U.S. patent application number 13/703023 was filed with the patent office on 2013-05-09 for high efficiency ejector cycle.
This patent application is currently assigned to CARRIER CORPORATION. The applicant listed for this patent is Parmesh Verma, Jinliang Wang. Invention is credited to Parmesh Verma, Jinliang Wang.
Application Number | 20130111944 13/703023 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 44629195 |
Filed Date | 2013-05-09 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130111944 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Wang; Jinliang ; et
al. |
May 9, 2013 |
High Efficiency Ejector Cycle
Abstract
A system has a compressor (22), a heat rejection heat exchanger
(30), first and second ejectors (38, 202), first and second heat
absorption heat exchangers (64, 220), and first and second
separators (118, 210). The heat rejection heat exchanger is coupled
to the compressor to receive refrigerant compressed by the
compressor. The first ejector has a primary inlet coupled to the
heat rejection exchanger to receive refrigerant, a secondary inlet,
and an outlet. The first separator has an inlet coupled to the out
let of the first ejector to receive refrigerant from the first
ejector. The first separator has a gas outlet coupled to the
compressor to return refrigerant to the compressor. The first
separator has a liquid outlet coupled to the secondary inlet of the
ejector to deliver refrigerant to the first ejector. The first heat
absorption heat exchanger is coupled to the liquid outlet of the
first separator to receive refrigerant and to the secondary inlet
of the first ejector to deliver refrigerant to the first ejector.
The second ejector has a primary inlet coupled to the liquid outlet
of the first separator to receive refrigerant, a secondary inlet,
and an outlet. The second separator has an inlet coupled to an
outlet of the second ejector to receive refrigerant from the second
ejector, a gas outlet coupled to the compressor to return
refrigerant to the compressor, and a liquid outlet. The second heat
absorption heat exchanger is coupled to the liquid outlet of the
second separator to receive refrigerant and to the secondary inlet
of the second ejector to deliver refrigerant to the second
ejector.
Inventors: |
Wang; Jinliang; (Ellington,
CT) ; Verma; Parmesh; (Manchester, CT) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Wang; Jinliang
Verma; Parmesh |
Ellington
Manchester |
CT
CT |
US
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
CARRIER CORPORATION
Farmington
CT
|
Family ID: |
44629195 |
Appl. No.: |
13/703023 |
Filed: |
July 20, 2011 |
PCT Filed: |
July 20, 2011 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US11/44614 |
371 Date: |
December 9, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61367100 |
Jul 23, 2010 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
62/500 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F25B 2341/0015 20130101;
F25B 2341/0013 20130101; F25B 41/00 20130101; F25B 2309/061
20130101; F25B 2341/0011 20130101; F25B 43/006 20130101; F25B 1/06
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
62/500 |
International
Class: |
F25B 1/06 20060101
F25B001/06 |
Claims
1. A system (200) comprising: a compressor (22); a heat rejection
heat exchanger (30) coupled to the compressor to receive
refrigerant compressed by the compressor; a first ejector (38)
having: a primary inlet (40) coupled to the heat rejection heat
exchanger to receive refrigerant; a secondary inlet (42); and an
outlet (44); a first separator (48) having: an inlet (58) coupled
to the outlet of the first ejector to receive refrigerant from the
first ejector; a gas outlet (54) coupled to the compressor to
return refrigerant to the compressor; and a liquid outlet (52); a
first heat absorption heat exchanger (64) coupled to the liquid
outlet of the first separator to receive refrigerant and coupled to
the secondary inlet of the first ejector to deliver refrigerant to
the first ejector; a second ejector (202) having: a primary inlet
(204) coupled to the liquid outlet of the first separator to
receive refrigerant; a secondary inlet (206); and an outlet (208);
a second separator (210) having: an inlet (212) coupled to the
outlet of the second ejector to receive refrigerant from the second
ejector; a gas outlet (216) coupled to the compressor to return
refrigerant to the compressor; and a liquid outlet (214); and a
second heat absorption heat exchanger (220) coupled to the liquid
outlet of the second separator to receive refrigerant and to the
secondary inlet of the second ejector to deliver refrigerant.
2. The system of claim 1 further comprising: a first expansion
device (70) between the first separator liquid outlet (52) and the
first heat absorption heat exchanger (64) inlet (66); and a second
expansion device (226) between the second separator (210) liquid
outlet (214) and the second evaporator (220) inlet (222).
3. The system of claim 1 wherein: the first and second separators
are gravity separators.
4. The system of claim 1 wherein: the system has no other
separator.
5. The system of claim 1 wherein: the system has no other
ejector.
6. The system of claim 1 wherein: the system has no other
compressor.
7. The system of claim 1 wherein: the gas outlet (54) of the first
separator feeds an economizer port of the compressor; and the gas
outlet (216) of the second separator feeds a suction port of the
compressor.
8. The system of claim 1 wherein: the first heat absorption heat
exchanger is in a first refrigerated space; and the second heat
absorption heat exchanger is in a second refrigerated space.
9. The system of claim 1 wherein: the refrigerant comprises at
least 50% carbon dioxide, by weight.
10. A method for operating the system of claim 1 comprising running
the compressor in a first mode wherein: the refrigerant is
compressed in the compressor; refrigerant received from the
compressor by the heat rejection heat exchanger rejects heat in the
heat rejection heat exchanger to produce initially cooled
refrigerant; the initially cooled refrigerant passes through the
first ejector; and a liquid discharge of the first separator is
split into a first portion passing to the first ejector secondary
inlet (42) and a second portion passing to the primary inlet (204)
of the second ejector.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein: the first portion of the liquid
discharge of the first separator passes to the first ejector
secondary inlet through an expansion device (70) followed by the
first heat absorption heat exchanger (64); and the second portion
of the liquid discharge of the first separator passes to the
primary inlet of the second ejector via a second expansion device
(226) followed by the second heat absorption heat exchanger
(220).
12. The method of claim 10 wherein: a gas discharge of the first
separator passes to an economizer port of the compressor; and a gas
discharge of the second separator passes to a suction port of the
compressor.
13. A system (200) comprising: a compressor (22); a heat rejection
heat exchanger (30) coupled to the compressor to receive
refrigerant compressed by the compressor; a first ejector (38)
having: a primary inlet (40) coupled to the heat rejection heat
exchanger to receive refrigerant; a secondary inlet (42); and an
outlet (44); a first heat absorption heat exchanger (64) coupled to
the outlet of the first ejector to receive refrigerant; a second
ejector (202) having: a primary inlet (204); a secondary inlet
(206); and an outlet (208); a second heat absorption heat exchanger
(220) coupled to the outlet of the second ejector to receive
refrigerant; and means for passing refrigerant from the outlet of
the first ejector to the primary inlet of the second ejector.
14. The system of claim 13 wherein: the means is also means for
returning refrigerant from the outlet of the first ejector to the
secondary inlet of the first ejector.
15. The system of claim 13 wherein: the means comprises a first
separator (48) and conduits branching from a liquid outlet (52) of
the second separator to respectively feed the first ejector
secondary inlet via the first heat rejection heat exchanger and
directly feed the second ejector primary inlet.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] Benefit is claimed of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No.
61/367,100, filed Jul. 23, 2010, and entitled "High Efficiency
Ejector Cycle", the disclosure of which is incorporated by
reference herein in its entirety as if set forth at length.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The present disclosure relates to refrigeration. More
particularly, it relates to ejector refrigeration systems.
[0003] Earlier proposals for ejector refrigeration systems are
found in U.S. Pat. No. 1,836,318 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,277,660. FIG.
1 shows one basic example of an ejector refrigeration system 20.
The system includes a compressor 22 having an inlet (suction port)
24 and an outlet (discharge port) 26. The compressor and other
system components are positioned along a refrigerant circuit or
flowpath 27 and connected via various conduits (lines). A discharge
line 28 extends from the outlet 26 to the inlet 32 of a heat
exchanger (a heat rejection heat exchanger in a normal mode of
system operation (e.g., a condenser or gas cooler)) 30. A line 36
extends from the outlet 34 of the heat rejection heat exchanger 30
to a primary inlet (liquid or supercritical or two-phase inlet) 40
of an ejector 38. The ejector 38 also has a secondary inlet
(saturated or superheated vapor or two-phase inlet) 42 and an
outlet 44. A line 46 extends from the ejector outlet 44 to an inlet
50 of a separator 48. The separator has a liquid outlet 52 and a
gas outlet 54. A suction line 56 extends from the gas outlet 54 to
the compressor suction port 24. The lines 28, 36, 46, 56, and
components therebetween define a primary loop 60 of the refrigerant
circuit 27. A secondary loop 62 of the refrigerant circuit 27
includes a heat exchanger 64 (in a normal operational mode being a
heat absorption heat exchanger (e.g., evaporator)). The evaporator
64 includes an inlet 66 and an outlet 68 along the secondary loop
62 and expansion device 70 is positioned in a line 72 which extends
between the separator liquid outlet 52 and the evaporator inlet 66.
An ejector secondary inlet line 74 extends from the evaporator
outlet 68 to the ejector secondary inlet 42.
[0004] In the normal mode of operation, gaseous refrigerant is
drawn by the compressor 22 through the suction line 56 and inlet 24
and compressed and discharged from the discharge port 26 into the
discharge line 28. In the heat rejection heat exchanger, the
refrigerant loses/rejects heat to a heat transfer fluid (e.g.,
fan-forced air or water or other fluid). Cooled refrigerant exits
the heat rejection heat exchanger via the outlet 34 and enters the
ejector primary inlet 40 via the line 36.
[0005] The exemplary ejector 38 (FIG. 2) is formed as the
combination of a motive (primary) nozzle 100 nested within an outer
member 102. The primary inlet 40 is the inlet to the motive nozzle
100. The outlet 44 is the outlet of the outer member 102. The
primary refrigerant flow 103 enters the inlet 40 and then passes
into a convergent section 104 of the motive nozzle 100. It then
passes through a throat section 106 and an expansion (divergent)
section 108 through an outlet 110 of the motive nozzle 100. The
motive nozzle 100 accelerates the flow 103 and decreases the
pressure of the flow. The secondary inlet 42 forms an inlet of the
outer member 102. The pressure reduction caused to the primary flow
by the motive nozzle helps draw the secondary flow 112 into the
outer member. The outer member includes a mixer having a convergent
section 114 and an elongate throat or mixing section 116. The outer
member also has a divergent section or diffuser 118 downstream of
the elongate throat or mixing section 116. The motive nozzle outlet
110 is positioned within the convergent section 114. As the flow
103 exits the outlet 110, it begins to mix with the flow 112 with
further mixing occurring through the mixing section 116 which
provides a mixing zone. In operation, the primary flow 103 may
typically be supercritical upon entering the ejector and
subcritical upon exiting the motive nozzle. The secondary flow 112
is gaseous (or a mixture of gas with a smaller amount of liquid)
upon entering the secondary inlet port 42. The resulting combined
flow 120 is a liquid/vapor mixture and decelerates and recovers
pressure in the diffuser 118 while remaining a mixture. Upon
entering the separator, the flow 120 is separated back into the
flows 103 and 112. The flow 103 passes as a gas through the
compressor suction line as discussed above. The flow 112 passes as
a liquid to the expansion valve 70. The flow 112 may be expanded by
the valve 70 (e.g., to a low quality (two-phase with small amount
of vapor)) and passed to the evaporator 64. Within the evaporator
64, the refrigerant absorbs heat from a heat transfer fluid (e.g.,
from a fan-forced air flow or water or other liquid) and is
discharged from the outlet 68 to the line 74 as the aforementioned
gas.
[0006] Use of an ejector serves to recover pressure/work. Work
recovered from the expansion process is used to compress the
gaseous refrigerant prior to entering the compressor. Accordingly,
the pressure ratio of the compressor (and thus the power
consumption) may be reduced for a given desired evaporator
pressure. The quality of refrigerant entering the evaporator may
also be reduced. Thus, the refrigeration effect per unit mass flow
may be increased (relative to the non-ejector system). The
distribution of fluid entering the evaporator is improved (thereby
improving evaporator performance). Because the evaporator does not
directly feed the compressor, the evaporator is not required to
produce superheated refrigerant outflow. The use of an ejector
cycle may thus allow reduction or elimination of the superheated
zone of the evaporator. This may allow the evaporator to operate in
a two-phase state which provides a higher heat transfer performance
(e.g., facilitating reduction in the evaporator size for a given
capability).
[0007] The exemplary ejector may be a fixed geometry ejector or may
be a controllable ejector. FIG. 2 shows controllability provided by
a needle valve 130 having a needle 132 and an actuator 134. The
actuator 134 shifts a tip portion 136 of the needle into and out of
the throat section 106 of the motive nozzle 100 to modulate flow
through the motive nozzle and, in turn, the ejector overall.
Exemplary actuators 134 are electric (e.g., solenoid or the like).
The actuator 134 may be coupled to and controlled by a controller
140 which may receive user inputs from an input device 142 (e.g.,
switches, keyboard, or the like) and sensors (not shown). The
controller 140 may be coupled to the actuator and other
controllable system components (e.g., valves, the compressor motor,
and the like) via control lines 144 (e.g., hardwired or wireless
communication paths). The controller may include one or more:
processors; memory (e.g., for storing program information for
execution by the processor to perform the operational methods and
for storing data used or generated by the program(s)); and hardware
interface devices (e.g., ports) for interfacing with input/output
devices and controllable system components.
[0008] Various modifications of such ejector systems have been
proposed. One example in U.S. 20070028630 involves placing a second
evaporator along the line 46. U.S. 20040123624 discloses a system
having two ejector/evaporator pairs. Another two-evaporator,
single-ejector system is shown in U.S. 20080196446. Another method
proposed for controlling the ejector is by using hot-gas bypass. In
this method a small amount of vapor is bypassed around the gas
cooler and injected just upstream of the motive nozzle, or inside
the convergent part of the motive nozzle. The bubbles thus
introduced into the motive flow decrease the effective throat area
and reduce the primary flow. To reduce the flow further more bypass
flow is introduced
SUMMARY
[0009] One aspect of the disclosure involves a system having a
compressor, a heat rejection heat exchanger, first and second
ejectors, first and second heat absorption heat exchangers, and
first and second separators. The heat rejection heat exchanger is
coupled to the compressor to receive refrigerant compressed by the
compressor. The first ejector has a primary inlet coupled to the
heat rejection exchanger to receive refrigerant, a secondary inlet,
and an outlet. The first separator has an inlet coupled to the
outlet of the first ejector to receive refrigerant from the first
ejector. The first separator has a gas outlet coupled to the
compressor to return refrigerant to the compressor. The first
separator has a liquid outlet coupled to the secondary inlet of the
ejector to deliver refrigerant to the first ejector. The first heat
absorption heat exchanger is coupled to the liquid outlet of the
first separator to receive refrigerant and to the secondary inlet
of the first ejector to deliver refrigerant to the first ejector.
The second ejector has a primary inlet coupled to the liquid outlet
of the first separator to receive refrigerant, a secondary inlet,
and an outlet. The second separator has an inlet coupled to an
outlet of the second ejector to receive refrigerant from the second
ejector, a gas outlet coupled to the compressor to return
refrigerant to the compressor, and a liquid outlet. The second heat
absorption heat exchanger is coupled to the liquid outlet of the
second separator to receive refrigerant and to the secondary inlet
of the second ejector to deliver refrigerant to the second
ejector.
[0010] In various implementations, one or both separators may be
gravity separators. The system may have no other separator (i.e.,
the two separators are the only separators). The system may have no
other ejector. The second heat absorption heat exchanger may be
positioned between the outlet of the second ejector and the
compressor. The refrigerant may comprise at least 50% carbon
dioxide, by weight. The system may further include a mechanical
subcooler positioned between: the heat rejection heat exchanger;
and the inlet of the first ejector and the inlet of the second
ejector. The system may further include a suction line heat
exchanger having a heat rejection heat exchanger and a heat
rejection leg and a heat absorption leg. The heat rejection leg may
be positioned between: the heat rejection heat exchanger; and the
inlet of the first ejector and the inlet of the second ejector. The
heat absorption leg may be positioned between the second heat
absorption heat exchanger and the compressor suction. The first and
second heat absorption heat exchangers may respectively be in first
and second refrigerated spaces.
[0011] Other aspects of the disclosure involve methods for
operating the system.
[0012] The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the
accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features,
objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and
drawings, and from the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a prior art ejector
refrigeration system.
[0014] FIG. 2 is an axial sectional view of an ejector.
[0015] FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a first refrigeration
system.
[0016] FIG. 4 is a pressure-enthalpy (Mollier) diagram of the
system of FIG. 3.
[0017] FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a first evaporator
positioning for the system of FIG. 3.
[0018] FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a second evaporator
positioning for the system of FIG. 3.
[0019] Like reference numbers and designations in the various
drawings indicate like elements.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0020] FIG. 3 shows an ejector cycle vapor compression
(refrigeration) system 200. The system 200 may be made as a
modification of the system 20 or of another system or as an
original manufacture/configuration. In the exemplary embodiment,
like components which may be preserved from the system 20 are shown
with like reference numerals. Operation may be similar to that of
the system 20 except as discussed below with the controller
controlling operation responsive to inputs from various temperature
sensors and pressure sensors.
[0021] The ejector 38 is a first ejector and the system further
includes a second ejector 202 having a primary inlet 204, a
secondary inlet 206, and an outlet 208 and which may be configured
similarly to the first ejector 38.
[0022] Similarly, the separator 48 is a first separator. The system
further includes a second separator 210 having an inlet 212, a
liquid outlet 214, and a gas outlet 216. In the exemplary system,
the gas outlet 216 is connected via a line 218 to the suction port
24.
[0023] Similarly, the evaporator 64 is a first evaporator. The
system further includes a second evaporator 220 having an inlet 222
and an outlet 224. The second evaporator inlet 222 receives
refrigerant from the second separator outlet 214 via a second
expansion valve 226 in a line 228. The refrigerant flow from the
outlet 224 of the second evaporator passes to the second ejector
secondary inlet 206 via a line 230.
[0024] The second ejector primary inlet 204 receives liquid
refrigerant from the first separator. This may be delivered by a
branch conduit 240 branching off the line/flowpath from the first
separator to the liquid outlet 52 to the first evaporator inlet 66
upstream of the valve 70.
[0025] In the exemplary embodiment, the compressor is an economized
compressor having an intermediate port (e.g., economizer port) 244
at an intermediate stage in compression between the suction port 24
and discharge port 26. The first separator gas outlet 54 is
connected to the intermediate port 244 by a line 246.
[0026] FIG. 4 shows the two compression stages as 280 (from the
suction port 24 to the economizer port 224) and 282 (from the
economizer port 224 to the discharge port 26). The compressor
discharge pressure is shown as P1 whereas the suction pressure is
shown as P5. The exemplary suction condition is to the vapor side
of the saturated vapor line 290. The first evaporator 64 is shown
operating in a pressure P3 between the pressures P2 and P5. The
second evaporator 220 operates at a pressure P4 below P5. P2 and P5
represent the respective outlet pressures of the first separator 48
and second separator 210. The exemplary expansion devices 70 and
226 have inlet conditions at P2 and P5, respectively, at or near
the saturated liquid line 292 (e.g., slightly within the vapor
dome).
[0027] In operation, the first ejector may be used primarily to
control the high side pressure P1 and secondarily the capacity of
the first evaporator. The second ejector may be used to control the
capacity of the second evaporator. For example, to increase the
capacity of the first evaporator, the first ejector is opened
(e.g., its needle extracted to lower P1); to decrease capacity, it
is closed (e.g., its needle is inserted to increase P1). To
increase the capacity of the second evaporator, the second ejector
is similarly opened (to decrease, closed). P1 may be controlled to
optimize system efficiency. For a transcritical cycle such as using
carbon dioxide, raising P1 decreases the enthalpy out of the gas
cooler 30 and increases the cooling available for a given
compressor mass flow rate. However, P1 also increases compressor
power. There is an optimum value of P1 that maximizes system
efficiency at a given operating condition (e.g., ambient
temperature, compressor speed, and evaporation temperatures). To
raise P1 to the target value, the first ejector is closed (to lower
P1, opened).
[0028] A temperature sensor T and pressure transducer P at the
outlet of the gas cooler may (also or alternatively) provide inputs
used to control ejector opening. For example, such a temperature
sensor measures gas cooler exit temperature which is an indication
of the ambient temperature. Typically, the measured temperature
will be 1-7 F (0.6-4.0 C) higher than the ambient temperature.
Similarly, the gas cooler exit pressure is strongly correlated to
the compressor discharge pressure (e.g., 0.5-5% lower than the
compressor discharge pressure). Thus, the two sensors provide
proxies for ambient temperature and compressor discharge pressure,
respectively. For a given measured temperature, if the measured
pressure is higher than the target value, the control system may
cause the first ejector to be further opened (if lower than the
target value, closed).
[0029] Controllable expansion devices 70 and 226 may be used to
control the state of the refrigerant leaving the evaporators 64 and
220. For each evaporator, a target value of superheat may be
maintained. Superheat may be determined by a pressure transducer
and temperature sensor downstream of the associated evaporator.
Alternatively, pressure can be estimated from a temperature sensor
at the saturated region of the evaporator. To increase superheat,
the associated expansion device is closed (to decrease, opened).
Too high a superheat value results in a high temperature difference
required between the refrigerant and air temperature and thus a
lower evaporation pressure. If the expansion device is to open,
then the superheat may go to zero and the state of the refrigerant
leaving the evaporator will be saturated. This results in liquid
refrigerant which does not provide cooling and must re-pumped by
the ejector.
[0030] Additionally, compressor speed may be varied to control
overall system capacity. Increasing the compressor speed will
increase the flow rate to each of the two ejectors and therefore to
each of the two evaporators.
[0031] Although the exemplary system has five controllable
parameters (compressor speed, two controllable ejectors, and two
controllable expansion devices), other situations are possible. The
compressor may be fixed speed, one or both ejectors may be
non-controllable, or a TXV or fixed expansion device may be used in
place of one or both EXV. An alternative is to use, for example, a
passive expansion device such as an orifice which (along with the
separator) may be sized to allow evaporator overfeed or underfeed
and self correct the evaporator exit condition. With the fixed
speed compressor, capacity may be controlled by simply cycling the
system on and off. Also, P1 may be controlled by controlling an
additional expansion device between the heat rejection heat
exchanger and the first ejector.
[0032] FIG. 5 shows an implementation wherein a single airflow 160
passes over both evaporators 220 and 64. In this example, the
airflow passes directly between the two evaporators. One possible
implementation is to form the two evaporators as separate portions
of a single physical unit (e.g., a single array of tubes where the
different evaporators are formed as different sections of the array
by appropriate coupling of tube ends). The airflow 160 may be
driven by a fan 162. One example of this is a residential air
handling unit 164 for delivering air to a conditioned space 166
(e.g., building/room). In this situation, the second evaporator 220
could remove sensible heat while the first evaporator 64
essentially removes the latent heat. This may be used to provide
humidity control.
[0033] FIG. 6 shows a system wherein separate airflows 160-1 and
160-2 are driven across the evaporators 64 and 220 respectively via
fans 162-1 and 162-2. Such a system may be used to differently
condition different spaces. For example, a refrigerated transport
or fixed-site refrigeration system, the space 166-1 could be a
frozen food storage area; whereas, the space 166-2 could be a
storage area for refrigerated perishables maintained at a somewhat
higher temperature than the space 166-1. Alternatively, the two
spaces could represent different temperature zones of a residential
or commercial building.
[0034] The system may be fabricated from conventional components
using conventional techniques appropriate for the particular
intended uses.
[0035] Although an embodiment is described above in detail, such
description is not intended for limiting the scope of the present
disclosure. It will be understood that various modifications may be
made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
For example, when implemented in the remanufacturing of an existing
system or the reengineering of an existing system configuration,
details of the existing configuration may influence or dictate
details of any particular implementation. Accordingly, other
embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
* * * * *