U.S. patent application number 13/649500 was filed with the patent office on 2013-05-16 for window-containing assemblies having a molded plastic frame.
This patent application is currently assigned to V-TECH PATENTS, L.L.C.. The applicant listed for this patent is V-TECH PATENTS, L.L.C.. Invention is credited to John E. Nemazi, James W. Proscia, Arthur J. Valentz.
Application Number | 20130118100 13/649500 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34216323 |
Filed Date | 2013-05-16 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130118100 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Valentz; Arthur J. ; et
al. |
May 16, 2013 |
Window-Containing Assemblies Having a Molded Plastic Frame
Abstract
The present invention provides a window frame design that is
adapted to receive at least two light-panels. The window frame
comprises a stepped frame section that includes a lower step
surface and an upper step surface. The lower step surface is
adapted to receive a first light-panel so that a section of the
first light-panel lies flush against the lower step surface.
Similarly, the upper step surface is adapted to receive a second
light-panel so that the second light-panel lies flush against the
upper step surface. The window frame design of the invention can be
either incorporated into a skylight frame that may be attached to a
curb unit on a roof or it may be an integral part of a skylight
frame-curb assembly that also contains a curb section. In another
embodiment of the invention, a window frame design which directly
incorporates one or more light-panels during molding is
provided.
Inventors: |
Valentz; Arthur J.; (Sugar
Land, TX) ; Nemazi; John E.; (Bloomfield Hills,
MI) ; Proscia; James W.; (Canton, MI) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
V-TECH PATENTS, L.L.C.; |
Houston |
TX |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
V-TECH PATENTS, L.L.C.
Houston
TX
|
Family ID: |
34216323 |
Appl. No.: |
13/649500 |
Filed: |
October 11, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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12834277 |
Jul 12, 2010 |
8291674 |
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13649500 |
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11057891 |
Feb 12, 2005 |
7762028 |
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12834277 |
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PCT/US04/26010 |
Aug 11, 2004 |
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11057891 |
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10639410 |
Aug 12, 2003 |
7296388 |
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PCT/US04/26010 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
52/200 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E04D 13/0315 20130101;
E04D 13/0305 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
52/200 |
International
Class: |
E04D 13/03 20060101
E04D013/03 |
Claims
1.-20. (canceled)
21. A skylight comprising: a first curved light-panel; a second
light-panel; and a skylight frame modeled about edges of the first
light panel and the second light panel.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 12/834,277, filed Jul. 12, 2010, which is a continuation of
U.S. application Ser. No. 11/057,891, filed Feb. 12, 2005, which is
a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/639,410
filed Aug. 12, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,762,028, issued Jul. 27,
2010, and of International Application Serial No.
PCT/US2004/026010, filed Aug. 11, 2004, now expired. The
disclosures of each of these applications are incorporated in their
entirety by reference herein.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to a window-containing
structures having a plastic frame.
[0004] 2. Background Art
[0005] Windows are integral parts of a variety of building
components which include skylights, doors, conventional windows,
and the like. Skylights for example have been used to allow light
into residential and commercial buildings through an opening. The
aesthetic value and possible health benefits of having sunlight in
buildings have lead to an increasing demand for these structures.
Ideally, a skylight will let light in while keeping other
environmental elements out. However, since the installation of a
skylight requires that an opening be cut in a roof, sealing such
units has presented numerous challenges.
[0006] Popular skylight configurations include, for example, fixed
skylights with flat or domed-shaped glass, ventilation skylights,
egress skylights, and balcony skylights. In the fixed skylight
configuration, the skylight functions essentially as a window that
does not open. Ventilation skylights are similar, but may be opened
a few inches to allow air circulation. Ventilation skylights may be
opened by a pole or by a small electric motor. Egress roof
skylights are capable of being opened by a sufficient amount for a
person to move through. Balcony roof skylights which are usually
installed on relatively steep roofs open to form a small balcony on
which a person may stand.
[0007] In the typical fixed skylight installation a rectangular
opening is cut in a roof. This opening will go through the plywood
sheets in the roof. A curb unit is then attached to the plywood
sheets of the roof. The external curb surfaces are then flashed
with either roof boards or metal sheets to provide a leak-tight
seal between the curb and roof. The skylight frame is then attached
to the top surface of the curb unit. The skylight frame will
usually have one or more glass panels surrounded by an aluminum
trim frame. The glass panels are separated by a spacer which seals
the interior cavity between the panels. The configuration for the
glass panels is the same as that typically used in insulated window
constructions. Transparent plastic panels may be used instead of
glass panels. Additionally, the panels may be domed-shaped if
desired. Such curbs are usually made of wood with a metal flashing
along the sides of the curb. Generally, these curbs are fabricated
on-site during the installation of the skylight. For stationary
skylights, a leak tight seal will be formed between the skylight
and the curb. Over time this leak tight seal often degrades and
leaks. Furthermore, the application of a sealant to the curb may
cause complications with the skylight manufacture tolerances by
leaving a space between the metal flashing along the sides of the
curb and the top of the curb. Foamed tapes have been used in place
of sealants. However, such tapes do not adhere as well as sealants.
Gaskets have been applied to both seal the skylight frame to a curb
and to file the space between the metal flashing and the curb. Such
configurations tend to be expensive and require rather strict
tolerances. Moreover, the gasket can not be modified on-site.
[0008] Skylights have been formed with components made by reaction
injection molding ("RIM"). U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,531 ("the '531
patent") discloses a framed insulating glass unit with an integral
skylight frame and an integral curb made by the RIM process. In the
framed insulating glass unit of the '531 patent, two glass plates
are molded into a frame member by a polyurethane RIM process. RIM
is a process of molding plastic parts using liquid monomers. It is
capable of forming solid or foam parts that can vary from being
flexible to extremely rigid. Polyurethanes are probably the most
common plastics from which parts are made by the RIM process. RIM
polyurethane is made by combining an isocyanate and a polyol.
[0009] In the typical RIM process, the liquids are pumped into and
combined in a mixer under a pressure between about 1,500 and 3,000
psi. The liquids are then introduced into the mold under a low
pressure (about 1 atm). An exothermic chemical reaction occurs in
the mold causing the liquid to solidify without heating or cooling.
Parts fabricated by RIM offer several advantages over other molding
processes. Although parts produced by RIM are similar to parts made
by injection molding, RIM parts may be made with shorter production
time and less cost. Furthermore, RIM does not require high
temperatures or pressures typical of injection molding thereby
making it possible to make the molds out of inexpensive materials
such as aluminum. However, the RIM process presents a number of
considerations that complicates part fabrication. For example, the
processing temperature, pressure and viscosity must be accurately
controlled since the polymerization of the monomers takes place in
the mold. Furthermore, the mixing head must be completely purged
after each part is formed to prevent clogging. Finally, the
relatively protracted cycle times for forming larger parts and the
limited choices of polymers (mostly polyurethanes) make RIM a
somewhat undesirable process.
[0010] In addition to the demands set forth above for skylights,
improvements in the construction and sealing of other building
components that include windows are needed. Typically, these
window-containing components include numerous parts that need to be
assembled and sealed. Cost savings is but one reason dictating the
desirability of improving the methods of manufacturing such
components.
[0011] Accordingly, there exists a need for an improved skylight
and other window-containing constructions that are inexpensive to
fabricate with a minimal number of seamed junctions.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] The present invention overcomes the prior art by providing a
window frame section adapted to receive at least two light-panels.
The window frame assembly of the invention is advantageously used
in any construction that includes one or more windows including,
for example, skylights, doors, and conventional windows. Examples
of conventional windows that may incorporate the window frame of
the invention include bay windows, awning windows, casement windows
while examples of doors include internal and external sliding and
hinged doors. The window frame assembly of the present invention
comprises a quadrilateral frame and a stepped frame section that is
integral to the quadrilateral frame. The stepped frame section
includes a lower step surface and an upper step surface. The
stepped frame assembly is able to receive a window assembly which
has at least two window panels and which has an edge detail that is
complementary to the stepped frame section. The window assembly is
complementary by having at least a single step along its peripheral
edges. In a variation, the lower step surface is adapted to receive
a first light-panel so that a section of the first light-panel lies
flush against the lower step surface. Similarly, the upper step
surface is adapted to receive a second light-panel so that the
second light-panel lies flush against the upper step surface. In
another variation a spacer is interposed between the second
light-panel and the upper step surface such that a surface of the
spacer lies flush against the upper step surface (instead of the
edge of the second light-panel.) The first light-panel is
characterized by a first length and a first width and the second
light-panel is characterized by a second length and a second width,
such that the first length is less than the second length and the
first width is less than second width. The first and second
light-panels are advantageously combined together in an insulated
glass unit. In one variation of the invention, the window frame
assembly includes a curb section which is integral to the
quadrilateral frame. The curb section includes a surface that is
adapted to lie on a surface such as a roof. Examples of this
variation include skylights which are flashed to a roof in a leak
tight manner by methods known to one skilled in the art of skylight
installation.
[0013] In another embodiment of the invention, a skylight frame
adapted to be attached to a curb is provided. The skylight frame
includes a stepped frame section having a lower step surface and an
upper step surface. The stepped frame section is adapted to receive
a window assembly as set forth above. In a variation, the lower
step surface is adapted to receive a first light-panel so that a
section of the first light-panel lies flush against the lower step
surface. Similarly, the upper step surface is adapted to receive a
second light-panel so that the second light-panel lies flush
against the upper step surface (or a spacer lies flush if such a
spacer is interposed between the upper step surface and the second
light-panel.) The first and second light-panels are advantageously
combined together in an insulated glass unit.
[0014] In another embodiment of the present invention, a skylight
frame-curb assembly having a U-shaped trough with a mounting flange
extending from one side of the U-shaped trough is provided. The
skylight frame-curb assembly of this embodiment also includes the
stepped frame section as described above. The trough of the present
embodiment is filled with a foamed plastic in order to provide
rigidity while reducing the weight of the skylight frame-curb
assembly.
[0015] In another embodiment of the present invention, a skylight
frame having one or more central support members is provided. The
sides of the frame of this embodiment also include the stepped
frame section described above. The one or more central support
members include a lower step surface for receiving a lower
light-panel. In this embodiment several lower light-panels are
mounted between the lower step surfaces of the sides and the
central support member. The upper light-panel surface in this
design is a single light-panel which is received by the upper step
surface of the sides. The upper light-panel also rests on the upper
surface of the central support member.
[0016] In another embodiment of the present invention, a skylight
frame-curb assembly fabricated by the RIM process is provided. In
this embodiment, one or more light-panels are molded into the
skylight frame section during formation of the skylight frame. The
skylight frame assembly includes a frame section with slot adapted
to hold one or more light-panels.
[0017] In still another embodiment of the present invention, an
injection molded skylight curb unit is provided. The skylight curb
unit includes four hollow sides that define a substantially
rectangular or square opening. A flexible apron extends outwardly
from the sides to provide a surface that is adapted to be placed on
a rooftop. The side of the apron opposing the roof may be sealed to
the roof and the entire apron flashed to a roof by methods known to
those in the art of skylight installation.
[0018] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method
of making a skylight frame is provided. The method of this
embodiment comprises extruding a plastic channel with a stepped
frame section integral to a lower curb portion. The frame section
is similar to that set forth above. The plastic channel is then cut
into four side sections which are then combined together to form
the skylight frame.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0019] FIG. 1 is a perspective cross-sectional view of the skylight
frame-curb assembly of the present invention;
[0020] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the skylight frame-curb
assembly of the present invention;
[0021] FIG. 3 is a cross-section of a skylight frame-curb assembly
of the present invention with an attached laminated glass
sheet;
[0022] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the
present invention in which the stepped frame section is on a
separate part from the curb;
[0023] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the
present invention in which the frame curb assembly has a U-shaped
trough with a mounting flange extending from one side of the
U-shaped trough;
[0024] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the
present invention utilizing a central cross member;
[0025] FIG. 7 is a top view of an embodiment of the present
invention utilizing a single central cross member;
[0026] FIG. 8A is a top view of an embodiment of the present
invention utilizing a two step cross member;
[0027] FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view of the two step cross
member illustrated in FIG. 8A;
[0028] FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a skylight frame-curb
assembly of the present invention made by reaction injection
molding;
[0029] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a skylight frame-curb
assembly of the present invention made by reaction injection
molding;
[0030] FIG. 11A is a cross-section of a skylight frame-curb
assembly of the present invention made by reaction injection
molding that has a stepped frame section;
[0031] FIG. 11B is a cross-section of a skylight frame-curb
assembly of the present invention made by reaction injection
molding that has a stepped frame section with a spacer extending
beyond the edge of the lower light-panel;
[0032] FIG. 12 is a top perspective view of the injection molded
skylight curb unit of the present invention;
[0033] FIG. 13 is a bottom perspective view of the injection molded
skylight curb unit of the present invention;
[0034] FIG. 14 is cross-sectional view of an integrated skylight
frame unit with a bottom cap section inserted into the skylight
curb unit of FIGS. 12 and 13; and
[0035] FIG. 15 is a bottom view of an integrated skylight frame
unit with a bottom cap section;
[0036] FIG. 16A is a bottom view of a skylight frame-curb assembly
constructed from four mitered sides;
[0037] FIG. 16B is a cross-sectional through one of the sides of
the skylight frame-curb assembly described by FIG. 16A;
[0038] FIG. 17 is a bottom view of a skylight frame-curb assembly
constructed from four sides with a with a U-shaped channel;
[0039] FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of a skylight frame with
an embedded curved insulating glass unit having a stepped frame
section;
[0040] FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of a skylight which
includes both the stepped section of the present invention and a
drip curb;
[0041] FIG. 20 is a perspective view of a drip frame formed from a
thin metallic rectangular strip;
[0042] FIG. 21A is a schematic of a conventional window that
includes the window frame section of the invention;
[0043] FIG. 21B is a schematic of a door that includes the window
frame section of the invention;
[0044] FIG. 22A is a cross-section illustrating the inclusion of
the window frame section of the invention in conventional window or
door applications in which the spacer does not extend over the
upper step surface;
[0045] FIG. 22B is a cross-section illustrating the inclusion of
the window frame section of the invention in conventional window or
door applications in which the spacer extends over the upper step
surface;
[0046] FIG. 23A is a cross-section illustrating the inclusion of
the window frame section of the invention in conventional window or
door applications in which glass sheets are molded into the frame
section and in which the spacer does not extend over the upper step
surface; and
[0047] FIG. 23B is a cross-section illustrating the inclusion of
the window frame section of the invention in conventional window or
door applications in which glass sheets are molded into the frame
section and in which the spacer extends over the upper step
surface.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0048] Reference will now be made in detail to presently preferred
compositions or embodiments and methods of the invention, which
constitute the best modes of practicing the invention presently
known to the inventors.
[0049] As used herein, the term "light-panel" means a medium
through which light is admitted. Such media include transparent or
translucent glass and plastic panels.
[0050] In an embodiment of the present invention, a skylight
frame-curb assembly adapted to receive at least two light-panels is
provided. In some variations, these light panels are glass panels.
The skylight frame-curb assembly of this embodiment provides one
example utilizing the window frame assembly of the invention.
Additional example are set forth below. The skylight frame-curb
assembly of the present invention comprises a quadrilateral frame
with an integral stepped frame section. The quadrilateral frame is
preferably substantially rectangular. The stepped frame section
includes a lower step surface and an upper step surface. The
stepped frame section is able to receive a window assembly which
has at least two window panels and which has an edge detail that is
complementary to the stepped frame section. The window assembly is
complementary by having at least a single step along its peripheral
edges. In one variation, the lower step surface is adapted to
receive a first light-panel so that a section of the first
light-panel lies flush against the lower step surface. Similarly,
the upper step surface is adapted to receive a second light-panel
so that the second light-panel lies flush against the upper step
surface. In another variation, a spacer lies flush against the
upper step surface if such a spacer is interposed between the upper
step surface and the second light-panel. The present invention also
includes other skylight frame designs that may include additional
stepped frame sections for receiving window assemblies with more
complicated edge detail.
[0051] With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, a perspective view of a
cross-section and a top view of the skylight frame-curb assembly of
the present invention is provided. Skylight frame-curb assembly 2
includes sides 4, 6, 8, 10 which define opening 12. Opening 12 is
of appropriate size to line up with a skylight opening curb into a
roof. Sides 4, 6, 8, 10 each include stepped frame section 14 and
curb section 16 which are integral to skylight frame-curb assembly
2. Stepped frame section 14 includes lower step surface 18 and an
upper step surface 20. Lower step surface 18 is adapted to receive
light-panel surface 22 of light-panel 24 and upper step surface 20
is adapted to receive light-panel surface 26 of light-panel 28.
Specifically, light-panel peripheral surface 30 opposes lower step
surface 18 and light-panel peripheral surface 32 opposes upper
stepped surface 20. Light-panel 24 is characterized by a first
length and a first width and light-panel 28 is characterized by a
second length and a second width, such that the first length is
less than the second length and the first width is less than second
width. Preferably, light-panel 24 and light-panel 28 are combined
together in insulated glass unit 34 with a spacer 36. In a
variation of this embodiment, spacer 36 may extend beyond the edge
of light-panel 24. In this variation a lower surface of spacer 36
opposes upper step surface 20 (see the description of FIG. 11B set
forth below.) Alternatively, light-panel 24 and light-panel 28 are
laminated together like an automobile windshield. Suitable
laminates include, for example, polyvinylbutyral. Lamination of
light-panels 24, 28 provide added protection from glass breakage.
Stepped frame section 14 corresponds in shape to the edge detail
and thickness of the insulating glass unit (or the laminated glass
unit) so that the insulating glass unit is mounted flush.
[0052] The skylight of the present design lends itself to a wide
array of aesthetic appearances. The insulated glass units can be
fabricated using colored glass to achieve a desired color and
thermal properties. Alternatively, one or more surfaces of
light-panels 24 and 28 may be coated with thin films to alter the
appearance of the skylight or to provide solar control properties.
For example, in northern climates a low E coating is applied to one
or more of the glass surfaces. In southern climates, reflective
coatings capable of rejecting 80-90% of the radiant energy could be
utilized to minimize air conditioning costs. Furthermore, the color
of the light-panel on the peripheral portion can be selected to
provide the desired aesthetic appearance. Curb section 16
optionally includes a number of bolt holes 37 so that skylight
frame curb assembly 2 may be attached to a roof. During
installation, curb section 16 will be flashed to the roof by
methods known to those skilled in the art of skylight installation.
Skylight frame-curb assembly 2 optionally includes trim strip 38
which can be provided at the overlap of insulated glass unit 34 and
skylight frame-curb assembly 2.
[0053] Skylight frame-curb assembly 2 may be formed from any
suitable material which supplies suitable mechanical stiffness and
resistance to deterioration from environment factors such a
temperature, humidity, sunlight, air, rain, snow, hale, and the
like. Suitable materials include for example various plastics,
wood, and metals. The preferred materials are plastics and in
particular thermoplastic resins such as polyvinylchloride,
polyethylene, polypropylene, or nylon. When a plastic is utilized
to mold skylight frame-curb assembly 2 a glass fiber reinforcement
filler may be used in the plastic composition selected in order to
minimize the thermal expansion of skylight frame-curb assembly 2.
Skylight frame-curb assembly 2 may be formed by a number of
different molding processes. For example, skylight frame-curb 2 may
be formed by injection molding, vacuum molding, compression
molding, or by RIM. When the RIM process is used to form the
skylight frame-curb assemblies of the invention, preferably,
polyurethane is used as the material of construction. In such a
process, an isocyanate component is reacted with an
isocyanate-reactive component (i.e., a polyol) in a mold having an
interior cavity complementary to the window frame. A particularly
useful polyurethane composition and RIM molding process is provided
by U.S. Pat. No. 6,242,555 (the '555 patent), the entire disclosure
of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Specifically, in
accordance with this process an isocyanate component containing an
isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) trimer/monomer mixture having an NCO
content of from 24.5 to 34% by weight, is reacted with
isocyanate-reactive components in the presence of at least one
catalyst component, at least one pigment component, and at least
one antioxidant/UV absorber component. The isocyanate-reactive
components comprise a polyetherpolyol having terminal OH groups, an
average nominal functionality of 2 to 4, and an average equivalent
weight of from 800 to 4000; at least one chain extender component
having as functional groups only aliphatic or alicyclic OH groups;
and at least one amine-initiator component. The catalyst component
is selected from the group consisting of organolead (II),
organobismuth (III), and organotin (IV) catalysts.
[0054] The preferred molding process is chosen to improve strength
and to minimize part weight and to provide optimum thermal
insulation qualities. To this end, skylight frame-curb assembly 2
optionally includes one or more hollow cores 39 that may be filled
with foamed plastic 40. Skylight frame-curb assemblies with hollow
cavities may be made by gas assisted injection molding which uses a
conventional injection molding press equipped with a spillover
control and a mold equipped with gas injection and spillover
points. Suitable gas assisted injection molding processes which may
be used to form the skylight frame-curb assembly of the present
invention are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,019,918. The entire
disclosure of this patent is hereby incorporated by reference. The
foam material is then introduced through inlet holes after the
frame is molded. Alternatively, the part can be molded utilizing a
plastic foaming agent, the surface of the plastic part having a
smooth uniform skin while the inner core contains a series of gas
bubbles forming a rigid foam or sponge-like core. The skylight
frame-curb assembly may also be made by compression molding using
either sheet molding compound ("SMC") or bulk molding compound.
[0055] Insulating glass unit 34 is bonded to stepped flange section
14 of skylight frame-curb assembly 2 utilizing adhesives in a
manner similar to mounting a flush glazed windshield in an
automobile. Preferably, light-panel surface 26 of the light-panel
28 has a peripheral edge painted to provide an aesthetic detail as
well as improve the adhesion of the bond between the light-panel 28
and frame curb assembly 2. Optionally, grooves 42, 44 may be formed
on lower step surface 18 and upper step surface 20 in order to
provide a relatively thick bead of adhesive in order to accommodate
some slight relative movement due to the differential thermal
expansion of insulated glass unit 34 in order to further minimize
the mold expansion problems.
[0056] With reference to FIG. 3, a cross-section of a skylight
frame-curb assembly with an attached laminated glass sheet is
provided. In this variation light-panel 24 and light-panel 28 are
laminated together with laminate layer 50. In some variations,
these light panels are glass panels. Light-panel 28 is slightly
larger than light-panel 24. Light-panel edge 30 opposes lower step
surface 18 and light-panel edge 30 opposes upper stepped surface
20. In this variation, height 52 must be of appropriate dimensions
to allow an effective seal when an adhesive is applied to lower set
surface 18 and upper step surface 20. Generally, height 52 will be
several millimeters.
[0057] With reference to FIG. 4, a cross-sectional view of an
embodiment of the present invention in which the stepped frame
section is on a separate part from the curb is provided. Frame 60
includes stepped frame section 14 which is the same as set forth
above. Stepped frame section 14 includes lower step surface 16 and
upper step surface 20. Lower step surface 18 is adapted to receive
light-panel surface 22 of light-panel 24 and upper step surface 20
is adapted to receive light-panel surface 26 of light-panel 28 with
or without a spacer interposed between light-panel 28 and upper
step surface 20. Light-panel 24 is characterized by a first length
and a first width and light-panel 28 is characterized by a second
length and a second width, such that the first length is less than
the second length and the first width is less than second width.
Preferably, light-panel 24 and light-panel 28 are combined together
in insulating glass unit 34 or a laminated glass unit as set forth
above. Frame 60 may be formed from the same materials and by the
same molding processes as set forth above. Frame 60 is attached to
curb 62. This attachment may be accomplished by means known to one
skilled in the art of skylight installation. Preferably, frame 60
is bolted to curb 62 by bolts 64. Optionally, a sealant may be
placed on one or more of seams 66, 68, 70 to reduce the possibility
of water leaking from the skylight. The frame assembly of this
embodiment allows insulated glass unit 34 and frame 60 to be
replaced in the event a window is damaged during or after
construction. This is to be contrasted with a damaged insulated
glass unit for the design of FIGS. 1 and 2, which would require
replacement in a manner similar to the replacement of an automobile
windshield. The two piece design of the present embodiment enables
a less skilled person to do the window replacement by unbolting
frame 60 and replacing the whole unit--frame 60 and insulated glass
unit 32. Moreover, insulated glass unit and frames can be made
standard sizes and matched up with curbs of a selected height and
thermal quality for the specific market.
[0058] With reference to FIG. 5, a cross-section of another
embodiment of the present invention in which the frame curb
assembly has a U-shaped trough with a mounting flange extending
from one side of the U-shaped trough is provided. Skylight
frame-curb assembly 70 includes stepped frame section 14. As set
forth above, stepped frame section 14 includes lower step surface
18 and upper step surface 20. Again, lower step surface 18 is
adapted to receive light-panel surface 22 of light-panel 24 and
upper step surface 20 is adapted to receive light-panel surface 26
of light-panel 28 with or without a spacer interposed between
light-panel 28 and upper step surface 20. Light-panel 24 is
characterized by a first length and a first width and light-panel
28 is characterized by a second length and a second width, such
that the first length is less than the second length and the first
width is less than second width. Preferably, light-panel 24 and
light-panel 28 are combined together in insulated glass unit 34
with a spacer 36. Skylight frame-curb assembly include sides 72,
74, 76 which define trough 78. Curb section 80 includes mounting
flange 82 which extends from the bottom of side 72. Ribs 84 extend
from bottom surface 86 of mounting flange 82 to provide stiffness.
Skylight frame-curb assembly 70 may be formed by the same molding
processes as described above which include injection molding from
thermoplastic resins or by RIM. After skylight frame-curb assembly
70 is molded, trough 78 is filled with foamed plastic 88 in a
second operation. Foamed plastic 88 provides rigidity to skylight
frame-curb assembly 70 as well as good thermal insulation.
Light-panels 24, 28 are installed in a similar manner to the
installation of an automobile windshield. Accordingly, an adhesive
is applied between light-panel edge 30 and lower step surface 18
and between light-panel edge 32 and upper stepped surface 34.
[0059] With reference to FIGS. 6 and 7, cross-sectional and top
views of various frame assemblies utilizing a central cross member
of an embodiment of the present invention in which a series of
frame configurations having a central cross member for supporting
multiple insulating glass units in a single frame are provided.
[0060] FIG. 6 provides a cross-section of the present embodiment in
which a central cross member is utilized. FIG. 7 provides a top
view of the assembly illustrated in FIG. 6. Skylight frame 102
includes side sections 104, 106, 108, 110 and central cross member
112. Side sections 104, 106, 108, 110 each include stepped frame
section 14 which has described above. Cross member 112 includes
cross member step section which has lower step surface 114 and top
surface 116. Skylight frame 102 includes stepped frame section 119
which has been set forth above. In this configuration, light-panels
118, 120 are placed in skylight frame 102 such that a peripheral
section of light-panel surface 122 opposes lower step surfaces 124
and lower step surfaces 114. Larger light-panel 120 is positioned
in frame 102 such that a peripheral section of surface 126 opposes
upper step surfaces 128. Central portion 136 of light-panel 126
lies on and is supported by top surface 116 of cross member 112.
The frame assemblies of the present embodiment allows large
skylights to be fabricated and ganged together to form large panels
of minimal viewing area blocked by cross members of structural
supports. Because the outside surface of the skylight assembly is
made from a single piece of glass the outside appearance is
substantially uniform.
[0061] With reference to FIGS. 8A and 8B, an alternative design for
a skylight with one or more cross members is provided. FIG. 8A
provides a top view of this embodiment utilizing a two step cross
member, while FIG. 8B is a cross-section of the cross member used
in this embodiment. In this variation, frame 138 includes sides
140, 142, 144, 146 and cross members 148. Each of sides 140, 142,
144, 146 include a stepped frame section as set forth above. FIG.
8B provides a cross-section of the two step cross member of the
present invention. Cross member 148 includes stepped frame sections
150 with lower step surface 152 and upper step surface 154.
Light-panel surface 156 opposes lower step surface 152 and
light-panel surface 158 opposes upper step surface 154 in a similar
manner as described in the discussion of FIGS. 1 and 2.
[0062] With reference to FIGS. 9 and 10, another embodiment of the
present invention in which a skylight frame is molded about an
insulating glass is provided. In this embodiment, one or more
light-panels are molded into the skylight frame section during
formation of the frame. In some variations, these light panels are
glass panels. Preferably, this molding operation is a RIM molding
process using polyurethane such as that disclosed in the '555
patent. Again, in such a process, an isocyanate component is
reacted with an isocyanate-reactive component (i.e., a polyol) in a
mold having an interior cavity complementary to the window frame.
FIG. 9 provides a cross-sectional view and FIG. 10 provides a top
perspective view of the skylight frame assembly of this embodiment.
Skylight frame assembly 170 includes frame section 172 which has
U-shaped channel 173. U-shaped channel 173 is adapted to hold one
or more light-panels. Preferably, a multiglazed window unit will be
held in U-shaped channel 173. Light-panel 176 and light-panel 178
are adhered together by spacer 180 to form a double glassed
insulated window unit 182. Bottom surface 184 of U-shaped channel
173 opposes light-panel surface edge 186 of light-panel 176.
Similarly top surface 188 of U-shaped channel 173 oppose
light-panel surface edge 190 of light-panel 178. Bottom surface 184
and top surface 188 in combination with back surface 191 define U
shaped channel 173. Finally, the skylight frame assembly of this
embodiment optionally includes curb section 192 to facilitate
placement of the skylight frame assembly on a roof.
[0063] To enhance adhesion when the panel are made of glass,
light-panels 176, 178 should be cleaned and dried prior to molding
of frame 170 around light-panels 176, 178. Moreover, the
application of one or more coupling agents prior to molding is
found to further enhance adhesion. More preferably, two or more
coupling agents are applied to the glass surfaces prior to molding
of the skylight frame. Silane coupling agents include vinylsilanes,
acryloxy compounds, epoxysilanes, aminosilanes, and organosilane
esters. Vinylsilane coupling agents include, for example,
vinyltricolosilane, vinyl tris(.beta.-methoxyethoxy) silane,
vinyltriethoxysilane. An example of an acryloxy coupling agent is
3-metacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane. Examples of epoxysilane
coupling agents include for example, .beta.-(3,4
epoxycyclohexyl)-ethyltrimethoxysilane,
.gamma.-glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane, and
.gamma.-glycidoxypropyl-methylidiethoxysilane. Examples of
aminosilane coupling agents include for example,
N-.beta.(aminoethyl)-.gamma.-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane,
N-.beta.(aminoethyl)-.gamma.-aminopropyl-methyldimethoxysilane,
3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane,
N-phenyl-.gamma.-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane. An example of an
organosilane ester is methyl triethoxysilane. Other silane coupling
agents are .gamma.-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane and
.gamma.-chloropropyl-trimethoxysilane. Silane coupling agents are
commercially available from Union Carbide Corporation and
Mitsubishi International Corporation. In another variation of this
embodiment, adhesion of the glass surfaces to the RIM formed frame
is formed by treatment of the glass surfaces with one or more
primers. Useful primers include one or more of the following
components: organosilanes, polyurethanes, polyesters, pigments, and
solvents. Examples of suitable primers include Betaseal.TM. 43518
Glass Primer and Betaseal.TM. 43520A Glass Primer commercially
available from Dow Chemical Company. Betaseal.TM. 43518 Glass
Primer is a proprietary composition which includes toluene, methyl
alcohol, and an organosilane. Betaseal.TM. 43520A Glass Primer is a
proprietary composition which includes toluene, methyl ethyl
ketone, carbon black, n-butyl acetate, potassium oxide, xylene,
polyurethane, polyester, and an organosilane. Typically, the glass
is first treated with Betaseal.TM. 43518 Glass Primer and then
Betaseal.TM. 43520A. It is readily apparent that these primers and
in particular the Betaseal.TM. 43518 Glass Primer and Betaseal.TM.
43520A contain a number of components that improve adhesion of the
RIM molded frame to the glass panels.
[0064] FIGS. 11A and 11B provide cross-sectional views of skylight
frames with an embedded insulating glass unit having a stepped
frame section. With reference to FIG. 11A, skylight frame section
200 includes stepped frame section 202. Stepped frame section 202
includes lower step surface 204, upper step surface 206, upper
channel surface 208. Moreover, skylight frame section 200 includes
channel 210 which is defined by upper step surface 206, back
surface 212, and upper channel surface 208. Lower step surface 204
opposes light-panel surface 214 of light-panel 216 and upper step
surface 206 opposes light-panel surface 218 of light-panel 220.
Similarly, upper channel surface 208 opposes light-panel surface
222 of light-panel 220. As set forth above, light-panel 216 and
light-panel 220 are combined together in insulated glass unit 224
with a spacer 226. The skylight frame design of this embodiment is
advantageously molded around light-panels 216, 220. The preferred
method of molding this embodiment is RIM using polyurethane. Again,
adhesion is enhanced when the panels are made of glass by cleaning
and drying light-panels 216, 220 prior to molding skylight frame
200 followed by application of one or more coupling agents. The
preferred coupling agents are the same as those set forth above.
Alternatively, one or more primers are used to enhance adhesion as
set forth above. With reference to FIG. 11A an embodiment where
spacer 226 extends past the edge of light-panel 216 is provided. In
this variation, lower step surface 204 opposes light-panel surface
214 of light-panel 216 and upper step surface 206 opposes a lower
surface of spacer 226. Again, upper channel surface 208 opposes
light-panel surface 222 of light-panel 220.
[0065] With reference to FIGS. 12 and 13, a skylight curb unit
adaptable to a skylight frame is illustrated. FIG. 12 is a top
perspective view and FIG. 13 is a bottom perspective view of the
skylight curb unit of this embodiment. The skylight curb unit is
preferably made of a plastic or rigid polymer by injection molding.
Skylight curb unit 230 includes curb sides 232, 234, 236, 238 that
define substantially rectangular or square opening 240. Curb sides
232, 234, 236, 238 include interior walls 242, 244, 246, 248 and
exterior walls 250, 252, 254, 256. Rigidity is provided to the curb
unit by rib network that includes ribs 258 that connect to interior
walls 242, 244, 246, 248 and exterior walls 250, 252, 254, 256. The
rib network in conjunction with interior walls 242, 244, 246, 248
and exterior walls 250, 252, 254, 256 defines slots 260, 262.
Flexible apron 264 extends outwardly from curb sides 232, 234, 236,
238 to provide bottom surface 266 that is adapted to be placed on a
rooftop. Top surface 268 of curb unit 230 is adapted to receive a
skylight frame unit. Optionally, a gasket and/or a sealant is
placed on top surface 268 for this purpose. Bottom surface 266
includes a plurality of bolt holes 270 to receive bolts used to
attach the skylight curb unit to a roof. These bolts are passed
through slots 260, 262 for this purpose. Moreover, apron 264 may be
flashed to a roof by methods known to those in the art of skylight
installation. The curb unit of this embodiment is preferably made
by injection molding with a thermoplastic resin. Suitable
thermoplastic resins include, for example, polyvinylchloride,
polyethylene, polypropylene, or nylon.
[0066] With reference to FIGS. 14 and 15, a skylight frame unit
adapted be attached to the curb unit of FIGS. 12 and 13 is
described. FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of the skylight frame
unit with a bottom cap section inserted into the skylight curb unit
of FIGS. 12 and 13. FIG. 15 is a bottom view of the skylight frame
unit of this embodiment. Skylight frame 300 includes stepped frame
section 302 for receiving a window assembly. The details of stepped
frame section 302 are the same as those set forth above for FIGS. 1
and 2. Stepped frame section 302 includes lower step surface 304
and an upper step surface 306. In a variation, lower step surface
304 is adapted to receive light-panel surface 308 of light-panel
310 and upper step surface 306 is adapted to receive light-panel
surface 312 of light-panel 314 (with or without a spacer interposed
between light-panel surface 312 and upper step surface 306.)
Skylight frame 300 also includes insert sections 316 and 318 which
are adapted to slide into slots 260, 262 of the skylight curb unit
described in FIGS. 12 and 13. Skylight frame 300 is held in place
by screw 320 which passes through wall 250 into insert section 316.
Alternatively, a pin may be used instead of screw 320.
[0067] In still another embodiment of the present invention, a
method of forming the skylight frame described above in FIGS. 1-3
is provided. The method of this embodiment comprises extruding a
plastic channel with a stepped frame section integral to the
plastic channel having a lower step surface and upper step surface;
cutting the plastic channel to form a first frame side, a second
frame side, a third frame side, and a fourth frame side; and
combining the first frame side, the second frame side, the third
frame side, and the fourth frame side together to form the skylight
frame. The details of the stepped frame section and curb section if
present are the same as set forth above for FIGS. 1-4. Moreover,
the plastic channel preferably comprises a plastic selected from
the group consisting of polyvinylchloride, polyethylene,
polypropylene, or nylon.
[0068] With reference to FIGS. 16A and 16B, a skylight frame
assembly constructed from four sides is illustrated. FIG. 16A is a
bottom view of a skylight frame-curb assembly constructed from four
sides, while FIG. 16B is a cross-section through one of the sides
when the skylight frame assembly includes a curb section. Skylight
frame-curb assembly 270 is assembled from sides 272, 274, 276, 278
which have been cut from an extruded channel Sides 272, 274, 276,
278 are mitered together as beveled joints 280, 282, 284, 286.
Sides 272, 274, 276, 280 include frame step section 290 and curb
section 292. Frame step section 290 includes lower step surface 294
and upper step surface 296 which is similar to the frame step
section of FIGS. 1-3. Moreover, sides 272, 274, 276, 278 include
hollow cavity 298. Optionally, angular inserts 322 are placed
within sides 272, 274, 276, 278 as the sides are joined together.
These inserts provide rigidity and support to the skylight
frame-curb assembly and may extend into hollow cavity 298 for any
length desired. Beveled joints 280, 282, 284, 286 are welded
together to form a leak tight seal. Suitable processes for this
welding include, for example, conventional plastic welding with a
heat source and a plastic welding rod, laser welding, and solvent
bonding. Optionally, hollow cavity 298 is filled with foamed
plastic 310 which is introduced into hollow cavity 298 through
inlet holes 324. Vent holes 326 provide a venting path while the
foamed plastic is added. The assembly of the skylight frame-curb
assembly set forth in this embodiment may be applied the
fabrication of the sky-light curb assembly of FIGS. 1-3. Similarly,
the present embodiment may be applied to the fabrication of the
skylight frame of FIG. 4 except that the four sides do not have an
integral curb section.
[0069] In still another embodiment of the present invention, a
method of forming the skylight frame-curb assembly described above
in FIG. 5 is provided. The method of this embodiment comprises
extruding a plastic U-shaped channel with a stepped frame section
integral to the plastic channel having a lower step surface and
upper step surface. The details of the stepped frame section and
the cross-section of the U-shaped channel are the same as set forth
above for FIG. 5.
[0070] With reference to FIG. 17, a bottom view of a skylight frame
assembly with a U-shaped channel constructed from four sides is
illustrated. Skylight frame-curb assembly 330 is assembled from
sides 332, 334, 336, 338 which have been cut from an extruded
U-shaped channel Sides 332, 334, 336, 338 are mitered together as
beveled joints 340, 342, 344, 346. Sides 332, 334, 336, 338
includes a stepped frame section and curb section (not shown) as
set forth for FIG. 5. Sides 332, 334, 336, 338 include U-shaped
trough 350. Beveled joints 340, 342, 344, 346 are welded together
to form a leak tight seal. Suitable processes for this welding
include, for example, conventional plastic welding with a heat
source and a plastic welding rod, laser welding, and solvent
bonding. Optionally, U-shaped trough 350 is filled with foamed
plastic 352.
[0071] With reference to FIG. 18, a cross-sectional view of a
skylight frame with an embedded curved insulating glass unit having
a stepped frame section is provided. Skylight frame section 400
includes stepped frame section 402. Stepped frame section 402
includes lower step surface 404, upper step surface 406, and upper
channel surface 408. Moreover, skylight frame section 400 includes
channel 410 which is defined by upper step surface 406, back
surface 412, and upper channel surface 408. Lower step surface 404
opposes light-panel surface 414 of curved light-panel 416 and upper
step surface 406 opposes a surface of spacer 426. (In an analogous
manner to variations set forth above, spacer 426 may not extend
over upper step surface 404. Instead, upper step surface 406
opposes light-panel surface 418 of curved light-panel 420.)
Similarly, upper channel surface 408 opposes light-panel surface
422 of light-panel 420. As set forth above, curved light-panel 416
and curved light-panel 420 are optionally combined together in
insulated glass unit 424 with spacer 426. FIG. 18 demonstrates
curved light-panels 416, 420 each including an outer peripheral
region that is flat and a central curved region. It should be
appreciated that in variations in which the light-panels do not
have such a peripheral flat region, stepped frame section 400 may
be angled to mate with the edge detail of the light-panels. The
skylight frame design of this embodiment is advantageously molded
around curved light-panels 416, 420. The preferred method of
molding this embodiment is RIM using polyurethane. Again, adhesion
is enhanced when glass panels are used by cleaning and drying glass
plates 416, 420 prior to molding skylight frame 400 followed by
application of one or more coupling agents. The preferred coupling
agents are the same as those set forth above. Alternatively, one or
more primers are used to enhance adhesion as set forth above.
[0072] With reference to FIG. 19, a cross-sectional view of a
skylight which includes both the stepped section of the present
invention and a drip curb is provided. Drip curbs are used in
skylight designs to catch any condensation that may form on a
skylight. Skylight 430 includes drip curb 432 which is sandwiched
between skylight frame 434 and curb 436. Drip curb 432 includes
flat section 438 and an upwardly angled section 440. The drip curb
may extend about the entire frame periphery or in the case of a
flat skylight mounted on an include roof along the lowermost edge.
FIG. 20 provides a perspective view of a drip frame formed from a
thin metallic rectangular strip. A thin angle-shaped cross section
metal strip is notched at various positions and then bent to form a
rectangular shape frame of proper size to be positioned between
skylight frame 434 and curb 436. The corners of the metal strip are
folded like rapping paper in corners 442 form angled section 440.
The ends of the metal strip are attached together and sealed along
seam 444.
[0073] As set forth above, the window frame section of the present
invention is not only useful in skylight application. The window
frame section may be used in any assembly that includes a window
such as doors or conventional window units. FIG. 21A provides a
schematic of a conventional window that includes the window frame
section of the invention. Window unit 446 includes window sections
448, 450. Each of window sections 448, 450 include the window frame
section of the invention. Similarly, FIG. 21B provides a schematic
of a door that includes the window frame section of the invention.
Window unit 452 includes window section 454. Again, window section
454 includes the window frame section of the invention.
[0074] With reference to FIGS. 22A and 22B idealized cross-sections
illustrating the inclusion of the window frame section of the
invention in conventional window or door applications is provided.
Window frame section 460 includes stepped section 462 which
includes lower step surface 464 and upper step surface 466. Stepped
section 462 is adapted to receive light-panels 468, 470 in the same
manner as set forth above. FIG. 22A provides a variation in which
spacer 472 does not extend over upper step surface 466 while FIG.
22B provides an illustration of a variation in which spacer 472
does extend over upper step surface 466.
[0075] With reference to FIGS. 23A and 23B idealized cross-sections
illustrating the inclusion of the window frame section of the
invention in conventional window or door applications in which
light-panels are molded into the frame section. In some variations,
these light panels are glass panels. Window frame section 480
includes stepped section 482 which includes lower step surface 484
and upper step surface 486. Stepped section 482 is adapted to
receive light-panels 488, 490 in the same manner as set forth
above. Moreover, in this variation light-panels are molded into
window frame section 480 by the RIM process as explained above.
FIG. 23A provides a variation in which spacer 492 does not extend
over upper step surface 486 while FIG. 23B provides an illustration
of a variation in which spacer 492 does extend over upper step
surface 486.
[0076] With reference to FIGS. 24A, 24B, and 24C cross-sections of
illustrating an embodiment of the invention in which the peripheral
edges of various light constructions are embedded in a polyurethane
resin. The embedding of a light-panel construction utilizing the
stepped frame construction of the invention is set forth above.
This embodiment represents a generalization of that process. In
FIG. 24A, light-panel construction 502 includes frame section 504
with surrounds compound window 506. Compound window 506 includes
transparent light-panels 508, 510 and spacer 512. Frame section 504
surrounds periphery 514 of compound window 506. In FIG. 24B,
light-panel construction 522 includes frame section 524 with
surrounds compound window 526. Compound window 526 includes
transparent light-panels 528, 530 and spacer 532. Frame section 524
surrounds periphery 534 of compound window 526 with polyurethane
filling gap 536 between outer edges 538, 540 of transparent
light-panels 528, 530. In FIG. 24C, light-panel construction 552
includes frame section 554 with surrounds window 556 which is just
a transparent light-panel. Frame section 554 surrounds periphery
558 of window 556. As set forth above, the RIM process is used
embed the light-panel construction with the polyurethane in this
embodiment. In such a process, an isocyanate component is typically
reacted with an isocyanate-reactive component (i.e., a polyol) in a
mold having an interior cavity with a region complementary to the
frame sections. A particularly useful polyurethane composition and
RIM molding process is provided by U.S. Pat. No. 6,242,555. The
details of this process are set forth above and in this patent.
Moreover, the application of one or more coupling agents prior to
molding is found to further enhance adhesion when glass panels are
used. More preferably, two or more coupling agents are applied to
the glass surfaces prior to molding of a construction incorporating
the frame sections. The details of the coupling agents is the same
as that set forth above. In a variation the glass panels are
treated with one or more primers. Useful primers include one or
more of the following components: organosilanes, polyurethanes,
polyesters, pigments, and solvents. Examples of suitable primers
include Betaseal.TM. 43518 Glass Primer and Betaseal.TM. 43520A
Glass Primer commercially available from Dow Chemical Company.
Betaseal.TM. 43518 Glass Primer is a proprietary composition which
includes toluene, methyl alcohol, and an organosilane. Betaseal.TM.
43520A Glass Primer is a proprietary composition which includes
toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, carbon black, n-butyl acetate,
potassium oxide, xylene, polyurethane, polyester, and an
organosilane. Typically, the glass is first treated with
Betaseal.TM. 43518 Glass Primer and then Betaseal.TM. 43520A. It is
readily apparent that these primers and in particular the
Betaseal.TM. 43518 Glass Primer and Betaseal.TM. 43520A contain a
number of components that improve adhesion of the RIM molded frame
to the glass panels.
[0077] While embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and
described, it is not intended that these embodiments illustrate and
describe all possible forms of the invention. Rather, the words
used in the specification are words of description rather than
limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made
without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
* * * * *