a first comparison the behaviour of the fluids was
assessed for a simple vapour compression cycle with conditions
typical of automotive heat pumping duty in low winter ambient
temperatures. In this comparison pressure drop effects were
included in the model by assignation of a representative expected
pressure drop to the reference fluid (R-134a) followed by
estimation of the equivalent pressure drop for the mixed
refrigerant of the invention in the same equipment at the same
heating capacity. The comparison was made on the basis of equal
heat exchanger area for the reference fluid (R-134a) and for the
mixed fluids of the invention. The methodology used for this model
was derived using the assumptions of equal effective overall heat
transfer coefficient for refrigerant condensation, refrigerant
evaporation, refrigerant liquid subcooling and refrigerant vapour
superheating processes to derive a so-called UA model for the
process. The derivation of such a model for nonazeotropic
refrigerant mixtures in heat pump cycles is more fully explained in
the reference text Vapor Compression Heat Pumps with refrigerant
mixtures by R Radermacher & Y Hwang (pub Taylor & Francis
2005) Chapter 3, which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0145] Briefly, the model starts with an initial estimate of the
condensing and evaporating pressures for the refrigerant mixture
and estimates the corresponding temperatures at the beginning and
end of the condensation process in the condenser and the
evaporation process in the evaporator. These temperatures are then
used in conjunction with the specified changes in air temperatures
over condenser and evaporator to estimate a required overall heat
exchanger area for each of the condenser and evaporator. This is an
iterative calculation: the condensing and evaporating pressures are
adjusted to ensure that the overall heat exchanger areas are the
same for reference fluid and for the mixed refrigerant.
[0146] For the comparison the worst case for heat pumping in
automotive application was assumed with the following assumptions
for air temperature and for R-134a cycle conditions.
Cycle Conditions
TABLE-US-00002 [0147] Ambient air temperature on to condenser and
evaporator -15.degree. C. Air temperature leaving evaporator:
-25.degree. C. Air temperature leaving condenser (passenger air)
+45.degree. C. R134a evaporating temperature -30.degree. C. R-134a
condensing temperature +50.degree. C. Subcooling of refrigerant in
condenser 1 K Superheating of refrigerant in evaporator 5 K
Compressor suction temperature 0.degree. C. Compressor isentropic
efficiency 66% Passenger air heating load 2 kW Pressure drop in
evaporator for R-134a 0.03 bar Pressure drop in condenser for
R-134a 0.03 bar Pressure drop in suction line for R-134a 0.03
bar
[0148] The model assumed countercurrent flow for each heat
exchanger in its calculation of effective temperature differences
for each of the heat transfer processes.
[0149] Condensing and evaporating temperatures for compositions was
adjusted to give equivalent usage of heat exchange area as
reference fluid. The following input parameters were used.
TABLE-US-00003 Parameter Reference Refrigerant R134a Mean condenser
temperature .degree. C. 50 Mean evaporator temperature .degree. C.
-30 Condenser subcooling K 1 Evaporator superheat K 5 Suction
diameter mm 16.2 Heating capacity kW 2 Evaporator pressure drop bar
0.03 Suction line pressure drop bar 0.03 Condenser pressure drop
bar 0.03 Compressor suction temperature .degree. C. 0 Isentropic
efficiency 66% Evaporator air on .degree. C. -15.00 Evaporator air
off .degree. C. -25.00 Condenser air on .degree. C. -15.00
Condenser air off .degree. C. 45.00 Condenser area 100.0% 100.0%
Evaporator area 100.0% 100.0%
[0150] Using the above model, the performance data for the
reference R-134a is shown below.
TABLE-US-00004 COP (heating) 2.11 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 100.0% Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3
879 Capacity relative to Reference 100.0% Critical temperature
.degree. C. 101.06 Critical pressure bar 40.59 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 237.1 Pressure ratio 16.36 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr
30.4 Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 125.5 Evaporator
inlet pressure bar 0.86 Condenser inlet pressure bar 13.2
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -29.7 Evaporator dewpoint
.degree. C. -30.3 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -25.3
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.0 Evaporator glide
(out-in) K -0.6 Compressor suction pressure bar 0.81 Compressor
discharge pressure bar 13.2 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 292
Pressure drop relative to reference 100.0% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 50.0 Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 50.0 Condenser
exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 49.0 Condenser mean temperature
.degree. C. 50.0 Condenser glide (in-out) K 0.1
[0151] The generated performance data for selected compositions of
the invention is set out in the following Tables. The tables show
key parameters of the heat pump cycle, including operating
pressures, volumetric heating capacity, energy efficiency
(expressed as coefficient of performance for heating COP)
compressor discharge temperature and pressure drops in pipework.
The volumetric heating capacity of a refrigerant is a measure of
the amount of heating which can be obtained for a given size of
compressor operating at fixed speed. The coefficient of performance
(COP) is the ratio of the amount of heat energy delivered in the
condenser of the heat pump cycle to the amount of work consumed by
the compressor.
[0152] The performance of R-134a is taken as the reference point
for comparison of heating capacity, energy efficiency and pressure
drop. This fluid is used as a reference for comparison of the
ability of the fluids of the invention to be used in the heat pump
mode of an automotive combined air conditioning and heat pump
system.
[0153] It should be noted in passing that the utility of fluids of
the invention is not limited to automotive systems. Indeed these
fluids can be used in so-called stationary (residential or
commercial) equipment. Currently the main fluids used in such
stationary equipment are R-410A (having a GWP of 2100) or R22
(having a GWP of 1800 and an ozone depletion potential of 0.05).
The use of the fluids of the invention in such stationary equipment
offers the ability to realise similar utility but with fluids
having no ozone depletion potential and significantly reduced GWP
compared to R410A.
[0154] It is evident that fluids of the invention can provide
improved energy efficiency compared to R-134a or R-410A. It is
unexpectedly found that the addition of carbon dioxide to the
refrigerants of the invention can increase the COP of the resulting
cycle above that of R-134a, even in case where admixture of the
other mixture components would result in a fluid having worse
energy efficiency than R-134a.
[0155] It is further found for all the fluids of the invention that
compositions up to about 30% w/w of CO.sub.2 can be used which
yield refrigerant fluids whose critical temperature is about
70.degree. C. or higher. This is particularly significant for
stationary heat pumping applications where R-410A is currently
used. The fundamental thermodynamic efficiency of a vapour
compression process is affected by proximity of the critical
temperature to the condensing temperature. R-410A has gained
acceptance and can be considered an acceptable fluid for this
application; its critical temperature is 71.degree. C. It has
unexpectedly been found that significant quantities of CO.sub.2
(critical temperature 31.degree. C.) can be incorporated in fluids
of the invention to yield mixtures having similar or higher
critical temperature to R-410A. Preferred compositions of the
invention therefore have critical temperatures are about 70.degree.
C. or higher.
[0156] The heating capacity of the preferred fluids of the
invention typically exceeds that of R134a. It is thought that
R-134a alone, operated in an automotive a/c and heat pump system,
cannot provide all of the potential passenger air heating demand in
heat pump mode. Therefore higher heating capacities than R-134a are
preferred for potential use in an automotive a/c and heat pump
application. The fluids of the invention offer the ability to
optimise fluid capacity and energy efficiency for both air
conditioning and cooling modes so as to provide an improved overall
energy efficiency for both duties.
[0157] For reference, the heating capacity of R-410A in the same
cycle conditions was estimated at about 290% of the R-134a value
and the corresponding energy efficiency was found to be about 106%
of the R-134a reference value.
[0158] It is evident by inspection of the tables that fluids of the
invention have been discovered having comparable heating capacities
and energy efficiencies to R-410A, allowing adaption of existing
R-410A technology to use the fluids of the invention if so
desired.
[0159] Some further benefits of the fluids of the invention are
described in more detail below.
[0160] At equivalent cooling capacity the compositions of the
invention offer reduced pressure drop compared to R-134a. This
reduced pressure drop characteristic is believed to result in
further improvement in energy efficiency (through reduction of
pressure losses) in a real system. Pressure drop effects are of
particular significance for automotive air conditioning and heat
pump applications so these fluids offer particular advantage for
this application.
[0161] The compositions containing CO.sub.2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) are
especially attractive since they have non-flammable liquid and
vapour phases at 23.degree. C. and selected compositions are also
wholly non-flammable at 60.degree. C.
[0162] The performance of fluids of the invention were compared to
binary mixtures of CO.sub.2/R1234ze(E). For all the ternary and
quaternary compositions of the invention apart from
CO.sub.2/R1234yf/R1234ze(E) the energy efficiency of the ternary or
quaternary mixtures was increased relative to the binary mixture
having equivalent CO.sub.2 content. These mixtures therefore
represent an improved solution relative to the CO.sub.2/R1234ze(E)
binary refrigerant mixture, at least for CO.sub.2 content less than
30% w/w.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 1 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 5% R-134
Composition CO.sub.2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 0/5/95 2/5/93
4/5/91 6/5/89 8/5/87 10/5/85 12/5/83 14/5/81 COP (heating) 2.00
2.06 2.10 2.14 2.16 2.18 2.20 2.21 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 94.8% 97.7% 99.8% 101.4% 102.7% 103.6% 104.3% 104.9%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 634 715 799 886
976 1069 1166 1265 Capacity relative to Reference 72.1% 81.3% 90.9%
100.8% 111.1% 121.7% 132.7% 143.9% Critical temperature .degree. C.
109.40 105.47 101.78 98.30 95.02 91.91 88.98 86.19 Critical
pressure bar 37.08 37.84 38.60 39.36 40.12 40.88 41.64 42.39
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 211.5 224.7 235.8 245.4 253.6 261.0
267.5 273.5 Pressure ratio 18.55 18.78 18.82 18.71 18.47 18.15
17.77 17.36 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 34.0 32.0 30.5 29.3 28.4
27.6 26.9 26.3 Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 113.3
117.6 121.5 125.1 128.3 131.3 134.1 136.8 Evaporator inlet pressure
bar 0.67 0.71 0.76 0.82 0.89 0.97 1.05 1.14 Condenser inlet
pressure bar 10.9 12.1 13.3 14.5 15.7 16.9 18.0 19.2 Evaporator
inlet temperature .degree. C. -29.0 -29.7 -30.4 -31.1 -31.9 -32.7
-33.6 -34.5 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -30.2 -29.6 -29.0 -28.2
-27.4 -26.6 -25.8 -25.1 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C.
-25.2 -24.6 -24.0 -23.2 -22.4 -21.6 -20.8 -20.1 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.6 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7
-29.8 Evaporator glide (out-in) K -1.2 0.1 1.4 2.9 4.5 6.1 7.8 9.5
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.59 0.64 0.71 0.77 0.85 0.93 1.01
1.10 Compressor discharge pressure bar 10.9 12.1 13.3 14.5 15.7
16.9 18.0 19.2 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 447 378 327 286 253
226 204 185 Pressure drop relative to reference 152.9% 129.6%
111.8% 97.9% 86.6% 77.4% 69.7% 63.2% Condenser dew point .degree.
C. 53.1 55.0 56.5 57.8 58.8 59.6 60.2 60.5 Condenser bubble point
.degree. C. 52.7 47.0 42.5 39.0 36.2 34.0 32.1 30.6 Condenser exit
liquid temperature .degree. C. 51.7 46.0 41.5 38.0 35.2 33.0 31.1
29.6 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 52.9 51.0 49.5 48.4
47.5 46.8 46.1 45.6 Condenser glide (in-out) K 0.4 7.9 14.0 18.8
22.6 25.7 28.1 29.9
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 2 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 5%
R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 16/5/79
18/5/77 20/5/75 22/5/73 24/5/71 26/5/69 28/5/67 30/5/65 COP
(heating) 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 COP (heating)
relative to 105.4% 105.8% 106.0% 106.2% 106.3% 106.4% 106.4% 106.3%
Reference Volumetric heating capacity kJ/m.sup.3 1366 1469 1575
1681 1789 1897 2007 2116 at suction Capacity relative to Reference
155.5% 167.2% 179.2% 191.3% 203.6% 215.9% 228.4% 240.8% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 83.54 81.03 78.63 76.35 74.17 72.09 70.10
68.20 Critical pressure bar 43.15 43.91 44.66 45.42 46.17 46.93
47.68 48.43 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 279.0 284.2 289.1 293.7
298.2 302.6 306.8 310.9 Pressure ratio 16.93 16.51 16.09 15.68
15.29 14.92 14.57 14.24 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.8 25.3 24.9
24.5 24.1 23.8 23.5 23.2 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 139.3 141.7 144.0 146.3 148.6 150.8 153.0 155.2 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.23 1.32 1.42 1.53 1.63 1.74 1.85 1.97 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 20.3 21.4 22.5 23.6 24.6 25.7 26.7 27.7
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -35.5 -36.5 -37.5 -38.6
-39.6 -40.6 -41.7 -42.6 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -24.4 -23.7
-23.1 -22.6 -22.1 -21.6 -21.3 -21.0 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -19.4 -18.7 -18.1 -17.6 -17.1 -16.6 -16.3 -16.0
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -29.9 -30.1 -30.3 -30.6
-30.8 -31.1 -31.5 -31.8 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 11.1 12.8 14.4
16.0 17.5 19.0 20.4 21.7 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.20 1.30
1.40 1.50 1.61 1.72 1.83 1.95 Compressor discharge pressure bar
20.3 21.4 22.5 23.6 24.6 25.7 26.7 27.7 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 168 154 142 132 122 114 107 100 Pressure drop relative to
reference 57.6% 52.8% 48.7% 45.1% 41.9% 39.0% 36.5% 34.3% Condenser
dew point .degree. C. 60.7 60.8 60.7 60.6 60.3 59.9 59.5 59.0
Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 29.3 28.3 27.4 26.6 25.9 25.4
24.9 24.4 Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 28.3 27.3
26.4 25.6 24.9 24.4 23.9 23.4 Condenser mean temperature .degree.
C. 45.0 44.5 44.0 43.6 43.1 42.6 42.2 41.7 Condenser glide (in-out)
K 31.4 32.5 33.4 34.0 34.3 34.6 34.6 34.6
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 3 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 10%
R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 0/10/90
2/10/88 4/10/86 6/10/84 8/10/82 10/10/80 12/10/78 14/10/76 COP
(heating) 2.01 2.07 2.11 2.14 2.17 2.19 2.20 2.21 COP (heating)
relative to Reference 95.1% 97.9% 100.0% 101.6% 102.8% 103.7%
104.4% 105.0% Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 652
734 819 906 998 1092 1190 1290 Capacity relative to Reference 74.2%
83.5% 93.2% 103.2% 113.6% 124.3% 135.4% 146.8% Critical temperature
.degree. C. 108.91 105.03 101.37 97.92 94.66 91.58 88.67 85.90
Critical pressure bar 37.56 38.31 39.07 39.82 40.58 41.33 42.09
42.84 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 212.7 225.6 236.6 246.0 254.2
261.4 268.0 273.9 Pressure ratio 18.37 18.57 18.61 18.49 18.24
17.93 17.55 17.15 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 33.9 31.9 30.4 29.3
28.3 27.5 26.9 26.3 Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C.
113.9 118.1 121.9 125.5 128.7 131.7 134.5 137.1 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 0.68 0.73 0.78 0.84 0.91 0.99 1.07 1.16 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 11.1 12.3 13.5 14.7 15.9 17.1 18.2 19.4
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -29.1 -29.8 -30.5 -31.2
-31.9 -32.8 -33.6 -34.5 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -30.1 -29.6
-28.9 -28.2 -27.4 -26.6 -25.8 -25.1 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -25.1 -24.6 -23.9 -23.2 -22.4 -21.6 -20.8 -20.1
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -29.6 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7
-29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.8 Evaporator glide (out-in) K -1.0 0.2 1.6
3.0 4.6 6.2 7.8 9.4 Compressor suction pressure bar 0.61 0.66 0.73
0.80 0.87 0.95 1.04 1.13 Compressor discharge pressure bar 11.1
12.3 13.5 14.7 15.9 17.1 18.2 19.4 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m
432 367 318 279 247 221 199 181 Pressure drop relative to reference
147.9% 125.8% 108.8% 95.4% 84.6% 75.7% 68.2% 61.9% Condenser dew
point .degree. C. 53.0 54.8 56.3 57.6 58.5 59.3 59.8 60.1 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 52.4 46.9 42.5 39.1 36.3 34.1 32.3 30.8
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 51.4 45.9 41.5 38.1
35.3 33.1 31.3 29.8 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 52.7
50.9 49.4 48.3 47.4 46.7 46.0 45.5 Condenser glide (in-out) K 0.6
7.9 13.8 18.5 22.2 25.2 27.5 29.3
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 4 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 10%
R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 16/10/74
18/10/72 20/10/70 22/10/68 24/10/66 26/10/64 28/10/62 30/10/60 COP
(heating) 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 COP (heating)
relative to 105.5% 105.8% 106.1% 106.3% 106.4% 106.4% 106.4% 106.4%
Reference Volumetric heating capacity kJ/m.sup.3 1393 1498 1604
1712 1822 1933 2044 2156 at suction Capacity relative to Reference
158.5% 170.4% 182.6% 194.9% 207.4% 219.9% 232.6% 245.4% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 83.28 80.78 78.40 76.13 73.97 71.90 69.93
68.03 Critical pressure bar 43.59 44.35 45.10 45.85 46.61 47.36
48.11 48.86 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 279.4 284.5 289.3 293.9
298.4 302.7 306.8 310.9 Pressure ratio 16.73 16.31 15.89 15.49
15.10 14.74 14.39 14.06 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.8 25.3 24.9
24.5 24.1 23.8 23.5 23.2 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 139.6 142.0 144.3 146.6 148.8 151.0 153.2 155.4 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.56 1.67 1.78 1.89 2.01 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 20.5 21.6 22.7 23.8 24.9 25.9 27.0 28.0
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -35.5 -36.5 -37.5 -38.5
-39.5 -40.5 -41.4 -42.4 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -24.4 -23.7
-23.2 -22.6 -22.1 -21.7 -21.4 -21.1 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -19.4 -18.7 -18.2 -17.6 -17.1 -16.7 -16.4 -16.1
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -29.9 -30.1 -30.3 -30.5
-30.8 -31.1 -31.4 -31.7 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 11.1 12.7 14.3
15.8 17.3 18.8 20.1 21.3 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.23 1.33
1.43 1.54 1.65 1.76 1.87 1.99 Compressor discharge pressure bar
20.5 21.6 22.7 23.8 24.9 25.9 27.0 28.0 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 165 151 139 129 120 112 105 98 Pressure drop relative to
reference 56.5% 51.8% 47.8% 44.2% 41.1% 38.3% 35.9% 33.7% Condenser
dew point .degree. C. 60.3 60.4 60.3 60.1 59.8 59.5 59.0 58.5
Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 29.5 28.5 27.6 26.8 26.2 25.6
25.1 24.7 Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 28.5 27.5
26.6 25.8 25.2 24.6 24.1 23.7 Condenser mean temperature .degree.
C. 44.9 44.4 44.0 43.5 43.0 42.6 42.1 41.6 Condenser glide (in-out)
K 30.8 31.9 32.7 33.3 33.6 33.8 33.9 33.8
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 5 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 15%
R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 0/15/85
2/15/83 4/15/81 6/15/79 8/15/77 10/15/75 12/15/73 14/15/71 COP
(heating) 2.01 2.07 2.11 2.14 2.17 2.19 2.20 2.22 COP (heating)
relative to Reference 95.5% 98.2% 100.2% 101.7% 102.9% 103.8%
104.5% 105.1% Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 670
753 838 927 1020 1115 1214 1315 Capacity relative to Reference
76.3% 85.7% 95.4% 105.5% 116.0% 126.9% 138.1% 149.7% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 108.44 104.58 100.96 97.54 94.31 91.26
88.36 85.62 Critical pressure bar 38.00 38.75 39.50 40.25 41.00
41.76 42.51 43.26 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 213.8 226.6 237.4
246.7 254.8 262.0 268.5 274.3 Pressure ratio 18.19 18.38 18.40
18.28 18.03 17.72 17.35 16.95 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 33.7 31.8
30.3 29.2 28.3 27.5 26.8 26.2 Compressor discharge temperature
.degree. C. 114.4 118.6 122.4 125.9 129.1 132.1 134.9 137.5
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.69 0.74 0.80 0.86 0.93 1.01 1.10
1.18 Condenser inlet pressure bar 11.3 12.5 13.7 14.9 16.1 17.3
18.4 19.6 Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -29.2 -29.8
-30.5 -31.2 -32.0 -32.8 -33.6 -34.5 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C.
-30.1 -29.5 -28.9 -28.1 -27.4 -26.6 -25.8 -25.1 Evaporator exit gas
temperature .degree. C. -25.1 -24.5 -23.9 -23.1 -22.4 -21.6 -20.8
-20.1 Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -29.6 -29.7 -29.7
-29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.8 Evaporator glide (out-in) K -0.9 0.3
1.6 3.1 4.6 6.2 7.8 9.4 Compressor suction pressure bar 0.62 0.68
0.74 0.81 0.89 0.97 1.06 1.15 Compressor discharge pressure bar
11.3 12.5 13.7 14.9 16.1 17.3 18.4 19.6 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 419 357 310 272 241 216 195 177 Pressure drop relative to
reference 143.4% 122.3% 106.0% 93.1% 82.6% 74.0% 66.8% 60.6%
Condenser dew point .degree. C. 52.9 54.6 56.1 57.3 58.2 58.9 59.4
59.8 Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 52.2 46.8 42.5 39.2 36.4
34.3 32.5 31.0 Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 51.2
45.8 41.5 38.2 35.4 33.3 31.5 30.0 Condenser mean temperature
.degree. C. 52.5 50.7 49.3 48.2 47.3 46.6 46.0 45.4 Condenser glide
(in-out) K 0.8 7.8 13.6 18.1 21.8 24.7 27.0 28.8
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 6 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 15%
R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 16/15/69
18/15/67 20/15/65 22/15/63 24/15/61 26/15/59 28/15/57 30/15/55 COP
(heating) 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.25 2.24 2.24 COP (heating)
relative to 105.5% 105.9% 106.1% 106.3% 106.4% 106.5% 106.5% 106.4%
Reference Volumetric heating capacity kJ/m.sup.3 1419 1525 1633
1743 1855 1967 2081 2196 at suction Capacity relative to Reference
161.5% 173.6% 185.9% 198.4% 211.1% 223.9% 236.8% 249.9% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 83.01 80.53 78.17 75.92 73.77 71.71 69.75
67.87 Critical pressure bar 44.01 44.76 45.52 46.27 47.02 47.77
48.52 49.27 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 279.8 284.9 289.7 294.2
298.6 302.8 306.9 310.9 Pressure ratio 16.54 16.12 15.71 15.31
14.93 14.56 14.21 13.88 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.7 25.3 24.9
24.5 24.1 23.8 23.5 23.2 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 140.0 142.3 144.6 146.9 149.1 151.3 153.4 155.5 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.28 1.38 1.48 1.59 1.70 1.81 1.93 2.05 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 20.7 21.8 22.9 24.0 25.1 26.2 27.2 28.3
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -35.4 -36.4 -37.4 -38.3
-39.3 -40.3 -41.2 -42.2 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -24.4 -23.8
-23.2 -22.7 -22.2 -21.8 -21.4 -21.1 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -19.4 -18.8 -18.2 -17.7 -17.2 -16.8 -16.4 -16.1
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -29.9 -30.1 -30.3 -30.5
-30.8 -31.0 -31.3 -31.6 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 11.0 12.6 14.2
15.7 17.1 18.5 19.8 21.0 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.25 1.35
1.46 1.57 1.68 1.80 1.91 2.04 Compressor discharge pressure bar
20.7 21.8 22.9 24.0 25.1 26.2 27.2 28.3 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 162 148 137 127 118 110 103 97 Pressure drop relative to
reference 55.4% 50.8% 46.9% 43.4% 40.3% 37.6% 35.2% 33.1% Condenser
dew point .degree. C. 59.9 60.0 59.9 59.7 59.4 59.0 58.6 58.1
Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 29.7 28.7 27.8 27.1 26.4 25.9
25.4 25.0 Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 28.7 27.7
26.8 26.1 25.4 24.9 24.4 24.0 Condenser mean temperature .degree.
C. 44.8 44.3 43.9 43.4 42.9 42.5 42.0 41.6 Condenser glide (in-out)
K 30.2 31.3 32.1 32.6 33.0 33.2 33.2 33.1
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 7 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 20%
R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 0/20/80
2/20/78 4/20/76 6/20/74 8/20/72 10/20/70 12/20/68 14/20/66 COP
(heating) 2.02 2.08 2.12 2.15 2.17 2.19 2.20 2.22 COP (heating)
relative to Reference 95.8% 98.4% 100.4% 101.8% 103.0% 103.9%
104.6% 105.1% Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 688
771 857 947 1041 1137 1237 1339 Capacity relative to Reference
78.3% 87.7% 97.6% 107.8% 118.4% 129.4% 140.7% 152.4% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 107.96 104.14 100.55 97.16 93.96 90.93
88.06 85.34 Critical pressure bar 38.40 39.15 39.90 40.65 41.40
42.15 42.91 43.66 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 215.0 227.5 238.2
247.5 255.5 262.6 269.0 274.9 Pressure ratio 18.02 18.19 18.21
18.08 17.84 17.53 17.16 16.76 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 33.5 31.6
30.2 29.1 28.2 27.4 26.8 26.2 Compressor discharge temperature
.degree. C. 114.9 119.1 122.9 126.4 129.6 132.5 135.3 137.9
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.71 0.76 0.81 0.88 0.95 1.03 1.12
1.21 Condenser inlet pressure bar 11.5 12.7 13.9 15.1 16.3 17.5
18.6 19.8 Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -29.2 -29.9
-30.5 -31.3 -32.0 -32.8 -33.6 -34.5 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C.
-30.0 -29.5 -28.8 -28.1 -27.4 -26.6 -25.9 -25.2 Evaporator exit gas
temperature .degree. C. -25.0 -24.5 -23.8 -23.1 -22.4 -21.6 -20.9
-20.2 Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -29.6 -29.7 -29.7
-29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.8 Evaporator glide (out-in) K -0.8 0.4
1.7 3.1 4.6 6.2 7.8 9.3 Compressor suction pressure bar 0.64 0.70
0.76 0.83 0.91 1.00 1.08 1.18 Compressor discharge pressure bar
11.5 12.7 13.9 15.1 16.3 17.5 18.6 19.8 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 406 348 302 266 236 212 191 174 Pressure drop relative to
reference 139.1% 119.0% 103.4% 91.0% 80.8% 72.5% 65.4% 59.4%
Condenser dew point .degree. C. 52.8 54.5 55.9 57.0 57.9 58.6 59.1
59.4 Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 52.0 46.7 42.5 39.2 36.5
34.4 32.6 31.1 Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 51.0
45.7 41.5 38.2 35.5 33.4 31.6 30.1 Condenser mean temperature
.degree. C. 52.4 50.6 49.2 48.1 47.2 46.5 45.9 45.3 Condenser glide
(in-out) K 0.8 7.7 13.3 17.8 21.4 24.2 26.5 28.2
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 8 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 20%
R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 16/20/64
18/20/62 20/20/60 22/20/58 24/20/56 26/20/54 28/20/52 30/20/50 COP
(heating) 2.23 2.23 2.24 2.24 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 COP (heating)
relative to 105.6% 105.9% 106.2% 106.4% 106.5% 106.5% 106.5% 106.5%
Reference Volumetric heating capacity kJ/m.sup.3 1445 1552 1662
1774 1887 2002 2117 2235 at suction Capacity relative to Reference
164.4% 176.7% 189.2% 201.9% 214.8% 227.8% 241.0% 254.3% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 82.75 80.29 77.94 75.70 73.57 71.53 69.57
67.70 Critical pressure bar 44.41 45.16 45.91 46.66 47.41 48.16
48.91 49.66 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 280.3 285.3 290.1 294.6
298.9 303.1 307.1 311.1 Pressure ratio 16.36 15.94 15.54 15.14
14.76 14.40 14.05 13.72 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.7 25.2 24.8
24.4 24.1 23.8 23.4 23.1 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 140.3 142.7 145.0 147.2 149.4 151.5 153.7 155.7 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.31 1.41 1.51 1.62 1.73 1.85 1.97 2.09 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 20.9 22.0 23.1 24.2 25.3 26.4 27.5 28.5
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -35.4 -36.3 -37.3 -38.2
-39.2 -40.1 -41.0 -41.9 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -24.5 -23.8
-23.3 -22.7 -22.3 -21.9 -21.5 -21.2 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -19.5 -18.8 -18.3 -17.7 -17.3 -16.9 -16.5 -16.2
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -29.9 -30.1 -30.3 -30.5
-30.7 -31.0 -31.3 -31.6 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 10.9 12.5 14.0
15.5 16.9 18.3 19.5 20.7 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.28 1.38
1.49 1.60 1.71 1.83 1.95 2.08 Compressor discharge pressure bar
20.9 22.0 23.1 24.2 25.3 26.4 27.5 28.5 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 159 146 134 124 116 108 101 95 Pressure drop relative to
reference 54.3% 49.9% 46.0% 42.6% 39.6% 37.0% 34.6% 32.5% Condenser
dew point .degree. C. 59.5 59.6 59.5 59.3 59.0 58.6 58.2 57.7
Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 29.9 28.9 28.0 27.3 26.7 26.1
25.6 25.2 Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 28.9 27.9
27.0 26.3 25.7 25.1 24.6 24.2 Condenser mean temperature .degree.
C. 44.7 44.2 43.8 43.3 42.8 42.4 41.9 41.5 Condenser glide (in-out)
K 29.6 30.7 31.5 32.0 32.3 32.5 32.5 32.4
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 9 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 30%
R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 0/30/70
2/30/68 4/30/66 6/30/64 8/30/62 10/30/60 12/30/58 14/30/56 COP
(heating) 2.03 2.08 2.12 2.15 2.18 2.19 2.21 2.22 COP (heating)
relative to Reference 96.4% 98.9% 100.7% 102.1% 103.2% 104.1%
104.7% 105.3% Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 721
806 894 985 1081 1179 1281 1387 Capacity relative to Reference
82.1% 91.7% 101.7% 112.1% 123.0% 134.2% 145.8% 157.8% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 107.03 103.28 99.75 96.42 93.27 90.29 87.47
84.78 Critical pressure bar 39.11 39.86 40.61 41.37 42.12 42.87
43.62 44.37 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 217.3 229.6 240.1 249.1
257.0 264.1 270.4 276.1 Pressure ratio 17.70 17.85 17.86 17.73
17.49 17.18 16.82 16.43 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 33.1 31.4 30.0
28.9 28.0 27.3 26.6 26.1 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 116.0 120.2 123.9 127.4 130.5 133.5 136.2 138.8 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 0.74 0.79 0.85 0.91 0.99 1.07 1.16 1.25 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 11.9 13.0 14.2 15.4 16.6 17.8 19.0 20.1
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -29.3 -30.0 -30.6 -31.3
-32.0 -32.8 -33.6 -34.4 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -30.0 -29.5
-28.8 -28.1 -27.4 -26.7 -25.9 -25.2 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -25.0 -24.5 -23.8 -23.1 -22.4 -21.7 -20.9 -20.2
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7
-29.7 -29.7 -29.8 -29.8 Evaporator glide (out-in) K -0.7 0.5 1.8
3.2 4.6 6.1 7.6 9.2 Compressor suction pressure bar 0.67 0.73 0.80
0.87 0.95 1.04 1.13 1.23 Compressor discharge pressure bar 11.9
13.0 14.2 15.4 16.6 17.8 19.0 20.1 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m
384 330 288 254 226 203 184 167 Pressure drop relative to reference
131.6% 113.1% 98.6% 87.0% 77.5% 69.6% 62.9% 57.2% Condenser dew
point .degree. C. 52.5 54.1 55.4 56.5 57.3 58.0 58.4 58.7 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 51.6 46.6 42.5 39.3 36.7 34.6 32.9 31.4
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 50.6 45.6 41.5 38.3
35.7 33.6 31.9 30.4 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 52.1
50.3 49.0 47.9 47.0 46.3 45.6 45.1 Condenser glide (in-out) K 0.9
7.5 12.9 17.2 20.6 23.4 25.6 27.3
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 10 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 30%
R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 16/30/54
18/30/52 20/30/50 22/30/48 24/30/46 26/30/44 28/30/42 30/30/40 COP
(heating) 2.23 2.24 2.24 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 COP (heating)
relative to 105.7% 106.0% 106.3% 106.5% 106.6% 106.7% 106.7% 106.6%
Reference Volumetric heating capacity kJ/m.sup.3 1494 1605 1718
1833 1949 2068 2188 2309 at suction Capacity relative to Reference
170.1% 182.7% 195.5% 208.6% 221.9% 235.3% 249.0% 262.8% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 82.23 79.80 77.49 75.28 73.17 71.16 69.23
67.38 Critical pressure bar 45.12 45.88 46.63 47.38 48.13 48.88
49.63 50.38 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 281.5 286.4 291.1 295.5
299.8 303.8 307.8 311.6 Pressure ratio 16.03 15.63 15.23 14.84
14.46 14.10 13.75 13.42 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.6 25.1 24.7
24.4 24.0 23.7 23.4 23.1 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 141.2 143.5 145.8 148.0 150.1 152.2 154.2 156.3 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.35 1.46 1.57 1.68 1.80 1.92 2.05 2.18 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 21.3 22.4 23.5 24.6 25.7 26.8 27.9 29.0
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -35.3 -36.2 -37.1 -38.0
-38.9 -39.8 -40.7 -41.5 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -24.6 -24.0
-23.4 -22.9 -22.4 -22.0 -21.6 -21.3 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -19.6 -19.0 -18.4 -17.9 -17.4 -17.0 -16.6 -16.3
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -29.9 -30.1 -30.2 -30.4
-30.7 -30.9 -31.2 -31.4 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 10.7 12.2 13.7
15.1 16.5 17.8 19.0 20.2 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.33 1.43
1.55 1.66 1.78 1.90 2.03 2.16 Compressor discharge pressure bar
21.3 22.4 23.5 24.6 25.7 26.8 27.9 29.0 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 153 140 130 120 112 104 98 92 Pressure drop relative to
reference 52.3% 48.1% 44.4% 41.1% 38.3% 35.7% 33.4% 31.4% Condenser
dew point .degree. C. 58.8 58.8 58.7 58.5 58.2 57.9 57.4 56.9
Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 30.2 29.2 28.4 27.6 27.0 26.5
26.0 25.7 Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 29.2 28.2
27.4 26.6 26.0 25.5 25.0 24.7 Condenser mean temperature .degree.
C. 44.5 44.0 43.6 43.1 42.6 42.2 41.7 41.3 Condenser glide (in-out)
K 28.6 29.6 30.4 30.9 31.2 31.4 31.4 31.3
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 11 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 40%
R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 0/40/60
2/40/58 4/40/56 6/40/54 8/40/52 10/40/50 12/40/48 14/40/46 COP
(heating) 2.04 2.09 2.13 2.16 2.18 2.20 2.21 2.22 COP (heating)
relative to Reference 96.9% 99.3% 101.1% 102.4% 103.4% 104.3%
104.9% 105.4% Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 752
838 928 1021 1118 1220 1323 1431 Capacity relative to Reference
85.6% 95.4% 105.6% 116.2% 127.3% 138.8% 150.6% 162.8% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 106.12 102.44 98.97 95.70 92.60 89.66 86.88
84.24 Critical pressure bar 39.69 40.45 41.21 41.96 42.72 43.48
44.23 44.99 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 219.7 231.7 242.1 251.0
258.9 265.8 272.1 277.8 Pressure ratio 17.41 17.56 17.56 17.42
17.19 16.88 16.53 16.15 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 32.8 31.1 29.7
28.7 27.8 27.1 26.5 25.9 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 117.2 121.3 125.1 128.5 131.6 134.5 137.2 139.8 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 0.76 0.81 0.88 0.95 1.02 1.11 1.20 1.30 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 12.2 13.3 14.6 15.8 17.0 18.2 19.3 20.5
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -29.4 -30.0 -30.6 -31.3
-32.0 -32.7 -33.5 -34.3 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -30.0 -29.5
-28.9 -28.2 -27.5 -26.7 -26.0 -25.3 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -25.0 -24.5 -23.9 -23.2 -22.5 -21.7 -21.0 -20.3
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -29.7 -29.7 -29.8 -29.7
-29.7 -29.7 -29.8 -29.8 Evaporator glide (out-in) K -0.6 0.5 1.8
3.1 4.6 6.0 7.5 9.0 Compressor suction pressure bar 0.70 0.76 0.83
0.90 0.99 1.08 1.17 1.27 Compressor discharge pressure bar 12.2
13.3 14.6 15.8 17.0 18.2 19.3 20.5 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m
366 315 276 244 217 196 177 161 Pressure drop relative to reference
125.2% 108.0% 94.4% 83.5% 74.5% 66.9% 60.6% 55.2% Condenser dew
point .degree. C. 52.2 53.7 54.9 56.0 56.8 57.4 57.8 58.1 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 51.4 46.4 42.5 39.3 36.8 34.7 33.0 31.6
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 50.4 45.4 41.5 38.3
35.8 33.7 32.0 30.6 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 51.8
50.1 48.7 47.7 46.8 46.1 45.4 44.8 Condenser glide (in-out) K 0.8
7.2 12.4 16.6 20.0 22.7 24.8 26.5
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 12 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 40%
R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 16/40/44
18/40/42 20/40/40 22/40/38 24/40/36 26/40/34 28/40/32 30/40/30 COP
(heating) 2.23 2.24 2.24 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 COP (heating)
relative to 105.9% 106.2% 106.4% 106.6% 106.7% 106.8% 106.8% 106.8%
Reference Volumetric heating capacity at kJ/m.sup.3 1541 1654 1770
1888 2008 2130 2253 2379 suction Capacity relative to Reference
175.4% 188.3% 201.5% 214.9% 228.5% 242.4% 256.5% 270.7% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 81.72 79.33 77.05 74.87 72.78 70.79 68.89
67.06 Critical pressure bar 45.74 46.50 47.26 48.01 48.77 49.52
50.27 51.03 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 283.0 287.9 292.5 296.9
301.0 305.0 308.8 312.5 Pressure ratio 15.76 15.36 14.97 14.58
14.21 13.85 13.50 13.17 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.4 25.0 24.6
24.3 23.9 23.6 23.3 23.0 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 142.2 144.5 146.7 148.8 150.9 153.0 155.0 157.0 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.40 1.51 1.62 1.74 1.86 1.98 2.11 2.25 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 21.6 22.8 23.9 25.0 26.1 27.2 28.3 29.4
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -35.2 -36.1 -36.9 -37.8
-38.7 -39.6 -40.4 -41.2 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -24.7 -24.1
-23.5 -23.0 -22.5 -22.1 -21.8 -21.5 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -19.7 -19.1 -18.5 -18.0 -17.5 -17.1 -16.8 -16.5
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -29.9 -30.1 -30.2 -30.4
-30.6 -30.8 -31.1 -31.3 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 10.5 12.0 13.4
14.8 16.1 17.4 18.6 19.7 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.37 1.48
1.60 1.72 1.84 1.97 2.10 2.23 Compressor discharge pressure bar
21.6 22.8 23.9 25.0 26.1 27.2 28.3 29.4 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 148 136 125 116 108 101 95 89 Pressure drop relative to
reference 50.5% 46.5% 42.9% 39.8% 37.0% 34.6% 32.4% 30.4% Condenser
dew point .degree. C. 58.2 58.2 58.1 57.9 57.6 57.2 56.8 56.3
Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 30.4 29.4 28.6 27.9 27.3 26.8
26.3 26.0 Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 29.4 28.4
27.6 26.9 26.3 25.8 25.3 25.0 Condenser mean temperature .degree.
C. 44.3 43.8 43.3 42.9 42.4 42.0 41.6 41.1 Condenser glide (in-out)
K 27.8 28.8 29.5 30.0 30.3 30.4 30.4 30.3
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 13 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 50%
R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 0/50/50
2/50/48 4/50/46 6/50/44 8/50/42 10/50/40 12/50/38 14/50/36 COP
(heating) 2.05 2.10 2.14 2.17 2.19 2.20 2.22 2.23 COP (heating)
relative to 97.5% 99.7% 101.4% 102.7% 103.7% 104.5% 105.1% 105.6%
Reference Volumetric heating capacity at kJ/m.sup.3 780 868 959
1054 1153 1256 1362 1472 suction Capacity relative to Reference
88.8% 98.7% 109.1% 120.0% 131.2% 143.0% 155.0% 167.5% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 105.23 101.62 98.21 94.99 91.94 89.05 86.31
83.70 Critical pressure bar 40.15 40.91 41.68 42.45 43.21 43.98
44.74 45.51 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 222.2 234.1 244.4 253.2
261.0 267.9 274.1 279.7 Pressure ratio 17.16 17.30 17.30 17.17
16.94 16.64 16.30 15.92 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 32.4 30.8 29.5
28.4 27.6 26.9 26.3 25.7 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 118.4 122.5 126.3 129.7 132.8 135.7 138.4 140.9 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.97 1.05 1.14 1.23 1.33 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 12.4 13.6 14.8 16.1 17.3 18.5 19.6 20.8
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -29.5 -30.1 -30.7 -31.3
-32.0 -32.7 -33.5 -34.3 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -30.0 -29.5
-28.9 -28.2 -27.5 -26.8 -26.1 -25.4 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -25.0 -24.5 -23.9 -23.2 -22.5 -21.8 -21.1 -20.4
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -29.7 -29.8 -29.8 -29.8
-29.8 -29.8 -29.8 -29.9 Evaporator glide (out-in) K -0.6 0.5 1.8
3.1 4.5 5.9 7.4 8.9 Compressor suction pressure bar 0.72 0.79 0.86
0.93 1.02 1.11 1.21 1.31 Compressor discharge pressure bar 12.4
13.6 14.8 16.1 17.3 18.5 19.6 20.8 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m
349 302 265 235 210 189 171 156 Pressure drop relative to reference
119.7% 103.5% 90.7% 80.3% 71.8% 64.6% 58.6% 53.4% Condenser dew
point .degree. C. 51.8 53.2 54.5 55.5 56.3 56.9 57.3 57.5 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 51.1 46.3 42.4 39.3 36.8 34.8 33.1 31.7
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 50.1 45.3 41.4 38.3
35.8 33.8 32.1 30.7 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 51.5
49.8 48.5 47.4 46.5 45.8 45.2 44.6 Condenser glide (in-out) K 0.7
6.9 12.1 16.2 19.5 22.1 24.2 25.9
TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 14 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 50%
R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 16/50/34
18/50/32 20/50/32 22/50/28 24/50/26 26/50/24 28/50/22 30/50/20 COP
(heating) 2.24 2.24 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.26 2.26 2.26 COP (heating)
relative to 106.1% 106.4% 106.6% 106.8% 106.9% 107.0% 107.0% 107.0%
Reference Volumetric heating capacity at kJ/m.sup.3 1585 1700 1818
1939 2061 2186 2312 2441 suction Capacity relative to Reference
180.3% 193.5% 206.9% 220.7% 234.6% 248.8% 263.2% 277.8% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 81.22 78.86 76.61 74.46 72.40 70.44 68.55
66.75 Critical pressure bar 46.27 47.03 47.80 48.56 49.32 50.08
50.84 51.60 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 284.9 289.7 294.3 298.6
302.7 306.6 310.4 314.0 Pressure ratio 15.53 15.14 14.75 14.37
14.00 13.64 13.30 12.97 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.3 24.9 24.5
24.1 23.8 23.5 23.2 22.9 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 143.3 145.6 147.7 149.9 151.9 153.9 155.9 157.9 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.44 1.55 1.67 1.79 1.91 2.04 2.17 2.31 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 22.0 23.1 24.3 25.4 26.5 27.6 28.7 29.8
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -35.1 -36.0 -36.8 -37.7
-38.5 -39.4 -40.2 -41.0 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -24.8 -24.2
-23.6 -23.1 -22.6 -22.2 -21.9 -21.6 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -19.8 -19.2 -18.6 -18.1 -17.6 -17.2 -16.9 -16.6
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -29.9 -30.1 -30.2 -30.4
-30.6 -30.8 -31.0 -31.3 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 10.3 11.8 13.2
14.6 15.9 17.2 18.3 19.4 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.41 1.53
1.64 1.77 1.89 2.02 2.16 2.30 Compressor discharge pressure bar
22.0 23.1 24.3 25.4 26.5 27.6 28.7 29.8 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 143 131 121 113 105 98 92 86 Pressure drop relative to
reference 48.9% 45.0% 41.6% 38.6% 35.9% 33.6% 31.4% 29.5% Condenser
dew point .degree. C. 57.7 57.7 57.5 57.3 57.0 56.7 56.2 55.8
Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 30.5 29.5 28.7 28.0 27.4 26.9
26.5 26.2 Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 29.5 28.5
27.7 27.0 26.4 25.9 25.5 25.2 Condenser mean temperature .degree.
C. 44.1 43.6 43.1 42.7 42.2 41.8 41.4 41.0 Condenser glide (in-out)
K 27.1 28.1 28.8 29.3 29.6 29.7 29.7 29.6
TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 15 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 5% R-32
Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 0/5/95 2/5/93
4/5/91 6/5/89 8/5/87 10/5/85 12/5/83 14/5/81 COP (heating) 2.07
2.11 2.15 2.17 2.19 2.21 2.22 2.23 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 98.0% 100.2% 101.8% 103.1% 104.0% 104.8% 105.4% 105.9%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 729 813 900 990 1083
1179 1278 1379 Capacity relative to Reference 83.0% 92.5% 102.4%
112.7% 123.3% 134.2% 145.4% 156.9% Critical temperature .degree. C.
106.60 103.13 99.78 96.58 93.54 90.65 87.91 85.29 Critical pressure
bar 39.06 39.91 40.71 41.47 42.23 42.98 43.73 44.48 Condenser
enthalpy change kJ/kg 226.5 237.7 247.3 255.7 263.2 269.9 276.1
281.7 Pressure ratio 17.96 17.98 17.89 17.68 17.40 17.07 16.71
16.33 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 31.8 30.3 29.1 28.2 27.4 26.7
26.1 25.6 Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 118.1 121.9
125.4 128.6 131.6 134.4 137.1 139.6 Evaporator inlet pressure bar
0.73 0.78 0.84 0.91 0.99 1.07 1.15 1.25 Condenser inlet pressure
bar 12.0 13.1 14.2 15.4 16.5 17.7 18.8 19.9 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -29.9 -30.5 -31.3 -32.1 -32.9 -33.7 -34.6
-35.6 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -29.4 -28.8 -28.1 -27.3 -26.5
-25.8 -25.1 -24.4 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -24.4
-23.8 -23.1 -22.3 -21.5 -20.8 -20.1 -19.4 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.6 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.8 -29.9
-30.0 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 0.4 1.8 3.2 4.8 6.3 8.0 9.6 11.2
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.67 0.73 0.80 0.87 0.95 1.03 1.12
1.22 Compressor discharge pressure bar 12.0 13.1 14.2 15.4 16.5
17.7 18.8 19.9 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 368 319 280 248 222
200 181 166 Pressure drop relative to reference 126.2% 109.2% 95.8%
84.9% 75.9% 68.4% 62.1% 56.7% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 53.8
55.3 56.6 57.6 58.3 58.9 59.3 59.5 Condenser bubble point .degree.
C. 48.6 44.2 40.6 37.8 35.4 33.5 31.9 30.5 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 47.6 43.2 39.6 36.8 34.4 32.5 30.9 29.5
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 51.2 49.7 48.6 47.7 46.9
46.2 45.6 45.0 Condenser glide (in-out) K 5.2 11.1 15.9 19.8 22.9
25.4 27.4 29.0
TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 16 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 5% R-32
Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 16/5/79 18/5/77
20/5/75 22/5/73 24/5/71 26/5/69 28/5/67 30/5/65 COP (heating) 2.24
2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 106.3% 106.6% 106.8% 106.9% 106.9% 106.9% 106.9% 106.8%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1482 1586 1692 1799
1907 2015 2125 2236 Capacity relative to Reference 168.6% 180.5%
192.5% 204.7% 217.0% 229.4% 241.8% 254.4% Critical temperature
.degree. C. 82.80 80.43 78.16 75.99 73.92 71.94 70.04 68.22
Critical pressure bar 45.22 45.96 46.71 47.45 48.19 48.93 49.66
50.40 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 287.1 292.1 296.9 301.5 306.0
310.3 314.5 318.6 Pressure ratio 15.95 15.57 15.21 14.86 14.52
14.20 13.89 13.59 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.1 24.6 24.2 23.9
23.5 23.2 22.9 22.6 Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C.
142.1 144.5 146.8 149.1 151.3 153.6 155.8 158.0 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.34 1.44 1.54 1.65 1.75 1.86 1.98 2.09 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 21.0 22.0 23.1 24.2 25.2 26.2 27.2 28.2
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -36.5 -37.5 -38.5 -39.5
-40.4 -41.4 -42.3 -43.1 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.7 -23.2
-22.6 -22.2 -21.8 -21.4 -21.1 -20.9 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -18.7 -18.2 -17.6 -17.2 -16.8 -16.4 -16.1 -15.9
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.1 -30.3 -30.6 -30.8
-31.1 -31.4 -31.7 -32.0 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.8 14.4 15.9
17.3 18.7 20.0 21.1 22.2 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.31 1.42
1.52 1.63 1.73 1.85 1.96 2.08 Compressor discharge pressure bar
21.0 22.0 23.1 24.2 25.2 26.2 27.2 28.2 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 152 140 130 121 113 105 99 93 Pressure drop relative to
reference 52.0% 48.0% 44.4% 41.3% 38.5% 36.1% 33.9% 31.9% Condenser
dew point .degree. C. 59.6 59.6 59.5 59.3 59.0 58.6 58.1 57.6
Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 29.4 28.4 27.6 26.9 26.3 25.7
25.3 24.9 Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 28.4 27.4
26.6 25.9 25.3 24.7 24.3 23.9 Condenser mean temperature .degree.
C. 44.5 44.0 43.5 43.1 42.6 42.1 41.7 41.2 Condenser glide (in-out)
K 30.2 31.2 31.9 32.4 32.7 32.8 32.9 32.8
TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 17 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 10% R-32
Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 0/10/90 2/10/88
4/10/86 6/10/84 8/10/82 10/10/80 12/10/78 14/10/76 COP (heating)
2.12 2.16 2.18 2.20 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 100.6% 102.3% 103.5% 104.5% 105.3% 106.0% 106.4% 106.8%
Volumetric heating capacity at kJ/m3 847 934 1024 1118 1215 1314
1415 1518 suction Capacity relative to Reference 96.3% 106.3%
116.6% 127.3% 138.2% 149.5% 161.0% 172.8% Critical temperature
.degree. C. 103.66 100.50 97.45 94.53 91.74 89.08 86.53 84.10
Critical pressure bar 41.28 42.13 42.93 43.70 44.47 45.22 45.97
46.71 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 240.3 249.9 258.3 265.9 272.8
279.1 284.9 290.4 Pressure ratio 17.03 16.94 16.77 16.52 16.25
15.93 15.61 15.27 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 30.0 28.8 27.9 27.1
26.4 25.8 25.3 24.8 Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C.
122.7 126.1 129.3 132.3 135.2 137.8 140.4 142.9 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 0.82 0.88 0.95 1.03 1.11 1.20 1.29 1.38 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 13.1 14.2 15.3 16.4 17.5 18.6 19.7 20.8
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -30.7 -31.4 -32.2 -33.0
-33.8 -34.7 -35.5 -36.4 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -28.6 -27.9
-27.2 -26.5 -25.8 -25.1 -24.5 -23.9 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -23.6 -22.9 -22.2 -21.5 -20.8 -20.1 -19.5 -18.9
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7
-29.8 -29.9 -30.0 -30.2 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 2.1 3.5 5.0 6.5
8.0 9.6 11.1 12.5 Compressor suction pressure bar 0.77 0.84 0.91
0.99 1.08 1.17 1.26 1.36 Compressor discharge pressure bar 13.1
14.2 15.3 16.4 17.5 18.6 19.7 20.8 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m
304 267 238 213 193 175 160 147 Pressure drop relative to reference
104.0% 91.6% 81.4% 73.0% 65.9% 59.9% 54.8% 50.3% Condenser dew
point .degree. C. 53.9 55.0 56.0 56.8 57.3 57.7 58.0 58.1 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 45.9 42.3 39.4 37.0 35.1 33.4 32.0 30.8
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 44.9 41.3 38.4 36.0
34.1 32.4 31.0 29.8 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 49.9
48.7 47.7 46.9 46.2 45.6 45.0 44.4 Condenser glide (in-out) K 8.0
12.7 16.6 19.7 22.3 24.3 26.0 27.3
TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 18 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 10% R-32
Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) %by weight 16/10/74 18/10/72
20/10/70 22/10/68 24/10/66 26/10/64 28/10/62 30/10/60 COP (heating)
2.26 2.26 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.26 2.26 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 107.1% 107.3% 107.4% 107.5% 107.5% 107.5% 107.4% 107.3%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1623 1730 1838 1947
2057 2169 2283 2397 Capacity relative to Reference 184.7% 196.9%
209.1% 221.6% 234.1% 246.8% 259.8% 272.8% Critical temperature
.degree. C. 81.78 79.56 77.44 75.40 73.45 71.58 69.78 68.05
Critical pressure bar 47.46 48.20 48.93 49.67 50.41 51.14 51.88
52.61 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 295.5 300.4 305.1 309.6 314.0
318.2 322.3 326.2 Pressure ratio 14.94 14.62 14.30 13.99 13.69
13.40 13.12 12.85 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 24.4 24.0 23.6 23.3
22.9 22.6 22.3 22.1 Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C.
145.3 147.6 149.9 152.1 154.4 156.6 158.7 160.8 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.48 1.59 1.69 1.80 1.91 2.03 2.15 2.27 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 21.8 22.9 23.9 24.9 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -37.3 -38.2 -39.1 -39.9
-40.8 -41.5 -42.3 -43.0 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.3 -22.9
-22.4 -22.0 -21.7 -21.4 -21.1 -20.9 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -18.3 -17.9 -17.4 -17.0 -16.7 -16.4 -16.1 -15.9
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.3 -30.5 -30.7 -31.0
-31.2 -31.5 -31.7 -31.9 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.0 15.4 16.7
17.9 19.1 20.1 21.1 22.0 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.46 1.56
1.67 1.78 1.90 2.01 2.13 2.26 Compressor discharge pressure bar
21.8 22.9 23.9 24.9 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 136 126 117 109 102 96 90 85 Pressure drop relative to
reference 46.4% 43.1% 40.1% 37.4% 35.0% 32.9% 31.0% 29.2% Condenser
dew point .degree. C. 58.1 58.0 57.8 57.6 57.2 56.8 56.3 55.8
Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 29.7 28.9 28.1 27.4 26.9 26.4
25.9 25.6 Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 28.7 27.9
27.1 26.4 25.9 25.4 24.9 24.6 Condenser mean temperature .degree.
C. 43.9 43.4 43.0 42.5 42.0 41.6 41.1 40.7 Condenser glide (in-out)
K 28.4 29.1 29.7 30.1 30.3 30.4 30.4 30.3
TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 19 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 15% R-32
Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 0/15/85 2/15/83
4/15/81 6/15/79 8/15/77 10/15/75 12/15/73 14/15/71 COP (heating)
2.17 2.19 2.21 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 COP (heating) relative to
102.7% 104.0% 105.0% 105.8% 106.4% 106.9% 107.3% 107.6% Reference
Volumetric heating capacity at kJ/m3 965 1056 1150 1247 1346 1447
1551 1656 suction Capacity relative to Reference 109.9% 120.2%
130.9% 141.9% 153.2% 164.7% 176.5% 188.5% Critical temperature
.degree. C. 101.02 98.12 95.32 92.63 90.05 87.59 85.23 82.97
Critical pressure bar 43.26 44.09 44.90 45.68 46.45 47.21 47.96
48.71 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 252.5 261.1 268.8 275.8 282.2
288.2 293.8 299.1 Pressure ratio 16.11 15.97 15.76 15.52 15.25
14.97 14.68 14.38 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 28.5 27.6 26.8 26.1
25.5 25.0 24.5 24.1 Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C.
126.9 130.1 133.1 135.9 138.6 141.2 143.7 146.2 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 0.92 0.99 1.07 1.15 1.24 1.33 1.42 1.52 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 14.1 15.2 16.3 17.3 18.4 19.5 20.5 21.6
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -31.6 -32.3 -33.0 -33.8
-34.6 -35.4 -36.2 -37.0 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -27.9 -27.2
-26.5 -25.9 -25.2 -24.6 -24.1 -23.6 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -22.9 -22.2 -21.5 -20.9 -20.2 -19.6 -19.1 -18.6
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -29.7 -29.7 -29.8 -29.8
-29.9 -30.0 -30.2 -30.3 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 3.7 5.1 6.5 7.9
9.4 10.7 12.1 13.4 Compressor suction pressure bar 0.88 0.95 1.03
1.12 1.21 1.30 1.40 1.50 Compressor discharge pressure bar 14.1
15.2 16.3 17.3 18.4 19.5 20.5 21.6 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m
257 229 206 186 169 155 143 132 Pressure drop relative to reference
87.9% 78.4% 70.4% 63.7% 58.0% 53.1% 48.8% 45.1% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 53.6 54.5 55.2 55.8 56.2 56.5 56.6 56.6 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 44.1 41.1 38.7 36.6 34.9 33.4 32.1 31.1
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 43.1 40.1 37.7 35.6
33.9 32.4 31.1 30.1 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 48.8
47.8 47.0 46.2 45.5 44.9 44.4 43.9 Condenser glide (in-out) K 9.5
13.4 16.5 19.1 21.3 23.0 24.5 25.6
TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 20 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 15% R-32
Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 16/15/69 18/15/67
20/15/65 22/15/63 24/15/61 26/15/59 28/15/57 30/15/55 COP (heating)
2.27 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.27 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 107.8% 107.9% 108.0% 108.1% 108.0% 108.0% 107.9% 107.8%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1763 1872 1983 2095
2209 2324 2442 2562 Capacity relative to Reference 200.7% 213.1%
225.6% 238.4% 251.4% 264.5% 277.9% 291.5% Critical temperature
.degree. C. 80.80 78.72 76.73 74.82 72.98 71.21 69.51 67.88
Critical pressure bar 49.46 50.20 50.94 51.68 52.42 53.16 53.90
54.63 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 304.1 308.9 313.4 317.8 322.0
326.1 330.0 333.8 Pressure ratio 14.09 13.80 13.52 13.23 12.96
12.70 12.44 12.19 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.7 23.3 23.0 22.7
22.4 22.1 21.8 21.6 Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C.
148.5 150.8 153.1 155.2 157.4 159.5 161.6 163.6 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.63 1.73 1.84 1.96 2.08 2.20 2.32 2.45 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 22.6 23.6 24.7 25.7 26.7 27.7 28.7 29.7
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -37.8 -38.6 -39.3 -40.1
-40.7 -41.4 -42.0 -42.5 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.1 -22.7
-22.3 -22.0 -21.7 -21.5 -21.3 -21.1 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -18.1 -17.7 -17.3 -17.0 -16.7 -16.5 -16.3 -16.1
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.5 -30.6 -30.8 -31.0
-31.2 -31.4 -31.6 -31.8 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.7 15.9 17.0
18.0 19.0 19.9 20.7 21.4 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.61 1.71
1.83 1.94 2.06 2.18 2.31 2.44 Compressor discharge pressure bar
22.6 23.6 24.7 25.7 26.7 27.7 28.7 29.7 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 122 114 106 100 93 88 83 78 Pressure drop relative to
reference 41.9% 39.0% 36.4% 34.1% 32.0% 30.1% 28.4% 26.9% Condenser
dew point .degree. C. 56.6 56.4 56.2 55.9 55.5 55.1 54.6 54.1
Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 30.1 29.3 28.6 28.0 27.5 27.0
26.6 26.3 Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 29.1 28.3
27.6 27.0 26.5 26.0 25.6 25.3 Condenser mean temperature .degree.
C. 43.4 42.9 42.4 41.9 41.5 41.1 40.6 40.2 Condenser glide (in-out)
K 26.5 27.1 27.6 27.9 28.1 28.1 28.0 27.9
TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 21 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 20% R-32
Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 0/20/80 2/20/78
4/20/76 6/20/74 8/20/72 10/20/70 12/20/68 14/20/66 COP (heating)
2.20 2.22 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.28 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 104.4% 105.4% 106.2% 106.8% 107.3% 107.7% 108.0% 108.2%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1085 1179 1275 1375
1476 1580 1685 1793 Capacity relative to Reference 123.5% 134.1%
145.1% 156.4% 168.0% 179.8% 191.8% 204.1% Critical temperature
.degree. C. 98.64 95.95 93.36 90.88 88.49 86.20 84.00 81.89
Critical pressure bar 45.03 45.86 46.66 47.44 48.22 48.98 49.75
50.50 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 263.9 271.7 278.9 285.5 291.6
297.4 302.8 307.9 Pressure ratio 15.25 15.09 14.88 14.65 14.40
14.15 13.88 13.62 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 27.3 26.5 25.8 25.2
24.7 24.2 23.8 23.4 Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C.
130.9 134.0 136.8 139.6 142.2 144.7 147.1 149.5 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.03 1.10 1.18 1.27 1.36 1.46 1.56 1.66 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 15.1 16.1 17.2 18.2 19.3 20.3 21.3 22.4
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -32.3 -33.0 -33.7 -34.4
-35.2 -35.9 -36.6 -37.3 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -27.2 -26.6
-26.0 -25.4 -24.9 -24.4 -23.9 -23.5 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -22.2 -21.6 -21.0 -20.4 -19.9 -19.4 -18.9 -18.5
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -29.8 -29.8 -29.9 -29.9
-30.0 -30.1 -30.3 -30.4 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 5.1 6.4 7.7 9.0
10.3 11.5 12.7 13.9 Compressor suction pressure bar 0.99 1.07 1.15
1.24 1.34 1.43 1.54 1.64 Compressor discharge pressure bar 15.1
16.1 17.2 18.2 19.3 20.3 21.3 22.4 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m
221 199 180 164 151 139 128 119 Pressure drop relative to reference
75.6% 68.1% 61.7% 56.3% 51.6% 47.5% 43.9% 40.8% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 53.0 53.7 54.3 54.7 55.0 55.2 55.2 55.2 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 42.9 40.3 38.2 36.4 34.8 33.5 32.4 31.4
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 41.9 39.3 37.2 35.4
33.8 32.5 31.4 30.4 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 47.9
47.0 46.2 45.5 44.9 44.3 43.8 43.3 Condenser glide (in-out) K 10.2
13.4 16.1 18.3 20.1 21.6 22.9 23.8
TABLE-US-00026 TABLE 22 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 20% R-32
Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 16/20/64 18/20/62
20/20/60 22/20/58 24/20/56 26/20/54 28/20/52 30/20/50 COP (heating)
2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.28 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 108.4% 108.5% 108.5% 108.6% 108.5% 108.5% 108.4% 108.3%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1903 2014 2127 2243
2360 2481 2603 2729 Capacity relative to Reference 216.5% 229.2%
242.1% 255.2% 268.6% 282.3% 296.3% 310.6% Critical temperature
.degree. C. 79.87 77.92 76.05 74.25 72.52 70.86 69.25 67.70
Critical pressure bar 51.26 52.01 52.76 53.51 54.25 55.00 55.75
56.49 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 312.7 317.4 321.8 326.1 330.1
334.0 337.8 341.3 Pressure ratio 13.36 13.09 12.84 12.58 12.33
12.08 11.84 11.60 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.0 22.7 22.4 22.1
21.8 21.6 21.3 21.1 Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C.
151.8 154.0 156.2 158.4 160.4 162.5 164.5 166.4 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.77 1.88 2.00 2.12 2.24 2.37 2.50 2.64 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 23.4 24.4 25.4 26.4 27.4 28.4 29.5 30.5
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -38.0 -38.7 -39.3 -39.9
-40.5 -41.0 -41.4 -41.8 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.1 -22.7
-22.4 -22.1 -21.9 -21.7 -21.5 -21.3 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -18.1 -17.7 -17.4 -17.1 -16.9 -16.7 -16.5 -16.3
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.5 -30.7 -30.9 -31.0
-31.2 -31.3 -31.5 -31.6 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.9 16.0 16.9
17.8 18.6 19.3 19.9 20.5 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.75 1.86
1.98 2.10 2.23 2.35 2.49 2.63 Compressor discharge pressure bar
23.4 24.4 25.4 26.4 27.4 28.4 29.5 30.5 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 111 104 97 91 86 81 77 72 Pressure drop relative to reference
38.0% 35.5% 33.2% 31.2% 29.4% 27.7% 26.2% 24.8% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 55.1 54.9 54.6 54.3 53.9 53.5 53.0 52.5 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 30.5 29.8 29.1 28.5 28.0 27.6 27.3 27.0
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 29.5 28.8 28.1 27.5
27.0 26.6 26.3 26.0 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 42.8
42.3 41.9 41.4 41.0 40.6 40.2 39.8 Condenser glide (in-out) K 24.6
25.1 25.5 25.8 25.9 25.9 25.8 25.6
TABLE-US-00027 TABLE 23 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 25% R-32
Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 0/25/75 2/25/73
4/25/71 6/25/69 8/25/67 10/25/65 12/25/63 14/25/61 COP (heating)
2.23 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.29 2.29 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 105.7% 106.5% 107.2% 107.7% 108.1% 108.4% 108.6% 108.8%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1205 1301 1399 1500
1604 1710 1818 1928 Capacity relative to Reference 137.1% 148.0%
159.2% 170.8% 182.5% 194.6% 206.9% 219.4% Critical temperature
.degree. C. 96.47 93.97 91.57 89.26 87.04 84.91 82.86 80.89
Critical pressure bar 46.62 47.44 48.24 49.03 49.81 50.59 51.36
52.13 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 274.8 282.1 288.9 295.2 301.1
306.6 311.8 316.8 Pressure ratio 14.48 14.31 14.12 13.91 13.68
13.45 13.21 12.96 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 26.2 25.5 24.9 24.4
23.9 23.5 23.1 22.7 Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C.
134.9 137.8 140.5 143.2 145.7 148.2 150.6 152.9 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.14 1.22 1.30 1.39 1.49 1.59 1.69 1.80 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.1 21.1 22.1 23.1
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -32.9 -33.6 -34.2 -34.9
-35.5 -36.2 -36.8 -37.4 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -26.8 -26.2
-25.7 -25.2 -24.7 -24.3 -23.9 -23.5 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -21.8 -21.2 -20.7 -20.2 -19.7 -19.3 -18.9 -18.5
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -29.8 -29.9 -30.0 -30.0
-30.1 -30.2 -30.3 -30.4 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 6.1 7.3 8.5 9.7
10.8 11.9 12.9 13.9 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.10 1.19 1.28
1.37 1.47 1.57 1.67 1.78 Compressor discharge pressure bar 16.0
17.0 18.0 19.0 20.1 21.1 22.1 23.1 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m
193 175 160 147 135 125 116 108 Pressure drop relative to reference
66.1% 60.0% 54.8% 50.3% 46.4% 42.9% 39.8% 37.1% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 52.3 52.8 53.2 53.5 53.7 53.8 53.8 53.8 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 42.0 39.8 37.9 36.3 34.9 33.7 32.6 31.7
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 41.0 38.8 36.9 35.3
33.9 32.7 31.6 30.7 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 47.2
46.3 45.6 44.9 44.3 43.8 43.2 42.7 Condenser glide (in-out) K 10.3
13.0 15.3 17.3 18.9 20.2 21.2 22.1
TABLE-US-00028 TABLE 24 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 25% R-32
Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 16/25/59 18/25/57
20/25/55 22/25/53 24/25/51 26/25/49 28/25/47 30/25/45 COP (heating)
2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.29 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 108.9% 109.0% 109.0% 109.0% 109.0% 108.9% 108.9% 108.8%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 2040 2155 2272 2391
2513 2638 2766 2898 Capacity relative to Reference 232.2% 245.2%
258.5% 272.1% 286.0% 300.3% 314.8% 329.8% Critical temperature
.degree. C. 78.99 77.17 75.41 73.72 72.08 70.51 68.99 67.53
Critical pressure bar 52.89 53.65 54.41 55.17 55.93 56.69 57.45
58.20 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 321.5 326.0 330.3 334.4 338.3
342.0 345.5 348.9 Pressure ratio 12.72 12.48 12.24 12.00 11.76
11.53 11.29 11.06 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 22.4 22.1 21.8 21.5
21.3 21.1 20.8 20.6 Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C.
155.1 157.3 159.4 161.5 163.5 165.4 167.3 169.1 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.91 2.03 2.15 2.28 2.41 2.54 2.68 2.83 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 24.1 25.1 26.1 27.1 28.1 29.1 30.2 31.2
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -38.0 -38.5 -39.1 -39.6
-40.0 -40.4 -40.8 -41.1 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.1 -22.8
-22.6 -22.3 -22.1 -21.9 -21.8 -21.7 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -18.1 -17.8 -17.6 -17.3 -17.1 -16.9 -16.8 -16.7
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.6 -30.7 -30.8 -30.9
-31.1 -31.2 -31.3 -31.4 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.8 15.7 16.5
17.2 17.9 18.5 19.0 19.4 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.90 2.01
2.14 2.26 2.39 2.53 2.67 2.82 Compressor discharge pressure bar
24.1 25.1 26.1 27.1 28.1 29.1 30.2 31.2 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 101 95 89 84 79 75 71 67 Pressure drop relative to reference
34.7% 32.5% 30.5% 28.7% 27.1% 25.6% 24.2% 23.0% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 53.6 53.4 53.1 52.8 52.4 52.0 51.5 51.0 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 30.9 30.2 29.6 29.1 28.6 28.2 27.9 27.6
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 29.9 29.2 28.6 28.1
27.6 27.2 26.9 26.6 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 42.3
41.8 41.4 40.9 40.5 40.1 39.7 39.3 Condenser glide (in-out) K 22.7
23.2 23.5 23.7 23.8 23.7 23.6 23.4
TABLE-US-00029 TABLE 25 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 30% R-32
Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 0/30/70 2/30/68
4/30/66 6/30/64 8/30/62 10/30/60 12/30/58 14/30/56 COP (heating)
2.25 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.29 2.30 2.30 2.30 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 106.8% 107.5% 108.0% 108.4% 108.7% 109.0% 109.2% 109.3%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1323 1421 1522 1625
1730 1838 1949 2062 Capacity relative to Reference 150.5% 161.7%
173.2% 184.9% 196.9% 209.2% 221.8% 234.7% Critical temperature
.degree. C. 94.49 92.17 89.93 87.77 85.70 83.71 81.79 79.95
Critical pressure bar 48.05 48.86 49.66 50.46 51.25 52.03 52.82
53.60 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 285.4 292.4 298.9 304.9 310.6
315.9 321.0 325.8 Pressure ratio 13.81 13.64 13.46 13.26 13.05
12.84 12.61 12.39 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.2 24.6 24.1 23.6
23.2 22.8 22.4 22.1 Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C.
138.8 141.6 144.3 146.8 149.3 151.7 154.1 156.3 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.25 1.33 1.42 1.52 1.62 1.72 1.83 1.94 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 16.8 17.8 18.8 19.8 20.8 21.8 22.8 23.8
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -33.3 -33.9 -34.5 -35.1
-35.7 -36.2 -36.8 -37.3 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -26.5 -26.0
-25.6 -25.1 -24.7 -24.3 -24.0 -23.6 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -21.5 -21.0 -20.6 -20.1 -19.7 -19.3 -19.0 -18.6
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -29.9 -30.0 -30.0 -30.1
-30.2 -30.3 -30.4 -30.5 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 6.8 7.9 9.0
10.0 11.0 11.9 12.8 13.7 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.22 1.30
1.40 1.49 1.59 1.70 1.81 1.92 Compressor discharge pressure bar
16.8 17.8 18.8 19.8 20.8 21.8 22.8 23.8 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 171 156 144 132 123 114 106 99 Pressure drop relative to
reference 58.5% 53.5% 49.1% 45.3% 42.0% 39.0% 36.4% 34.0% Condenser
dew point .degree. C. 51.4 51.8 52.2 52.4 52.5 52.5 52.5 52.4
Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 41.4 39.4 37.7 36.3 35.0 33.9
32.9 32.0 Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 40.4 38.4
36.7 35.3 34.0 32.9 31.9 31.0 Condenser mean temperature .degree.
C. 46.4 45.6 44.9 44.3 43.7 43.2 42.7 42.2 Condenser glide (in-out)
K 10.0 12.4 14.4 16.1 17.5 18.7 19.6 20.4
TABLE-US-00030 TABLE 26 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 30% R-32
Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 16/30/54 18/30/52
20/3/50 22/30/48 24/30/46 26/30/44 28/30/42 30/30/40 COP (heating)
2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.30 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 109.4% 109.4% 109.5% 109.5% 109.4% 109.4% 109.4% 109.3%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 2177 2296 2416 2540
2667 2797 2931 3068 Capacity relative to Reference 247.8% 261.3%
275.0% 289.1% 303.5% 318.3% 333.5% 349.2% Critical temperature
.degree. C. 78.17 76.45 74.80 73.21 71.67 70.18 68.75 67.36
Critical pressure bar 54.37 55.15 55.92 56.70 57.47 58.24 59.01
59.78 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 330.3 334.7 338.8 342.7 346.4
350.0 353.3 356.5 Pressure ratio 12.16 11.93 11.70 11.48 11.25
11.03 10.80 10.58 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 21.8 21.5 21.3 21.0
20.8 20.6 20.4 20.2 Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C.
158.5 160.6 162.6 164.6 166.5 168.3 170.1 171.7 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 2.06 2.18 2.31 2.44 2.57 2.72 2.87 3.02 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 24.8 25.8 26.8 27.8 28.8 29.8 30.8 31.9
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -37.8 -38.2 -38.7 -39.1
-39.4 -39.7 -40.0 -40.2 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.3 -23.1
-22.8 -22.6 -22.4 -22.3 -22.2 -22.1 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -18.3 -18.1 -17.8 -17.6 -17.4 -17.3 -17.2 -17.1
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.6 -30.7 -30.8 -30.8
-30.9 -31.0 -31.1 -31.1 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.4 15.2 15.8
16.4 17.0 17.4 17.8 18.2 Compressor suction pressure bar 2.04 2.16
2.29 2.42 2.56 2.71 2.86 3.01 Compressor discharge pressure bar
24.8 25.8 26.8 27.8 28.8 29.8 30.8 31.9 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 93 87 82 78 73 69 66 62 Pressure drop relative to reference
31.9% 29.9% 28.2% 26.6% 25.1% 23.7% 22.5% 21.3% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 52.2 52.0 51.7 51.3 51.0 50.5 50.1 49.6 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 31.3 30.6 30.1 29.6 29.2 28.8 28.5 28.3
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 30.3 29.6 29.1 28.6
28.2 27.8 27.5 27.3 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 41.7
41.3 40.9 40.5 40.1 39.7 39.3 38.9 Condenser glide (in-out) K 20.9
21.3 21.6 21.7 21.8 21.7 21.6 21.3
TABLE-US-00031 TABLE 27 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R- 1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 5%
R-32 and 5% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/5/5/90 2/5/5/88 4/5/5/86 6/5/5/84 8/5/5/82 10/5/5/80
12/5/5/78 14/5/5/76 COP (heating) 2.07 2.12 2.15 2.18 2.20 2.21
2.22 2.23 COP (heating) relative to Reference 98.2% 100.3% 101.9%
103.2% 104.1% 104.9% 105.5% 106.0% Volumetric heating capacity at
suction kJ/m.sup.3 748 833 920 1012 1106 1203 1302 1405 Capacity
relative to Reference 85.2% 94.8% 104.7% 115.1% 125.8% 136.9%
148.2% 159.8% Critical temperature .degree. C. 106.20 102.70 99.37
96.19 93.18 90.31 87.59 84.99 Critical pressure bar 39.52 40.32
41.10 41.86 42.62 43.37 44.11 44.86 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg
227.4 238.4 247.9 256.2 263.7 270.3 276.5 282.1 Pressure ratio
17.76 17.77 17.68 17.47 17.19 16.87 16.51 16.14 Refrigerant mass
flow kg/hr 31.7 30.2 29.0 28.1 27.3 26.6 26.0 25.5 Compressor
discharge temperature .degree. C. 118.5 122.3 125.8 129.0 132.0
134.8 137.5 140.0 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.75 0.80 0.86 0.93
1.01 1.09 1.18 1.27 Condenser inlet pressure bar 12.1 13.3 14.4
15.6 16.7 17.9 19.0 20.1 Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C.
-29.9 -30.6 -31.3 -32.1 -32.9 -33.7 -34.6 -35.5 Evaporator dewpoint
.degree. C. -29.4 -28.7 -28.0 -27.3 -26.5 -25.8 -25.1 -24.4
Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -24.4 -23.7 -23.0 -22.3
-21.5 -20.8 -20.1 -19.4 Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C.
-29.6 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.8 -29.9 -30.0 Evaporator glide
(out-in) K 0.5 1.9 3.3 4.8 6.3 7.9 9.5 11.1 Compressor suction
pressure bar 0.68 0.75 0.82 0.89 0.97 1.06 1.15 1.24 Compressor
discharge pressure bar 12.1 13.3 14.4 15.6 16.7 17.9 19.0 20.1
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 358 311 273 242 217 196 178 162
Pressure drop relative to reference 122.7% 106.4% 93.5% 83.0% 74.3%
67.0% 60.9% 55.6% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 53.6 55.1 56.3
57.2 58.0 58.5 58.9 59.1 Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 48.6
44.2 40.7 37.9 35.6 33.7 32.1 30.8 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 47.6 43.2 39.7 36.9 34.6 32.7 31.1 29.8
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 51.1 49.7 48.5 47.6 46.8
46.1 45.5 44.9 Condenser glide (in-out) K 5.0 10.8 15.5 19.3 22.4
24.9 26.8 28.4
TABLE-US-00032 TABLE 28 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 5%
R-32 and 5% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/5/5/74 18/5/5/72 20/5/5/70 22/5/5/68 24/5/5/66
26/5/5/64 28/5/5/62 30/5/5/60 COP (heating) 2.24 2.25 2.25 2.25
2.26 2.26 2.25 2.25 COP (heating) relative to Reference 106.3%
106.6% 106.8% 106.9% 107.0% 107.0% 106.9% 106.8% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1509 1615 1722 1831 1941 2052 2164
2277 Capacity relative to Reference 171.7% 183.7% 196.0% 208.4%
220.9% 233.5% 246.2% 259.1% Critical temperature .degree. C. 82.52
80.17 77.92 75.76 73.71 71.74 69.85 68.04 Critical pressure bar
45.60 46.34 47.08 47.82 48.56 49.30 50.04 50.78 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 287.4 292.4 297.2 301.7 306.1 310.4 314.5 318.5
Pressure ratio 15.77 15.40 15.03 14.68 14.35 14.02 13.72 13.42
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.1 24.6 24.2 23.9 23.5 23.2 22.9 22.6
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 142.4 144.8 147.1
149.3 151.6 153.8 155.9 158.1 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.37
1.47 1.57 1.68 1.79 1.90 2.02 2.14 Condenser inlet pressure bar
21.2 22.2 23.3 24.4 25.4 26.5 27.5 28.5 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -36.5 -37.4 -38.4 -39.3 -40.2 -41.1 -42.0
-42.8 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.8 -23.2 -22.7 -22.3 -21.9
-21.5 -21.2 -21.0 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -18.8
-18.2 -17.7 -17.3 -16.9 -16.5 -16.2 -16.0 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -30.1 -30.3 -30.5 -30.8 -31.0 -31.3 -31.6
-31.9 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.7 14.2 15.6 17.0 18.4 19.6
20.8 21.8 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.34 1.45 1.55 1.66 1.77
1.89 2.00 2.12 Compressor discharge pressure bar 21.2 22.2 23.3
24.4 25.4 26.5 27.5 28.5 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 149 137
127 118 111 103 97 91 Pressure drop relative to reference 51.0%
47.1% 43.6% 40.5% 37.8% 35.4% 33.3% 31.3% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 59.2 59.2 59.0 58.8 58.5 58.1 57.7 57.2 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 29.6 28.7 27.9 27.1 26.5 26.0 25.5 25.2
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 28.6 27.7 26.9 26.1
25.5 25.0 24.5 24.2 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 44.4
43.9 43.5 43.0 42.5 42.1 41.6 41.2 Condenser glide (in-out) K 29.6
30.5 31.2 31.7 32.0 32.1 32.1 32.0
TABLE-US-00033 TABLE 29 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 5%
R-32 and 10% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/5/10/85 2/5/10/83 4/5/10/81 6/5/10/79 8/5/10/77
10/5/10/75 12/5/10/73 14/5/10/71 COP (heating) 2.08 2.12 2.15 2.18
2.20 2.21 2.23 2.24 COP (heating) relative to Reference 98.5%
100.5% 102.0% 103.3% 104.2% 105.0% 105.5% 106.0% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 766 852 940 1032 1127 1226 1326 1430
Capacity relative to Reference 87.2% 96.9% 107.0% 117.5% 128.3%
139.5% 151.0% 162.7% Critical temperature .degree. C. 105.78 102.29
98.97 95.82 92.83 89.99 87.28 84.71 Critical pressure bar 39.92
40.71 41.48 42.23 42.99 43.73 44.48 45.22 Condenser enthalpy change
kJ/kg 228.3 239.1 248.6 256.8 264.2 270.9 276.9 282.5 Pressure
ratio 17.57 17.58 17.48 17.27 17.00 16.68 16.33 15.97 Refrigerant
mass flow kg/hr 31.5 30.1 29.0 28.0 27.3 26.6 26.0 25.5 Compressor
discharge temperature .degree. C. 119.0 122.7 126.2 129.4 132.4
135.2 137.8 140.3 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.76 0.82 0.88 0.95
1.03 1.11 1.20 1.30 Condenser inlet pressure bar 12.3 13.5 14.6
15.8 16.9 18.0 19.2 20.3 Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C.
-30.0 -30.6 -31.4 -32.1 -32.9 -33.7 -34.6 -35.5 Evaporator dewpoint
.degree. C. -29.4 -28.7 -28.0 -27.3 -26.6 -25.8 -25.1 -24.5
Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -24.4 -23.7 -23.0 -22.3
-21.6 -20.8 -20.1 -19.5 Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C.
-29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.8 -29.9 -30.0 Evaporator glide
(out-in) K 0.6 1.9 3.3 4.8 6.3 7.9 9.4 11.0 Compressor suction
pressure bar 0.70 0.77 0.84 0.91 0.99 1.08 1.17 1.27 Compressor
discharge pressure bar 12.3 13.5 14.6 15.8 16.9 18.0 19.2 20.3
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 349 303 267 237 212 192 174 159
Pressure drop relative to reference 119.4% 103.8% 91.3% 81.1% 72.7%
65.7% 59.7% 54.5% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 53.4 54.8 56.0
56.9 57.6 58.2 58.5 58.7 Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 48.6
44.3 40.8 38.0 35.7 33.9 32.3 31.0 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 47.6 43.3 39.8 37.0 34.7 32.9 31.3 30.0
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 51.0 49.6 48.4 47.5 46.7
46.0 45.4 44.8 Condenser glide (in-out) K 4.9 10.5 15.2 18.9 21.9
24.3 26.2 27.8
TABLE-US-00034 TABLE 30 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 5%
R-32 and 10% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/5/10/69 18/5/10/67 20/5/10/65 22/5/10/63 24/5/10/61
26/5/10/59 28/5/10/57 30/5/10/55 COP (heating) 2.24 2.25 2.25 2.26
2.26 2.26 2.26 2.25 COP (heating) relative to Reference 106.4%
106.7% 106.8% 107.0% 107.0% 107.0% 107.0% 106.9% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1535 1643 1752 1862 1974 2088 2202
2318 Capacity relative to Reference 174.7% 187.0% 199.4% 212.0%
224.7% 237.6% 250.6% 263.8% Critical temperature .degree. C. 82.25
79.91 77.68 75.54 73.50 71.55 69.67 67.87 Critical pressure bar
45.96 46.71 47.45 48.19 48.93 49.67 50.40 51.14 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 287.8 292.8 297.5 302.0 306.3 310.5 314.6 318.5
Pressure ratio 15.60 15.23 14.87 14.52 14.18 13.86 13.55 13.25
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.0 24.6 24.2 23.8 23.5 23.2 22.9 22.6
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 142.8 145.1 147.4
149.6 151.8 154.0 156.1 158.2 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.40
1.50 1.60 1.71 1.83 1.94 2.06 2.19 Condenser inlet pressure bar
21.4 22.5 23.5 24.6 25.6 26.7 27.7 28.8 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -36.4 -37.3 -38.2 -39.1 -40.0 -40.9 -41.7
-42.5 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.9 -23.3 -22.8 -22.4 -22.0
-21.6 -21.3 -21.1 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -18.9
-18.3 -17.8 -17.4 -17.0 -16.6 -16.3 -16.1 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -30.1 -30.3 -30.5 -30.7 -31.0 -31.2 -31.5
-31.8 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.5 14.0 15.4 16.8 18.1 19.3
20.4 21.4 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.37 1.47 1.58 1.69 1.81
1.93 2.05 2.17 Compressor discharge pressure bar 21.4 22.5 23.5
24.6 25.6 26.7 27.7 28.8 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 146 135
125 116 109 102 95 90 Pressure drop relative to reference 50.1%
46.2% 42.8% 39.8% 37.2% 34.8% 32.7% 30.7% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 58.8 58.8 58.6 58.4 58.1 57.7 57.2 56.7 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 29.9 28.9 28.1 27.4 26.8 26.3 25.8 25.4
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 28.9 27.9 27.1 26.4
25.8 25.3 24.8 24.4 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 44.3
43.8 43.4 42.9 42.4 42.0 41.5 41.1 Condenser glide (in-out) K 29.0
29.9 30.5 31.0 31.3 31.4 31.4 31.3
TABLE-US-00035 TABLE 31 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 5%
R-32 and 20% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/5/20/75 2/5/20/73 4/5/20/71 6/5/20/69 8/5/20/67
10/5/20/65 12/5/20/63 14/5/20/61 COP (heating) 2.08 2.13 2.16 2.18
2.20 2.22 2.23 2.24 COP (heating) relative to Reference 98.9%
100.8% 102.3% 103.5% 104.4% 105.1% 105.7% 106.1% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 801 888 978 1072 1170 1270 1373 1479
Capacity relative to Reference 91.2% 101.1% 111.3% 122.0% 133.1%
144.5% 156.2% 168.3% Critical temperature .degree. C. 104.94 101.49
98.21 95.11 92.16 89.36 86.70 84.16 Critical pressure bar 40.64
41.40 42.16 42.91 43.66 44.41 45.15 45.90 Condenser enthalpy change
kJ/kg 230.1 240.7 250.0 258.2 265.5 272.1 278.1 283.6 Pressure
ratio 17.21 17.22 17.12 16.93 16.65 16.35 16.00 15.65 Refrigerant
mass flow kg/hr 31.3 29.9 28.8 27.9 27.1 26.5 25.9 25.4 Compressor
discharge temperature .degree. C. 120.0 123.7 127.1 130.3 133.3
136.1 138.7 141.2 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.79 0.85 0.92 0.99
1.07 1.16 1.25 1.35 Condenser inlet pressure bar 12.7 13.8 14.9
16.1 17.3 18.4 19.5 20.6 Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C.
-30.0 -30.7 -31.4 -32.1 -32.8 -33.6 -34.5 -35.3 Evaporator dewpoint
.degree. C. -29.3 -28.7 -28.1 -27.3 -26.6 -25.9 -25.3 -24.6
Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -24.3 -23.7 -23.1 -22.3
-21.6 -20.9 -20.3 -19.6 Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C.
-29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.8 -29.9 -30.0 Evaporator glide
(out-in) K 0.7 2.0 3.3 4.7 6.2 7.7 9.2 10.7 Compressor suction
pressure bar 0.74 0.80 0.87 0.95 1.04 1.13 1.22 1.32 Compressor
discharge pressure bar 12.7 13.8 14.9 16.1 17.3 18.4 19.5 20.6
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 332 289 255 227 204 185 168 154
Pressure drop relative to reference 113.6% 99.0% 87.4% 77.8% 69.9%
63.2% 57.5% 52.6% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 53.0 54.3 55.4
56.3 57.0 57.5 57.8 58.0 Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 48.5
44.4 41.0 38.3 36.0 34.2 32.6 31.3 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 47.5 43.4 40.0 37.3 35.0 33.2 31.6 30.3
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 50.8 49.3 48.2 47.3 46.5
45.8 45.2 44.7 Condenser glide (in-out) K 4.5 9.9 14.4 18.0 20.9
23.3 25.2 26.7
TABLE-US-00036 TABLE 32 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 5%
R-32 and 20% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/5/20/59 18/5/20/57 20/5/20/55 22/5/20/53 24/5/20/51
26/5/20/49 28/5/20/47 30/5/20/45 COP (heating) 2.24 2.25 2.25 2.26
2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 COP (heating) relative to Reference 106.5%
106.7% 106.9% 107.1% 107.1% 107.2% 107.1% 107.1% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1587 1697 1810 1924 2040 2158 2277
2398 Capacity relative to Reference 180.6% 193.2% 206.0% 219.0%
232.2% 245.6% 259.1% 272.9% Critical temperature .degree. C. 81.74
79.43 77.23 75.12 73.11 71.18 69.32 67.55 Critical pressure bar
46.64 47.38 48.12 48.86 49.61 50.35 51.09 51.83 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 288.8 293.7 298.3 302.7 307.0 311.0 315.0 318.8
Pressure ratio 15.28 14.92 14.57 14.22 13.89 13.56 13.25 12.95
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 24.9 24.5 24.1 23.8 23.5 23.1 22.9 22.6
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 143.6 145.9 148.1
150.3 152.4 154.5 156.6 158.6 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.45
1.55 1.66 1.78 1.90 2.02 2.14 2.27 Condenser inlet pressure bar
21.7 22.8 23.9 25.0 26.1 27.1 28.2 29.2 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -36.2 -37.0 -37.9 -38.8 -39.6 -40.4 -41.2
-41.9 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -24.0 -23.5 -23.0 -22.5 -22.1
-21.8 -21.5 -21.2 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -19.0
-18.5 -18.0 -17.5 -17.1 -16.8 -16.5 -16.2 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -30.1 -30.3 -30.4 -30.6 -30.9 -31.1 -31.3
-31.6 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.1 13.5 14.9 16.2 17.4 18.6
19.7 20.7 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.42 1.53 1.64 1.76 1.88
2.00 2.13 2.26 Compressor discharge pressure bar 21.7 22.8 23.9
25.0 26.1 27.1 28.2 29.2 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 141 130
121 112 105 98 92 87 Pressure drop relative to reference 48.3%
44.6% 41.4% 38.5% 35.9% 33.6% 31.6% 29.7% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 58.0 58.0 57.8 57.6 57.3 56.9 56.4 55.9 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 30.2 29.3 28.5 27.8 27.2 26.7 26.3 25.9
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 29.2 28.3 27.5 26.8
26.2 25.7 25.3 24.9 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 44.1
43.6 43.2 42.7 42.3 41.8 41.4 40.9 Condenser glide (in-out) K 27.8
28.7 29.4 29.8 30.1 30.2 30.2 30.0
TABLE-US-00037 TABLE 33 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 5%
R-32 and 30% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/5/30/65 2/5/30/63 4/5/30/61 6/5/30/59 8/5/30/57
10/2/30/55 12/5/30/53 14/5/30/51 COP (heating) 2.09 2.13 2.16 2.19
2.20 2.22 2.23 2.24 COP (heating) relative to Reference 99.2%
101.1% 102.5% 103.7% 104.5% 105.2% 105.8% 106.2% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 833 922 1014 1109 1209 1311 1417
1525 Capacity relative to Reference 94.9% 104.9% 115.4% 126.3%
137.6% 149.2% 161.2% 173.6% Critical temperature .degree. C. 104.11
100.71 97.48 94.43 91.52 88.76 86.14 83.64 Critical pressure bar
41.22 41.98 42.74 43.49 44.24 44.99 45.74 46.49 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 232.0 242.5 251.7 259.9 267.1 273.6 279.5 285.0
Pressure ratio 16.90 16.91 16.81 16.63 16.36 16.06 15.72 15.37
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 31.0 29.7 28.6 27.7 27.0 26.3 25.8 25.3
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 121.0 124.7 128.2
131.3 134.3 137.0 139.6 142.1 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.82
0.88 0.95 1.03 1.11 1.20 1.29 1.39 Condenser inlet pressure bar
13.0 14.1 15.3 16.4 17.6 18.7 19.9 21.0 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -30.1 -30.7 -31.4 -32.1 -32.8 -33.5 -34.3
-35.1 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -29.4 -28.8 -28.1 -27.4 -26.7
-26.1 -25.4 -24.8 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -24.4
-23.8 -23.1 -22.4 -21.7 -21.1 -20.4 -19.8 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.8 -29.8 -29.9
-30.0 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 0.7 1.9 3.2 4.6 6.0 7.5 8.9 10.4
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.77 0.83 0.91 0.99 1.07 1.17 1.26
1.37 Compressor discharge pressure bar 13.0 14.1 15.3 16.4 17.6
18.7 19.9 21.0 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 317 277 245 219 197
178 162 148 Pressure drop relative to reference 108.5% 94.9% 83.9%
74.8% 67.3% 60.9% 55.5% 50.8% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 52.6
53.8 54.9 55.7 56.3 56.8 57.1 57.3 Condenser bubble point .degree.
C. 48.5 44.4 41.1 38.4 36.2 34.4 32.9 31.6 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 47.5 43.4 40.1 37.4 35.2 33.4 31.9 30.6
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 50.5 49.1 48.0 47.1 46.3
45.6 45.0 44.4 Condenser glide (in-out) K 4.1 9.4 13.7 17.3 20.1
22.4 24.3 25.7
TABLE-US-00038 TABLE 34 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 5%
R-32 and 30% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/5/30/49 18/5/30/47 20/5/30/45 22/5/30/43 24/5/30/41
26/5/30/39 28/5/30/37 30/5/30/35 COP (heating) 2.25 2.25 2.26 2.26
2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 COP (heating) relative to Reference 106.6%
106.9% 107.1% 107.2% 107.3% 107.3% 107.3% 107.3% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1636 1749 1865 1983 2102 2224 2347
2473 Capacity relative to Reference 186.2% 199.1% 212.3% 225.6%
239.3% 253.1% 267.1% 281.4% Critical temperature .degree. C. 81.25
78.98 76.80 74.72 72.73 70.82 68.99 67.24 Critical pressure bar
47.24 47.98 48.73 49.47 50.22 50.96 51.71 52.45 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 290.1 294.9 299.5 303.8 308.0 311.9 315.7 319.4
Pressure ratio 15.02 14.66 14.31 13.96 13.63 13.30 12.99 12.69
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 24.8 24.4 24.0 23.7 23.4 23.1 22.8 22.5
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 144.5 146.7 148.9
151.1 153.1 155.2 157.2 159.2 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.50
1.61 1.72 1.84 1.96 2.09 2.22 2.35 Condenser inlet pressure bar
22.1 23.2 24.3 25.4 26.5 27.6 28.6 29.7 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -36.0 -36.8 -37.6 -38.4 -39.2 -40.0 -40.7
-41.4 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -24.2 -23.7 -23.2 -22.7 -22.3
-22.0 -21.7 -21.4 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -19.2
-18.7 -18.2 -17.7 -17.3 -17.0 -16.7 -16.4 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -30.1 -30.2 -30.4 -30.6 -30.8 -31.0 -31.2
-31.4 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 11.8 13.1 14.4 15.7 16.9 18.0
19.1 20.0 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.47 1.58 1.70 1.82 1.94
2.07 2.20 2.34 Compressor discharge pressure bar 22.1 23.2 24.3
25.4 26.5 27.6 28.6 29.7 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 136 126
117 109 102 95 89 84 Pressure drop relative to reference 46.7%
43.2% 40.0% 37.2% 34.8% 32.6% 30.6% 28.8% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 57.4 57.3 57.1 56.9 56.6 56.2 55.8 55.2 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 30.5 29.6 28.8 28.1 27.6 27.1 26.7 26.3
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 29.5 28.6 27.8 27.1
26.6 26.1 25.7 25.3 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 43.9
43.4 43.0 42.5 42.1 41.6 41.2 40.8 Condenser glide (in-out) K 26.9
27.7 28.3 28.8 29.0 29.1 29.1 28.9
TABLE-US-00039 TABLE 35 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 5%
R-32 and 40% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/5/40/55 2/5/40/53 4/5/40/51 6/5/40/49 8/5/40/47
10/5/40/45 12/5/40/43 14/5/40/41 COP (heating) 2.10 2.14 2.17 2.19
2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 COP (heating) relative to Reference 99.6%
101.4% 102.8% 103.9% 104.7% 105.4% 106.0% 106.4% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 863 953 1047 1144 1245 1350 1457
1568 Capacity relative to Reference 98.2% 108.5% 119.1% 130.2%
141.7% 153.7% 165.9% 178.5% Critical temperature .degree. C. 103.30
99.95 96.78 93.77 90.91 88.19 85.60 83.14 Critical pressure bar
41.67 42.44 43.21 43.97 44.73 45.49 46.24 47.00 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 234.1 244.6 253.7 261.8 269.0 275.4 281.3 286.8
Pressure ratio 16.63 16.64 16.55 16.37 16.11 15.81 15.49 15.14
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 30.8 29.4 28.4 27.5 26.8 26.1 25.6 25.1
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 122.1 125.8 129.3
132.5 135.4 138.1 140.7 143.1 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.85
0.91 0.98 1.06 1.14 1.23 1.33 1.43 Condenser inlet pressure bar
13.2 14.4 15.5 16.7 17.9 19.0 20.2 21.3 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -30.1 -30.7 -31.3 -32.0 -32.7 -33.4 -34.2
-35.0 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -29.4 -28.9 -28.2 -27.6 -26.9
-26.2 -25.5 -24.9 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -24.4
-23.9 -23.2 -22.6 -21.9 -21.2 -20.5 -19.9 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.8 -29.8 -29.8 -29.8 -29.8 -29.8 -29.9
-30.0 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 0.7 1.8 3.1 4.5 5.8 7.2 8.6 10.0
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.79 0.86 0.94 1.02 1.11 1.20 1.30
1.41 Compressor discharge pressure bar 13.2 14.4 15.5 16.7 17.9
19.0 20.2 21.3 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 304 266 236 211 190
172 157 144 Pressure drop relative to reference 104.0% 91.2% 80.8%
72.2% 65.0% 58.9% 53.7% 49.2% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 52.1
53.3 54.3 55.1 55.8 56.2 56.5 56.7 Condenser bubble point .degree.
C. 48.5 44.5 41.2 38.5 36.4 34.5 33.0 31.8 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 47.5 43.5 40.2 37.5 35.4 33.5 32.0 30.8
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 50.3 48.9 47.8 46.8 46.1
45.4 44.8 44.2 Condenser glide (in-out) K 3.6 8.8 13.1 16.6 19.4
21.7 23.5 24.9
TABLE-US-00040 TABLE 36 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 5%
R-32 and 40% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/5/40/39 18/5/40/37 20/5/40/35 22/5/40/33 24/5/40/31
26/5/40/29 28/5/40/27 30/5/40/25 COP (heating) 2.25 2.26 2.26 2.26
2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 COP (heating) relative to Reference 106.7%
107.0% 107.2% 107.3% 107.4% 107.5% 107.5% 107.4% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1682 1798 1916 2037 2160 2284 2411
2540 Capacity relative to Reference 191.4% 204.6% 218.1% 231.8%
245.8% 260.0% 274.4% 289.1% Critical temperature .degree. C. 80.79
78.54 76.39 74.34 72.38 70.49 68.68 66.95 Critical pressure bar
47.75 48.51 49.26 50.01 50.76 51.51 52.26 53.01 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 291.8 296.6 301.0 305.3 309.4 313.2 317.0 320.6
Pressure ratio 14.79 14.44 14.09 13.74 13.41 13.09 12.78 12.48
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 24.7 24.3 23.9 23.6 23.3 23.0 22.7 22.5
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 145.5 147.7 149.9
152.0 154.0 156.0 158.0 159.9 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.54
1.65 1.77 1.89 2.02 2.15 2.29 2.43 Condenser inlet pressure bar
22.4 23.6 24.7 25.8 26.9 27.9 29.0 30.1 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -35.8 -36.6 -37.4 -38.2 -38.9 -39.7 -40.4
-41.1 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -24.4 -23.8 -23.3 -22.9 -22.5
-22.1 -21.8 -21.6 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -19.4
-18.8 -18.3 -17.9 -17.5 -17.1 -16.8 -16.6 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -30.1 -30.2 -30.4 -30.5 -30.7 -30.9 -31.1
-31.3 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 11.4 12.8 14.1 15.3 16.5 17.6
18.6 19.5 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.52 1.63 1.75 1.87 2.00
2.13 2.27 2.41 Compressor discharge pressure bar 22.4 23.6 24.7
25.8 26.9 27.9 29.0 30.1 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 132 122
113 106 99 92 87 82 Pressure drop relative to reference 45.3% 41.8%
38.8% 36.1% 33.7% 31.6% 29.7% 27.9% Condenser dew point .degree. C.
56.7 56.7 56.5 56.3 56.0 55.6 55.2 54.7 Condenser bubble point
.degree. C. 30.7 29.8 29.0 28.3 27.8 27.3 26.9 26.6 Condenser exit
liquid temperature .degree. C. 29.7 28.8 28.0 27.3 26.8 26.3 25.9
25.6 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 43.7 43.2 42.8 42.3
41.9 41.5 41.0 40.6 Condenser glide (in-out) K 26.1 26.9 27.5 28.0
28.2 28.3 28.3 28.1
TABLE-US-00041 TABLE 37 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 5%
R-32 and 50% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/5/50/45 2/5/50/43 4/5/50/41 6/5/50/39 8/5/50/37
10/5/50/35 12/5/50/33 14/5/50/31 COP (heating) 2.11 2.15 2.17 2.20
2.21 2.23 2.24 2.25 COP (heating) relative to Reference 100.0%
101.7% 103.1% 104.1% 105.0% 105.6% 106.2% 106.6% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 890 981 1076 1176 1278 1385 1495
1607 Capacity relative to Reference 101.3% 111.7% 122.5% 133.8%
145.5% 157.6% 170.1% 182.9% Critical temperature .degree. C. 102.50
99.21 96.09 93.13 90.31 87.63 85.09 82.66 Critical pressure bar
42.02 42.80 43.58 44.35 45.12 45.89 46.66 47.43 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 236.4 246.8 256.0 264.0 271.2 277.6 283.5 288.9
Pressure ratio 16.40 16.42 16.33 16.15 15.91 15.61 15.30 14.95
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 30.5 29.2 28.1 27.3 26.6 25.9 25.4 24.9
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 123.3 127.1 130.5
133.7 136.6 139.3 141.9 144.3 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.87
0.93 1.01 1.08 1.17 1.26 1.36 1.47 Condenser inlet pressure bar
13.4 14.6 15.8 17.0 18.1 19.3 20.5 21.6 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -30.1 -30.7 -31.3 -32.0 -32.6 -33.3 -34.1
-34.9 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -29.5 -29.0 -28.3 -27.7 -27.0
-26.3 -25.7 -25.1 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -24.5
-24.0 -23.3 -22.7 -22.0 -21.3 -20.7 -20.1 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.8 -29.8 -29.8 -29.8 -29.8 -29.8 -29.9
-30.0 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 0.6 1.7 3.0 4.3 5.6 7.0 8.4 9.8
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.82 0.89 0.97 1.05 1.14 1.24 1.34
1.44 Compressor discharge pressure bar 13.4 14.6 15.8 17.0 18.1
19.3 20.5 21.6 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 293 257 228 204 184
167 152 139 Pressure drop relative to reference 100.2% 87.9% 78.0%
69.8% 62.9% 57.0% 52.0% 47.7% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 51.6
52.8 53.8 54.6 55.3 55.7 56.0 56.2 Condenser bubble point .degree.
C. 48.5 44.5 41.2 38.6 36.4 34.6 33.1 31.8 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 47.5 43.5 40.2 37.6 35.4 33.6 32.1 30.8
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 50.0 48.6 47.5 46.6 45.8
45.1 44.5 44.0 Condenser glide (in-out) K 3.2 8.3 12.6 16.1 18.9
21.1 22.9 24.4
TABLE-US-00042 TABLE 38 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 5%
R-32 and 50% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/5/50/29 18/5/50/27 20/5/50/25 22/5/50/23 24/5/50/21
26/5/50/19 28/5/50/17 30/5/50/15 COP (heating) 2.25 2.26 2.26 2.27
2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 COP (heating) relative to Reference 106.9%
107.2% 107.4% 107.5% 107.6% 107.7% 107.7% 107.6% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1723 1841 1962 2085 2211 2338 2467
2599 Capacity relative to Reference 196.1% 209.6% 223.3% 237.3%
251.6% 266.1% 280.8% 295.8% Critical temperature .degree. C. 80.34
78.12 76.00 73.98 72.04 70.17 68.39 66.67 Critical pressure bar
48.19 48.96 49.72 50.48 51.24 52.00 52.76 53.52 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 293.9 298.6 303.0 307.2 311.2 315.1 318.7 322.3
Pressure ratio 14.61 14.26 13.91 13.57 13.24 12.93 12.62 12.32
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 24.5 24.1 23.8 23.4 23.1 22.9 22.6 22.3
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 146.6 148.9 151.0
153.1 155.1 157.1 159.0 160.9 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.58
1.69 1.81 1.94 2.07 2.20 2.34 2.48 Condenser inlet pressure bar
22.7 23.9 25.0 26.1 27.2 28.3 29.4 30.4 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -35.6 -36.4 -37.2 -38.0 -38.8 -39.5 -40.2
-40.9 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -24.5 -23.9 -23.4 -23.0 -22.6
-22.2 -21.9 -21.6 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -19.5
-18.9 -18.4 -18.0 -17.6 -17.2 -16.9 -16.6 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -30.1 -30.2 -30.3 -30.5 -30.7 -30.9 -31.1
-31.3 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 11.2 12.5 13.8 15.0 16.2 17.3
18.3 19.2 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.56 1.67 1.80 1.92 2.05
2.19 2.33 2.47 Compressor discharge pressure bar 22.7 23.9 25.0
26.1 27.2 28.3 29.4 30.4 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 128 119
110 103 96 90 84 79 Pressure drop relative to reference 43.9% 40.6%
37.7% 35.1% 32.8% 30.7% 28.9% 27.2% Condenser dew point .degree. C.
56.2 56.2 56.0 55.8 55.5 55.1 54.7 54.2 Condenser bubble point
.degree. C. 30.8 29.9 29.1 28.4 27.9 27.4 27.0 26.7 Condenser exit
liquid temperature .degree. C. 29.8 28.9 28.1 27.4 26.9 26.4 26.0
25.7 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 43.5 43.0 42.6 42.1
41.7 41.3 40.9 40.4 Condenser glide (in-out) K 25.5 26.3 26.9 27.4
27.6 27.7 27.7 27.5
TABLE-US-00043 TABLE 39 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 10%
R-32 and 5% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/10/5/85 2/10/5/83 4/10/5/81 6/10/5/79 8/10/5/77
10/10/5/75 12/10/5/73 14/10/5/71 COP (heating) 2.13 2.16 2.18 2.21
2.22 2.23 2.25 2.25 COP (heating) relative to Reference 100.8%
102.4% 103.6% 104.6% 105.4% 106.0% 106.5% 106.9% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 865 953 1044 1139 1237 1337 1439
1544 Capacity relative to Reference 98.4% 108.5% 118.9% 129.7%
140.7% 152.1% 163.8% 175.7% Critical temperature .degree. C. 103.31
100.13 97.08 94.18 91.40 88.76 86.23 83.82 Critical pressure bar
41.66 42.48 43.26 44.03 44.79 45.54 46.28 47.03 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 240.9 250.5 258.9 266.5 273.3 279.6 285.4 290.8
Pressure ratio 16.85 16.76 16.59 16.35 16.07 15.77 15.44 15.12
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 29.9 28.7 27.8 27.0 26.3 25.8 25.2 24.8
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 123.1 126.5 129.7
132.7 135.6 138.2 140.8 143.2 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.84
0.90 0.97 1.05 1.13 1.22 1.31 1.41 Condenser inlet pressure bar
13.2 14.3 15.5 16.6 17.7 18.8 19.9 20.9 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -30.8 -31.5 -32.2 -33.0 -33.8 -34.6 -35.4
-36.3 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -28.6 -27.9 -27.2 -26.5 -25.8
-25.2 -24.6 -24.0 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -23.6
-22.9 -22.2 -21.5 -20.8 -20.2 -19.6 -19.0 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.8 -29.9 -30.0
-30.1 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 2.2 3.5 5.0 6.4 7.9 9.4 10.9 12.3
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.79 0.86 0.93 1.01 1.10 1.19 1.29
1.39 Compressor discharge pressure bar 13.2 14.3 15.5 16.6 17.7
18.8 19.9 20.9 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 297 262 233 209 189
172 157 144 Pressure drop relative to reference 101.6% 89.6% 79.7%
71.5% 64.7% 58.8% 53.8% 49.4% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 53.6
54.7 55.7 56.4 56.9 57.3 57.6 57.7 Condenser bubble point .degree.
C. 46.0 42.5 39.6 37.2 35.2 33.6 32.2 31.0 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 45.0 41.5 38.6 36.2 34.2 32.6 31.2 30.0
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 49.8 48.6 47.6 46.8 46.1
45.5 44.9 44.3 Condenser glide (in-out) K 7.7 12.3 16.1 19.2 21.7
23.7 25.4 26.7
TABLE-US-00044 TABLE 40 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 10%
R-32 and 5% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/10/5/69 18/10/5/67 20/10/5/65 22/10/5/63 24/10/5/61
26/10/5/59 28/10/5/57 30/10/5/55 COP (heating) 2.26 2.26 2.27 2.27
2.27 2.27 2.27 2.26 COP (heating) relative to Reference 107.1%
107.3% 107.5% 107.5% 107.6% 107.5% 107.5% 107.4% Volumetric heating
capacity y at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1650 1758 1868 1979 2092 2206 2323
2440 Capacity relative to Reference 187.8% 200.1% 212.6% 225.3%
238.1% 251.1% 264.3% 277.7% Critical temperature .degree. C. 81.51
79.31 77.20 75.17 73.24 71.38 69.59 67.88 Critical pressure bar
47.77 48.51 49.25 49.99 50.72 51.46 52.19 52.93 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 295.9 300.8 305.4 309.9 314.1 318.3 322.3 326.1
Pressure ratio 14.79 14.46 14.14 13.84 13.54 13.25 12.96 12.69
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 24.3 23.9 23.6 23.2 22.9 22.6 22.3 22.1
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 145.6 147.9 150.2
152.4 154.6 156.7 158.8 160.9 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.51
1.62 1.72 1.84 1.95 2.07 2.19 2.32 Condenser inlet pressure bar
22.0 23.1 24.1 25.1 26.2 27.2 28.2 29.3 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -37.2 -38.0 -38.9 -39.7 -40.5 -41.2 -41.9
-42.6 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.4 -23.0 -22.5 -22.1 -21.8
-21.5 -21.3 -21.0 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -18.4
-18.0 -17.5 -17.1 -16.8 -16.5 -16.3 -16.0 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -30.3 -30.5 -30.7 -30.9 -31.1 -31.4 -31.6
-31.8 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 13.7 15.1 16.3 17.5 18.7 19.7
20.7 21.5 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.49 1.59 1.70 1.82 1.93
2.05 2.18 2.30 Compressor discharge pressure bar 22.0 23.1 24.1
25.1 26.2 27.2 28.2 29.3 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 133 124
115 107 101 94 89 84 Pressure drop relative to reference 45.6%
42.3% 39.4% 36.8% 34.4% 32.3% 30.4% 28.7% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 57.7 57.6 57.4 57.1 56.8 56.4 55.9 55.4 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 30.0 29.1 28.3 27.7 27.1 26.6 26.2 25.9
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 29.0 28.1 27.3 26.7
26.1 25.6 25.2 24.9 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 43.8
43.3 42.9 42.4 42.0 41.5 41.1 40.6 Condenser glide (in-out) K 27.7
28.5 29.1 29.4 29.7 29.7 29.7 29.5
TABLE-US-00045 TABLE 41 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 10%
R-32 and 10% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/10/10/80 2/10/10/78 4/10/10/76 6/10/10/74 8/10/10/72
10/10/10/70 12/10/10/68 14/10/10/66 COP (heating) 2.13 2.16 2.19
2.21 2.22 2.24 2.25 2.25 COP (heating) relative to Reference 100.9%
102.5% 103.7% 104.7% 105.4% 106.0% 106.5% 106.9% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 883 972 1064 1160 1258 1359 1463
1569 Capacity relative to Reference 100.5% 110.6% 121.1% 132.0%
143.2% 154.7% 166.5% 178.6% Critical temperature .degree. C. 102.94
99.76 96.73 93.84 91.08 88.45 85.94 83.55 Critical pressure bar
42.01 42.80 43.57 44.34 45.09 45.84 46.59 47.33 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 241.7 251.1 259.6 267.1 273.9 280.1 285.9 291.3
Pressure ratio 16.67 16.58 16.42 16.18 15.91 15.61 15.29 14.97
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 29.8 28.7 27.7 27.0 26.3 25.7 25.2 24.7
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 123.6 127.0 130.2
133.2 136.0 138.6 141.2 143.6 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.85
0.92 0.99 1.07 1.15 1.24 1.34 1.44 Condenser inlet pressure bar
13.4 14.5 15.6 16.7 17.8 18.9 20.0 21.1 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -30.8 -31.5 -32.2 -32.9 -33.7 -34.5 -35.3
-36.2 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -28.6 -28.0 -27.3 -26.6 -25.9
-25.3 -24.7 -24.1 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -23.6
-23.0 -22.3 -21.6 -20.9 -20.3 -19.7 -19.1 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.8 -29.8 -29.9 -30.0
-30.1 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 2.2 3.5 4.9 6.3 7.8 9.2 10.7 12.1
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.80 0.87 0.95 1.03 1.12 1.21 1.31
1.41 Compressor discharge pressure bar 13.4 14.5 15.6 16.7 17.8
18.9 20.0 21.1 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 290 256 228 205 185
169 154 142 Pressure drop relative to reference 99.3% 87.7% 78.1%
70.1% 63.4% 57.7% 52.8% 48.6% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 53.4
54.4 55.3 56.0 56.6 57.0 57.2 57.3 Condenser bubble point .degree.
C. 46.1 42.6 39.7 37.4 35.4 33.8 32.4 31.2 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 45.1 41.6 38.7 36.4 34.4 32.8 31.4 30.2
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 49.7 48.5 47.5 46.7 46.0
45.4 44.8 44.2 Condenser glide (in-out) K 7.3 11.9 15.6 18.7 21.2
23.2 24.8 26.1
TABLE-US-00046 TABLE 42 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 10%
R-32 and 10% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/10/ 18/10/ 20/10/ 22/10/ 24/10/ 26/10/ 28/10/ 30/10/
10/64 10/62 10/60 10/58 10/56 10/54 10/52 10/50 COP (heating) 2.26
2.26 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 107.2% 107.4% 107.5% 107.6% 107.6% 107.6% 107.6% 107.5%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1677 1787 1898
2011 2126 2243 2362 2483 Capacity relative to Reference 190.8%
203.3% 216.0% 228.9% 242.0% 255.3% 268.8% 282.5% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 81.26 79.07 76.97 74.96 73.03 71.19 69.41
67.71 Critical pressure bar 48.07 48.81 49.55 50.29 51.03 51.76
52.50 53.23 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 296.3 301.2 305.8 310.2
314.4 318.5 322.4 326.2 Pressure ratio 14.64 14.32 14.00 13.69
13.39 13.10 12.81 12.54 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 24.3 23.9 23.5
23.2 22.9 22.6 22.3 22.1 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 146.0 148.3 150.5 152.7 154.9 157.0 159.0 161.1 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.54 1.64 1.76 1.87 1.99 2.11 2.24 2.37 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 22.2 23.3 24.3 25.4 26.4 27.4 28.5 29.5
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -37.0 -37.8 -38.6 -39.4
-40.2 -40.9 -41.6 -42.2 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.6 -23.1
-22.6 -22.3 -21.9 -21.6 -21.4 -21.2 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -18.6 -18.1 -17.6 -17.3 -16.9 -16.6 -16.4 -16.2
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.3 -30.5 -30.6 -30.8
-31.1 -31.3 -31.5 -31.7 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 13.5 14.8 16.0
17.2 18.3 19.3 20.2 21.1 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.52 1.62
1.74 1.85 1.97 2.09 2.22 2.35 Compressor discharge pressure bar
22.2 23.3 24.3 25.4 26.4 27.4 28.5 29.5 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 131 122 113 106 99 93 87 82 Pressure drop relative to
reference 44.9% 41.6% 38.7% 36.1% 33.8% 31.8% 29.9% 28.2% Condenser
dew point .degree. C. 57.3 57.2 57.0 56.7 56.4 56.0 55.5 55.0
Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 30.2 29.3 28.6 27.9 27.4 26.9
26.5 26.1 Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 29.2 28.3
27.6 26.9 26.4 25.9 25.5 25.1 Condenser mean temperature .degree.
C. 43.7 43.3 42.8 42.3 41.9 41.4 41.0 40.6 Condenser glide (in-out)
K 27.1 27.9 28.4 28.8 29.0 29.1 29.0 28.9
TABLE-US-00047 TABLE 43 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 10%
R-32 and 20% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/10/20/70 2/10/20/68 4/10/20/66 6/10/20/64 8/10/20/62
10/10/20/60 12/10/20/58 14/10/20/56 COP (heating) 2.13 2.17 2.19
2.21 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 COP (heating) relative to Reference 101.2%
102.7% 103.9% 104.8% 105.6% 106.2% 106.6% 107.0% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 917 1007 1101 1198 1299 1403 1509
1617 Capacity relative to Reference 104.3% 114.6% 125.3% 136.4%
147.9% 159.7% 171.7% 184.1% Critical temperature .degree. C. 102.20
99.05 96.05 93.19 90.47 87.87 85.40 83.03 Critical pressure bar
42.60 43.37 44.14 44.89 45.65 46.39 47.14 47.89 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 243.2 252.7 261.0 268.5 275.2 281.4 287.1 292.5
Pressure ratio 16.35 16.27 16.12 15.89 15.62 15.33 15.02 14.70
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 29.6 28.5 27.6 26.8 26.2 25.6 25.1 24.6
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 124.5 127.9 131.1
134.1 136.9 139.5 142.1 144.5 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.89
0.95 1.03 1.11 1.19 1.29 1.38 1.48 Condenser inlet pressure bar
13.7 14.8 15.9 17.0 18.2 19.3 20.4 21.5 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -30.8 -31.4 -32.1 -32.8 -33.6 -34.3 -35.1
-35.9 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -28.7 -28.0 -27.4 -26.7 -26.1
-25.4 -24.8 -24.3 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -23.7
-23.0 -22.4 -21.7 -21.1 -20.4 -19.8 -19.3 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.7 -29.7 -29.8 -29.8 -29.8 -29.9 -30.0
-30.1 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 2.1 3.4 4.7 6.1 7.5 8.9 10.3 11.6
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.84 0.91 0.99 1.07 1.16 1.26 1.36
1.46 Compressor discharge pressure bar 13.7 14.8 15.9 17.0 18.2
19.3 20.4 21.5 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 278 246 220 197 179
163 149 137 Pressure drop relative to reference 95.2% 84.2% 75.2%
67.6% 61.2% 55.8% 51.1% 47.0% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 52.8
53.9 54.7 55.4 55.9 56.2 56.5 56.6 Condenser bubble point .degree.
C. 46.2 42.8 40.0 37.7 35.7 34.1 32.7 31.5 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 45.2 41.8 39.0 36.7 34.7 33.1 31.7 30.5
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 49.5 48.3 47.4 46.5 45.8
45.2 44.6 44.1 Condenser glide (in-out) K 6.6 11.0 14.7 17.7 20.2
22.2 23.8 25.0
TABLE-US-00048 TABLE 44 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 10%
R-32 and 20% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/10/ 18/10/ 20/10/ 22/10/ 24/10/ 26/10/ 28/10/ 30/10/
20/54 20/52 20/50 20/48 20/46 20/44 20/42 20/40 COP (heating) 2.26
2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 107.3% 107.5% 107.6% 107.7% 107.7% 107.7% 107.7% 107.7%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1728 1841 1956
2073 2193 2314 2438 2563 Capacity relative to Reference 196.7%
209.5% 222.6% 236.0% 249.5% 263.3% 277.4% 291.7% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 80.77 78.61 76.54 74.56 72.66 70.83 69.08
67.39 Critical pressure bar 48.63 49.37 50.12 50.86 51.60 52.34
53.08 53.82 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 297.5 302.2 306.7 311.0
315.1 319.1 322.9 326.5 Pressure ratio 14.38 14.06 13.74 13.43
13.13 12.84 12.55 12.27 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 24.2 23.8 23.5
23.2 22.8 22.6 22.3 22.1 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 146.8 149.1 151.3 153.4 155.5 157.5 159.5 161.5 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.59 1.70 1.82 1.94 2.06 2.19 2.32 2.46 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 22.6 23.6 24.7 25.8 26.8 27.9 28.9 30.0
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -36.7 -37.5 -38.2 -39.0
-39.7 -40.4 -41.0 -41.6 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.8 -23.3
-22.9 -22.5 -22.1 -21.9 -21.6 -21.4 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -18.8 -18.3 -17.9 -17.5 -17.1 -16.9 -16.6 -16.4
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.2 -30.4 -30.6 -30.7
-30.9 -31.1 -31.3 -31.5 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.9 14.2 15.4
16.5 17.6 18.5 19.4 20.2 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.57 1.68
1.80 1.92 2.04 2.17 2.30 2.44 Compressor discharge pressure bar
22.6 23.6 24.7 25.8 26.8 27.9 28.9 30.0 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 127 118 109 102 96 90 85 80 Pressure drop relative to
reference 43.4% 40.3% 37.5% 35.0% 32.8% 30.8% 28.9% 27.3% Condenser
dew point .degree. C. 56.6 56.4 56.3 56.0 55.6 55.2 54.8 54.3
Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 30.5 29.7 28.9 28.3 27.8 27.3
26.9 26.6 Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 29.5 28.7
27.9 27.3 26.8 26.3 25.9 25.6 Condenser mean temperature .degree.
C. 43.5 43.1 42.6 42.1 41.7 41.3 40.8 40.4 Condenser glide (in-out)
K 26.0 26.8 27.3 27.7 27.9 27.9 27.9 27.7
TABLE-US-00049 TABLE 45 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 10%
R-32 and 30% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/10/30/60 2/10/30/58 4/10/30/56 6/10/30/54 8/10/30/52
10/10/30/50 12/10/30/48 14/10/30/46 COP (heating) 2.14 2.17 2.19
2.21 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 COP (heating) relative to Reference 101.5%
102.9% 104.1% 105.0% 105.7% 106.3% 106.7% 107.1% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 948 1040 1135 1234 1337 1443 1551
1662 Capacity relative to Reference 107.8% 118.3% 129.2% 140.5%
152.2% 164.2% 176.5% 189.2% Critical temperature .degree. C. 101.47
98.35 95.39 92.57 89.89 87.33 84.88 82.55 Critical pressure bar
43.07 43.84 44.60 45.36 46.12 46.87 47.63 48.38 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 245.0 254.4 262.7 270.2 276.9 283.0 288.7 294.0
Pressure ratio 16.08 16.00 15.85 15.64 15.38 15.09 14.79 14.47
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 29.4 28.3 27.4 26.6 26.0 25.4 24.9 24.5
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 125.6 129.0 132.2
135.2 137.9 140.6 143.1 145.5 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.91
0.98 1.06 1.14 1.23 1.32 1.42 1.53 Condenser inlet pressure bar
14.0 15.1 16.2 17.3 18.5 19.6 20.7 21.8 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -30.8 -31.4 -32.0 -32.7 -33.4 -34.1 -34.9
-35.6 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -28.8 -28.2 -27.5 -26.9 -26.3
-25.6 -25.0 -24.5 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -23.8
-23.2 -22.5 -21.9 -21.3 -20.6 -20.0 -19.5 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.8 -29.8 -29.8 -29.8 -29.8 -29.9 -30.0
-30.1 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 2.0 3.2 4.5 5.8 7.2 8.5 9.8 11.2
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.87 0.94 1.02 1.11 1.20 1.30 1.40
1.51 Compressor discharge pressure bar 14.0 15.1 16.2 17.3 18.5
19.6 20.7 21.8 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 267 237 212 191 173
158 144 133 Pressure drop relative to reference 91.6% 81.1% 72.5%
65.3% 59.2% 54.0% 49.5% 45.5% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 52.3
53.3 54.1 54.8 55.3 55.6 55.8 55.9 Condenser bubble point .degree.
C. 46.4 43.0 40.2 37.9 35.9 34.3 33.0 31.8 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 45.4 42.0 39.2 36.9 34.9 33.3 32.0 30.8
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 49.3 48.1 47.2 46.3 45.6
45.0 44.4 43.8 Condenser glide (in-out) K 5.9 10.3 13.9 16.9 19.3
21.3 22.9 24.1
TABLE-US-00050 TABLE 46 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 10%
R-32 and 30% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/10/ 18/10/ 20/10/ 22/10/ 24/10/ 26/10/ 28/10/ 30/10/
30/44 30/42 30/40 30/38 30/36 30/34 30/32 30/30 COP (heating) 2.26
2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.28 2.27 2.27 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 107.4% 107.6% 107.7% 107.8% 107.9% 107.9% 107.9% 107.8%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1776 1892 2011
2131 2254 2379 2507 2637 Capacity relative to Reference 202.1%
215.4% 228.8% 242.6% 256.5% 270.8% 285.3% 300.1% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 80.32 78.19 76.15 74.19 72.31 70.50 68.77
67.11 Critical pressure bar 49.13 49.88 50.62 51.37 52.12 52.87
53.61 54.36 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 298.9 303.6 308.0 312.2
316.3 320.1 323.8 327.3 Pressure ratio 14.15 13.83 13.52 13.21
12.91 12.61 12.33 12.05 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 24.1 23.7 23.4
23.1 22.8 22.5 22.2 22.0 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 147.8 150.0 152.1 154.2 156.3 158.2 160.2 162.1 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.64 1.75 1.87 1.99 2.12 2.26 2.39 2.54 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 22.9 24.0 25.0 26.1 27.2 28.3 29.3 30.4
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -36.4 -37.1 -37.9 -38.6
-39.3 -39.9 -40.5 -41.1 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -24.0 -23.5
-23.1 -22.7 -22.4 -22.1 -21.8 -21.6 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -19.0 -18.5 -18.1 -17.7 -17.4 -17.1 -16.8 -16.6
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.2 -30.3 -30.5 -30.6
-30.8 -31.0 -31.2 -31.3 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.4 13.6 14.8
15.9 16.9 17.9 18.8 19.5 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.62 1.73
1.85 1.98 2.11 2.24 2.38 2.52 Compressor discharge pressure bar
22.9 24.0 25.0 26.1 27.2 28.3 29.3 30.4 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 123 114 106 99 93 87 82 77 Pressure drop relative to reference
42.1% 39.0% 36.3% 33.9% 31.8% 29.8% 28.1% 26.5% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 55.9 55.8 55.6 55.3 55.0 54.6 54.2 53.7 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 30.8 29.9 29.2 28.6 28.1 27.6 27.2 26.9
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 29.8 28.9 28.2 27.6
27.1 26.6 26.2 25.9 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 43.3
42.9 42.4 42.0 41.5 41.1 40.7 40.3 Condenser glide (in-out) K 25.1
25.8 26.4 26.7 26.9 27.0 26.9 26.8
TABLE-US-00051 TABLE 47 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 10%
R-32 and 40% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/10/40/50 2/10/40/48 4/10/40/46 6/10/40/44 8/10/40/42
10/10/40/40 12/10/40/38 14/10/40/36 COP (heating) 2.14 2.17 2.20
2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 COP (heating) relative to Reference 101.7%
103.2% 104.3% 105.1% 105.9% 106.4% 106.9% 107.2% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 976 1069 1167 1267 1372 1480 1591
1704 Capacity relative to Reference 111.1% 121.7% 132.8% 144.2%
156.1% 168.4% 181.1% 193.9% Critical temperature .degree. C. 100.75
97.68 94.76 91.98 89.33 86.81 84.40 82.10 Critical pressure bar
43.42 44.20 44.97 45.74 46.51 47.27 48.04 48.80 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 247.0 256.4 264.8 272.2 278.9 285.0 290.6 295.9
Pressure ratio 15.84 15.77 15.63 15.43 15.18 14.89 14.59 14.28
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 29.1 28.1 27.2 26.5 25.8 25.3 24.8 24.3
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 126.7 130.1 133.3
136.3 139.1 141.7 144.2 146.6 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.94
1.01 1.09 1.17 1.26 1.36 1.46 1.57 Condenser inlet pressure bar
14.2 15.3 16.4 17.6 18.7 19.8 21.0 22.1 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -30.7 -31.3 -31.9 -32.6 -33.3 -34.0 -34.7
-35.4 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -28.9 -28.3 -27.7 -27.1 -26.4
-25.8 -25.2 -24.7 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -23.9
-23.3 -22.7 -22.1 -21.4 -20.8 -20.2 -19.7 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.8 -29.8 -29.8 -29.8 -29.9 -29.9 -30.0
-30.1 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 1.8 3.0 4.2 5.5 6.9 8.2 9.5 10.8
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.90 0.97 1.05 1.14 1.23 1.33 1.44
1.55 Compressor discharge pressure bar 14.2 15.3 16.4 17.6 18.7
19.8 21.0 22.1 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 258 229 205 185 168
153 140 129 Pressure drop relative to reference 88.4% 78.4% 70.2%
63.3% 57.4% 52.3% 48.0% 44.2% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 51.7
52.7 53.5 54.2 54.7 55.0 55.2 55.3 Condenser bubble point .degree.
C. 46.5 43.1 40.3 38.0 36.1 34.5 33.1 31.9 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 45.5 42.1 39.3 37.0 35.1 33.5 32.1 30.9
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 49.1 47.9 46.9 46.1 45.4
44.7 44.2 43.6 Condenser glide (in-out) K 5.3 9.6 13.2 16.2 18.6
20.6 22.1 23.4
TABLE-US-00052 TABLE 48 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 10%
R-32 and 40% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/10/ 18/10/ 20/10/ 22/10/ 24/10/ 26/10/ 28/10/ 30/10/
40/34 40/32 40/30 40/28 40/26 40/24 40/22 40/20 COP (heating) 2.27
2.27 2.27 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 107.5% 107.7% 107.9% 108.0% 108.1% 108.1% 108.1% 108.0%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1820 1939 2060
2184 2309 2437 2569 2701 Capacity relative to Reference 207.2%
220.7% 234.5% 248.5% 262.8% 277.4% 292.3% 307.4% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 79.90 77.79 75.77 73.84 71.98 70.20 68.49
66.84 Critical pressure bar 49.56 50.32 51.07 51.83 52.59 53.34
54.10 54.85 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 300.8 305.4 309.8 313.9
317.9 321.6 325.2 328.7 Pressure ratio 13.97 13.65 13.34 13.03
12.73 12.44 12.15 11.87 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.9 23.6 23.2
22.9 22.7 22.4 22.1 21.9 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 148.8 151.0 153.1 155.2 157.2 159.2 161.0 162.9 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.68 1.80 1.92 2.05 2.18 2.31 2.46 2.60 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 23.2 24.3 25.4 26.5 27.5 28.6 29.7 30.8
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -36.2 -36.9 -37.6 -38.3
-39.0 -39.6 -40.2 -40.8 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -24.2 -23.7
-23.3 -22.9 -22.5 -22.2 -21.9 -21.7 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -19.2 -18.7 -18.3 -17.9 -17.5 -17.2 -16.9 -16.7
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.2 -30.3 -30.4 -30.6
-30.8 -30.9 -31.1 -31.2 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.0 13.2 14.3
15.4 16.5 17.4 18.3 19.1 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.66 1.78
1.90 2.03 2.16 2.30 2.44 2.59 Compressor discharge pressure bar
23.2 24.3 25.4 26.5 27.5 28.6 29.7 30.8 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 119 111 103 96 90 85 80 75 Pressure drop relative to reference
40.9% 37.9% 35.3% 33.0% 30.9% 29.0% 27.3% 25.8% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 55.3 55.2 55.1 54.8 54.5 54.1 53.6 53.2 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 31.0 30.1 29.4 28.8 28.3 27.8 27.4 27.1
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 30.0 29.1 28.4 27.8
27.3 26.8 26.4 26.1 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 43.1
42.7 42.2 41.8 41.4 40.9 40.5 40.1 Condenser glide (in-out) K 24.4
25.1 25.7 26.0 26.2 26.3 26.2 26.1
TABLE-US-00053 TABLE 49 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 10%
R-32 and 50% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/10/50/40 2/10/50/38 4/10/50/36 6/10/50/34 8/10/50/32
10/10/50/30 12/10/50/28 14/10/50/26 COP (heating) 2.15 2.18 2.20
2.22 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.26 COP (heating) relative to Reference 102.0%
103.4% 104.5% 105.4% 106.1% 106.6% 107.1% 107.4% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1001 1096 1195 1297 1403 1513 1626
1741 Capacity relative to Reference 113.9% 124.7% 136.0% 147.6%
159.7% 172.2% 185.0% 198.1% Critical temperature .degree. C. 100.04
97.02 94.14 91.41 88.80 86.31 83.94 81.67 Critical pressure bar
43.67 44.47 45.25 46.04 46.82 47.60 48.37 49.15 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 249.3 258.7 267.1 274.5 281.2 287.3 293.0 298.2
Pressure ratio 15.64 15.58 15.45 15.26 15.01 14.74 14.44 14.13
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 28.9 27.8 27.0 26.2 25.6 25.1 24.6 24.1
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 127.9 131.4 134.6
137.6 140.4 143.0 145.4 147.8 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.96
1.03 1.11 1.20 1.29 1.39 1.49 1.60 Condenser inlet pressure bar
14.4 15.5 16.6 17.8 18.9 20.1 21.2 22.3 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -30.7 -31.3 -31.9 -32.5 -33.2 -33.9 -34.6
-35.3 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -29.0 -28.5 -27.8 -27.2 -26.6
-26.0 -25.4 -24.8 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -24.0
-23.5 -22.8 -22.2 -21.6 -21.0 -20.4 -19.8 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.9 -29.9 -29.9 -29.9 -29.9 -29.9 -30.0
-30.1 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 1.6 2.8 4.0 5.3 6.6 7.9 9.2 10.4
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.92 0.99 1.08 1.17 1.26 1.36 1.47
1.58 Compressor discharge pressure bar 14.4 15.5 16.6 17.8 18.9
20.1 21.2 22.3 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 250 222 199 179 163
149 136 126 Pressure drop relative to reference 85.6% 76.0% 68.1%
61.4% 55.8% 50.9% 46.7% 43.0% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 51.2
52.2 53.0 53.7 54.2 54.5 54.8 54.9 Condenser bubble point .degree.
C. 46.6 43.2 40.4 38.1 36.1 34.5 33.1 32.0 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 45.6 42.2 39.4 37.1 35.1 33.5 32.1 31.0
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 48.9 47.7 46.7 45.9 45.2
44.5 43.9 43.4 Condenser glide (in-out) K 4.7 9.0 12.7 15.6 18.1
20.0 21.6 22.9
TABLE-US-00054 TABLE 50 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 10%
R-32 and 50% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/10/ 18/10/ 20/10/ 22/10/ 24/10/ 26/10/ 28/10/ 30/10/
50/24 50/22 50/20 50/18 50/16 50/14 50/12 50/10 COP (heating) 2.27
2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 107.7% 107.9% 108.1% 108.2% 108.2% 108.3% 108.3% 108.2%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1859 1980 2103
2229 2357 2487 2620 2755 Capacity relative to Reference 211.6%
225.4% 239.4% 253.7% 268.2% 283.1% 298.2% 313.5% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 79.50 77.42 75.43 73.52 71.69 69.93 68.24
66.61 Critical pressure bar 49.92 50.69 51.46 52.23 53.00 53.77
54.53 55.30 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 303.0 307.6 311.9 316.0
320.0 323.7 327.3 330.7 Pressure ratio 13.82 13.50 13.19 12.89
12.59 12.31 12.02 11.75 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.8 23.4 23.1
22.8 22.5 22.2 22.0 21.8 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 150.1 152.2 154.3 156.4 158.3 160.3 162.1 164.0 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.72 1.84 1.96 2.09 2.22 2.36 2.51 2.66 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 23.4 24.5 25.6 26.7 27.8 28.9 30.0 31.1
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -36.0 -36.7 -37.4 -38.1
-38.8 -39.4 -40.0 -40.6 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -24.3 -23.8
-23.4 -23.0 -22.6 -22.3 -22.0 -21.8 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -19.3 -18.8 -18.4 -18.0 -17.6 -17.3 -17.0 -16.8
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.2 -30.3 -30.4 -30.6
-30.7 -30.9 -31.0 -31.2 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 11.7 12.9 14.0
15.1 16.2 17.1 18.0 18.8 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.70 1.82
1.94 2.07 2.21 2.35 2.49 2.64 Compressor discharge pressure bar
23.4 24.5 25.6 26.7 27.8 28.9 30.0 31.1 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 116 108 101 94 88 83 78 73 Pressure drop relative to reference
39.8% 36.9% 34.4% 32.2% 30.1% 28.3% 26.7% 25.2% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 54.9 54.8 54.6 54.4 54.0 53.7 53.2 52.8 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 31.0 30.2 29.4 28.8 28.3 27.9 27.5 27.2
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 30.0 29.2 28.4 27.8
27.3 26.9 26.5 26.2 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 42.9
42.5 42.0 41.6 41.2 40.8 40.4 40.0 Condenser glide (in-out) K 23.9
24.6 25.2 25.5 25.7 25.8 25.8 25.6
TABLE-US-00055 TABLE 51 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 15%
R-32 and 5% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/15/5/80 2/15/5/78 4/15/5/76 6/15/5/74 8/15/5/72
10/15/5/70 12/15/5/68 14/15/5/66 COP (heating) 2.17 2.19 2.21 2.23
2.24 2.26 2.26 2.27 COP (heating) relative to Reference 102.8%
104.0% 105.0% 105.8% 106.5% 107.0% 107.3% 107.6% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 983 1075 1170 1267 1368 1471 1575
1682 Capacity relative to Reference 111.9% 122.3% 133.1% 144.2%
155.7% 167.4% 179.2% 191.4% Critical temperature .degree. C. 100.70
97.79 94.99 92.31 89.74 87.29 84.94 82.70 Critical pressure bar
43.58 44.39 45.17 45.95 46.71 47.47 48.22 48.97 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 253.1 261.7 269.4 276.4 282.8 288.7 294.3 299.5
Pressure ratio 15.94 15.80 15.61 15.37 15.11 14.82 14.54 14.25
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 28.4 27.5 26.7 26.1 25.5 24.9 24.5 24.0
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 127.4 130.5 133.5
136.4 139.1 141.6 144.1 146.5 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.94
1.01 1.09 1.17 1.26 1.35 1.45 1.55 Condenser inlet pressure bar
14.3 15.3 16.4 17.5 18.6 19.6 20.7 21.8 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -31.5 -32.2 -33.0 -33.7 -34.5 -35.3 -36.0
-36.8 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -27.9 -27.2 -26.6 -26.0 -25.3
-24.8 -24.2 -23.7 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -22.9
-22.2 -21.6 -21.0 -20.3 -19.8 -19.2 -18.7 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.7 -29.7 -29.8 -29.8 -29.9 -30.0 -30.1
-30.3 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 3.7 5.0 6.4 7.8 9.1 10.5 11.8
13.1 Compressor suction pressure bar 0.89 0.97 1.05 1.14 1.23 1.32
1.42 1.53 Compressor discharge pressure bar 14.3 15.3 16.4 17.5
18.6 19.6 20.7 21.8 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 251 224 202 183
166 152 140 130 Pressure drop relative to reference 86.1% 76.8%
69.1% 62.6% 57.0% 52.2% 48.0% 44.4% Condenser dew point .degree. C.
53.3 54.2 54.9 55.4 55.8 56.1 56.2 56.2 Condenser bubble point
.degree. C. 44.2 41.3 38.9 36.8 35.1 33.6 32.4 31.3 Condenser exit
liquid temperature .degree. C. 43.2 40.3 37.9 35.8 34.1 32.6 31.4
30.3 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 48.8 47.7 46.9 46.1
45.4 44.8 44.3 43.8 Condenser glide (in-out) K 9.0 12.8 16.0 18.6
20.7 22.5 23.9 25.0
TABLE-US-00056 TABLE 52 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 15%
R-32 and 5% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/15/5/64 18/15/5/62 20/15/5/60 22/15/5/58 24/15/5/56
26/15/5/54 28/15/5/52 30/15/5/50 COP (heating) 2.27 2.28 2.28 2.28
2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 COP (heating) relative to Reference 107.8%
108.0% 108.1% 108.1% 108.1% 108.1% 108.0% 107.9% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1790 1901 2014 2128 2244 2362 2483
2606 Capacity relative to Reference 203.8% 216.4% 229.2% 242.2%
255.4% 268.9% 282.6% 296.5% Critical temperature .degree. C. 80.54
78.48 76.50 74.60 72.77 71.02 69.33 67.70 Critical pressure bar
49.71 50.46 51.20 51.94 52.68 53.42 54.16 54.90 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 304.5 309.2 313.7 318.1 322.2 326.2 330.1 333.8
Pressure ratio 13.96 13.67 13.38 13.10 12.83 12.56 12.30 12.05
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.6 23.3 22.9 22.6 22.3 22.1 21.8 21.6
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 148.9 151.1 153.3
155.5 157.6 159.7 161.7 163.7 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.65
1.76 1.88 1.99 2.11 2.24 2.37 2.50 Condenser inlet pressure bar
22.8 23.8 24.9 25.9 26.9 27.9 29.0 30.0 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -37.6 -38.3 -39.1 -39.8 -40.4 -41.0 -41.6
-42.1 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.3 -22.8 -22.5 -22.1 -21.9
-21.6 -21.4 -21.2 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -18.3
-17.8 -17.5 -17.1 -16.9 -16.6 -16.4 -16.2 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -30.4 -30.6 -30.8 -30.9 -31.1 -31.3 -31.5
-31.7 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.3 15.5 16.6 17.6 18.5 19.4
20.2 20.9 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.63 1.74 1.86 1.98 2.10
2.22 2.35 2.49 Compressor discharge pressure bar 22.8 23.8 24.9
25.9 26.9 27.9 29.0 30.0 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 120 112
105 98 92 87 82 77 Pressure drop relative to reference 41.2% 38.3%
35.8% 33.5% 31.5% 29.6% 28.0% 26.4% Condenser dew point .degree. C.
56.2 56.0 55.8 55.5 55.1 54.7 54.3 53.7 Condenser bubble point
.degree. C. 30.3 29.5 28.8 28.2 27.7 27.3 26.9 26.5 Condenser exit
liquid temperature .degree. C. 29.3 28.5 27.8 27.2 26.7 26.3 25.9
25.5 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 43.3 42.8 42.3 41.9
41.4 41.0 40.6 40.1 Condenser glide (in-out) K 25.8 26.5 27.0 27.3
27.4 27.5 27.4 27.2
TABLE-US-00057 TABLE 53 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 15%
R-32 and 10% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/15/10/75 2/15/10/73 4/15/10/71 6/15/10/69 8/15/10/67
10/15/10/65 12/15/10/63 14/15/10/61 COP (heating) 2.17 2.20 2.22
2.23 2.25 2.26 2.26 2.27 COP (heating) relative to Reference 102.9%
104.1% 105.1% 105.9% 106.5% 107.0% 107.4% 107.7% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1001 1093 1188 1287 1389 1493 1599
1707 Capacity relative to Reference 113.9% 124.4% 135.2% 146.5%
158.0% 169.9% 182.0% 194.3% Critical temperature .degree. C. 100.38
97.46 94.67 92.00 89.45 87.01 84.68 82.44 Critical pressure bar
43.87 44.66 45.43 46.20 46.96 47.71 48.47 49.22 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 253.8 262.3 270.0 277.0 283.4 289.3 294.9 300.1
Pressure ratio 15.79 15.65 15.47 15.24 14.97 14.70 14.41 14.12
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 28.4 27.4 26.7 26.0 25.4 24.9 24.4 24.0
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 127.8 131.0 134.0
136.8 139.5 142.1 144.5 146.9 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.95
1.03 1.10 1.19 1.28 1.37 1.47 1.57 Condenser inlet pressure bar
14.4 15.5 16.6 17.6 18.7 19.8 20.9 21.9 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -31.5 -32.2 -32.9 -33.6 -34.4 -35.1 -35.9
-36.6 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -28.0 -27.3 -26.7 -26.1 -25.5
-24.9 -24.3 -23.8 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -23.0
-22.3 -21.7 -21.1 -20.5 -19.9 -19.3 -18.8 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.7 -29.8 -29.8 -29.8 -29.9 -30.0 -30.1
-30.2 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 3.6 4.9 6.2 7.6 8.9 10.2 11.5
12.8 Compressor suction pressure bar 0.91 0.99 1.07 1.16 1.25 1.35
1.45 1.55 Compressor discharge pressure bar 14.4 15.5 16.6 17.6
18.7 19.8 20.9 21.9 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 247 220 198 180
164 150 138 128 Pressure drop relative to reference 84.5% 75.4%
67.9% 61.5% 56.0% 51.3% 47.2% 43.7% Condenser dew point .degree. C.
53.0 53.8 54.5 55.0 55.4 55.7 55.8 55.9 Condenser bubble point
.degree. C. 44.4 41.5 39.0 37.0 35.3 33.8 32.5 31.5 Condenser exit
liquid temperature .degree. C. 43.4 40.5 38.0 36.0 34.3 32.8 31.5
30.5 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 48.7 47.6 46.8 46.0
45.4 44.7 44.2 43.7 Condenser glide (in-out) K 8.6 12.3 15.5 18.0
20.2 21.9 23.3 24.4
TABLE-US-00058 TABLE 54 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 15%
R-32 and 10% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/15/ 18/15/ 20/15/ 22/15/ 24/15/ 26/15/ 28/15/ 30/15/
10/59 10/57 10/55 10/53 10/51 10/49 10/47 10/45 COP (heating) 2.27
2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 107.9% 108.0% 108.1% 108.2% 108.2% 108.1% 108.1% 108.0%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1817 1930 2044
2161 2279 2400 2523 2648 Capacity relative to Reference 206.8%
219.6% 232.7% 245.9% 259.4% 273.1% 287.1% 301.4% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 80.30 78.25 76.28 74.40 72.58 70.84 69.16
67.54 Critical pressure bar 49.96 50.71 51.45 52.19 52.94 53.68
54.42 55.16 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 305.0 309.7 314.1 318.4
322.5 326.4 330.2 333.8 Pressure ratio 13.83 13.54 13.25 12.97
12.70 12.43 12.17 11.91 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.6 23.3 22.9
22.6 22.3 22.1 21.8 21.6 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 149.3 151.5 153.7 155.8 157.9 159.9 161.9 163.9 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.68 1.79 1.91 2.03 2.15 2.28 2.41 2.55 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 23.0 24.0 25.1 26.1 27.1 28.2 29.2 30.2
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -37.4 -38.1 -38.8 -39.5
-40.1 -40.7 -41.2 -41.7 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.4 -23.0
-22.6 -22.3 -22.0 -21.7 -21.5 -21.4 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -18.4 -18.0 -17.6 -17.3 -17.0 -16.7 -16.5 -16.4
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.4 -30.5 -30.7 -30.9
-31.1 -31.2 -31.4 -31.5 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.0 15.1 16.2
17.2 18.1 18.9 19.7 20.4 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.66 1.77
1.89 2.01 2.14 2.27 2.40 2.54 Compressor discharge pressure bar
23.0 24.0 25.1 26.1 27.1 28.2 29.2 30.2 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 118 110 103 96 90 85 80 76 Pressure drop relative to reference
40.5% 37.7% 35.2% 33.0% 31.0% 29.2% 27.5% 26.0% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 55.8 55.6 55.4 55.1 54.8 54.3 53.9 53.4 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 30.5 29.7 29.0 28.4 27.9 27.5 27.1 26.8
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 29.5 28.7 28.0 27.4
26.9 26.5 26.1 25.8 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 43.2
42.7 42.2 41.8 41.3 40.9 40.5 40.1 Condenser glide (in-out) K 25.3
25.9 26.4 26.7 26.8 26.9 26.8 26.6
TABLE-US-00059 TABLE 55 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 15%
R-32 and 20% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/15/20/65 2/15/20/63 4/15/20/61 6/15/20/59 8/15/20/57
10/15/20/55 12/15/20/53 14/15/20/51 COP (heating) 2.17 2.20 2.22
2.23 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.27 COP (heating) relative to Reference 103.1%
104.3% 105.2% 106.0% 106.6% 107.1% 107.4% 107.7% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1033 1127 1224 1325 1428 1534 1643
1755 Capacity relative to Reference 117.6% 128.3% 139.3% 150.7%
162.5% 174.6% 187.0% 199.7% Critical temperature .degree. C. 99.72
96.82 94.05 91.41 88.89 86.48 84.18 81.97 Critical pressure bar
44.35 45.12 45.89 46.65 47.41 48.17 48.92 49.67 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 255.3 263.9 271.6 278.5 284.9 290.8 296.3 301.4
Pressure ratio 15.52 15.39 15.22 14.99 14.74 14.46 14.18 13.89
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 28.2 27.3 26.5 25.9 25.3 24.8 24.3 23.9
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 128.8 132.0 135.0
137.8 140.5 143.0 145.5 147.8 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.99
1.06 1.14 1.23 1.32 1.41 1.52 1.62 Condenser inlet pressure bar
14.7 15.7 16.8 17.9 19.0 20.1 21.2 22.2 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -31.4 -32.1 -32.8 -33.4 -34.1 -34.8 -35.6
-36.3 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -28.1 -27.5 -26.9 -26.3 -25.7
-25.1 -24.6 -24.1 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -23.1
-22.5 -21.9 -21.3 -20.7 -20.1 -19.6 -19.1 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.8 -29.8 -29.8 -29.9 -29.9 -30.0 -30.1
-30.2 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 3.3 4.6 5.9 7.2 8.4 9.7 11.0 12.2
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.94 1.02 1.11 1.20 1.29 1.39 1.49
1.60 Compressor discharge pressure bar 14.7 15.7 16.8 17.9 19.0
20.1 21.2 22.2 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 238 213 192 174 158
145 134 124 Pressure drop relative to reference 81.4% 72.8% 65.6%
59.5% 54.3% 49.7% 45.8% 42.3% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 52.4
53.2 53.8 54.4 54.7 55.0 55.1 55.2 Condenser bubble point .degree.
C. 44.7 41.8 39.3 37.3 35.6 34.1 32.9 31.8 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 43.7 40.8 38.3 36.3 34.6 33.1 31.9 30.8
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 48.5 47.5 46.6 45.8 45.2
44.6 44.0 43.5 Condenser glide (in-out) K 7.7 11.4 14.5 17.1 19.2
20.9 22.3 23.4
TABLE-US-00060 TABLE 56 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 15%
R-32 and 20% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/15/ 18/15/ 20/15/ 22/15/ 24/15/ 26/15/ 28/15/ 30/15/
20/49 20/47 20/45 20/43 20/41 20/39 20/37 20/35 COP (heating) 2.28
2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 108.0% 108.1% 108.2% 108.3% 108.3% 108.3% 108.3% 108.2%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1868 1984 2102
2222 2345 2470 2598 2729 Capacity relative to Reference 212.6%
225.8% 239.2% 252.9% 266.9% 281.1% 295.7% 310.5% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 79.86 77.83 75.88 74.02 72.22 70.50 68.84
67.24 Critical pressure bar 50.42 51.17 51.92 52.67 53.42 54.16
54.91 55.65 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 306.2 310.8 315.2 319.4
323.4 327.2 330.8 334.3 Pressure ratio 13.60 13.31 13.02 12.74
12.47 12.20 11.93 11.67 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.5 23.2 22.8
22.5 22.3 22.0 21.8 21.5 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 150.1 152.3 154.4 156.5 158.5 160.5 162.4 164.3 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.73 1.85 1.97 2.09 2.22 2.36 2.49 2.64 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 23.3 24.4 25.4 26.5 27.5 28.6 29.6 30.7
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -37.0 -37.7 -38.3 -39.0
-39.6 -40.1 -40.6 -41.1 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.7 -23.2
-22.9 -22.5 -22.3 -22.0 -21.8 -21.6 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -18.7 -18.2 -17.9 -17.5 -17.3 -17.0 -16.8 -16.6
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.3 -30.5 -30.6 -30.8
-30.9 -31.1 -31.2 -31.3 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 13.3 14.4 15.5
16.4 17.3 18.1 18.9 19.5 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.71 1.83
1.95 2.08 2.21 2.34 2.48 2.63 Compressor discharge pressure bar
23.3 24.4 25.4 26.5 27.5 28.6 29.6 30.7 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 115 107 100 93 88 83 78 74 Pressure drop relative to reference
39.3% 36.6% 34.2% 32.0% 30.0% 28.3% 26.7% 25.2% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 55.1 54.9 54.7 54.4 54.1 53.7 53.2 52.7 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 30.9 30.1 29.4 28.8 28.3 27.9 27.5 27.2
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 29.9 29.1 28.4 27.8
27.3 26.9 26.5 26.2 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 43.0
42.5 42.1 41.6 41.2 40.8 40.4 40.0 Condenser glide (in-out) K 24.2
24.9 25.3 25.6 25.8 25.8 25.7 25.5
TABLE-US-00061 TABLE 57 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 15%
R-32 and 30% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/15/30/55 2/15/30/53 4/15/30/51 6/15/30/49 8/15/30/47
10/15/30/45 12/15/30/43 14/15/30/41 COP (heating) 2.18 2.20 2.22
2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.27 COP (heating) relative to Reference 103.2%
104.4% 105.3% 106.1% 106.7% 107.2% 107.5% 107.8% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1063 1158 1257 1359 1465 1573 1685
1799 Capacity relative to Reference 120.9% 131.8% 143.1% 154.7%
166.7% 179.0% 191.7% 204.7% Critical temperature .degree. C. 99.07
96.20 93.47 90.86 88.37 85.99 83.71 81.53 Critical pressure bar
44.72 45.49 46.26 47.03 47.79 48.55 49.31 50.07 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 257.1 265.7 273.4 280.3 286.7 292.5 298.0 303.1
Pressure ratio 15.28 15.17 15.00 14.79 14.54 14.27 13.99 13.70
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 28.0 27.1 26.3 25.7 25.1 24.6 24.2 23.8
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 129.9 133.1 136.1
138.9 141.6 144.1 146.5 148.9 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.01
1.09 1.17 1.26 1.35 1.45 1.56 1.67 Condenser inlet pressure bar
14.9 16.0 17.1 18.2 19.3 20.4 21.5 22.5 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -31.3 -32.0 -32.6 -33.3 -33.9 -34.6 -35.3
-36.0 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -28.3 -27.7 -27.1 -26.5 -25.9
-25.4 -24.8 -24.4 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -23.3
-22.7 -22.1 -21.5 -20.9 -20.4 -19.8 -19.4 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.8 -29.8 -29.8 -29.9 -29.9 -30.0 -30.1
-30.2 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 3.1 4.3 5.5 6.7 8.0 9.2 10.4 11.6
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.97 1.05 1.14 1.23 1.33 1.43 1.53
1.65 Compressor discharge pressure bar 14.9 16.0 17.1 18.2 19.3
20.4 21.5 22.5 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 230 206 186 169 154
141 130 120 Pressure drop relative to reference 78.8% 70.5% 63.6%
57.7% 52.7% 48.3% 44.5% 41.1% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 51.8
52.6 53.2 53.7 54.1 54.4 54.5 54.5 Condenser bubble point .degree.
C. 44.9 42.0 39.6 37.5 35.8 34.3 33.1 32.0 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 43.9 41.0 38.6 36.5 34.8 33.3 32.1 31.0
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 48.3 47.3 46.4 45.6 45.0
44.3 43.8 43.3 Condenser glide (in-out) K 6.9 10.6 13.7 16.2 18.3
20.0 21.4 22.5
TABLE-US-00062 TABLE 58 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 15%
R-32 and 30% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/15/ 18/15/ 20/15/ 22/15/ 24/15/ 26/15/ 28/15/ 30/15/
30/39 30/37 30/35 30/33 30/31 30/29 30/27 30/25 COP (heating) 2.28
2.28 2.28 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 108.1% 108.2% 108.4% 108.4% 108.5% 108.5% 108.4% 108.4%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1915 2034 2155
2279 2405 2534 2665 2800 Capacity relative to Reference 218.0%
231.5% 245.3% 259.4% 273.7% 288.4% 303.3% 318.6% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 79.44 77.44 75.52 73.68 71.90 70.20 68.56
66.98 Critical pressure bar 50.83 51.59 52.34 53.10 53.85 54.61
55.36 56.12 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 307.9 312.4 316.7 320.8
324.7 328.4 332.0 335.4 Pressure ratio 13.41 13.12 12.83 12.55
12.28 12.01 11.74 11.49 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.4 23.0 22.7
22.4 22.2 21.9 21.7 21.5 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 151.1 153.3 155.4 157.4 159.4 161.3 163.2 165.0 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.78 1.90 2.02 2.15 2.28 2.42 2.57 2.72 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 23.6 24.7 25.8 26.8 27.9 28.9 30.0 31.0
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -36.6 -37.3 -37.9 -38.5
-39.1 -39.7 -40.2 -40.6 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.9 -23.5
-23.1 -22.8 -22.5 -22.2 -22.0 -21.8 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -18.9 -18.5 -18.1 -17.8 -17.5 -17.2 -17.0 -16.8
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.3 -30.4 -30.5 -30.7
-30.8 -30.9 -31.1 -31.2 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.7 13.8 14.8
15.8 16.7 17.5 18.2 18.8 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.76 1.88
2.01 2.14 2.27 2.41 2.55 2.70 Compressor discharge pressure bar
23.6 24.7 25.8 26.8 27.9 28.9 30.0 31.0 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 112 104 97 91 85 80 76 72 Pressure drop relative to reference
38.2% 35.6% 33.2% 31.1% 29.2% 27.5% 25.9% 24.5% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 54.5 54.3 54.1 53.8 53.5 53.1 52.7 52.2 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 31.1 30.3 29.6 29.1 28.6 28.1 27.8 27.5
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 30.1 29.3 28.6 28.1
27.6 27.1 26.8 26.5 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 42.8
42.3 41.9 41.4 41.0 40.6 40.2 39.8 Condenser glide (in-out) K 23.4
24.0 24.5 24.8 25.0 25.0 24.9 24.7
TABLE-US-00063 TABLE 59 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 15%
R-32 and 40% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/15/40/45 2/15/40/43 4/15/40/41 6/15/40/39 8/15/40/37
10/15/40/35 12/15/40/33 14/15/40/31 COP (heating) 2.18 2.21 2.22
2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 COP (heating) relative to Reference 103.4%
104.6% 105.5% 106.2% 106.8% 107.3% 107.7% 108.0% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1089 1186 1286 1390 1498 1608 1722
1838 Capacity relative to Reference 124.0% 135.0% 146.4% 158.2%
170.4% 183.0% 196.0% 209.2% Critical temperature .degree. C. 98.43
95.60 92.90 90.33 87.87 85.52 83.27 81.12 Critical pressure bar
44.98 45.76 46.54 47.32 48.10 48.87 49.64 50.41 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 259.2 267.8 275.5 282.5 288.8 294.7 300.1 305.1
Pressure ratio 15.09 14.98 14.82 14.61 14.37 14.11 13.83 13.54
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 27.8 26.9 26.1 25.5 24.9 24.4 24.0 23.6
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 131.0 134.2 137.3
140.1 142.8 145.3 147.7 150.0 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.04
1.11 1.20 1.29 1.38 1.48 1.59 1.70 Condenser inlet pressure bar
15.1 16.2 17.3 18.4 19.5 20.6 21.7 22.8 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -31.3 -31.8 -32.5 -33.1 -33.7 -34.4 -35.0
-35.7 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -28.5 -27.9 -27.3 -26.7 -26.1
-25.6 -25.1 -24.6 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -23.5
-22.9 -22.3 -21.7 -21.1 -20.6 -20.1 -19.6 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.9 -29.9 -29.9 -29.9 -29.9 -30.0 -30.1
-30.1 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 2.8 4.0 5.1 6.4 7.6 8.8 10.0 11.1
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.00 1.08 1.17 1.26 1.36 1.46 1.57
1.68 Compressor discharge pressure bar 15.1 16.2 17.3 18.4 19.5
20.6 21.7 22.8 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 223 200 180 164 150
137 126 117 Pressure drop relative to reference 76.4% 68.5% 61.8%
56.1% 51.2% 47.0% 43.3% 40.0% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 51.2
52.0 52.7 53.2 53.6 53.8 54.0 54.0 Condenser bubble point .degree.
C. 45.0 42.1 39.7 37.6 35.9 34.4 33.2 32.1 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 44.0 41.1 38.7 36.6 34.9 33.4 32.2 31.1
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 48.1 47.1 46.2 45.4 44.7
44.1 43.6 43.1 Condenser glide (in-out) K 6.1 9.9 13.0 15.5 17.7
19.4 20.8 21.9
TABLE-US-00064 TABLE 60 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 15%
R-32 and 40% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/15/ 18/15/ 20/15/ 22/15/ 24/15/ 26/15/ 28/15/ 30/15/
40/29 40/27 40/25 40/23 40/21 40/19 40/17 40/15 COP (heating) 2.28
2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 108.2% 108.4% 108.5% 108.6% 108.6% 108.7% 108.6% 108.6%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1957 2078 2202
2329 2457 2589 2723 2859 Capacity relative to Reference 222.7%
236.5% 250.6% 265.0% 279.7% 294.6% 309.9% 325.4% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 79.06 77.08 75.19 73.36 71.61 69.93 68.31
66.75 Critical pressure bar 51.18 51.95 52.72 53.48 54.25 55.02
55.78 56.54 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 309.9 314.4 318.6 322.6
326.5 330.2 333.7 337.1 Pressure ratio 13.26 12.97 12.68 12.40
12.13 11.86 11.60 11.35 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.2 22.9 22.6
22.3 22.1 21.8 21.6 21.4 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 152.2 154.4 156.4 158.4 160.4 162.3 164.1 165.9 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.82 1.94 2.07 2.20 2.34 2.48 2.62 2.78 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 23.9 25.0 26.0 27.1 28.2 29.2 30.3 31.4
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -36.4 -37.0 -37.6 -38.3
-38.8 -39.4 -39.9 -40.3 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -24.1 -23.7
-23.3 -23.0 -22.6 -22.4 -22.1 -21.9 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -19.1 -18.7 -18.3 -18.0 -17.6 -17.4 -17.1 -16.9
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.2 -30.3 -30.5 -30.6
-30.7 -30.9 -31.0 -31.1 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.3 13.3 14.3
15.3 16.2 17.0 17.7 18.4 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.80 1.92
2.05 2.19 2.32 2.46 2.61 2.76 Compressor discharge pressure bar
23.9 25.0 26.0 27.1 28.2 29.2 30.3 31.4 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 109 101 95 89 83 78 74 70 Pressure drop relative to reference
37.2% 34.6% 32.4% 30.3% 28.5% 26.8% 25.3% 23.9% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 54.0 53.8 53.6 53.4 53.0 52.7 52.2 51.8 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 31.2 30.4 29.8 29.2 28.7 28.3 27.9 27.6
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 30.2 29.4 28.8 28.2
27.7 27.3 26.9 26.6 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 42.6
42.1 41.7 41.3 40.9 40.5 40.1 39.7 Condenser glide (in-out) K 22.8
23.4 23.9 24.2 24.4 24.4 24.3 24.1
TABLE-US-00065 TABLE 61 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 20%
R-32 and 5% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/20/5/75 2/20/5/73 4/20/5/71 6/20/5/69 8/20/5/67
10/20/5/65 12/20/5/63 14/20/5/61 COP (heating) 2.20 2.22 2.24 2.25
2.26 2.27 2.28 2.28 COP (heating) relative to Reference 104.4%
105.4% 106.2% 106.8% 107.3% 107.7% 108.0% 108.3% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1103 1197 1294 1394 1497 1602 1709
1818 Capacity relative to Reference 125.5% 136.2% 147.3% 158.7%
170.4% 182.3% 194.5% 206.9% Critical temperature .degree. C. 98.35
95.65 93.07 90.59 88.21 85.93 83.74 81.64 Critical pressure bar
45.29 46.10 46.88 47.66 48.43 49.20 49.96 50.71 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 264.5 272.4 279.5 286.1 292.2 298.0 303.3 308.4
Pressure ratio 15.11 14.95 14.76 14.53 14.29 14.03 13.77 13.50
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 27.2 26.4 25.8 25.2 24.6 24.2 23.7 23.3
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 131.4 134.4 137.3
140.0 142.6 145.1 147.5 149.9 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.04
1.12 1.20 1.29 1.38 1.48 1.58 1.69 Condenser inlet pressure bar
15.2 16.3 17.3 18.4 19.4 20.5 21.5 22.5 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -32.2 -32.9 -33.6 -34.3 -35.0 -35.7 -36.4
-37.1 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -27.3 -26.7 -26.2 -25.6 -25.0
-24.5 -24.1 -23.6 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -22.3
-21.7 -21.2 -20.6 -20.0 -19.5 -19.1 -18.6 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.8 -29.8 -29.9 -29.9 -30.0 -30.1 -30.2
-30.4 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 4.9 6.2 7.5 8.7 10.0 11.2 12.3
13.5 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.01 1.09 1.17 1.26 1.36 1.46
1.56 1.67 Compressor discharge pressure bar 15.2 16.3 17.3 18.4
19.4 20.5 21.5 22.5 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 217 196 177 162
148 137 126 117 Pressure drop relative to reference 74.3% 67.0%
60.7% 55.4% 50.8% 46.8% 43.3% 40.2% Condenser dew point .degree. C.
52.7 53.4 53.9 54.3 54.6 54.8 54.8 54.8 Condenser bubble point
.degree. C. 43.0 40.5 38.4 36.6 35.0 33.7 32.6 31.6 Condenser exit
liquid temperature .degree. C. 42.0 39.5 37.4 35.6 34.0 32.7 31.6
30.6 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 47.9 46.9 46.2 45.5
44.8 44.2 43.7 43.2 Condenser glide (in-out) K 9.6 12.8 15.5 17.7
19.6 21.1 22.3 23.2
TABLE-US-00066 TABLE 62 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 20%
R-32 and 5% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/20/5/59 18/20/5/57 20/20/5/55 22/20/5/53 24/20/5/51
26/20/5/49 28/20/5/47 30/20/5/45 COP (heating) 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29
2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 COP (heating) relative to Reference 108.4%
108.5% 108.6% 108.6% 108.6% 108.6% 108.5% 108.4% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1930 2043 2159 2276 2396 2519 2645
2773 Capacity relative to Reference 219.6% 232.5% 245.7% 259.1%
272.7% 286.7% 301.0% 315.6% Critical temperature .degree. C. 79.63
77.69 75.84 74.05 72.33 70.67 69.07 67.53 Critical pressure bar
51.47 52.22 52.97 53.72 54.47 55.22 55.96 56.71 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 313.2 317.8 322.2 326.4 330.4 334.2 337.9 341.4
Pressure ratio 13.24 12.98 12.72 12.46 12.21 11.96 11.71 11.47
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.0 22.7 22.3 22.1 21.8 21.5 21.3 21.1
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 152.2 154.4 156.5
158.6 160.7 162.7 164.6 166.5 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.80
1.91 2.03 2.15 2.28 2.41 2.55 2.69 Condenser inlet pressure bar
23.6 24.6 25.6 26.6 27.6 28.7 29.7 30.7 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -37.8 -38.4 -39.0 -39.6 -40.1 -40.6 -41.1
-41.4 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.2 -22.9 -22.6 -22.3 -22.0
-21.8 -21.6 -21.5 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -18.2
-17.9 -17.6 -17.3 -17.0 -16.8 -16.6 -16.5 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -30.5 -30.6 -30.8 -30.9 -31.1 -31.2 -31.3
-31.5 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.5 15.5 16.5 17.3 18.1 18.8
19.4 20.0 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.78 1.89 2.01 2.14 2.26
2.40 2.53 2.68 Compressor discharge pressure bar 23.6 24.6 25.6
26.6 27.6 28.7 29.7 30.7 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 109 102 96
90 85 80 75 71 Pressure drop relative to reference 37.4% 34.9%
32.7% 30.7% 28.9% 27.3% 25.8% 24.4% Condenser dew point .degree. C.
54.7 54.5 54.3 53.9 53.6 53.1 52.7 52.2 Condenser bubble point
.degree. C. 30.7 30.0 29.3 28.8 28.3 27.9 27.5 27.2 Condenser exit
liquid temperature .degree. C. 29.7 29.0 28.3 27.8 27.3 26.9 26.5
26.2 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 42.7 42.2 41.8 41.3
40.9 40.5 40.1 39.7 Condenser glide (in-out) K 24.0 24.5 24.9 25.2
25.3 25.3 25.2 25.0
TABLE-US-00067 TABLE 63 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 20%
R-32 and 10% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/20/10/70 2/20/10/68 4/20/10/66 6/20/10/64 8/20/10/64
10/20/10/60 12/20/10/58 14/20/10/56 COP (heating) 2.20 2.22 2.24
2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.28 COP (heating) relative to Reference 104.5%
105.5% 106.2% 106.9% 107.4% 107.8% 108.1% 108.3% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1119 1214 1312 1413 1517 1624 1732
1843 Capacity relative to Reference 127.4% 138.2% 149.3% 160.9%
172.7% 184.8% 197.1% 209.7% Critical temperature .degree. C. 98.06
95.36 92.78 90.31 87.94 85.67 83.49 81.41 Critical pressure bar
45.53 46.31 47.09 47.87 48.63 49.40 50.16 50.91 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 265.2 273.1 280.3 286.8 292.9 298.6 304.0 309.0
Pressure ratio 14.98 14.83 14.64 14.42 14.17 13.92 13.66 13.39
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 27.1 26.4 25.7 25.1 24.6 24.1 23.7 23.3
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 131.9 134.9 137.8
140.5 143.1 145.6 148.0 150.3 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.06
1.14 1.22 1.31 1.40 1.50 1.61 1.71 Condenser inlet pressure bar
15.3 16.4 17.4 18.5 19.5 20.6 21.6 22.7 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -32.2 -32.8 -33.5 -34.2 -34.8 -35.5 -36.2
-36.9 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -27.4 -26.9 -26.3 -25.7 -25.2
-24.7 -24.2 -23.8 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -22.4
-21.9 -21.3 -20.7 -20.2 -19.7 -19.2 -18.8 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.8 -29.8 -29.9 -29.9 -30.0 -30.1 -30.2
-30.3 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 4.7 6.0 7.2 8.4 9.7 10.8 12.0
13.1 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.02 1.10 1.19 1.28 1.38 1.48
1.58 1.69 Compressor discharge pressure bar 15.3 16.4 17.4 18.5
19.5 20.6 21.6 22.7 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 213 192 175 159
146 135 124 116 Pressure drop relative to reference 73.1% 65.9%
59.8% 54.5% 50.0% 46.1% 42.6% 39.6% Condenser dew point .degree. C.
52.4 53.0 53.6 54.0 54.2 54.4 54.5 54.4 Condenser bubble point
.degree. C. 43.2 40.7 38.6 36.8 35.2 33.9 32.7 31.8 Condenser exit
liquid temperature .degree. C. 42.2 39.7 37.6 35.8 34.2 32.9 31.7
30.8 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 47.8 46.9 46.1 45.4
44.7 44.1 43.6 43.1 Condenser glide (in-out) K 9.1 12.3 15.0 17.2
19.0 20.5 21.7 22.7
TABLE-US-00068 TABLE 64 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 20%
R-32 and 10% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/20/ 18/20/ 20/20/ 22/20/ 24/20/ 26/20/ 28/20/ 30/20/
10/54 10/52 10/50 10/48 10/46 10/44 10/42 10/40 COP (heating) 2.29
2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 108.5% 108.6% 108.6% 108.7% 108.7% 108.6% 108.6% 108.5%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1956 2071 2189
2309 2431 2556 2684 2816 Capacity relative to Reference 222.6%
235.7% 249.1% 262.8% 276.7% 290.9% 305.5% 320.4% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 79.40 77.48 75.63 73.85 72.14 70.50 68.91
67.38 Critical pressure bar 51.67 52.42 53.17 53.93 54.68 55.43
56.18 56.93 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 313.8 318.3 322.6 326.8
330.7 334.5 338.1 341.5 Pressure ratio 13.13 12.87 12.60 12.35
12.09 11.84 11.59 11.35 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 22.9 22.6 22.3
22.0 21.8 21.5 21.3 21.1 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 152.6 154.8 156.9 159.0 161.0 162.9 164.8 166.6 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.83 1.94 2.06 2.19 2.32 2.45 2.59 2.74 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 23.7 24.8 25.8 26.8 27.8 28.9 29.9 30.9
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -37.5 -38.1 -38.7 -39.3
-39.8 -40.3 -40.7 -41.1 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.4 -23.0
-22.7 -22.4 -22.2 -22.0 -21.8 -21.6 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -18.4 -18.0 -17.7 -17.4 -17.2 -17.0 -16.8 -16.6
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.4 -30.6 -30.7 -30.9
-31.0 -31.1 -31.2 -31.4 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.1 15.1 16.0
16.9 17.6 18.3 18.9 19.5 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.81 1.92
2.05 2.17 2.30 2.44 2.58 2.73 Compressor discharge pressure bar
23.7 24.8 25.8 26.8 27.8 28.9 29.9 30.9 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 108 101 94 88 83 78 74 70 Pressure drop relative to reference
36.9% 34.4% 32.2% 30.3% 28.5% 26.9% 25.4% 24.0% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 54.3 54.1 53.9 53.6 53.2 52.8 52.3 51.8 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 30.9 30.2 29.5 29.0 28.5 28.1 27.7 27.4
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 29.9 29.2 28.5 28.0
27.5 27.1 26.7 26.4 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 42.6
42.2 41.7 41.3 40.9 40.4 40.0 39.6 Condenser glide (in-out) K 23.4
24.0 24.4 24.6 24.7 24.7 24.6 24.4
TABLE-US-00069 TABLE 65 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 20%
R-32 and 20% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/20/20/60 2/20/20/58 4/20/20/56 6/20/20/54 8/20/20/52
10/20/20/50 12/20/20/48 14/20/20/46 COP (heating) 2.20 2.23 2.24
2.25 2.27 2.27 2.28 2.29 COP (heating) relative to Reference 104.6%
105.5% 106.3% 106.9% 107.4% 107.8% 108.1% 108.4% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1150 1247 1347 1449 1556 1664 1776
1890 Capacity relative to Reference 130.9% 141.9% 153.3% 165.0%
177.0% 189.4% 202.1% 215.1% Critical temperature .degree. C. 97.47
94.79 92.23 89.78 87.43 85.19 83.03 80.97 Critical pressure bar
45.91 46.68 47.46 48.23 48.99 49.76 50.52 51.28 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 266.8 274.7 281.9 288.5 294.5 300.2 305.5 310.5
Pressure ratio 14.75 14.61 14.42 14.21 13.98 13.72 13.46 13.20
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 27.0 26.2 25.5 25.0 24.4 24.0 23.6 23.2
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 132.9 135.9 138.8
141.5 144.1 146.6 149.0 151.3 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.09
1.17 1.25 1.35 1.44 1.54 1.65 1.76 Condenser inlet pressure bar
15.6 16.6 17.7 18.7 19.8 20.9 21.9 23.0 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -32.0 -32.6 -33.2 -33.9 -34.5 -35.2 -35.8
-36.4 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -27.7 -27.1 -26.5 -26.0 -25.5
-25.0 -24.5 -24.1 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -22.7
-22.1 -21.5 -21.0 -20.5 -20.0 -19.5 -19.1 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.8 -29.9 -29.9 -29.9 -30.0 -30.1 -30.2
-30.3 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 4.3 5.5 6.7 7.9 9.1 10.2 11.3
12.4 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.05 1.14 1.23 1.32 1.42 1.52
1.63 1.74 Compressor discharge pressure bar 15.6 16.6 17.7 18.7
19.8 20.9 21.9 23.0 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 207 187 169 155
142 131 121 112 Pressure drop relative to reference 70.8% 63.9%
58.0% 53.0% 48.6% 44.8% 41.4% 38.5% Condenser dew point .degree. C.
51.7 52.4 52.9 53.3 53.6 53.7 53.8 53.8 Condenser bubble point
.degree. C. 43.5 41.0 38.9 37.1 35.5 34.2 33.0 32.0 Condenser exit
liquid temperature .degree. C. 42.5 40.0 37.9 36.1 34.5 33.2 32.0
31.0 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 47.6 46.7 45.9 45.2
44.5 44.0 43.4 42.9 Condenser glide (in-out) K 8.2 11.3 14.0 16.2
18.1 19.6 20.8 21.7
TABLE-US-00070 TABLE 66 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 20%
R-32 and 20% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/20/ 18/20/ 20/20/ 22/20/ 24/20/ 26/20/ 28/20/ 30/20/
20/44 20/42 20/40 20/38 20/38 20/34 20/32 20/30 COP (heating) 2.29
2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 108.6% 108.7% 108.8% 108.8% 108.8% 108.8% 108.8% 108.7%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 2006 2125 2246
2370 2496 2626 2758 2894 Capacity relative to Reference 228.3%
241.8% 255.6% 269.7% 284.1% 298.8% 313.9% 329.3% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 78.99 77.09 75.26 73.50 71.81 70.18 68.61
67.10 Critical pressure bar 52.04 52.80 53.56 54.32 55.07 55.83
56.59 57.34 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 315.2 319.6 323.8 327.9
331.7 335.4 338.9 342.2 Pressure ratio 12.93 12.67 12.41 12.15
11.89 11.64 11.39 11.14 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 22.8 22.5 22.2
22.0 21.7 21.5 21.2 21.0 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 153.5 155.6 157.7 159.7 161.6 163.5 165.4 167.1 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.88 2.00 2.12 2.25 2.39 2.53 2.67 2.82 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 24.0 25.1 26.1 27.2 28.2 29.2 30.3 31.3
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -37.1 -37.6 -38.2 -38.8
-39.3 -39.7 -40.1 -40.5 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.7 -23.3
-23.0 -22.7 -22.5 -22.2 -22.0 -21.9 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -18.7 -18.3 -18.0 -17.7 -17.5 -17.2 -17.0 -16.9
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.4 -30.5 -30.6 -30.7
-30.9 -31.0 -31.1 -31.2 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 13.4 14.3 15.2
16.0 16.8 17.5 18.1 18.6 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.86 1.98
2.11 2.24 2.37 2.51 2.66 2.81 Compressor discharge pressure bar
24.0 25.1 26.1 27.2 28.2 29.2 30.3 31.3 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 105 98 92 86 81 76 72 68 Pressure drop relative to reference
35.8% 33.5% 31.3% 29.4% 27.7% 26.1% 24.7% 23.3% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 53.7 53.5 53.3 53.0 52.6 52.2 51.8 51.3 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 31.2 30.5 29.8 29.3 28.8 28.4 28.1 27.8
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 30.2 29.5 28.8 28.3
27.8 27.4 27.1 26.8 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 42.4
42.0 41.5 41.1 40.7 40.3 39.9 39.5 Condenser glide (in-out) K 22.5
23.0 23.4 23.7 23.8 23.8 23.7 23.5
TABLE-US-00071 TABLE 67 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 20%
R-32 and 30% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/20/30/50 2/20/30/48 4/20/30/46 6/20/30/44 8/20/30/42
10/20/30/40 12/20/30/38 14/20/30/36 COP (heating) 2.21 2.23 2.24
2.26 2.27 2.28 2.28 2.29 COP (heating) relative to Reference 104.7%
105.7% 106.4% 107.0% 107.5% 107.9% 108.3% 108.5% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1178 1276 1378 1482 1590 1702 1815
1932 Capacity relative to Reference 134.1% 145.2% 156.8% 168.7%
181.0% 193.6% 206.6% 219.9% Critical temperature .degree. C. 96.89
94.24 91.70 89.28 86.96 84.74 82.61 80.57 Critical pressure bar
46.18 46.96 47.74 48.51 49.29 50.06 50.83 51.60 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 268.7 276.6 283.8 290.4 296.5 302.1 307.4 312.3
Pressure ratio 14.56 14.42 14.24 14.04 13.81 13.56 13.30 13.04
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 26.8 26.0 25.4 24.8 24.3 23.8 23.4 23.1
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 134.0 137.1 139.9
142.7 145.3 147.7 150.1 152.3 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.12
1.20 1.28 1.38 1.48 1.58 1.69 1.80 Condenser inlet pressure bar
15.8 16.8 17.9 19.0 20.0 21.1 22.2 23.2 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -31.8 -32.4 -33.0 -33.6 -34.3 -34.9 -35.5
-36.1 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -27.9 -27.4 -26.8 -26.3 -25.7
-25.2 -24.8 -24.3 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -22.9
-22.4 -21.8 -21.3 -20.7 -20.2 -19.8 -19.3 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.9 -29.9 -29.9 -30.0 -30.0 -30.1 -30.1
-30.2 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 3.9 5.1 6.2 7.4 8.5 9.6 10.7 11.8
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.08 1.17 1.26 1.35 1.45 1.56 1.67
1.78 Compressor discharge pressure bar 15.8 16.8 17.9 19.0 20.0
21.1 22.2 23.2 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 201 181 165 151 138
127 118 109 Pressure drop relative to reference 68.8% 62.1% 56.4%
51.5% 47.3% 43.6% 40.3% 37.4% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 51.1
51.7 52.3 52.7 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.2 Condenser bubble point .degree.
C. 43.8 41.2 39.1 37.3 35.7 34.4 33.2 32.2 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 42.8 40.2 38.1 36.3 34.7 33.4 32.2 31.2
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 47.4 46.5 45.7 45.0 44.3
43.8 43.2 42.7 Condenser glide (in-out) K 7.3 10.5 13.2 15.4 17.3
18.8 20.0 21.0
TABLE-US-00072 TABLE 68 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 20%
R-32 and 30% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/20/ 18/20/ 20/20/ 22/20/ 24/20/ 26/20/ 28/20/ 30/20/
30/34 20/32 30/30 30/28 30/26 30/24 30/22 30/20 COP (heating) 2.29
2.29 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 108.7% 108.8% 108.9% 109.0% 109.0% 109.0% 109.0% 108.9%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 2051 2173 2297
2424 2554 2686 2822 2961 Capacity relative to Reference 233.4%
247.3% 261.4% 275.9% 290.7% 305.7% 321.2% 336.9% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 78.61 76.73 74.93 73.19 71.52 69.91 68.36
66.86 Critical pressure bar 52.37 53.14 53.91 54.67 55.44 56.21
56.97 57.74 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 316.9 321.3 325.5 329.5
333.2 336.8 340.3 343.5 Pressure ratio 12.77 12.51 12.24 11.98
11.73 11.48 11.23 10.99 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 22.7 22.4 22.1
21.9 21.6 21.4 21.2 21.0 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 154.5 156.6 158.6 160.6 162.5 164.4 166.2 167.9 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.92 2.04 2.17 2.31 2.45 2.59 2.74 2.89 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 24.3 25.4 26.4 27.5 28.5 29.6 30.6 31.7
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -36.7 -37.3 -37.8 -38.3
-38.8 -39.3 -39.7 -40.1 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.9 -23.6
-23.2 -22.9 -22.7 -22.5 -22.3 -22.1 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -18.9 -18.6 -18.2 -17.9 -17.7 -17.5 -17.3 -17.1
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.3 -30.4 -30.5 -30.6
-30.8 -30.9 -31.0 -31.1 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.8 13.7 14.6
15.4 16.2 16.8 17.4 18.0 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.90 2.03
2.16 2.29 2.43 2.58 2.73 2.88 Compressor discharge pressure bar
24.3 25.4 26.4 27.5 28.5 29.6 30.6 31.7 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 102 95 89 84 79 74 70 66 Pressure drop relative to reference
34.9% 32.6% 30.5% 28.7% 27.0% 25.4% 24.0% 22.7% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 53.1 53.0 52.7 52.4 52.1 51.7 51.3 50.8 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 31.4 30.7 30.0 29.5 29.0 28.6 28.3 28.0
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 30.4 29.7 29.0 28.5
28.0 27.6 27.3 27.0 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 42.3
41.8 41.4 41.0 40.6 40.2 39.8 39.4 Condenser glide (in-out) K 21.7
22.3 22.7 23.0 23.1 23.1 23.0 22.8
TABLE-US-00073 TABLE 69 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 20%
R-32 and 40% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/20/40/40 2/20/40/38 4/20/40/36 6/20/40/34 8/20/40/32
10/20/40/30 12/20/40/28 14/20/40/26 COP (heating) 2.21 2.23 2.24
2.26 2.27 2.28 2.28 2.29 COP (heating) relative to Reference 104.9%
105.7% 106.4% 107.0% 107.5% 107.9% 108.3% 108.5% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1202 1276 1378 1482 1590 1702 1815
1932 Capacity relative to Reference 136.8% 145.2% 156.8% 168.7%
181.0% 193.6% 206.6% 219.9% Critical temperature .degree. C. 96.33
94.24 91.70 89.28 86.96 84.74 82.61 80.57 Critical pressure bar
46.37 46.96 47.74 48.51 49.29 50.06 50.83 51.60 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 270.8 276.6 283.8 290.4 296.5 302.1 307.4 312.3
Pressure ratio 14.39 14.42 14.24 14.04 13.81 13.56 13.30 13.04
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 26.6 26.0 25.4 24.8 24.3 23.8 23.4 23.1
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 135.2 137.1 139.9
142.7 145.3 147.7 150.1 152.3 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.14
1.20 1.28 1.38 1.48 1.58 1.69 1.80 Condenser inlet pressure bar
15.9 16.8 17.9 19.0 20.0 21.1 22.2 23.2 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -31.7 -32.4 -33.0 -33.6 -34.3 -34.9 -35.5
-36.1 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -28.1 -27.4 -26.8 -26.3 -25.7
-25.2 -24.8 -24.3 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -23.1
-22.4 -21.8 -21.3 -20.7 -20.2 -19.8 -19.3 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.9 -29.9 -29.9 -30.0 -30.0 -30.1 -30.1
-30.2 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 3.6 5.1 6.2 7.4 8.5 9.6 10.7 11.8
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.11 1.17 1.26 1.35 1.45 1.56 1.67
1.78 Compressor discharge pressure bar 15.9 16.8 17.9 19.0 20.0
21.1 22.2 23.2 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 196 181 165 151 138
127 118 109 Pressure drop relative to reference 67.0% 62.1% 56.4%
51.5% 47.3% 43.6% 40.3% 37.4% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 50.5
51.7 52.3 52.7 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.2 Condenser bubble point .degree.
C. 44.0 41.3 39.1 37.3 35.7 34.4 33.2 32.2 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 43.0 40.3 38.1 36.3 34.7 33.4 32.2 31.2
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 47.2 46.5 45.7 45.0 44.3
43.8 43.2 42.7 Condenser glide (in-out) K 6.5 10.5 13.2 15.4 17.3
18.8 20.0 21.0
TABLE-US-00074 TABLE 70 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 20%
R-32 and 40% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/20/ 18/20/ 20/20/ 22/20/ 24/20/ 26/20/ 28/20/ 30/20/
40/24 40/22 40/20 40/18 40/16 40/14 40/12 40/10 COP (heating) 2.29
2.29 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 108.7% 108.8% 108.9% 109.0% 109.0% 109.0% 109.0% 108.9%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 2051 2173 2297
2424 2554 2686 2822 2961 Capacity relative to Reference 233.4%
247.3% 261.4% 275.9% 290.7% 305.7% 321.2% 336.9% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 78.61 76.73 74.93 73.19 71.52 69.91 68.36
66.86 Critical pressure bar 52.37 53.14 53.91 54.67 55.44 56.21
56.97 57.74 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 316.9 321.3 325.5 329.5
333.2 336.8 340.3 343.5 Pressure ratio 12.77 12.51 12.24 11.98
11.73 11.48 11.23 10.99 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 22.7 22.4 22.1
21.9 21.6 21.4 21.2 21.0 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 154.5 156.6 158.6 160.6 162.5 164.4 166.2 167.9 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.92 2.04 2.17 2.31 2.45 2.59 2.74 2.89 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 24.3 25.4 26.4 27.5 28.5 29.6 30.6 31.7
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -36.7 -37.3 -37.8 -38.3
-38.8 -39.3 -39.7 -40.1 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.9 -23.6
-23.2 -22.9 -22.7 -22.5 -22.3 -22.1 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -18.9 -18.6 -18.2 -17.9 -17.7 -17.5 -17.3 -17.1
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.3 -30.4 -30.5 -30.6
-30.8 -30.9 -31.0 -31.1 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.8 13.7 14.6
15.4 16.2 16.8 17.4 18.0 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.90 2.03
2.16 2.29 2.43 2.58 2.73 2.88 Compressor discharge pressure bar
24.3 25.4 26.4 27.5 28.5 29.6 30.6 31.7 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 102 95 89 84 79 74 70 66 Pressure drop relative to reference
34.9% 32.6% 30.5% 28.7% 27.0% 25.4% 24.0% 22.7% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 53.1 53.0 52.7 52.4 52.1 51.7 51.3 50.8 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 31.4 30.7 30.0 29.5 29.0 28.6 28.3 28.0
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 30.4 29.7 29.0 28.5
28.0 27.6 27.3 27.0 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 42.3
41.8 41.4 41.0 40.6 40.2 39.8 39.4 Condenser glide (in-out) K 21.7
22.3 22.7 23.0 23.1 23.1 23.0 22.8
TABLE-US-00075 TABLE 71 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 25%
R-32 and 5% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/25/5/70 2/25/5/68 4/25/5/66 6/25/5/64 8/25/5/62
10/25/5/60 12/25/5/58 14/25/5/56 COP (heating) 2.23 2.25 2.26 2.27
2.28 2.29 2.29 2.29 COP (heating) relative to Reference 105.7%
106.5% 107.2% 107.7% 108.1% 108.4% 108.7% 108.8% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1221 1318 1418 1520 1624 1732 1841
1953 Capacity relative to Reference 139.0% 150.0% 161.3% 172.9%
184.9% 197.1% 209.5% 222.3% Critical temperature .degree. C. 96.21
93.71 91.30 89.00 86.78 84.66 82.62 80.65 Critical pressure bar
46.83 47.63 48.42 49.20 49.98 50.75 51.52 52.29 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 275.4 282.8 289.6 295.9 301.8 307.3 312.5 317.4
Pressure ratio 14.37 14.20 14.01 13.80 13.58 13.34 13.10 12.86
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 26.1 25.5 24.9 24.3 23.9 23.4 23.0 22.7
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 135.4 138.2 141.0
143.7 146.2 148.7 151.0 153.3 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.15
1.23 1.32 1.41 1.51 1.61 1.72 1.83 Condenser inlet pressure bar
16.1 17.1 18.1 19.2 20.2 21.2 22.2 23.3 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -32.8 -33.4 -34.0 -34.7 -35.3 -35.9 -36.5
-37.1 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -26.9 -26.4 -25.9 -25.4 -24.9
-24.5 -24.0 -23.7 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -21.9
-21.4 -20.9 -20.4 -19.9 -19.5 -19.0 -18.7 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.9 -29.9 -30.0 -30.0 -30.1 -30.2 -30.3
-30.4 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 5.9 7.0 8.2 9.3 10.4 11.5 12.5
13.5 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.12 1.20 1.29 1.39 1.49 1.59
1.70 1.81 Compressor discharge pressure bar 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.2
20.2 21.2 22.2 23.3 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 190 173 158 145
133 124 115 107 Pressure drop relative to reference 65.1% 59.1%
54.0% 49.6% 45.7% 42.3% 39.3% 36.6% Condenser dew point .degree. C.
51.9 52.5 52.9 53.2 53.4 53.5 53.5 53.4 Condenser bubble point
.degree. C. 42.2 40.0 38.1 36.5 35.1 33.9 32.8 31.9 Condenser exit
liquid temperature .degree. C. 41.2 39.0 37.1 35.5 34.1 32.9 31.8
30.9 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 47.1 46.2 45.5 44.8
44.2 43.7 43.1 42.6 Condenser glide (in-out) K 9.7 12.5 14.8 16.7
18.3 19.6 20.7 21.5
TABLE-US-00076 TABLE 72 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 25%
R-32 and 5% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/25/5/54 18/25/5/52 20/25/5/50 22/25/5/48 24/25/5/46
26/25/5/44 28/25/5/42 30/25/5/40 COP (heating) 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30
2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 COP (heating) relative to Reference 109.0%
109.0% 109.1% 109.1% 109.1% 109.0% 109.0% 108.9% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 2067 2184 2303 2425 2549 2677 2808
2942 Capacity relative to Reference 235.3% 248.6% 262.1% 276.0%
290.1% 304.6% 319.5% 334.8% Critical temperature .degree. C. 78.77
76.95 75.20 73.52 71.90 70.33 68.83 67.37 Critical pressure bar
53.05 53.82 54.58 55.34 56.10 56.86 57.62 58.38 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 322.0 326.5 330.7 334.7 338.6 342.2 345.7 349.0
Pressure ratio 12.62 12.37 12.13 11.89 11.65 11.41 11.18 10.95
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 22.4 22.1 21.8 21.5 21.3 21.0 20.8 20.6
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 155.5 157.7 159.7
161.8 163.7 165.6 167.4 169.2 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.94
2.06 2.18 2.31 2.45 2.58 2.73 2.88 Condenser inlet pressure bar
24.3 25.3 26.3 27.3 28.3 29.4 30.4 31.4 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -37.7 -38.2 -38.8 -39.2 -39.7 -40.0 -40.4
-40.7 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.3 -23.0 -22.7 -22.5 -22.3
-22.1 -22.0 -21.8 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -18.3
-18.0 -17.7 -17.5 -17.3 -17.1 -17.0 -16.8 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -30.5 -30.6 -30.7 -30.9 -31.0 -31.1 -31.2
-31.3 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.4 15.2 16.0 16.7 17.4 17.9
18.4 18.9 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.92 2.04 2.17 2.30 2.43
2.57 2.72 2.87 Compressor discharge pressure bar 24.3 25.3 26.3
27.3 28.3 29.4 30.4 31.4 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 100 94 88
83 78 74 70 66 Pressure drop relative to reference 34.2% 32.0%
30.1% 28.3% 26.7% 25.2% 23.9% 22.6% Condenser dew point .degree. C.
53.3 53.0 52.8 52.4 52.1 51.7 51.2 50.7 Condenser bubble point
.degree. C. 31.1 30.4 29.8 29.3 28.8 28.5 28.1 27.9 Condenser exit
liquid temperature .degree. C. 30.1 29.4 28.8 28.3 27.8 27.5 27.1
26.9 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 42.2 41.7 41.3 40.9
40.5 40.1 39.7 39.3 Condenser glide (in-out) K 22.2 22.6 23.0 23.2
23.2 23.2 23.1 22.8
TABLE-US-00077 TABLE 73 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 25%
R-32 and 10% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/25/10/65 2/25/10/63 4/25/10/61 6/25/10/59 8/25/10/57
10/25/10/55 12/25/10/53 14/25/10/51 COP (heating) 2.23 2.25 2.26
2.27 2.28 2.29 2.29 2.30 COP (heating) relative to Reference 105.8%
106.6% 107.2% 107.7% 108.1% 108.4% 108.7% 108.9% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1237 1335 1435 1538 1644 1753 1864
1977 Capacity relative to Reference 140.8% 151.9% 163.3% 175.0%
187.1% 199.5% 212.1% 225.1% Critical temperature .degree. C. 95.95
93.44 91.04 88.74 86.54 84.42 82.39 80.44 Critical pressure bar
47.01 47.80 48.58 49.36 50.14 50.91 51.68 52.45 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 276.2 283.6 290.4 296.7 302.5 308.0 313.2 318.0
Pressure ratio 14.26 14.10 13.91 13.71 13.48 13.25 13.01 12.77
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 26.1 25.4 24.8 24.3 23.8 23.4 23.0 22.6
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 135.9 138.8 141.5
144.2 146.7 149.1 151.5 153.7 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.17
1.25 1.34 1.43 1.53 1.63 1.74 1.85 Condenser inlet pressure bar
16.2 17.2 18.3 19.3 20.3 21.4 22.4 23.4 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -32.7 -33.3 -33.9 -34.5 -35.1 -35.7 -36.3
-36.9 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -27.1 -26.5 -26.0 -25.5 -25.1
-24.6 -24.2 -23.8 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -22.1
-21.5 -21.0 -20.5 -20.1 -19.6 -19.2 -18.8 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.9 -29.9 -30.0 -30.0 -30.1 -30.2 -30.3
-30.4 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 5.6 6.7 7.9 9.0 10.0 11.1 12.1
13.0 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.14 1.22 1.31 1.41 1.51 1.61
1.72 1.83 Compressor discharge pressure bar 16.2 17.2 18.3 19.3
20.3 21.4 22.4 23.4 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 187 170 155 143
132 122 113 105 Pressure drop relative to reference 64.1% 58.3%
53.2% 48.9% 45.1% 41.7% 38.7% 36.1% Condenser dew point .degree. C.
51.6 52.1 52.5 52.8 53.0 53.1 53.1 53.1 Condenser bubble point
.degree. C. 42.4 40.2 38.3 36.6 35.2 34.0 33.0 32.1 Condenser exit
liquid temperature .degree. C. 41.4 39.2 37.3 35.6 34.2 33.0 32.0
31.1 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 47.0 46.1 45.4 44.7
44.1 43.6 43.0 42.6 Condenser glide (in-out) K 9.2 11.9 14.2 16.2
17.8 19.1 20.2 21.0
TABLE-US-00078 TABLE 74 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 25%
R-32 and 10% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/25/ 18/25/ 20/25/ 22/25/ 24/25/ 26/25/ 28/25/ 30/25/
10/49 10/47 10/45 10/43 10/41 10/39 10/37 10/35 COP (heating) 2.30
2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 109.0% 109.1% 109.1% 109.2% 109.2% 109.1% 109.1% 109.0%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 2093 2212 2333
2457 2584 2714 2847 2983 Capacity relative to Reference 238.3%
251.7% 265.5% 279.6% 294.1% 308.8% 324.0% 339.5% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 78.56 76.75 75.02 73.34 71.73 70.17 68.67
67.22 Critical pressure bar 53.21 53.98 54.74 55.51 56.27 57.03
57.80 58.56 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 322.6 327.0 331.2 335.2
339.0 342.6 346.0 349.2 Pressure ratio 12.52 12.28 12.03 11.79
11.55 11.31 11.08 10.84 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 22.3 22.0 21.7
21.5 21.2 21.0 20.8 20.6 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 155.9 158.0 160.1 162.1 164.0 165.9 167.7 169.4 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 1.97 2.09 2.22 2.35 2.48 2.62 2.77 2.93 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 24.4 25.5 26.5 27.5 28.5 29.5 30.6 31.6
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -37.4 -38.0 -38.5 -38.9
-39.3 -39.7 -40.1 -40.3 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.5 -23.2
-22.9 -22.7 -22.4 -22.3 -22.1 -22.0 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -18.5 -18.2 -17.9 -17.7 -17.4 -17.3 -17.1 -17.0
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.5 -30.6 -30.7 -30.8
-30.9 -31.0 -31.1 -31.2 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 13.9 14.8 15.6
16.3 16.9 17.5 18.0 18.4 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.95 2.07
2.20 2.33 2.47 2.61 2.76 2.91 Compressor discharge pressure bar
24.4 25.5 26.5 27.5 28.5 29.5 30.6 31.6 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 98 92 87 82 77 73 69 65 Pressure drop relative to reference
33.7% 31.6% 29.7% 27.9% 26.3% 24.9% 23.5% 22.3% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 52.9 52.7 52.4 52.1 51.8 51.3 50.9 50.4 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 31.3 30.6 30.0 29.5 29.0 28.6 28.3 28.1
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 30.3 29.6 29.0 28.5
28.0 27.6 27.3 27.1 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 42.1
41.6 41.2 40.8 40.4 40.0 39.6 39.2 Condenser glide (in-out) K 21.7
22.1 22.5 22.7 22.7 22.7 22.6 22.4
TABLE-US-00079 TABLE 75 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 25%
R-32 and 20% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/25/20/55 2/25/20/53 4/25/20/51 6/25/20/49 8/25/20/47
10/25/20/45 12/25/20/43 14/25/20/41 COP (heating) 2.23 2.25 2.26
2.27 2.28 2.29 2.29 2.30 COP (heating) relative to Reference 105.8%
106.6% 107.3% 107.8% 108.2% 108.5% 108.8% 109.0% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1266 1365 1468 1573 1681 1792 1906
2023 Capacity relative to Reference 144.1% 155.4% 167.0% 179.0%
191.3% 204.0% 217.0% 230.2% Critical temperature .degree. C. 95.42
92.93 90.55 88.26 86.08 83.98 81.97 80.04 Critical pressure bar
47.30 48.08 48.86 49.64 50.41 51.19 51.96 52.74 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 277.9 285.3 292.1 298.4 304.2 309.7 314.8 319.6
Pressure ratio 14.07 13.91 13.73 13.53 13.32 13.08 12.84 12.60
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.9 25.2 24.6 24.1 23.7 23.2 22.9 22.5
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 136.9 139.8 142.6
145.2 147.8 150.2 152.5 154.7 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.20
1.28 1.37 1.47 1.57 1.67 1.78 1.90 Condenser inlet pressure bar
16.4 17.4 18.5 19.5 20.6 21.6 22.6 23.7 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -32.4 -33.0 -33.6 -34.2 -34.8 -35.3 -35.9
-36.4 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -27.4 -26.9 -26.3 -25.9 -25.4
-25.0 -24.5 -24.2 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -22.4
-21.9 -21.3 -20.9 -20.4 -20.0 -19.5 -19.2 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.9 -29.9 -30.0 -30.0 -30.1 -30.1 -30.2
-30.3 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 5.1 6.2 7.2 8.3 9.4 10.4 11.3
12.3 Compressor suction pressure bar 1.16 1.25 1.34 1.44 1.54 1.65
1.76 1.88 Compressor discharge pressure bar 16.4 17.4 18.5 19.5
20.6 21.6 22.6 23.7 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 182 166 151 139
128 119 110 103 Pressure drop relative to reference 62.4% 56.7%
51.8% 47.6% 43.9% 40.6% 37.7% 35.1% Condenser dew point .degree. C.
50.9 51.4 51.9 52.2 52.4 52.5 52.5 52.5 Condenser bubble point
.degree. C. 42.7 40.5 38.6 36.9 35.5 34.3 33.2 32.3 Condenser exit
liquid temperature .degree. C. 41.7 39.5 37.6 35.9 34.5 33.3 32.2
31.3 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 46.8 46.0 45.2 44.5
43.9 43.4 42.9 42.4 Condenser glide (in-out) K 8.2 11.0 13.3 15.2
16.9 18.2 19.3 20.1
TABLE-US-00080 TABLE 76 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 25%
R-32 and 20% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/25/ 18/25/ 20/25/ 22/25/ 24/25/ 26/25/ 28/25/ 30/25/
20/39 20/37 20/35 20/33 20/31 20/29 20/27 20/25 COP (heating) 2.30
2.30 2.30 2.30 2.31 2.30 2.30 2.30 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 109.1% 109.2% 109.3% 109.3% 109.3% 109.3% 109.3% 109.2%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 2142 2264 2389
2516 2647 2780 2917 3058 Capacity relative to Reference 243.8%
257.7% 271.9% 286.4% 301.2% 316.4% 332.0% 348.0% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 78.18 76.39 74.67 73.02 71.42 69.88 68.40
66.96 Critical pressure bar 53.51 54.28 55.05 55.82 56.59 57.36
58.13 58.90 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 324.2 328.5 332.6 336.5
340.2 343.7 347.0 350.2 Pressure ratio 12.35 12.10 11.86 11.62
11.37 11.14 10.90 10.67 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 22.2 21.9 21.6
21.4 21.2 20.9 20.7 20.6 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 156.9 158.9 160.9 162.9 164.7 166.6 168.3 170.0 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 2.02 2.14 2.27 2.41 2.55 2.70 2.85 3.01 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 24.7 25.8 26.8 27.8 28.9 29.9 30.9 32.0
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -37.0 -37.5 -38.0 -38.4
-38.8 -39.2 -39.5 -39.8 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -23.8 -23.5
-23.2 -23.0 -22.7 -22.5 -22.4 -22.2 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -18.8 -18.5 -18.2 -18.0 -17.7 -17.5 -17.4 -17.2
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.4 -30.5 -30.6 -30.7
-30.8 -30.9 -30.9 -31.0 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 13.2 14.0 14.8
15.5 16.1 16.7 17.1 17.6 Compressor suction pressure bar 2.00 2.13
2.26 2.40 2.54 2.68 2.84 3.00 Compressor discharge pressure bar
24.7 25.8 26.8 27.8 28.9 29.9 30.9 32.0 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 96 90 84 79 75 71 67 63 Pressure drop relative to reference
32.8% 30.8% 28.9% 27.2% 25.6% 24.2% 22.9% 21.7% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 52.3 52.1 51.9 51.6 51.2 50.8 50.4 49.9 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 31.5 30.8 30.2 29.7 29.3 28.9 28.6 28.3
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 30.5 29.8 29.2 28.7
28.3 27.9 27.6 27.3 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 41.9
41.5 41.1 40.6 40.3 39.9 39.5 39.1 Condenser glide (in-out) K 20.8
21.3 21.6 21.8 21.9 21.9 21.8 21.6
TABLE-US-00081 TABLE 77 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 25%
R-32 and 30% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/25/30/45 2/25/30/43 4/25/30/41 6/25/30/39 8/25/30/37
10/25/30/35 12/25/30/33 14/25/30/31 COP (heating) 2.23 2.25 2.26
2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.30 COP (heating) relative to Reference 105.9%
106.7% 107.4% 107.9% 108.3% 108.6% 108.9% 109.1% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1292 1393 1497 1604 1714 1828 1944
2063 Capacity relative to Reference 147.0% 158.5% 170.3% 182.6%
195.1% 208.0% 221.2% 234.8% Critical temperature .degree. C. 94.91
92.44 90.08 87.82 85.65 83.58 81.59 79.68 Critical pressure bar
47.50 48.28 49.07 49.85 50.63 51.42 52.20 52.98 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 279.9 287.3 294.2 300.5 306.3 311.8 316.8 321.6
Pressure ratio 13.91 13.76 13.59 13.39 13.18 12.94 12.71 12.46
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.7 25.1 24.5 24.0 23.5 23.1 22.7 22.4
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 138.1 141.0 143.8
146.4 149.0 151.3 153.6 155.8 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.22
1.31 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.71 1.82 1.94 Condenser inlet pressure bar
16.6 17.6 18.7 19.7 20.8 21.8 22.9 23.9 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -32.2 -32.8 -33.3 -33.9 -34.4 -35.0 -35.6
-36.1 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -27.7 -27.1 -26.6 -26.2 -25.7
-25.2 -24.8 -24.4 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -22.7
-22.1 -21.6 -21.2 -20.7 -20.2 -19.8 -19.4 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -29.9 -30.0 -30.0 -30.0 -30.1 -30.1 -30.2
-30.3 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 4.6 5.6 6.7 7.7 8.8 9.8 10.7 11.7
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.19 1.28 1.37 1.47 1.58 1.69 1.80
1.92 Compressor discharge pressure bar 16.6 17.6 18.7 19.7 20.8
21.8 22.9 23.9 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 178 162 148 136 125
116 108 100 Pressure drop relative to reference 60.8% 55.3% 50.5%
46.4% 42.8% 39.6% 36.8% 34.3% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 50.3
50.8 51.3 51.6 51.8 51.9 52.0 51.9 Condenser bubble point .degree.
C. 43.0 40.7 38.8 37.1 35.7 34.4 33.4 32.5 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 42.0 39.7 37.8 36.1 34.7 33.4 32.4 31.5
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 46.6 45.8 45.0 44.4 43.7
43.2 42.7 42.2 Condenser glide (in-out) K 7.3 10.1 12.5 14.5 16.1
17.5 18.6 19.5
TABLE-US-00082 TABLE 78 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 25%
R-32 and 30% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/25/ 18/25/ 20/25/ 22/25/ 24/25/ 26/25/ 28/25/ 30/25/
30/29 30/27 30/25 30/23 30/21 30/19 30/17 30/15 COP (heating) 2.30
2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 109.2% 109.4% 109.4% 109.5% 109.5% 109.5% 109.5% 109.4%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 2185 2310 2437
2567 2700 2837 2976 3119 Capacity relative to Reference 248.7%
262.9% 277.4% 292.2% 307.3% 322.8% 338.7% 354.9% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 77.84 76.07 74.37 72.73 71.15 69.63 68.16
66.75 Critical pressure bar 53.77 54.55 55.33 56.11 56.89 57.67
58.45 59.24 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 326.1 330.4 334.4 338.3
341.9 345.4 348.7 351.9 Pressure ratio 12.21 11.97 11.72 11.48
11.24 11.01 10.77 10.54 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 22.1 21.8 21.5
21.3 21.1 20.8 20.6 20.5 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 157.9 160.0 162.0 163.9 165.7 167.5 169.2 170.9 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 2.06 2.19 2.32 2.46 2.60 2.75 2.91 3.07 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.1 29.1 30.2 31.2 32.3
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -36.6 -37.1 -37.6 -38.0
-38.4 -38.8 -39.2 -39.5 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -24.1 -23.7
-23.5 -23.2 -23.0 -22.7 -22.6 -22.4 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -19.1 -18.7 -18.5 -18.2 -18.0 -17.7 -17.6 -17.4
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.3 -30.4 -30.5 -30.6
-30.7 -30.8 -30.9 -30.9 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.5 13.4 14.1
14.8 15.5 16.1 16.6 17.0 Compressor suction pressure bar 2.04 2.17
2.31 2.45 2.59 2.74 2.90 3.06 Compressor discharge pressure bar
25.0 26.0 27.0 28.1 29.1 30.2 31.2 32.3 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 94 88 82 78 73 69 65 62 Pressure drop relative to reference
32.0% 30.0% 28.2% 26.5% 25.0% 23.6% 22.4% 21.2% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 51.8 51.6 51.4 51.1 50.8 50.4 50.0 49.5 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 31.7 31.0 30.4 29.9 29.4 29.1 28.7 28.5
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 30.7 30.0 29.4 28.9
28.4 28.1 27.7 27.5 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 41.7
41.3 40.9 40.5 40.1 39.7 39.4 39.0 Condenser glide (in-out) K 20.2
20.7 21.0 21.2 21.3 21.3 21.2 21.0
TABLE-US-00083 TABLE 79 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 25%
R-32 and 40% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 0/25/40/35 2/25/40/33 4/25/40/31 6/25/40/29 8/25/40/27
10/25/40/25 12/25/40/23 14/25/40/21 COP (heating) 2.24 2.25 2.27
2.28 2.29 2.29 2.30 2.30 COP (heating) relative to Reference 106.1%
106.9% 107.5% 108.0% 108.4% 108.8% 109.0% 109.2% Volumetric heating
capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 1314 1416 1522 1631 1742 1858 1976
2097 Capacity relative to Reference 149.5% 161.2% 173.2% 185.6%
198.3% 211.4% 224.9% 238.7% Critical temperature .degree. C. 94.41
91.96 89.63 87.40 85.26 83.21 81.24 79.35 Critical pressure bar
47.61 48.41 49.20 50.00 50.80 51.60 52.40 53.19 Condenser enthalpy
change kJ/kg 282.2 289.7 296.6 302.9 308.8 314.2 319.3 324.0
Pressure ratio 13.77 13.63 13.47 13.27 13.07 12.84 12.60 12.36
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.5 24.9 24.3 23.8 23.3 22.9 22.6 22.2
Compressor discharge temperature .degree. C. 139.4 142.3 145.1
147.7 150.3 152.6 154.9 157.1 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.24
1.33 1.42 1.52 1.62 1.73 1.85 1.97 Condenser inlet pressure bar
16.7 17.7 18.8 19.9 20.9 22.0 23.0 24.1 Evaporator inlet
temperature .degree. C. -32.1 -32.6 -33.1 -33.7 -34.2 -34.8 -35.3
-35.8 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -27.9 -27.4 -26.9 -26.4 -25.9
-25.5 -25.1 -24.7 Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -22.9
-22.4 -21.9 -21.4 -20.9 -20.5 -20.1 -19.7 Evaporator mean
temperature .degree. C. -30.0 -30.0 -30.0 -30.0 -30.1 -30.1 -30.2
-30.2 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 4.1 5.2 6.2 7.2 8.3 9.3 10.2 11.2
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.21 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.71 1.83
1.95 Compressor discharge pressure bar 16.7 17.7 18.8 19.9 20.9
22.0 23.0 24.1 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 174 158 144 133 122
113 105 98 Pressure drop relative to reference 59.4% 54.0% 49.4%
45.4% 41.9% 38.8% 36.0% 33.6% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 49.8
50.3 50.8 51.1 51.3 51.5 51.5 51.5 Condenser bubble point .degree.
C. 43.2 40.9 38.9 37.2 35.8 34.5 33.4 32.5 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 42.2 39.9 37.9 36.2 34.8 33.5 32.4 31.5
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 46.5 45.6 44.8 44.2 43.5
43.0 42.5 42.0 Condenser glide (in-out) K 6.6 9.5 11.9 13.9 15.6
17.0 18.1 19.0
TABLE-US-00084 TABLE 80 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-7447R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 25%
R-32 and 40% R-134a Composition CO.sub.2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) %
by weight 16/25/ 28/25/ 20/25/ 22/25/ 24/25/ 26/25/ 28/25/ 30/25/
40/19 40/17 40/15 40/13 40/11 40/9 40/7 40/5 COP (heating) 2.31
2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 COP (heating) relative to
Reference 109.4% 109.5% 109.6% 109.7% 109.7% 109.7% 109.7% 109.6%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m.sup.3 2221 2348 2477
2609 2743 2881 3021 3165 Capacity relative to Reference 252.8%
267.2% 281.9% 296.9% 312.2% 327.9% 343.8% 360.2% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 77.54 75.79 74.11 72.49 70.93 69.43 67.98
66.57 Critical pressure bar 53.99 54.79 55.58 56.38 57.17 57.97
58.76 59.56 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 328.5 332.8 336.8 340.7
344.3 347.8 351.1 354.2 Pressure ratio 12.12 11.87 11.63 11.39
11.15 10.92 10.69 10.47 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 21.9 21.6 21.4
21.1 20.9 20.7 20.5 20.3 Compressor discharge temperature .degree.
C. 159.2 161.2 163.2 165.1 166.9 168.7 170.4 172.1 Evaporator inlet
pressure bar 2.09 2.22 2.36 2.50 2.64 2.79 2.95 3.11 Condenser
inlet pressure bar 25.2 26.2 27.3 28.3 29.3 30.4 31.4 32.5
Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -36.4 -36.9 -37.3 -37.8
-38.2 -38.6 -39.0 -39.3 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C. -24.3 -23.9
-23.6 -23.3 -23.1 -22.9 -22.7 -22.5 Evaporator exit gas temperature
.degree. C. -19.3 -18.9 -18.6 -18.3 -18.1 -17.9 -17.7 -17.5
Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -30.3 -30.4 -30.5 -30.6
-30.7 -30.8 -30.8 -30.9 Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.1 12.9 13.7
14.5 15.1 15.8 16.3 16.8 Compressor suction pressure bar 2.08 2.21
2.34 2.48 2.63 2.78 2.94 3.10 Compressor discharge pressure bar
25.2 26.2 27.3 28.3 29.3 30.4 31.4 32.5 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 92 86 81 76 72 68 64 61 Pressure drop relative to reference
31.4% 29.4% 27.6% 26.0% 24.5% 23.2% 21.9% 20.8% Condenser dew point
.degree. C. 51.4 51.3 51.0 50.8 50.4 50.1 49.7 49.2 Condenser
bubble point .degree. C. 31.7 31.0 30.4 29.9 29.4 29.1 28.7 28.5
Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 30.7 30.0 29.4 28.9
28.4 28.1 27.7 27.5 Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 41.6
41.1 40.7 40.3 39.9 39.6 39.2 38.9 Condenser glide (in-out) K 19.7
20.3 20.6 20.9 21.0 21.0 20.9 20.8
TABLE-US-00085 TABLE 81 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 Composition
CO.sub.2/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 0/100 2/98 4/96 6/94 8/92 10/90
12/88 14/86 COP (heating) 1.99 2.05 2.10 2.14 2.16 2.18 2.20 2.21
COP (heating) relative to Reference 94.4% 97.4% 99.6% 101.3% 102.5%
103.5% 104.3% 104.9% Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3
615 695 778 864 953 1046 1141 1239 Capacity relative to Reference
70.0% 79.1% 88.6% 98.3% 108.5% 119.0% 129.8% 141.0% Critical
temperature .degree. C. 109.89 105.93 102.20 98.69 95.38 92.25
89.29 86.48 Critical pressure bar 36.57 37.34 38.10 38.87 39.63
40.40 41.16 41.92 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 210.2 223.7 235.1
244.8 253.2 260.5 267.2 273.2 Pressure ratio 18.75 18.99 19.05
18.95 18.71 18.39 18.00 17.58 Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 34.2 32.2
30.6 29.4 28.4 27.6 27.0 26.4 Compressor discharge temperature
.degree. C. 112.8 117.1 121.1 124.7 127.9 131.0 133.8 136.5
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.65 0.69 0.74 0.80 0.87 0.95 1.03
1.11 Condenser inlet pressure bar 10.7 11.9 13.1 14.3 15.5 16.7
17.8 19.0 Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C. -28.9 -29.6
-30.3 -31.1 -31.9 -32.7 -33.6 -34.5 Evaporator dewpoint .degree. C.
-30.3 -29.7 -29.0 -28.3 -27.5 -26.6 -25.8 -25.1 Evaporator exit gas
temperature .degree. C. -25.3 -24.7 -24.0 -23.3 -22.5 -21.6 -20.8
-20.1 Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C. -29.6 -29.7 -29.7
-29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.7 -29.8 Evaporator glide (out-in) K -1.3 -0.1
1.3 2.8 4.4 6.0 7.7 9.4 Compressor suction pressure bar 0.57 0.63
0.69 0.75 0.83 0.91 0.99 1.08 Compressor discharge pressure bar
10.7 11.9 13.1 14.3 15.5 16.7 17.8 19.0 Suction line pressure drop
Pa/m 462 390 336 294 259 231 208 189 Pressure drop relative to
reference 158.3% 133.6% 115.0% 100.5% 88.8% 79.2% 71.3% 64.6%
Condenser dew point .degree. C. 53.1 55.1 56.7 58.1 59.2 60.0 60.5
60.9 Condenser bubble point .degree. C. 53.0 47.1 42.6 38.9 36.1
33.8 31.9 30.4 Condenser exit liquid temperature .degree. C. 52.0
46.1 41.6 37.9 35.1 32.8 30.9 29.4 Condenser mean temperature
.degree. C. 53.1 51.1 49.7 48.5 47.6 46.9 46.2 45.7 Condenser glide
(in-out) K 0.1 7.9 14.2 19.1 23.1 26.2 28.6 30.6
TABLE-US-00086 TABLE 82 Theoretical Performance Data of Selected
R-744/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 Composition
CO.sub.2/R-1234ze(E) % by weight 16/84 18/82 20/80 22/78 24/76
26/74 28/72 30/70 COP (heating) 2.22 2.23 2.23 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24
2.24 COP (heating) relative to Reference 105.4% 105.7% 106.0%
106.2% 106.3% 106.3% 106.3% 106.2% Volumetric heating capacity at
suction kJ/m3 1339 1441 1545 1650 1756 1862 1969 2076 Capacity
relative to Reference 152.4% 164.0% 175.8% 187.7% 199.8% 211.9%
224.1% 236.3% Critical temperature .degree. C. 83.81 81.28 78.87
76.57 74.38 72.28 70.28 68.37 Critical pressure bar 42.68 43.44
44.20 44.96 45.72 46.47 47.23 47.98 Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg
278.7 283.9 288.9 293.6 298.1 302.5 306.8 311.0 Pressure ratio
17.15 16.72 16.29 15.88 15.49 15.12 14.77 14.44 Refrigerant mass
flow kg/hr 25.8 25.4 24.9 24.5 24.2 23.8 23.5 23.1 Compressor
discharge temperature .degree. C. 139.0 141.4 143.8 146.1 148.4
150.6 152.9 155.1 Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.20 1.29 1.39 1.49
1.60 1.70 1.81 1.92 Condenser inlet pressure bar 20.1 21.2 22.3
23.3 24.4 25.4 26.5 27.5 Evaporator inlet temperature .degree. C.
-35.5 -36.5 -37.6 -38.7 -39.7 -40.8 -41.9 -42.9 Evaporator dewpoint
.degree. C. -24.4 -23.7 -23.1 -22.5 -22.0 -21.6 -21.2 -20.9
Evaporator exit gas temperature .degree. C. -19.4 -18.7 -18.1 -17.5
-17.0 -16.6 -16.2 -15.9 Evaporator mean temperature .degree. C.
-29.9 -30.1 -30.3 -30.6 -30.9 -31.2 -31.5 -31.9 Evaporator glide
(out-in) K 11.2 12.9 14.5 16.2 17.7 19.2 20.7 22.0 Compressor
suction pressure bar 1.17 1.27 1.37 1.47 1.57 1.68 1.79 1.90
Compressor discharge pressure bar 20.1 21.2 22.3 23.3 24.4 25.4
26.5 27.5 Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 172 157 145 134 125 116
109 102 Pressure drop relative to reference 58.8% 53.9% 49.7% 45.9%
42.7% 39.8% 37.2% 35.0% Condenser dew point .degree. C. 61.2 61.2
61.2 61.0 60.8 60.4 60.0 59.5 Condenser bubble point .degree. C.
29.1 28.0 27.1 26.3 25.7 25.1 24.6 24.1 Condenser exit liquid
temperature .degree. C. 28.1 27.0 26.1 25.3 24.7 24.1 23.6 23.1
Condenser mean temperature .degree. C. 45.1 44.6 44.1 43.7 43.2
42.7 42.3 41.8 Condenser glide (in-out) K 32.1 33.2 34.1 34.7 35.1
35.3 35.4 35.3
Further Performance Data
[0163] The performance of a composition containing 6% by weight
CO.sub.2, 10% by weight R-134a and 84% by weight R-1234ze(E) was
tested in an automotive air conditioning system suitable for use
with R-134a. This composition is denoted "Blend" in the results
shown below.
[0164] The test conditions used were as described in SAE Standard
J2765, which is incorporated herein by reference. These conditions
are summarised below. [0165] Ambient air condition 35.degree. C.
and 40% relative humidity (RH) [0166] Air off temperature from
evaporator controlled to 3.degree. C. [0167] Compressor
displacement variable 0-175 cc per stroke [0168] Conventional
R-134a expansion valve was replaced with an electronic expansion
valve to allow for ease of superheat adjustment [0169] System used
without internal heat exchanger and with equivalent superheat at
evaporator exit for all fluids
[0170] The results are shown below, in which I, L, M and H refer to
idle, low, medium and high speed, and wherein 35 and 45 refer to
the ambient temperature in .degree. C.
TABLE-US-00087 Measured cooling capacity Relative to (kW) R-134a
Test point R134a Blend Blend I35 4.67 4.5 96% L35 5.86 5.66 97% M35
6.43 6.18 96% H35 6.65 6.5 98% I45 3.81 3.64 96% L45 4.76 4.61 97%
M45 5.2 5.05 97% H45 5.41 5.33 99%
TABLE-US-00088 Measured Energy (expressed COP relative Efficiency
as COP) to R-134a Test point R134a Blend Blend I35 2.87 2.62 91%
L35 1.98 1.89 95% M35 1.79 1.7 95% H35 1.4 1.36 97% I45 2.3 2.18
95% L45 1.64 1.62 99% M45 1.48 1.45 98% H45 1.18 1.16 98%
[0171] The Blend composition of the invention represents a good
match of capacity and efficiency for R-134a in an R-134a
air-conditioning system across a range of conditions.
Lubricant Miscibility Data
[0172] The miscibility of a composition of the invention containing
about 6% by weight CO.sub.2, about 10% by weight R-134a and about
84% by weight R-1234ze(E) (referred to below as Blend) was tested
with the polyalkylene glycol (PAG) lubricant YN12 and the polyol
ester (POE) lubricant 32H. The results of these experiments were
compared to the miscibility of pure R-1234yf with the same
lubricants. The results are shown below.
Miscibility Results for Blend with 32H
TABLE-US-00089 [0173] Temperature Lubricant Concentration wt % deg
C. 4 7 10 20 30 50 -20 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
miscible -10 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
0 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible 10 miscible
miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible 20 miscible miscible
miscible miscible miscible miscible 30 miscible miscible miscible
miscible miscible miscible 40 miscible miscible miscible miscible
miscible miscible 50 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
miscible 60 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
70 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible 80
miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
Miscibility Results for 1234yf with 32H
TABLE-US-00090 [0174] Temperature Lubricant Concentration wt % deg
C. 4 7 10 20 30 50 -20 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
miscible -10 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
0 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible 10 slightly
slightly miscible miscible miscible miscible opaque opaque 20
slightly slightly miscible miscible miscible miscible opaque opaque
30 slightly slightly miscible miscible miscible miscible opaque
opaque 40 slightly slightly miscible miscible miscible miscible
opaque opaque 50 slightly slightly miscible miscible slightly
slightly opaque opaque opaque opaque 60 slightly slightly miscible
miscible slightly slightly opaque opaque opaque opaque 70 slightly
slightly miscible miscible slightly slightly opaque opaque opaque
opaque 80 Miscible slightly miscible Opaque 2 Opaque 2 Opaque
opaque layers layers
Miscibility Results for Blend with YN12
TABLE-US-00091 [0175] Temp Lubricant Concentration wt % deg C. 4 7
10 20 30 50 -20 Opaque Opaque Opaque Opaque Opaque Opaque -10
Opaque Opaque Opaque Opaque slightly slightly opaque opaque 0
Opaque Opaque slightly slightly slightly slightly opaque opaque
opaque opaque 10 Opaque Opaque slightly slightly slightly slightly
opaque opaque opaque opaque 20 Opaque Opaque slightly slightly
slightly slightly opaque opaque opaque opaque 30 slightly Opaque
slightly slightly slightly slightly opaque opaque opaque opaque
opaque 40 slightly slightly slightly slightly slightly slightly
opaque opaque opaque opaque opaque opaque 50 very very slightly
slightly slightly slightly Slighty Slighty opaque opaque opaque
opaque opaque opaque 60 very very slightly slightly slightly
slightly Slighty Slighty opaque opaque opaque opaque opaque opaque
70 very very 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers slightly Slighty Slighty
opaque opaque opaque 80 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers 2
layers 2 layers
Miscibility Results for 1234yf with YN12
TABLE-US-00092 [0176] Temperature Lubricant Concentration wt % deg
C. 4 7 10 20 30 50 -20 opaque opaque 2 layers opaque 2 layers 2
layers -10 slightly slightly 2 layers opaque 2 layers 2 layers
opaque opaque 0 slightly opaque 2 layers opaque opaque opaque
opaque 10 slightly opaque 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers
opaque opaque opaque opaque opaque 20 opaque slightly 2 layers 2
layers 2 layers 2 layers opaque 2 opaque opaque opaque layers 30
opaque opaque 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers opaque opaque
opaque 40 clear 2 clear 2 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers
layers layers clear clear clear 50 clear 2 clear 2 2 layers 2
layers 2 layers 2 layers layers layers clear clear clear 60 clear 2
clear 2 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers layers layers clear
clear clear 70 clear 2 clear 2 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers
layers layers clear clear clear 80 clear 2 clear 2 2 layers 2
layers 2 layers 2 layers layers layers clear clear clear
[0177] The miscibility of further compositions of the invention
were tested with the polyalkylene glycol (PAG) lubricant YN12. The
lubricant was present in a concentration of 4% w/w. This
concentration is representative of the typical oil concentration
present in an air conditioning system. The results of these
experiments were compared to the miscibility of pure R-1234yf. The
results are shown below.
TABLE-US-00093 Temperature/.degree. C. 0 10 20 30 40 R-1234yf
opaque opaque opaque very opaque (comparative) opaque
CO.sub.2/R-134a/R-1234ze slightly slightly slightly very slightly
(15/10/75% by weight) opaque opaque opaque slightly opaque opaque
CO.sub.2/R-134a/R-1234ze opaque slightly very ok (25/10/65% by
weight) opaque slightly opaque CO.sub.2/R-32/R-1234ze opaque
slightly very ok (4/7/89% by weight) opaque slightly opaque
[0178] The results show that the compositions of the invention have
improved miscibility with lubricants compared to the pure fluid
R-1234yf.
[0179] In summary, the invention provides new compositions that
exhibit a surprising combination of advantageous properties
including good refrigeration performance, low flammability, low
GWP, and/or miscibility with lubricants compared to existing
refrigerants such as R-134a and the proposed refrigerant
R-1234yf.
[0180] The invention is defined by the following claims.
* * * * *
References