U.S. patent application number 13/577295 was filed with the patent office on 2013-05-02 for methods and compositions for cancer immunotherapy using flagellin-tumor associated antigen fusion protein expressing tumor cells.
This patent application is currently assigned to MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. The applicant listed for this patent is Julie Magarian Blander, Johan Garaude. Invention is credited to Julie Magarian Blander, Johan Garaude.
Application Number | 20130108661 13/577295 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 44356104 |
Filed Date | 2013-05-02 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130108661 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Blander; Julie Magarian ; et
al. |
May 2, 2013 |
METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY USING
FLAGELLIN-TUMOR ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN FUSION PROTEIN EXPRESSING TUMOR
CELLS
Abstract
Provided are methods for inducing an anti-tumor immune response
by immunizing a mammal with a composition comprising a tumor cell
which expresses a NLR ligand and/or TLR ligand-TAA fusion protein
or with an activated DC which has internalized a tumor cell which
expresses an NLR- and/or TLR ligand-TAA fusion protein.
Inventors: |
Blander; Julie Magarian;
(North Haven, CT) ; Garaude; Johan; (New York,
NY) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Blander; Julie Magarian
Garaude; Johan |
North Haven
New York |
CT
NY |
US
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF
MEDICINE
New York
NY
|
Family ID: |
44356104 |
Appl. No.: |
13/577295 |
Filed: |
February 7, 2011 |
PCT Filed: |
February 7, 2011 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US11/23919 |
371 Date: |
December 18, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61302052 |
Feb 5, 2010 |
|
|
|
61306618 |
Feb 22, 2010 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
424/192.1 ;
435/325 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 2039/5154 20130101;
A61P 35/00 20180101; A61K 35/17 20130101; A61K 2039/5152 20130101;
A61K 39/0011 20130101; A61K 2039/5156 20130101; A61K 2039/6068
20130101; A61K 35/15 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/192.1 ;
435/325 |
International
Class: |
A61K 39/00 20060101
A61K039/00 |
Claims
1. A composition comprising a dendritic cell (DC), wherein said DC
has internalized a tumor cell expressing a fusion protein, said
fusion protein comprising: (a) a Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand
and a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), or (b) a Nod-like receptor
(NLR) ligand and a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), or (c) a
Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand, a Nod-like receptor (NLR) ligand,
and a tumor-associated antigen (TAA).
2-3. (canceled)
4. A method for inducing an anti-tumor immune response in a mammal
in need thereof comprising administering to said mammal an
immunogenically effective amount of the composition of claim 1.
5. A method for treating a cancer in a patient in need of such
treatment comprising administering to said patient the composition
of claim 1 in an effective amount for eliciting an anti-tumor
immune response.
6. A method for inducing an anti-tumor immune response in a mammal
in need thereof comprising administering to said mammal an
immunogenically effective amount of a composition comprising a
tumor cell expressing a fusion protein, wherein said fusion protein
comprises: (a) a TLR ligand and a tumor-associated antigen (TAA),
or (b) a Nod-like receptor (NLR) ligand and a tumor-associated
antigen (TAA), or (c) a Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand, a Nod-like
receptor (NLR) ligand, and a tumor-associated antigen (TAA).
7. A method for treating a cancer in a patient in need of such
treatment comprising administering to said patient a composition
comprising a tumor cell expressing a fusion protein, wherein said
fusion protein comprises: (a) a Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand and
a tumor associated antigen (TAA), in an effective amount for
eliciting an anti-tumor immune response, or (b) a Nod-like receptor
(NLR) ligand and a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), or (c) a
Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand, a Nod-like receptor (NLR) ligand,
and a tumor-associated antigen (TAA).
8-11. (canceled)
12. The composition of claim 1, wherein said TLR ligand is a
polypeptide.
13. The composition of claim 12, wherein said TLR ligand is a
flagellin or profilin-like protein (PLP), or a fragment
thereof.
14. The composition of claim 1, wherein said tumor cell has been
transfected with a vector expressing said fusion protein.
15. The composition of claim 1, wherein said DC is an autologous
cell.
16. The composition of claim 1, or wherein said tumor cell is
lethally irradiated prior to internalization by said DC.
17. The composition of claim 1, or wherein said DC has phagocytosed
said tumor cell.
18. The method of claim 4, wherein said DC has phagocytosed said
tumor cell.
19. The method of claim 5, wherein said DC has phagocytosed said
tumor cell.
20. The method of claim 4, wherein said anti-tumor immune response
comprises a CD4 or CD8 T cell-mediated immune response.
21. The method of claim 6, wherein said anti-tumor immune response
comprises a CD4 or CD8 T cell-mediated immune response.
22. The method of claim 6, wherein said mammal is a human.
23. The method of claim 7, wherein said patient is a human.
24. The composition of claim 1, wherein said NLR ligand is selected
from the group consisting of a flagellin, an anthrax toxin, and a
Staphylococcus aureus toxin, or a fragment thereof.
25. The composition of claim 1, wherein said tumor cell is an
autologous cell.
26. The method of claim 4, wherein said tumor cell is an autologous
cell.
27. The method of claim 5, wherein said tumor cell is an autologous
cell.
28. The method of claim 6, wherein said tumor cell is an autologous
cell.
29. The method of claim 4, wherein said mammal is a human.
30. The method of claim 4, wherein said DC is an autologous
cell.
31. The method of claim 5, wherein said DC is an autologous
cell.
32. The composition of claim 1(a), wherein said TLR ligand is also
an NLR ligand.
33. The composition of claim 1(b), wherein said NLR ligand is also
a TLR ligand.
34. The composition of claim 1(a), wherein said fusion protein
further comprises a distinct NLR ligand.
35. The composition of claim 1(b), wherein said fusion protein
further comprises a distinct TLR ligand.
36. The composition of claim 32, wherein said TLR ligand is
profilin-like protein (PLP) and said NLR ligand is anthrax toxin,
or a fragment thereof.
37. The method of claim 4, wherein said tumor cell is lethally
irradiated.
38. The method of claim 5, wherein said tumor cell is lethally
irradiated.
39. The method of claim 6, wherein said tumor cell is lethally
irradiated.
40. The method of claim 5, wherein said patient is a human.
41. The method of claim 7, wherein said tumor cell is an autologous
cell.
42. The composition of claim 34, wherein said TLR ligand is
profilin-like protein (PLP) and said NLR ligand is anthrax toxin,
or a fragment thereof.
43. The method of claim 7, wherein said tumor cell is lethally
irradiated.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention is related to methods for inducing an
anti-tumor immune response by immunizing a mammal with a
composition comprising a tumor cell which expresses a Nod-like
receptor (NLR) and/or a Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand-tumor
associated antigen (TAA) fusion protein or with an activated DC
which has internalized a tumor cell which expresses an NLR- and/or
TLR ligand-TAA fusion protein.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
[0002] Multicellular organisms have developed two general systems
of immunity to infectious agents. The two systems are innate or
natural immunity (usually referred to as "innate immunity") and
adaptive (acquired) or specific immunity. The major difference
between the two systems is the mechanism by which they recognize
infectious agents. Recent studies have demonstrated that the innate
immune system plays a crucial role in the control of initiation of
the adaptive immune response and in the induction of appropriate
cell effector responses (Fearon et al. Science 1996;272:50-53 and
Medzhitov et al. Cell 1997;91:295-298).
[0003] The innate immune system uses a set of germline-encoded
receptors for the recognition of conserved molecular patterns
present in microorganisms. These molecular patterns occur in
certain constituents of microorganisms including:
lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, lipoteichoic acids,
phosphatidyl cholines, bacterial proteins (e.g., flagellin),
including lipoproteins, bacterial DNAs, viral single and
double-stranded RNAs, unmethylated CpG-DNAs, mannans, and a variety
of other bacterial and fungal cell wall components. Such molecular
patterns can also occur in other molecules such as plant alkaloids.
These targets of innate immune recognition are called Pathogen
Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) since they are produced by
microorganisms and not by the infected host organism (Janeway et
al. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 1989;54:1-13 and Medzhitov
et al. Curr. Opin Immunol. 1997;94:4-9). PAMPs are discrete
molecular structures that are shared by a large group of
microorganisms. They are conserved products of microbial
metabolism, which are not subject to antigenic variability
(Medzhitov et al. Cur Op Immun 1997;9:4).
[0004] The receptors of the innate immune system that recognize
PAMPs are called Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) (Janeway et
al. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 1989;54:1-13 and Medzhitov
et al. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1997;94:4-9). These receptors vary in
structure and belong to several different protein families. Some of
these receptors recognize PAMPs directly (e.g., TLR3, collectins),
while others (e.g., complement receptors) recognize the products
generated by PAMP recognition.
[0005] Cellular PRRs are expressed on effector cells of the innate
immune system, including cells that function as professional
antigen-presenting cells (APC) in adaptive immunity. Such effector
cells include, but are not limited to, macrophages, dendritic
cells, B lymphocytes, and surface epithelia. This expression
profile allows PRRs to directly induce innate effector mechanisms,
and also to alert the host organism to the presence of infectious
agents by inducing the expression of a set of endogenous signals,
such as inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This latter function
allows efficient mobilization of effector forces to combat the
invaders. Examples of PRRs include Nod-like receptors (NLRs) and
Toll-like receptors (TLRs).
[0006] NLRs are cytoplasmic proteins that may have a variety of
functions in regulation of inflammatory and apoptotic responses.
NLRs are composed of conserved "modules" including a central
nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain and a series of tandem
leucine-rich repeats. NLRs are encoded by genes from a large gene
family present in many different animal species; there are more
than 20 NLR genes in humans. Many are thought to serve as PRRs
which sense microbial products in the cytoplasm of cells, although
some members have different functions. The ligands'are currently
known for the NLRs, NLRC1 (NOD1) and NLRC2 (NOD2). NLRC1 recognizes
a molecule called Meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-DAP), which is a
peptidoglycan constituent of only Gram negative bacteria. NLRC2
proteins recognize intracellular MDP (muramyl dipeptide), which is
a peptidoglycan constituent of both Gram positive and Gram negative
bacteria. These proteins transduce signals in the pathway of
NF-.kappa.B and MAP kinases. To do this, they interact with the
serine-threonine kinase called RIPK2 via an N-terminal CARD domains
and interact with microbial molecules by means of a C-terminal
leucine-rich repeat (LRR) region [Strober et al., Signalling
pathways and molecular interactions of NOD1 and NOD2. Nat Rev
Immunol. 2006, Volume 6(1):9-20.] NLRC4 (IPAF) has also been shown
to activate caspase-1 in response to bacteria. Further, anthrax
toxin activates NLRP1 (previously called NALP1), and Staphylococcus
aureus toxins such as alpha-hemolysin (GenBank Accession No.
AAA26598) (SEQ ID NO: 1) activate NLRP3. Other NLRs such as NAIP
have also been shown to activate caspase-1 in response to
Salmonella and Legionella. [SEE, Inohara et al., NOD-LRR proteins:
role in host-microbial interactions and inflammatory disease. Annu
Rev Biochem. 2005, Volume 74:355-83; Strober et al., Signalling
pathways and molecular interactions of NOD1 and NOD2. Nat Rev
Immunol. 2006, Volume 6(1):9-20; Chen G, Shaw M H, Kim Y G, Nunez
G. Annu Rev Pathol. 2009, 4:365-98; Martinon F, Mayor A, Tschopp J.
Annu Rev Immunol. 2009;27:229-65].
[0007] The best characterized class of cellular PRRs are members of
the family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), so called because they
are homologous to the Drosophila Toll protein which is involved
both in dorsoventral patterning in Drosophila embryos and in the
immune response in adult flies (Lemaitre et al. Cell
1996;86:973-83). At least 12 mammalian TLRs, TLRs 1 through 11 and
TLR13, have been identified to date (see, for example, Medzhitov et
al. Nature 1997;388:394-397; Rock et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1998;95:588-593; Takeuchi et al. Gene 1999;231:59-65; and Chuang
and Ulevitch. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001;1518:157-61). Activation
of signal transduction pathways by TLRs leads to the induction of
various genes including inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, major
histocompatability complex, and co-stimulatory molecules (e.g.,
B7). For example, activation of TLR4 can induce the secretion of
tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and of the interleukins IL-1 and IL-6
as part of an antibacterial response, and can induce the secretion
of the interferons INF.alpha. and INF.beta. as part of an anti
viral response.
[0008] TLR signaling consists of at least two distinct pathways: a
MyD88-dependent pathway that leads to the production of
inflammatory cytokines, and a MyD88-independent pathway associated
with the stimulation of IFN-.beta. and the maturation of dendritic
cells. The MyD88-dependent pathway is common to all TLRs, except
TLR3 [Adachi O. et al., 1998. Targeted disruption of the MyD88 gene
results in loss of IL-1- and IL-18-mediated function. Immunity.
9(1):143-50.]. Upon activation by microbial antigens, TLRs induce
the recruitment of MyD88 via its T1R domain which in turn recruits
IRAK1 and IRAK4 and leads to complex downstream signaling cascades
leading to the phosphorylation of I.kappa.B and the subsequent
nuclear localization of NF-.kappa.B. Activation of NF-.kappa.B
triggers the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as
TNF-.alpha., IL-1 and IL-12.
[0009] In mammalian organisms, TLRs have been shown to recognize
PAMPs such as the bacterial products LPS (Schwandner et al. J.
Biol. Chem. 1999;274:17406-9 and Hoshino et al. J. Immunol
1999;162:3749-3752), lipoteichoic acid (Schwandner et al. J. Biol.
Chem. 1999;274:17406-9), peptidoglycan (Yoshimura et al. J.
Immunol. 1999;163:1-5), lipoprotein (Aliprantis et al. Science
1999;285:736-9), CpG-DNA (Hemmi et al. Nature 2000;408:740-745),
and flagellin (Hayashi et al. Nature 2001;410:1099-1103), as well
as the viral product double stranded RNA (Alexopoulou et al. Nature
2001;413:732-738) and the yeast product zymosan (Underhill. J
Endotoxin Res. 2003;9:176-80). For example, TLR2 is essential for
the recognition of a variety of PAMPs, including bacterial
lipoproteins, peptidoglycan, and lipoteichoic acids. TLR3 is
implicated in virus-derived double-stranded RNA. TLR4 is
predominantly activated by lipopolysaccharide. TLR9 is required for
response to unmethylated CpG DNA. Recently, TLR7 and TLR8 have been
shown to recognize single stranded RNA molecules (Hornung V. et al.
Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2008;(183):71-86), and small synthetic
antiviral molecules (Jurk M. et al. Nat Immunol 2002;3:499). TLR11
detects profilin-like protein (PLP). Furthermore, TLR5 detects
bacterial flagellin.
[0010] Flagellin is a protein expressed by a variety of flagellated
bacteria (Salmonela typhimurium for example) as well as
non-flagellated bacteria (such as Escherichia coli). Sensing of
flagellin by cells of the innate immune system (dendritic cells,
macrophages, etc) is mediated by the Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) as
well as by Nod-like receptors (NLRs) Ipaf and Naip5 (Franchi et al
(2006) Nat Immunol 7(6):576-582; Miao et al (2006) Nat Immunol
7(6):569-575; and Ren et al (2006) PLoS Pathog 2(3):e18). Various
reports have described the role of TLRs and NLRs in the activation
of innate immune response and adaptive immune response. Thus, it
has been suggested that flagellin, like other TLR ligands, could be
a relevant adjuvant in immunotherapies.
[0011] Bacillus anthracis is the bacterium that causes anthrax. The
bacterium secretes a toxin called anthrax lethal toxin, which is
the major cause of pathogenesis, and is composed of a protective
antigen and a lethal factor (Stephen, J. Anthrax toxin. 1981.
Pharmacol. Ther. 12, 501-513). It was recently shown that lethal
factor component of anthrax toxin enters the cytosol of macrophages
and other cell types, and is recognized by the NLR protein Nalp1 or
NLRP1 and mediates cell death (Boyden et al. 2006 Nat Genet
38:240-244).
[0012] Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram positive bacterium
responsible for a wide variety of superficial as well as serious
life-threatening infections (Lowy et al. 1998. N. Engl. J. Med.
339: 520-525). S. aureus secretes many toxins among which
.alpha.-hemolysin has been implicated in the pathogenesis of S.
aureus necrotizing pneumonia and various other symptoms in animal
models. .alpha.-Hemolysin is secreted as a 33-kDa monomer and
oligomerizes, forming heptameric transmembrane pores (Song et al.
1996 Science 274: 1859-1866). It was recently shown that
.alpha.-hemolysin is recognized by the NLR-protein NLRP3, and
initiates cell death (Craven et al. 2009 PLoS One 4:e7446;
Munoz-Planillo et al. 2009 183:3942-3948).
[0013] TLR ligands have been exploited as adjuvant in numerous
therapy regimens [Koski, G. K. et al., Reengineering dendritic
cell-based anti-cancer vaccines. Immunol Rev 222, 256 (2008)]. For
example, local administration of live bacilli Calmette-Guerin
(BCG), which stimulate TLR2 and TLR4, has been proven to be
beneficial in the treatment of tumors such as bladder cancer [Herr,
H. W. et al., Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy
prevents tumor progression and death from superficial bladder
cancer: ten-year follow-up of a prospective randomized trial. J
Clin Oncol 13 (6), 1404 (1995)]. Imiquimod, an agonist for TLR7, is
approved for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma and precursor
lesion of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma [Herr, H. W. et al.,
Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy prevents tumor
progression and death from superficial bladder cancer: ten-year
follow-up of a prospective randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 13 (6),
1404 (1995)]. Similarly, the TLR9 ligand CpG has also been used in
different mono-therapies, combination therapies and Phase I/II
trials [Dougan, M. and Dranoff, G., Immune Therapy for Cancer. Annu
Rev Immunol (2008)].
[0014] In peptides-based vaccines, the use of TLR ligands in
conjunction with long peptides containing helper and cytotoxic T
lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes, has shown to be efficient at promoting
helper CD4+ T cells [Melief, C. J. et al., Effective therapeutic
anticancer vaccines based on precision guiding of cytolytic T
lymphocytes. Immunol Rev 188, 177 (2002); Jackson, D. C. et al., A
totally synthetic vaccine of generic structure that targets
Toll-like receptor 2 on dendritic cells and promotes antibody or
cytotoxic T cell responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 (43), 15440
(2004)]. Similarly to TLR ligands, many adjuvants used in human
vaccine also include ligands for NLRs and can activate DCs
[Martinon, F., Mayor, A., and Tschopp, J., The inflammasomes:
guardians of the body. Annu Rev Immunol 27, 229 (2009)]. Further,
recently it has been discovered that TLR ligands enhance
presentation of phagocytosed antigens within major
histocompatibility class II MHC molecules [Blander, J. M. and
Medzhitov, R., Nature (2006), Vol. 440, pp. 808].
[0015] Recent evidence demonstrates that fusing a polypeptide
ligand specific for a Toll-like receptor (TLR) to an antigen of
interest generates a vaccine that is more potent and selective than
the antigen alone. It has been previously shown that immunization
with recombinant TLR-ligand:antigen fusion proteins: a) induces
antigen-specific T-cell and B-cell responses comparable to those
induced by the use of conventional adjuvant, b) results in
significantly reduced non-specific inflammation; and c) results in
CD8+ T-cell-mediated protection that is specific for the fused
antigen epitopes (See, for example US published patent applications
2002/0061312 and 2003/0232055 to Medzhitov, and US published patent
application 2003/0175287 to Medzhitov and Kopp). For example, mice
immunized with a fusion protein consisting of the polypeptide PAMP
BLP linked to Leishmania major antigens mounted a Type 1 immune
response characterized by antigen-induced production of
.gamma.-interferon and antigen-specific IgG2a (Cote-Sierra et al.
Infect Immun 2002;70:240-248). The response was protective, as
demonstrated in experiments in which immunized mice developed
smaller lesions than control mice did following challenge with live
L. major. Furthermore, flagellin fusion to well defined antigens
promotes protective immunity in mice [Huleatt, J. W. et al., in
Vaccine (2007), Vol. 25, pp. 763; Huleatt, J. W. et al., in Vaccine
(2008), Vol. 26, pp. 201.] and activates human DCs [Arimilli, S. et
al., Engineered Expression of the TLR5 Ligand Flagellin Enhances
Paramyxovirus Activation of Human Dendritic Cell Function. J Virol
(2008)].
[0016] While the above fusion proteins provided a lot of promise
based on their in vitro data, thus far it has proven difficult to
achieve long-lasting, effective immunity, including generation of
both CD4.sup.+ and CD8.sup.+ T cell responses, to the desired
antigen in clinical trials using such fusion proteins. CD8.sup.- T
cells (such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)) directly kill tumor
cells and are important for tumor rejection. CD4 T helper (Th) cell
responses can also contribute to anti-tumor activity through direct
killing of tumors, by supporting both the activation and long-term
maintenance of CD8+ T cells, and through the production of
cytokines. Th cells can also support the humoral immune response
mediated by B cells [Koski et al. (2008) supra].
[0017] Immunotherapy, if successful, would be particularly
appealing for use as a cancer treatment, for which new and better
treatments are desperately needed. The last decade has witnessed
steady reductions in the death rates for many types of cancer.
These reductions are largely due to improvements in early
detection, advanced surgical techniques, refinements in the
administration of radiation therapies, and the discovery of new,
molecular-targeted chemotherapeutic agents. However, countless
instances occur either where tumors are not amenable to any
existing therapy or they respond initially only to recur in forms
resistant to front-line therapies, leaving limited treatment
options. Moreover, immunotherapies would be suitable to prevent
relapse.
[0018] The development of novel treatment modalities will greatly
benefit cancer patients. One such modality is immunotherapy, which
posits that the immune system can be enlisted in the fight against
cancer. There has existed for some time compelling evidence that
cellular and molecular agents of the immune system are capable of
attacking tumors, and experimental immunotherapeutic interventions
have sought to take advantage of each of them. Although most
immunotherapy trials have yielded somewhat disappointing results,
there are some examples of success, such as recent T-cell adoptive
therapy trials. These treatments have proven that immunotherapy can
induce pronounced tumor regressions that are associated with
prolonged survival for advanced melanoma [Koski et al. (2008)
Immunological Reviews 222:256-276]. At least for relatively
advanced melanoma, such outcomes are currently superior to any
other therapeutic modality available. However, this type of therapy
involves the cultivation of huge numbers of patient lymphocytes,
which requires uncommon technical expertise and specialized
facilities. Therefore, less labor intensive forms of immunotherapy,
such as vaccine modalities, are desirable for more widespread
implementation.
[0019] Unfortunately, vaccine strategies have underperformed these
more labor-intensive adoptive immunotherapy approaches.
Breakthroughs in the understanding of tumor immunology are needed
to advance vaccine-based immunotherapy to this next level. One
substantial hope for the development of cancer vaccines came with
the development of methods to culture human and mouse dendritic
cells (DCs) [Koski et al. (2008) supra]. Because DCs were
considered the most efficient known cells for the presentation of
antigen to T cells, it was therefore supposed (based on some early
work with murine models) that it might be relatively easy to pulse
tumor antigens onto DCs and use these cells to successfully
vaccinate against tumors [Zitvogel L, et al. Therapy of murine
tumors with tumor peptide-pulsed dendritic cells: dependence on T
cells, B7 costimulation, and T helper cell 1-associated cytokines.
J Exp Med 1996;183:87-97.]. The primary source for human DC
precursors was the blood and bone marrow, but the first methods
produced only immature DCs. Later, ways were found to mature these
cells, which usually involved a second step culture with additional
cytokines [Zhou L F, Tedder T F. CD141 blood monocytes can
differentiate into functionally mature CD831 dendritic cells. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:2588-2592.]. Both immature and mature
cells have been tested in clinical trials to treat various
malignancies. Whereas occasional clinically relevant responses were
observed, the overall results have been disappointing [Koski et al.
(2008) supra].
[0020] There is therefore a need to develop improved compositions
and methods for cancer immunotherapy. The present invention
provides such methods.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0021] In certain aspects, the present invention provides a
composition comprising a dendritic cell (DC), wherein said DC has
internalized a tumor cell expressing a fusion protein, said fusion
protein comprising a Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand and a
tumor-associated antigen (TAA).
[0022] In other aspects, the present invention provides a
composition comprising a dendritic cell (DC), wherein said DC has
internalized a tumor cell expressing a fusion protein, said fusion
protein comprising a Nod-like receptor (NLR) ligand and a
tumor-associated antigen (TAA).
[0023] In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a
composition comprising a dendritic cell (DC), wherein said DC has
internalized a tumor cell expressing a fusion protein, said fusion
protein comprising a Nod-like receptor (NLR) ligand, a Toll-like
receptor (TLR) ligand and a tumor-associated antigen (TAA).
[0024] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method
for inducing an anti-tumor immune response in a mammal comprising
administering to said mammal in need thereof an immunogenically
effective amount of a composition comprising a dendritic cell (DC),
wherein said DC has internalized a tumor cell expressing a fusion
protein, said fusion protein comprising a Toll-like receptor (TLR)
ligand and a tumor-associated antigen (TAA). In another embodiment,
the present invention provides a method for inducing an anti-tumor
immune response in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal
in need thereof an immunogenically effective amount of a
composition comprising a dendritic cell (DC), wherein said DC has
internalized a tumor cell expressing a fusion protein, said fusion
protein comprising a Nod-like receptor (NLR) ligand and a
tumor-associated antigen (TAA). In another embodiment, the present
invention provides a method for inducing an anti-tumor immune
response in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal in
need thereof an immunogenically effective amount of a composition
comprising a dendritic cell (DC), wherein said DC has internalized
a tumor cell expressing a fusion protein, said fusion protein
comprising a Nod-like receptor (NLR) ligand, a Toll-like receptor
(TLR) ligand and a tumor-associated antigen (TAA).
[0025] In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides a
method for treating a cancer in a patient comprising administering
to said patient in need of such treatment a composition comprising
a dendritic cell (DC), wherein said DC has internalized a tumor
cell expressing a fusion protein, said fusion protein comprising a
Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand and a tumor-associated antigen
(TAA), wherein said composition is administered in an effective
amount for eliciting an anti-tumor immune response. In another
specific embodiment, the present invention provides a method for
treating a cancer in a patient comprising administering to said
patient in need of such treatment a composition comprising a
dendritic cell (DC), wherein said DC has internalized a tumor cell
expressing a fusion protein, said fusion protein comprising a
Nod-like receptor (NLR) ligand and a tumor-associated antigen
(TAA), wherein said composition is administered in an effective
amount for eliciting an anti-tumor immune response.
[0026] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a
method for inducing an anti-tumor immune response in a mammal
comprising administering to said mammal in need thereof an
immunogenically effective amount of a composition comprising a
dendritic cell (DC), wherein said DC has internalized a tumor cell
expressing a fusion protein, said fusion protein comprising a
Nod-like receptor (NLR) ligand, a Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand
and a tumor-associated antigen (TAA).
[0027] In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides a
method for treating a cancer in a patient comprising administering
to said patient in need of such treatment a composition comprising
a dendritic cell (DC), wherein said DC has internalized a tumor
cell expressing a fusion protein, said fusion protein comprising a
Nod-like receptor (NLR) ligand, a Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand
and a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), wherein said composition is
administered in an effective amount for eliciting an anti-tumor
immune response.
[0028] In one aspect, the invention provides a method for inducing
an anti-tumor immune response in a mammal comprising administering
to said mammal in need thereof an immunogenically effective amount
of a composition comprising a tumor cell expressing a fusion
protein, wherein said fusion protein comprises a TLR ligand and a
tumor-associated antigen (TAA).
[0029] In another aspect, the invention provides a method for
treating a cancer in a patient comprising administering to said
patient in need of such treatment a composition comprising a tumor
cell expressing a fusion protein, wherein said fusion protein
comprises a Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand and a tumor-associated
antigen (TAA), in an effective amount for eliciting an anti-tumor
immune response.
[0030] In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for
inducing an anti-tumor immune response in a mammal comprising
administering to said mammal in need thereof an immunogenically
effective amount of a composition comprising a tumor cell
expressing a fusion protein, wherein said fusion protein comprises
a Nod-like receptor (NLR) ligand and a tumor-associated antigen
(TAA).
[0031] In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a method
for treating a cancer in a patient comprising administering to said
patient in need of such treatment a composition comprising a tumor
cell expressing a fusion protein in an effective amount for
eliciting an anti-tumor immune response, wherein said fusion
protein comprises a Nod-like receptor (NLR) ligand and a
tumor-associated antigen (TAA).
[0032] In one aspect, the invention provides a method for inducing
an anti-tumor immune response in a mammal comprising administering
to said mammal in need thereof an immunogenically effective amount
of a composition comprising a tumor cell expressing a fusion
protein, wherein said fusion protein comprises a fusion protein,
wherein said fusion protein comprises a said fusion protein
comprising a Nod-like receptor (NLR) ligand, a Toll-like receptor
(TLR) ligand and a tumor-associated antigen (TAA).
[0033] In another aspect, the invention provides a method for
treating a cancer in a patient comprising administering to said
patient in need of such treatment a composition comprising a tumor
cell expressing a fusion protein, wherein said fusion protein
comprises a said fusion protein comprising a Nod-like receptor
(NLR) ligand, a Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand and a
tumor-associated antigen (TAA), in an effective amount for
eliciting an anti-tumor immune response.
[0034] In certain of the above embodiments, the TLR ligand is a
polypeptide. In certain of the above embodiments, the TLR ligand is
a flagellin or profilin-like protein (PLP), or a fragment
thereof.
[0035] In certain of the above embodiments, the tumor cell has been
transfected with a vector expressing said fusion protein. In other
embodiments, the DC is an autologous cell. In some of the above
embodiments, the tumor cell is an autologous cell.
[0036] In certain of the above aspects, the tumor cell is lethally
irradiated prior to internalization by said DC. In still other
aspects, the DC has phagocytosed said tumor cell.
[0037] In certain of the above embodiments, the anti-tumor immune
response comprises a CD4 or CD8 T cell-mediated immune response. In
any of the above embodiments, the mammal or patient is a human.
[0038] In certain of the above aspects, the NLR ligand is selected
from the group consisting of a flagellin, an anthrax toxin, and a
Staphylococcus aureus toxin, or a fragment thereof.
[0039] In certain of the above embodiments, the TLR ligand is also
an NLR ligand. In other embodiments, the NLR ligand is also a TLR
ligand. In some aspects of the invention, the fusion protein
comprising a TAA and a TLR ligand further comprises a distinct NLR
ligand. In other aspects of the invention, the fusion protein
comprising a TAA and an NLR ligand further comprises a distinct TLR
ligand.
[0040] In some embodiments, the TLR ligand is profilin-like protein
(PLP) and said NLR ligand is anthrax toxin or a fragment thereof.
In certain of the above aspects, the tumor cell is lethally
irradiated.
[0041] In some embodiments, the TLR ligand is profilin-like protein
(PLP) and said NLR ligand is the Staphylococcus aureus
.alpha.-hemolysin, or a fragment thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0042] FIG. 1A is a graph showing a time course (days post
injection) of tumor volume (mm.sup.3) in wild type (wt) mice
injected with 1.times.10.sup.5 EL4 thymoma cells engineered to
express either an ovalbumin (OVA) construct or an OVA-S.
typhimurium flagellin fusion protein (STFOVA) using retroviral
transduction with pMIG-IRES-GFP. In one group, EL4-OVA thymoma
cells were injected mice were injected in conjunction with
recombinant flagellin (RecFLA) where tumor cells and flagellin were
administered together but as separate entities.
[0043] FIG. 1B is a graph showing a time course (days post
injection) of tumor volume (mm.sup.3) in MyD88 knockout
(Myd88.sup.-/-) mice injected with 1.times.10.sup.5 EL4 thymoma
cells engineered to express either an ovalbumin (OVA) construct or
an OVA-S. typhimurium flagellin fusion protein (STFOVA) using
retroviral transduction with pMIG-IRES-GFP.
[0044] FIG. 2 is a graph showing a time course (days
post-transplantation) of tumor volume (mm.sup.3) in wild-type (wt)
or Rag.sup.-/- mice transplanted with 1.times.10.sup.5 EL4-OVA or
EL4-STFOVA tumor cells.
[0045] FIG. 3A shows two panels of flow cytometry dot plots showing
peritoneal cells immunostained at 16 hours for CD45, F4/80, and
CD11b in the indicated groups of mice, immunized with PBS,
EL4-STFOVA or EL4-OVA, and treated with PBS or clodronate/liposome.
The upper panel shows cells stained for CD45. Tumor cells are
CD45.sup.+ GFP.sup.+ cells. The lower panel of dot plots shows
CD11b and F4/80 stained cells. Macrophages are CD11b.sup.+
F4/80.sup.+ cells.
[0046] FIG. 3B is a graph quantifying the absolute cell number of
peritoneal macrophages in the indicated groups (PBS, EL4-OVA and
EL4-STFOVA immunized mice) containing tumor cells, 16 h after tumor
cells were injected. Statistical significance is indicated
(p=0.0364).
[0047] FIG. 4 is a dot plot showing proliferation of CFSE-labeled
OVA-specific OT-II transgenic CD4.sup.+ T cells in tumor-draining
lymph nodes at day 5 after tumor transplantation. Cells were
stained with Thy1.2 and CD4 for analysis. The percentage of
proliferating cells, demonstrated as cells with lower CFSE
fluorescence intensity, in each of the indicated groups is
shown.
[0048] FIG. 5A is a panel of flow cytometry dot plots showing
proliferation of OVA-specific CD8.sup.+ OT-I T cells in tumor
draining lymph node at day 3 after tumor transplantation. Cells
were stained with Thy1.1 for analysis. The percentage of
proliferating cells (boxed cells) in each of the indicated groups
is shown. In the EL4-OVA+RecFLA group, at the time of tumor
injection, mice received a concomitant injection of 1 ng
recombinant flagellin (RecFLA).
[0049] FIG. 5B is a graph showing the percentage (%) of IFN-.gamma.
and granzyme-B producing CD8.sup.+ OT-I T cells (from FIG. 5A)
measured by intracellular cytokine staining. Statistical
significance (p value) is indicated on the graph.
[0050] FIG. 5C is a panel of flow cytometry histograms showing
proliferation of OVA-specific CD8.sup.+ OT-I T cells in tumor
draining lymph node at day 3 after tumor transplantation in
wild-type (wt) mice or CD11c-DTR mice treated (+) or not (-) with 2
injections of 100 ng diphtheria toxin (DT) to deplete DC. CD11c-DTR
mice express DTR, an abbreviation for diptheria toxin receptor,
driven by the CD11c promoter. Cells were stained with Thy1.1 and
CD8 for analysis. 1.times.10.sup.5 EL4 thymoma expressing OVA or
STFOVA were transplanted.
[0051] FIG. 6A is a graph showing a time course of the percentage
(%) of tumor-bearing mice vaccinated in the flank with the
indicated compositions (PBS (control), irradiated EL4-OVA tumor
cells, irradiated EL4-STFOVA tumor cells, irradiated EL4-OVA tumor
cells+2 ng RecFLA, or live EL4-STFOVA cells) 30 days after
challenge with 50,000 live EL4-OVA cells in the opposite flank.
"live" means non-irradiated tumor cells). Groups are composed of 10
mice.
[0052] FIG. 6B is a panel of flow cytometry dot plots showing
percentages (boxed cells) of endogenous OVA-specific CD4.sup.+ T
cells in tumor draining lymph nodes of vaccinated wt mice
(described in FIG. 6A). Cells were stained with an I-A.sup.b-OVA
tetramer and CD4.
[0053] FIG. 7A shows the mutations introduced within the flagellin
sequence. Schematic representation of the retroviral plasmid
encoding STFOVA. The nucleotide sequence of the C-terminal domain
of flagellin is shown and key residues for TLR5 activation (Ile
411) and for Ipaf/Naip5 activation (Leu470, 472, 473) are in bold.
These residues were mutated into Alanine (underlined) to impair
TLR5 and Ipaf/Naip5 activation, either alone or in combination.
Expected effect on TLR5 and NLR activation is shown on the
right.
[0054] FIG. 7B is a graph showing tumor volume (mm.sup.3) in
individual wild-type mice injected subcutaneously in the flank with
EL4 cells expressing STFOVA or mutated forms of flagellin within
the STFOVA fusion (STFOVA-.DELTA.TLR5, STFOVA-.DELTA.Naip5 A,
STFOVA-.DELTA.Naip5 B, or STFOVA-2.DELTA.) 20 days after injection.
Statistical significance (p value) is indicated on the graph
(***p<0.001). Each symbol represents one mouse.
[0055] FIG. 7C shows two panels of flow cytometry plots showing
proliferation of OVA-specific CD8.sup.+ OT-1 T cells (upper panels)
in tumor draining lymph node at day 3 after tumor transplantation
of EL4 thymoma expressing OVA, STFOVA or mutated forms of flagellin
within the STFOVA fusion protein (STFOVA-.DELTA.NLR, which lacks
the NLR Naip5 activating residues, or STFOVA-2.DELTA. which lacks
both the TLR5 and NLR Naip5 activating residues). Lower panels
shows flow cytometry dot plots showing IFN-.gamma. and granzyme B
secretion by OT-I cells from each indicated groups. Cells were
stained with Thy1.1 for analysis.
[0056] FIG. 8A shows histograms of CD40 expression on splenic
dendritic cells after phagocytosis of EL4 or A20 apoptotic tumor
cells expressing STFOVA (Flagellin-OVA fusion protein) or OVA
(control).
[0057] FIG. 8B is a graph quantifying IL-12 secretion (ng/ml) by
wild-type (wt) and MyD88.sup.-/- splenic dendritic cells in
response to apoptotic tumor cells expressing EL4-STFOVA or EL4-OVA
and in resting dendritic cells.
[0058] FIG. 9 shows pictures of lungs (3 mice per group) isolated
at day 28 from wt mice injected with 100 000 B16 melanoma cells
expressing E.alpha. or E.alpha. fused to flagellin (Stf.E.alpha.).
In another group, E.alpha. expressing B16 cells were co-injected
with 2 ng recombinant flagellin (RecFLA). B16 metastases are
visualized as black foci.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0059] In certain embodiments, the present invention is related to
immunogenic compositions comprising a tumor cell which expresses a
TLR ligand-tumor associated antigen (TAA) fusion protein. In other
embodiments, the present invention is related to immunogenic
compositions comprising a tumor cell which expresses a Nod-like
receptor (NLR) ligand-TAA fusion protein. In a preferred
embodiment, a fusion protein of the invention comprises a TAA and
ligand which is both a TLR ligand and an NLR ligand. In another
embodiment, the fusion protein comprises at least two ligands,
wherein at least one is a TLR ligand and at least one is an NLR
ligand.
[0060] In certain aspects, the invention also provides methods for
inducing an anti-tumor immune response by immunizing a mammal with
a composition comprising a tumor cell which expresses a TLR
ligand-TAA fusion protein and/or an NLR ligand-TAA fusion protein.
In some aspects, the tumor cell can also express a fusion protein
comprising a TAA, a TLR ligand and an NLR ligand. In other aspects,
methods are provided for inducing an anti-tumor immune response by
immunizing a mammal with a composition comprising a dendritic cell
(DC) that has internalized (e.g., phagocytosed) a tumor cell
expressing a TLR ligand-TAA fusion protein and/or a tumor cell
expressing an NLR-TAA fusion protein.
[0061] In a specific embodiment, the TLR ligand of a fusion protein
of the invention is a flagellin or a profilin-like protein (PLP),
or fragment thereof. In other embodiments, an NLR ligand of the
invention is an anthrax toxin, which activates NLRP1, or an
Staphylococcus aureus toxin such as alpha-hemolysin, which can
activate NLRP3, or a C-terminal fragment of Flagellin which is
involved in Ipaf and Naip5 activation. The present invention
contemplates the use of any polypeptide with the capacity to
stimulate an NLR. In certain embodiments, the full length flagellin
protein is both a TLR ligand and an NLR ligand.
[0062] The present invention is based in part on the discovery that
compositions comprising autologous tumor cells modified ex vivo to
express an NLR-ligand and/or TLR ligand-TAA fusion protein produce
a much improved immune response in vivo as compared to autologous
tumor cells expressing TAA co-administered (but not physically
linked) with a TLR or NLR ligand. Specifically, the present
Examples demonstrate that wild-type mice transplanted with tumor
cells expressing flagellin (which is both a TLR ligand and an NLR
ligand)-ovalbumin ((OVA)(which is a model TAA)) fusion protein fail
to develop tumors, whereas mice transplanted with tumor cells
expressing OVA alone or mice transplanted with tumor cells
expressing OVA alone and treated with recombinant flagellin
(RecFLA) develop tumors.
[0063] The compositions of the present invention are particularly
effective for eliciting innate immune cell activation (e.g.
macrophages, dendritic cells).
[0064] The compositions of the present invention are particularly
effective for eliciting both CD4.sup.+ and CD8.sup.+ T cell driven
immune responses.
Definitions
[0065] A "tumor cell", also known as a "neoplastic cell", refers to
a cell which proliferates at an abnormally high rate. A new growth
comprising tumor cells is a tumor, also known as a neoplasm. A
tumor is an abnormal tissue growth, generally forming a distinct
mass, that grows by cellular proliferation more rapidly than normal
tissue growth. A tumor may show partial or total lack of structural
organization and functional coordination with normal tissue. As
used herein, a tumor is intended to encompass hematopoietic tumors
as well as solid tumors. A tumor may be benign (benign tumor) or
malignant (malignant tumor or cancer). A tumor or tumor tissue may
also comprise non-tumor cells, e.g., vascular cells which form
blood vessels to supply the tumor or tumor tissue or stroma cells.
As used herein, the term "anti-tumor immune response" means an
immune response, which can be innate, humoral (e.g.,
antibody-mediated) or cellular (e.g. CD4 or CD8 T cell mediated),
or any combination thereof, directed against a tumor, tumor cell, a
cancer cell, and/or antigens expressed by a tumor/cancer cell.
[0066] An "antigen" is a substance that can be recognized by an
antibody, B cell or T cell. As used herein, the term "tumor
associated antigen (TAA)" refers to a protein or polypeptide
antigen that is expressed by a tumor cell. For example, a TAA may
be one or more surface proteins or polypeptides, nuclear proteins
or glycoproteins, or fragments thereof, of a tumor cell.
[0067] The definitions of protein, peptide and polypeptide are
well-known in the art. The term "protein", as used herein, is
synonymous with the term "peptide" or "polypeptide", and is
understood to mean a chain of amino acids arranged linearly and
joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino
groups of adjacent amino acid residues. Thus, the term polypeptide
can refer to a full length amino acid sequence of a protein, or to
a fragment thereof.
[0068] As used herein, the term "immunogenic" means that an agent
is capable of eliciting a humoral or cellular immune response, and
preferably both. An immunogenic composition is a composition that
elicits a humoral or cellular immune response, or both, directed
against one or more components of the composition, when
administered to an animal having an immune system.
[0069] As used herein, the term "autologous cell" is synonymous
with "syngeneic cell" and means a self cell or cell that is
identical or substantially identical to an individual's self
cell.
[0070] As used herein, the term "non-autologous cell" is synonymous
with an "allogeneic cell" and means a non-self (non-identical) cell
or xenogeneic cell.
[0071] As used herein, the term "a fusion protein of the invention"
includes any of the fusion proteins described herein, such as TLR
ligand-TAA fusion protein or an NLR ligand-TAA fusion protein or a
fusion protein expressing a TAA, a TLR ligand and an NLR ligand.
Examples of a TLR5 ligand-TAA fusion protein is a flagellin-MUC1
fusion protein or a PLP-MUC1 fusion protein. Non-limiting examples
of NLR ligand-TAA fusion proteins include Flagellin-MUC1 fusion
protein or anthrax toxin-MUC1 fusion protein, where MUC-1 is a TAA.
Preferably, only the relevant NLR binding residues of anthrax toxin
are included in the fusion protein, in order to avoid toxic effects
of the full length anthrax toxin. Another example is a fusion
protein comprising a TAA and a 20 amino acid C-terminal fragment of
flagellin (an NLR ligand).
[0072] As used herein, the term "distinct TLR ligand" in the
context of a fusion protein comprising a TLR ligand and an NLR
ligand, means that the TLR ligand is a different ligand than the
NLR ligand in the fusion protein. Similarly, as used herein, the
term "distinct NLR ligand" in the context of a fusion protein
comprising a TLR ligand and an NLR ligand, means that the NLR
ligand is a different ligand than the TLR ligand in the fusion
protein.
[0073] As used herein, the term "a composition of the invention"
includes any of the compositions described herein, such as a
composition comprising a tumor cell expressing a fusion protein of
the invention or a composition comprising a dendritic cell loaded
with a fusion protein of the invention.
[0074] The term "subject" or "individual" as used herein refers to
an animal having an immune system, preferably a mammal (e.g.,
rodent, such as mouse). In particular, the term encompasses
humans.
[0075] As used herein, the term "about" or "approximately" usually
means within an acceptable error range for the type of value and
method of measurement. For example, it can mean within 20%, more
preferably within 10%, and most preferably still within 5% of a
given value or range. Alternatively, especially in biological
systems, the term "about" means within about a log (i.e., an order
of magnitude) preferably within a factor of two of a given
value.
[0076] The term "substantially identical", at the amino acid
sequence level, means that the sequence identity of two amino acid
sequences is at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%,
98% or 99%. "Sequence identity" is the percentage of residues in an
amino acid or nucleic acid sequence that are identical after
aligning the sequence with a reference sequence and introducing
gaps, if necessary, to achieve maximal sequence identity. Methods
and computer programs for the alignment, such as BLAST, are well
known in the art. For example, if a polypeptide is substantially
identical with the 170 residues from the N terminus and 90 residues
from the C terminus of a naturally occurring bacterial flagellin,
then when the polypeptide and the reference sequence (170 residues
from the N terminus and 90 residues from the C terminus of the
naturally occurring bacterial flagellin) are maximally aligned, at
least 30% of the amino acids in the reference sequence are found in
the corresponding positions in the polypeptide. The term
"substantially identical", at the cellular level, means that a cell
is sufficiently similar to a cell of a host, such that the host's
immune system does not mount an immune response against the
substantially similar cell (i.e., the cell is recognized as a self
cell by the immune system).
[0077] "Treating" or "treatment" of a state, disorder or condition
includes: (1) preventing or delaying the appearance of clinical
symptoms of the state, disorder or condition developing in a human
or other mammal that may be afflicted with or predisposed to the
state, disorder or condition but does not yet experience or display
clinical or subclinical symptoms of the state, disorder or
condition, (2) inhibiting the state, disorder or condition, i.e.,
arresting, reducing or delaying the development of the disease or a
relapse thereof (in case of maintenance treatment) or at least one
clinical or subclinical symptom thereof, or (3) relieving the
disease, i.e., causing regression of the state, disorder or
condition or at least one of its clinical or subclinical
symptoms.
[0078] The benefit to an individual to be treated is either
statistically significant or at least perceptible to the patient or
to the physician. In a specific embodiment of the invention,
"treating a cancer" means alleviating or eliminating the symptoms
of a tumor, or slowing down the progress of the tumor. The
alleviating or eliminating effect can be determined by any method
known in the art, such as measuring the size of the tumor and
observing biochemical indicators of the particular tumor. For
example, a subject is treated if showing one or more of the
following: reduction in the number of cancer cells; reduction in
the tumor size; inhibition or elimination of cancer cell
infiltration into peripheral organs, including the spread of cancer
into soft tissue and bone; inhibition or elimination of tumor
metastasis; inhibition of tumor growth; reduction of one or more of
the symptoms associated with the specific cancer; and reduced
morbidity and mortality. The alleviation is preferably at least
about 10%, more preferably at least about 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%,
70%, 80% or 90%.
[0079] As used herein, a "flagellin" may be may be any polypeptide
that binds a naturally occurring TLR5 and triggers at least one of
the biological functions of the TLR5 in antigen-presenting cells
upon such binding. Thus, a flagellin may be a polypeptide
comprising any of the naturally occurring bacterial flagellin
proteins. A flagellin may also be a polypeptide that is
substantially identical with any of the naturally occurring
bacterial flagellin proteins at the amino acid sequence level,
wherein the polypeptide is capable of binding a naturally occurring
TLR5. Furthermore, a flagellin may be a polypeptide that is
substantially identical with the 170 residues from the N terminus
and 90 residues from the C terminus of any of the naturally
occurring bacterial flagellin proteins at the amino acid sequence
level, wherein the polypeptide is capable of binding a naturally
occurring TLR5. The flagellin of this invention may also comprise a
modification, such as glycosylation or phosphorylation. The
flagellin may also be a mutant or protein variant of flagellin.
[0080] Flagella are found primarily, although not exclusively, on
the surface of rod and spiral shaped bacteria, including members of
the genera Escherichia, Salmonella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus,
Campylobacter, Vibrio, Treponema, Legionella, Clostridia, and
Caulobacter. Flagellin sequences are readily obtainable based on
knowledge in the art. In fact, the flagellin sequences from
numerous bacterial species, as well as structural analyses, have
been published. Any analogs, derivatives of flagellin or fragments
thereof with flagellin function, namely one that binds a naturally
occurring TLR5 and/or NLRs (Naip5 and/or Ipaf) and triggers at
least one of the biological functions of TLR5 and/or Naip5 and/or
Ipaf in antigen-presenting cells upon such binding, can be used in
the present invention. These include polypeptides comprising any of
the naturally occurring bacterial flagellin proteins, and
polypeptides that are substantially identical with any of the
naturally occurring bacterial flagellin proteins at the amino acid
sequence level, wherein the polypeptides are capable of binding a
naturally occurring TLR5 and/or Naip5 and/or Ipaf.
[0081] Flagellin sequences from numerous bacteria are available in
the art, such as but not limited to GenBank accession numbers
D13689 (nucleic acid sequence) (SEQ ID NO: 2), YP_275549 (SEQ ID
NO: 3), YP.sub.--275550 (SEQ ID NO: 4), AAU18718 (SEQ ID NO: 5),
AAU18717 (SEQ ID NO: 6), ZP.sub.--00743095 (SEQ ID NO: 7), EAO52626
(SEQ ID NO: 8), YP_315348 (SEQ ID NO: 9), AAT28337 (SEQ ID NO: 10),
AAT28336 (SEQ ID NO: 11), AAT28335 (SEQ ID NO: 12), AAT28334 (SEQ
ID NO: 13), AAT28333 (SEQ ID NO: 14), AAZ36356 (SEQ ID NO: 15),
AAZ33167 (SEQ ID NO: 16), AAZ94424 (SEQ ID NO: 17), AAZ91670 (SEQ
ID NO: 18), BAD18052 (SEQ ID NO: 19), and BAD18051 (SEQ ID NO: 20).
Any suitable flagellin nucleic acid or amino acid sequence, or
suitable fragment thereof, now known or to be later discovered is
contemplated for use in the fusion proteins of the present
invention.
[0082] The flagellin proteins from different species exhibit a high
degree of protein sequence homology at the amino and carboxy
termini (about 170 residues from the N terminus and about 90
residues from the C terminus), and the presence of a polymorphic
central region which is responsible for the antigenic diversity
among different flagella. The conserved regions are important for
TLR5 binding, while the polymorphic central region can be deleted
without affecting binding to TLR5. Structural-function analyses of
the flagellin proteins have been reported (see, e.g., Smith K D et
al., Toll-like receptor 5 recognizes a conserved site on flagellin
required for protofilament formation and bacterial motility, Nat
Immunol. 2003 December; 4(12):1247-53; Murthy K G et al.,
Identification of conserved domains in Salmonella muenchen
flagellin that are essential for its ability to activate TLR5 and
to induce an inflammatory response in vitro, J Biol Chem. 2004 Feb.
13; 279(7):5667-75; U.S. Pat. No. 6,130,082; and U.S. Patent
Application Publication No. 2003/0044429). Thus, mutants or
variants of flagellin, which maintain the TLR4 and/or NLR
activating capacity are also contemplated for use in the present
invention.
[0083] In a specific embodiment, a fusion protein of the invention
comprises a TAA and a fragment of flagellin. In one embodiment, the
fragment of flagellin is capable of binding to TLR5 but not Naip5
or Ipaf. For example, the Flagellin fragment can be missing the
C-terminal portion required for NLR activation and contain a
conserved sequence recognized by TLR5 [Sec Smith, K. D. et al. Nat
Immunol 2003 vol. 4 (12) pp. 1247-53]. In a preferred embodiment,
the fragment of flagellin is capable of binding to NLRs (e.g.,
Naip5 and Ipaf) but not to TLR5. For example, the C-terminal
sequence of flagellin from S. Typhimurium: VLAQANQVPQNVLSLLR (SEQ
ID NO: 31) or the sequence TSVLAQANQVPQNVLSLLR (SEQ ID NO: 32) may
be comprised in a fusion protein of the invention. It is to be
understood that this sequence can differ from one bacteria to
another but the key residues for Ipaf and Naip5 activation are
conserved [Karla L Lightfield, et al. Nat Immunol 2008 vol. 9 (10)
pp. 1171-1178]. Thus variants of this sequence containing the
conserved residues required by binding and activation of NLR are
also contemplated for use in the instant invention.
[0084] In another embodiment, a fusion protein of the invention
comprises the C-terminal sequence of flagellin from S. typhimurium:
VLAQANQVPQNVLSLLR (SEQ ID NO: 31) or the sequence
TSVLAQANQVPQNVLSLLR (SEQ ID NO: 32), (both of which can activate
Naip5 or Ipaf but not TLR5) and the TLR ligand PLP. Thus, this
fusion protein contains at least one TLR ligand and at least one
NLR ligand. Another example of such a fusion protein is a fusion
protein comprising PLP and a fragment of anthrax toxin (the amino
acid sequence required for binding to NLR NLRP1) or a fusion
protein comprising PLP and a fragment of the Staphylococcus aureus
alpha-hemolysin (the amino acid sequence required for binding to
the NLR NLRP3).
[0085] In certain embodiments, an example of an amino acid sequence
of flagellin which activates both TLR5 and NLR is a full length
flagellin. In certain embodiments, an example of an amino acid
sequence of flagellin which activates NLR but not TLR5 is
TSVLAQANQVPQNVLSLLR (SEQ ID NO: 32). A sequence which activates
TLR5 but not NLR is a flagellin amino acid sequence in which the
last 20 residues at the C-terminus are deleted.
[0086] While the present Examples use flagellin-TAA fusion
proteins, the invention is not to be limited thereto. Also
contemplated by the present invention are fusion proteins
comprising other TLR and/or NLR ligands and a TAA. Preferably, the
TLR or NLR ligand is a polypeptide ligand, in order to facilitate
its expression as a fusion protein, e.g, in tumor cell. For
example, the protein TLR11 ligand, profilin-like protein (PLP), or
a fragment thereof, for which amino acid sequences from many
different organism are known, may also be used as a TLR ligand in a
fusion protein of the present invention. Non-limiting examples of
amino acid sequences of PLP, which may be used to generate a fusion
protein of the invention include GenBank Accession numbers ABB43118
(SEQ ID NO: 21), BAB09877 (SEQ ID NO: 22), ABZ80128 (SEQ ID NO:
23), YP.sub.--717473 (SEQ ID NO: 24), ABD97732 (SEQ ID NO: 25),
ABC61055 (SEQ ID NO: 26), ABB16985 (SEQ ID NO: 27), and AAY97753
(SEQ ID NO: 28). Anthrax toxin and Staphylococcus aureus toxins
such as alpha-hemolysin (GenBank Accession no. AAA26598) (SEQ ID
NO: 1) activate NLRP3 and are non-limiting examples of protein NLR
ligands contemplated for use in the fusion proteins of the present
invention.
[0087] Flagellin is unique in that is represents both a TLR (TLR5)
and an NLR (Ipaf and Naip5) ligand. Thus, in a preferred embodiment
of the invention, a fusion protein of the invention comprises a TAA
and a ligand that stimulates both a TLR and an NLR. In another
preferred embodiment of the invention, a fusion protein comprises a
TAA and two or more TLR ligands, or two or more NLR ligands, or at
least one TLR ligand and at least one NLR ligand. In a specific
embodiment, a fusion protein of the invention comprises a TAA (e.g.
MUC-1), PLP (a TLR ligand) and anthrax toxin (an NLR ligand). While
not intending to be bound by any specific theory or mechanism, such
a fusion protein expressed in a tumor cell is thought to be
especially efficient for DC activation because it can trigger both
TLR and NLR signaling. In another embodiment, a tumor cell of the
invention may be engineered to express two or more fusion proteins,
wherein at least one fusion protein comprises a TAA and a TLR
ligand (e.g. PLP) and another at least one fusion protein comprises
a TAA and an NLR ligand (e.g. anthrax toxin). The TAA in each
construct expressed in the tumor may be the same TAA or a different
TAA.
[0088] In certain embodiments of the invention, a mammalian cell,
preferably a tumor cell, and still more preferably an autologous
tumor cell, are engineered to express an NLR- or TLR-ligand-TAA
fusion protein.
[0089] Tumor-associated antigens are well known and described in
the art. Any protein antigen expressed by a tumor cell is
contemplated for use in the present invention. Preferred TAAs are
those which are known to be highly immunogenic (i.e., that comprise
immunodominant epitopes that will stimulate a strong anti-tumor
immune response.) Non-limiting examples of TAAs contemplated for
use in the fusion proteins of the present invention include ErbB
receptors, Melan A [MART 1], gp100, tyrosinase, TRP-1/gp 75, and
TRP-2 (in melanoma; for additional examples, see also a list of
antigens provided in Storkus and Zarour, Forum (Genova), 2000
July-September, 10(3):256-270); MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 (in bladder, head
and neck, and non-small cell carcinoma); HPV E6 and E7 proteins (in
cervical cancer); Mucin [MUC-1] (in breast, pancreas, colon, and
prostate cancers); prostate-specific antigen [PSA] (in prostate
cancer); carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA] (in colon, breast, and
gastrointestinal cancers), PIA tumor antigen (e.g., CTL epitope
LPYLGWLVF (SEQ ID NO: 29) as disclosed in WO 98/56919), and such
shared tumor-specific antigens as MAGE-2, MAGE-4, MAGE-6, MAGE-10,
MAGE-12, BAGE-1, CAGE-1,2,8, CAGE-3 to 7, LAGE-1, NY-ESO-1/LAGE-2,
NA-88, GnTV, and TRP2-INT2 a chimeric tumor CTL epitope string such
as MLPYLGWLVF-AQHPNAELL-KHYLFRNL-SPSYVYHQF-IPNPLLGLD (SEQ ID NO:
30) (see, e.g., PCT Application No. WO 98/56919). (Robson N C,
Hoves S, Maraskovsky E, Schnurr M, Curr Opin Immunol. 2010 Jan. 28,
Epub ahead of print).
[0090] Tumor cells may be isolated from a mammalian subject or
patient. For example, a tumor may be removed from a patient during
a biopsy or surgery, and tumor cells may be obtained and cultured
from the biopsy sample [Liangping Li, Establishment of tumor cell
lines by transient expression of immortalizing genes Gene Ther Mol
Biol Vol 4, 261-274. December 1999]. Tumor cells may be autologous
or non-autologous. Tumor cells for use in the instant invention may
also be derived from any suitable tumor cell line. Non-limiting
examples of tumor cell lines contemplated for use in the present
invention include DU145 (Prostate cancer), Lncap (Prostate cancer),
MCF-7 (breast cancer), MDA-MB-438 (breast cancer), PC3 (Prostate
cancer), T47D (breast cancer), THP-1 (acute myeloid leukemia), BN1
(melanoma), U87 (glioblastoma), SHSY5Y Human neuroblastoma cells,
cloned from a myeloma, and Saos-2 cells (bone cancer). Any suitable
tumor cell line is contemplated for use in the present
invention.
[0091] One or more fusion protein of the invention are expressed in
tumor cells of the invention. Methods of expressing exogenous or
recombinant proteins in a cell are well known in the art. Such
methods include, but are not limited to, transfection,
microinjection, scrape-loading, and receptor-mediated uptake by the
cell. Transfection may be transient or stable. Exemplary current
methods of transfection include calcium phosphate precipitation,
electroporation, lipofection, and peptide-mediated transfection.
Ballistic DNA delivery and transduction (i.e., the introduction of
foreign DNA by virus or virus vector infection) can also be
employed.
[0092] For example, a flagellin or other TLR or NLR ligand can be
delivered to cells by means of an expression vector. Suitable
expression vectors comprise a promoter that is active in the cells
in which the ligand is to be expressed. Expression vectors useful
for practicing the invention may also include selectable markers,
cell-type or cell-cycle-specific enhancers or repressors,
polylinkers, start codons, ribosome binding sites, internal
ribosome entry sites, introns, stop codons, polyadenylation
signals, or other features that facilitate cloning and vector
stability, mRNA stability and localization in the cell, and
translation efficiency, or combinations thereof. Expression vectors
include viral expression vectors. Selection of these features is
largely based on the cells to be transfected, and the expression
characteristics desired. A large number of commercially available
vectors are available for expressing polypeptides in cells.
[0093] Also contemplated by the present invention are modified
fusion proteins, such as glycosylated or phosyphorylated fusion
proteins. Subcellular targeting motifs are also contemplated.
[0094] Methods for cloning expression vectors (fusion protein
constructs), and methods for expressing and purifying recombinant
fusion proteins of the invention are described in detail in Juleatt
J. W. et al (2007) Vaccine (25)763-775. For example, vectors may
also be expressed in tumor cells using retroviral, adenoviral or
lentiviral vectors.
[0095] Tumor cells for use in the present invention may be
apoptotic or live (non-apoptotic) cells. Preferably, apoptosis is
induced in tumor cells just prior to incubation with DCs or prior
to administration to a subject. This may be done in order to
prevent proliferation of tumor cells in the recipient. Further,
while not intending to be bound by any particular theory or
mechanism, apoptotic cells are easily recognized by DC and
internalized. Internalization delivers the apoptotic cell and all
proteins derived thereof into endo-lysosomal compartments that
generate the ligands necessary for the activation of CD4.sup.+ and
CD8.sup.+ T cells. When a DC internalizes an apoptotic cell that
was made to express a TLR ligand-TAA or NLR-ligand TAA fusion
protein, this DC will additionally become activated and induce a
potent adaptive immune response. Such activation does not occur if
a DC internalizes an apoptotic cell lacking the expression of the
TLR or NLR ligand. Expression of a TAA alone by an apoptotic cell
and in the absence of the TLR or NLR ligand will not activate the
DC [Blander, J. M. and Medzhitov, R., Nature (2006), Vol. 440, pp.
808].
[0096] Apoptosis may be induced using chemotherapeutic agents (such
as, e.g., oxaliplatin, cisplatin, carboplatin or other
platinum-based drugs), alkylating agents (e.g., mitomycin C),
toposiomerase II inhibitor (e.g., etoposide) anthracyclins (e.g,
mitoxantrone), inducers of endoplasmic reticulum stress (e.g,
thapsigargin), or cells may be lethally irradiated. A cell is
"lethally irradiated" if the cell, after the irradiation, is not
capable of replicating (i.e., dividing into two or more cells).
Art-recognized methods can be used to determine the dose of
radiation and whether the irradiated cells can replicate. For
example, cells growing at a density of 5.times.10.sup.5 cells/ml
can be irradiated with 10,000 Rads, then viable cell numbers can be
determined over time by, e.g., Trypan blue exclusion. To be useful
in the present invention, the lethally irradiated cell should
preferably be able to continue to express proteins for a period of
time (see, e.g., Borrello I et al., A universal
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-producing
bystander cell line for use in the formulation of autologous tumor
cell-based vaccines, Hum Gene Ther. 1999 Aug. 10;
10(12):1983-1991). Protein expression by the lethally irradiated
cells can be assayed by methods known in the art, such as gel
electrophoresis and protein staining for protein synthesis in
general, or Western analysis for specific protein(s).
[0097] In certain embodiments of the invention, methods for
inducing an anti-tumor immune response in a mammal or for treating
a cancer are provided, with methods comprise administering to a
mammal or patient an immunogenically effective amount of a
composition comprising a DC, wherein the DC has internalized a
tumor cell expressing a fusion protein if the invention. DCs are
known to be potent stimulators of the adaptive immune response
(e.g. T and/or B cell mediated immune responses).
[0098] Several clinical trials for anti-tumor immunotherapy are
based on the use of dendritic cells (DC) loaded with tumor cell
extracts [reviewed in Koski et al. (2008), supra]. In such
protocols, TLR ligands could be used in order to ensure the proper
maturation of DC prior to injection into patients. While such
strategies are promising, their efficacy is still poor. In
conjunction with the present discovery that tumor cells expressing
TLR- and/or NLR-ligand-TAA fusion protein are superiorly
immunogenic, and facilitate tailoring of a highly antigen-specific
immune response to the desired TAA, the present invention provides
methods for achieving superior efficacy of DC-based
immunotherapies.
[0099] Specifically, the present invention is based in part on the
results of immunizing mice with dendritic cells loaded with tumor
cells expressing TLR-or NLR-ligand-TAA fusion protein compared to
immunizing mice with DCs loaded with tumor cells and TLR ligand and
TAA separately. While not intending to be bound by any particular
theory or mechanism, it is believe that the superiority of the
methods and compositions of the instant invention is achieved
because the physical linkage in a fusion protein of the TAA to the
TLR or NLR ligand (PAMP) facilitates delivery of both the
activation signal (PAMP) and the antigen (TAA) to the same
endo/lysosomal compartment within the DC, thereby increasing DC
activation and the ability to induce a potent, antigen-specific
immune response to the TAA. Furthermore in addition to inducing a
specific immune response to the TAA, the tumor cell provides
additional antigens that also contribute to the development of a
potent anti-tumor immune response of superior quality to presently
available methods.
[0100] In other embodiments, tumor cells for direct immunization of
patients may be dead tumor cells expressing a fusion protein of the
invention. Tumor cells can be rendered dead by various means such
as irradiation or as indicated above. It may be confirmed that
tumor cells are dead by propidium iodide incorporation, TUNEL
assay, Annexin-V and 7-Aminoactinomycin D (7AAD) or any other
suitable method known in the art. Tumor cells may also be
necrotic.
[0101] According to the methods of the present invention, human DC
precursors (i.e. circulating monocytes), preferably obtained from
the tumor-bearing patient to be treated (i.e. autologous cells),
can be isolated and differentiated overnight ex vivo into DCs using
a well-defined protocol that involves culture in the cytokines IL-4
and GM-CSF [(Gilliet, M. F. and F. O. Nestle Methods in Mol Med
2001, 10.1385/1-59259-150-7:297; Sallusto, F. and Lanzavecchia, A.
(1994). J. Exp. Med. 179,1109-1118; Romani, N., Gruner, S., Brang,
D., Kampgen, E., Lenz, A., Trockenbacher, B., Konwalinka, G.,
Fritsch, P. O., Steinman, R. M., and Schuler, G. (1994) J. Exp. Med
180, 83-93). DC can be subsequently pulsed for, e.g., 6 hours with
tumor cell extracts (.gamma.-irradiated tumor cell for example)
that had been previously engineered to express the TLR5 and/or Ipaf
and/or Naip5 ligand flagellin fused to a tumor associated antigen
of choice (different strategies will be evaluated: retroviral-based
gene transfer, adenoviral gene transfer or transfection). It is
also possible to pulse the DCs with whole tumor suspensions that
have or have not been irradiated or induced to become apoptotic or
necrotic Optionally, IFN-.gamma. or other inflammatory cytokine
such as TNF-.alpha., or antibodies to the co-stimulatory molecule
CD40 (anti-CD40), are added to the culture to increase the
maturation (e.g., upregulation of costimulatory molecules) of DC
prior to the injection.
[0102] Flagellin-TAA fusion protein expressing-tumor "loaded" DCs
(i.e., DCs that have internalized tumor cells or tumor cell
extract) can be injected into the patient via different routes,
e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously or directly into the
tumor-draining lymph node. Any suitable route of injection is
contemplated by the present invention. Direct injection into a
tumor-draining lymph node can ensure the proximity of the DC to T
cells in order to induce an antigen-specific T cell driven immune
response. The number of loaded DCs to be injected as well as the
frequency of injection can be determined experimentally. Clinical
criteria for evaluating efficacy of immunotherapies are well
defined, in particular for solid tumor (J. D Wolchok, A Hoos, S
O'day, J. S Weber, Ol Hamid, C Lebbe, M Maio, M Binder, O Bohnsack,
G Nichol, R Humphrey, F. S Hodi. Clinical Cancer Research, 2009
vol. 15 (23) pp. 7412-7420). Thus, efficacy of the DC-based
therapies of the invention may follow these criteria.
[0103] One advantage of the present invention is that the
compositions for use in the present methods may be specifically
tailored to a patient. For example, in a specific embodiment, tumor
cells for preparing a composition of the invention may be obtained
from the same patient who is to be administered the composition
(i.e., the tumor cells may be autologous to the cells of the
patient). Autologous tumor cells are preferred as they express the
same antigens expressed by the patient's tumor cells, and will thus
help drive an effective anti-tumor immune response directed against
the patient's tumor, by allowing generation of immune response
against additional antigens (in addition to the TAA).
Non-autologous tumor cells may also be used however, since they are
engineered to express a TAA-containing fusion protein, wherein the
TAA is preferably expressed by the patient's tumor cells.
[0104] Similarly, DCs may be autologous cells. This is preferred,
since self DCs will not stimulate an alloimmune response, and will
therefore avoid being eliminated by the host immune system before
inducing the anti-tumor immune response.
Compositions and Uses
[0105] In a specific embodiment of the invention, a composition
comprises a tumor cell expressing a fusion protein, wherein said
fusion protein comprises a TLR ligand and/or an NLR ligand and a
TAA. In a preferred embodiment, a composition of the invention
comprises a DC, wherein the DC has internalized a tumor cell
expressing a fusion protein comprising a TLR ligand and/or NLR
ligand and a tumor-associated antigen (TAA). In other words the DC
is "loaded" with a fusion-protein expressing tumor cell.
Optionally, the loaded DC has been treated with IFN-.gamma. before
administration to the patient. Furthermore, the tumor cell with
which the DC is loaded may be lethally irradiated and/or apoptotic
or necrotic. In some embodiments, the DC is loaded with extracts
from a tumor cell expressing a fusion protein of the invention.
[0106] The compositions and methods of the present invention are
useful for inducing an anti-tumor immune response, and for cancers.
Examples of cancer include, but are not limited to, carcinoma,
lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia or lymphoid malignancies.
More particular examples of cancers include: squamous cell cancer
(e.g., epithelial squamous cell cancer), lung cancer (including
small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma
of the lung and squamous carcinoma of the lung), cancer of the
peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer, gastric or stomach cancer
(including gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer),
glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer,
bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal
cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer or uterine carcinoma,
salivary gland carcinoma, kidney or renal cancer, prostate cancer,
vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma, anal carcinoma,
penile carcinoma, as well as head and neck cancer. A cancer
includes primary malignant cells (e.g., those that have not
migrated to sites in the subject's body other than the site of the
original malignancy) and secondary malignant cells (e.g., those
arising from metastasis, the migration of malignant cells to
secondary sites that are different from the site of the original
tumor).
Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration
[0107] While it is possible to use a composition provided by the
present invention for therapy as is, it may be preferable to
administer it in a pharmaceutical formulation, e.g., in admixture
with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient, diluent, or carrier
selected with regard to the intended route of administration and
standard pharmaceutical practice. Accordingly, in one aspect, the
present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition or
formulation comprising at least one composition of the invention,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, in association
with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent, and/or
carrier. The excipient, diluent and/or carrier must be "acceptable"
in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the
formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
[0108] The compositions of the invention can be formulated for
administration in any convenient way for use in human or veterinary
medicine.
Pharmaceutical Carrier
[0109] The term "carrier" refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient,
or vehicle with which the compound is administered. Such
pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and
oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic
origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil
and the like. Water or aqueous solution saline solutions and
aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions are preferably employed as
carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Alternatively, the
carrier can be a solid dosage form carrier, including but not
limited to one or more of a binder (for compressed pills), a
glidant, an encapsulating agent, a flavorant, and a colorant.
Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in "Remington's
Pharmaceutical Sciences" by E. W. Martin (1990, Mack Publishing
Co., Easton, Pa. 18042).
Vaccines
[0110] The term "vaccine" refers to a composition that can be used
to elicit protective immunity in a recipient. It should be noted
that to be effective, a vaccine of the invention can elicit
immunity in a portion of the immunized population, as some
individuals may fail to mount a robust or protective immune
response, or, in some cases, any immune response. This inability
may stem from the individual's genetic background or because of an
immunodeficiency condition (either acquired or congenital) or
immunosuppression (e.g., due to treatment with chemotherapy or use
of immunosuppressive drugs). Vaccine efficacy can be established in
animal models.
Formulations
[0111] The compositions and formulations of the present invention
may comprise pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, preservatives,
solubilizers, emulsifiers, adjuvants and/or carriers. Such
compositions include diluents of various buffer content (e.g.,
Tris-HCl, acetate, phosphate), pH and ionic strength; additives
such as detergents and solubilizing agents (e.g., Tween 80,
Polysorbate 80), anti-oxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium
metabisulfite), preservatives (e.g., Thimersol, benzyl alcohol) and
bulking substances (e.g., lactose, mannitol); incorporation of the
material into particulate preparations of polymeric compounds such
as polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, etc. or into liposomes.
Hylauronic acid may also be used. See, e.g., Remington's
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed. (1990, Mack Publishing Co.,
Easton, Pa. 18042) pages 1435 1712 which are herein incorporated by
reference.
[0112] Preparations according to this invention for parenteral
administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions,
suspensions, or emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents or
vehicles are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils,
such as olive oil and corn oil, gelatin, and injectable organic
esters such as ethyl oleate. Such dosage forms may also contain
adjuvants, preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispersing agents.
The pharmaceutical compositions may be sterilized by, for example,
filtration through a bacteria retaining filter, by incorporating
sterilizing agents into the compositions, by irradiating the
compositions, or by heating the compositions. They can also be
manufactured using sterile water, or some other sterile injectable
medium, immediately before use.
Administration and Dosage
[0113] The compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical or vaccine
compositions) and formulations of the present invention can be
administered parenterally, by inhalation, or by other suitable
methods known in the art. The term "parenteral" includes injection
(for example, intravenous, intraperitoneal, epidural, intrathecal,
intramuscular, intraluminal, intratracheal or subcutaneous).
Injections directly into the primary site of tumor are also
contemplated. The preferred routes of administration are
subcutaneous and intravenous and direct injection into a
tumor-draining lymph node.
[0114] The compositions and formulations of the present invention
may be administered to an animal, preferably a mammal, and most
preferably a human.
[0115] The dosage of the compositions or formulations of the
present invention will vary widely, depending upon the nature of
the disease, the patient's medical history, age, body weight, sex,
sensitivity, the frequency of administration, the manner and route
of administration, the clearance of the agent from the host, dosage
period, drugs used in combination, and the like. The initial dose
may be larger, followed by smaller maintenance doses.
[0116] For any composition or formulation used in the methods of
the invention, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated
initially from animal models. Dose-response curves derived from
animal systems are then used to determine testing doses for the
initial clinical studies in humans. In safety determinations for
each composition, the dose and frequency of administration should
meet or exceed those anticipated for use in the clinical
studies.
[0117] The data obtained from the animal studies can be used in
formulating a range of doses for use in humans. The therapeutically
effective doses of in humans lay preferably within a range of
circulating concentrations that include the ED.sub.50 with little
or no toxicity. The dosage can vary within this range depending
upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration
utilized. Ideally, a single dose of each drug should be used
daily.
[0118] The compositions of the invention will typically contain an
effective amount of the compositions for achieving the desired
effect. The term "therapeutically effective amount/dose" is used
interchangeably with the terms "immunogenically effective
amount/dose" and "effective amount/dose" and refers to an amount of
the substance that is sufficient to achieve the intended effect. An
immunogenically effective amount of a flagellin-TAA-expressing
tumor cell of the invention is an amount of the cell that is
sufficient to induce an anti-tumor immune response. An effective
amount of a composition (e.g. vaccine) for inducing an anti-tumor
immune response is an amount of the composition sufficient to
alleviate or eliminate the symptoms of the tumor, for slowing down
the progress of the tumor, for eliminating or reducing the size of
the tumor, or for preventing the development of a tumor and
metastases. The effective amount will vary with factors such as the
nature of the substance, the route of administration, the
formulation comprising the substance, and the size, species, and
health condition of the recipient of the substance. Methods to
determine the effective amount are known in the art.
[0119] Administration of the compositions or formulations of the
invention may be once a day, twice a day, or more often, but
frequency may be decreased during a maintenance phase of the
disease or disorder, e.g., once every second or third day instead
of every day or twice a day. The dose and the administration
frequency will depend on the clinical signs, which confirm
maintenance of the remission phase, with the reduction or absence
of at least one or more preferably more than one clinical signs of
the acute phase known to the person skilled in the art. More
generally, dose and frequency will depend in part on recession of
pathological signs and clinical and subclinical symptoms of a
disease, condition or disorder contemplated for treatment with the
present compounds.
[0120] The appropriate dose and dosage times under certain
conditions can be determined by the test based on the
above-described indices but may be refined and ultimately decided
according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's
circumstances (age, general condition, severity of symptoms, sex,
etc.) according to standard clinical techniques.
[0121] Keeping the above description in mind, typical dosages of
DCs in a composition of the invention range from about
1.times.10.sup.6 to about 10.times.10.sup.7 cells. However more or
fewer DCs may be used.
[0122] Keeping the above description in mind, typical dosages of
tumor cells in a composition of the invention range from about
1.times.10.sup.6 to about 10.times.10.sup.7 cells. However more or
fewer tumor cells may also be used with similar results.
[0123] In certain embodiments, the present invention contemplates
combination therapies. For example, in addition to treatment with a
composition of the instant invention, a subject or patient having a
tumor (such as a malignant tumor) may also be simultaneously,
immediately before, or immediately after, subjected to another
therapeutic measure such as but not limited to radiotherapy,
chemotherapy or surgery. Another possible combination is to
administer a composition of the present invention in combination
with a humanized anti-CD25 antibody (Daclizumab) that depletes
regulatory T cells. Regulatory T cells have been shown to be
increased in number in the peripheral blood as well as tumors of
patients with cancer, and can suppress the functions of anti-tumor
effector CD4 and CD8 T cells. There are many other types of
monoclonal antibody therapies that could be used in conjunction
with (see, Dougan, M. and Dranoff, G. Ann Rev Immunol 2009,
27:4.1). These therapies include antibodies to EGFR (cetuximab and
panitumumab), the related protein HER2/neu (transtuzumab), VEGF
(Bevacizumab), or antibodies that are directed against surface
proteins that are highly expressed on tumor cells, such as
rituximab, alemtuzumab, gentuzumab, etc. Additionally, other TLR
ligands such as various CpG derivatives or TLR7/TLR8 agonists such
as Imiquimod, may be administered simultaneously within the
formulation to enhance adjuvanticity of the preparations.
[0124] In accordance with the present invention, there may be
employed conventional molecular biology, microbiology, recombinant
DNA, immunology, cell biology and other related techniques within
the skill of the art. See, e.g., Sambrook et al., (2001) Molecular
Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 3rd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Sambrook et al., (1989) Molecular
Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Ausubel et al., eds. (2005)
Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.:
Hoboken, N.J.; Bonifacino et al., eds. (2005) Current Protocols in
Cell Biology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, N.J.; Coligan et
al., eds. (2005) Current Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, N.J.; Coico et al., eds. (2005) Current
Protocols in Microbiology, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: Hoboken,
N.J.; Coligan et al., eds. (2005) Current Protocols in Protein
Science, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, N.J.; Enna et al.,
eds. (2005) Current Protocols in Pharmacology John Wiley and Sons,
Inc.: Hoboken, N.J.; Hames et al., eds. (1999) Protein Expression:
A Practical Approach. Oxford University Press: Oxford; Freshney
(2000) Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique. 4th
ed. Wiley-Liss; among others. The Current Protocols listed above
are updated several times every year.
EXAMPLES
[0125] The present invention is described further below in working
examples which are intended to further describe the invention
without limiting the scope therein.
Example 1
Tumor Cells Expressing a TLR5/Ipaf/Naip5 Ligand Failed to Form a
Tumor in Vivo
[0126] EL4 thymoma cells engineered to express either an ovalbumin
(OVA) construct or an OVA-S. typhimurium flagellin fusion protein
(STFOVA) using retroviral transduction with pMIG-IRES-GFP were
subcutaneously injected in the flank into age and sex-matched
syngeneic C57BL/6 (FIG. 1A) or MyD88.sup.-/- (FIG. 1B) mice in
presence or not of recombinant flagellin (RecFLA, InvivoGen, San
Diego, Calif.) (for wt only). Tumor progression was monitored by
bi-weekly measure of tumor volume.
[0127] The data show that the murine tumor cell lines EL4 (thymoma
cell line) modified to express a flagellin-OVA fusion protein
failed to establish tumors while EL4 cells expressing OVA grew
normally (FIG. 1A). Importantly, the concomitant injection of
recombinant flagellin (RecFLA) did not prevent EL4-OVA growth in
vivo showing that introduction of the flagellin into tumors is
critical for tumor rejection. Similar results were obtained using
B16 melanoma cells expressing E.alpha. as a tumor-associated
antigen (FIG. 9). TLR5 signaling is entirely dependent on the MyD88
adaptor protein. Indeed, EL4-STFOVA transplanted into Myd88.sup.-/-
mice successfully developed into palpable tumors (FIG. 1B). Because
no difference was observed in vitro between proliferation of TLR
modified cells and control cells, it was concluded that the immune
system was responsible for the efficient elimination of TLR ligand
modified tumors in vivo.
Example 2
Flagellin Induced Anti-Tumor Immunity Requires Lymphocytes
[0128] 1.times.10.sup.5 EL4 cells expressing OVA constructs were
subcutaneously injected into the flank of Rag.sup.-/- or wt control
mice. Tumor progression was monitored by bi-weekly measure of tumor
volume.
[0129] The role of the adaptive immune system in the rejection of
EL4-STFOVA when transplanted subcutaneously was evaluated.
Rag.sup.-/- mice, which lack T and B lymphocytes, injected with
EL4-STFOVA cells, allowed tumor progression while control wild type
(wt) mice efficiently rejected the flagellin.sup.+ tumor (FIG. 2).
These results, together with the fact that EL4-STFOVA cells were
able to form tumor in CD11c.sup.+ DC-depleted mice, suggested that
the innate immune system could efficiently initiate a TAA-specific
adaptive immune response when tumor cells were internalized
together with a TLR ligand into the same phagosome.
Example 3
Tumor Cells Expressing a TLR5/Ipaf/Naip5 Ligand are Efficiently
Targeted by the Innate Immune System
[0130] Wild-type (wt) syngenic mice were injected
intra-peritoneally with 3.times.10.sup.6 EL4 cells expressing OVA
or STFOVA. In FIG. 3A, flow cytometry dot plots show peritoneal
cells immunostained at 16 hours for F4/80, CD11b (antibodies are
from eBioscience, San Diego, Calif.). Tumor cells were CD45.sup.+
GFP.sup.+ cells. PBS injections served as a negative control. In
FIG. 3B, the absolute cell number of macrophages containing tumor
cells as measured by F4/80.sup.+ GFP.sup.+ cells in the peritoneal
cavity 16 h after tumor cells were injected.
[0131] By injecting tumor cells expressing STFOVA in the peritoneal
cavity, a site where a high number of innate immune cells (e.g.
macrophages CD11b.sup.+ F4/80.sup.+) is detected, the role of the
innate immune system in response to a TLR5/Ipaf/Naip5 ligand
bearing tumor cell was assessed. The importance of phagocytes was
revealed by the use of clodronate/liposome (The foundation
`Clodronate Liposomes`, The Netherlands), a reagent allowing
specific depletion of these cells. In absence of macrophages,
STFOVA expressing cells were detected in the peritoneum of mice
treated with clodronate/liposomes while they were efficiently
eliminated in control mice. Consistent with this finding, a higher
number of macrophages (F4/80.sup.+ cells) that have engulfed tumor
cells was found in the peritoneal cavity of wt mice when tumor
cells expressed the flagellin (FIG. 3B).
Example 4
Flagellin Induces in Vivo Priming of Tumor-Associated Antigen
Specific CD4.sup.+ T Cells
[0132] To test whether flagellin induces in vivo priming of
tumor-associated antigen specific CD4.sup.+ T cells directly,
carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE).sup.+OT-II
CD4.sup.+ T cell proliferation in tumor-draining lymph nodes five
days after subcutaneous injection of EL4-STFOVA cells was monitored
(FIG. 4).
[0133] Whether the presence of the TLR5 ligand flagellin within
OVA-expressing tumors could induce OVA-specific OT-II CD4.sup.+ T
cells in vivo was investigated. It was found that expression of
flagellin within tumor cells strongly enhanced TAA-specific
CD4.sup.+ T cell proliferation in vivo (FIG. 4). This finding is
consistent with the previous observations demonstrating that TLR
ligands enhance presentation of phagocytosed antigens within major
histocompatibility class II MHC class II molecules [Blander, J. M.
and Medzhitov, R., Nature (2006), Vol. 440, pp. 808]. These data
also demonstrate that unlike EL4-OVA tumor cells, EL4-STFOVA tumor
cells are capable of eliciting a helper anti-tumor CD4 T cell
response.
Example 5
Flagellin Induces in Vivo Cross-Priming of Tumor-Associated Antigen
Specific CD8.sup.+ T Cells
[0134] To test whether flagellin induces in vivo cross-priming of
tumor-associated antigen specific CD8.sup.+ T cells directly,
carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE).sup.+OT-I
CD8.sup.+ T cell proliferation in tumor-draining lymph nodes three
days after subcutaneous injection of EL4-STFOVA cells was
monitored. Massive OT-I T cell proliferation was induced in
response to EL4-STFOVA expressing tumor cells but not in
OVA-expressing tumor cells (EL4-OVA) or in EL4-OVA+recombinant
Flagellin (RecFLA), showing that the presence of fusion protein
physically lining the TLR ligand and the antigen within the tumor
cells facilitated TAA cross presentation (FIG. 5A). Moreover,
interferon-.gamma. and granzyme B secretion by TAA-specific
CD8.sup.+ T cells were enhanced in response to STFOVA expressing
tumor cells compared to the other groups (FIG. 5B). Similar results
were also obtained in vitro. In addition, a crucial role for DC in
activation of CD8.sup.+ T cells was observed because depletion of
CD11c.sup.+ DC from the tumor bearing mice impaired the ability of
CD8.sup.+ T cells to proliferate (FIG. 5C).
[0135] Taken together, the results of Examples 4 and 5 show that
phagocytosis of flagellin.sup.+ fusion protein expressing tumor
cells by DCs not only led to better CD8.sup.+ T cell activation,
but also provided a critical signal for CD4.sup.+ T cell
activation. Importantly, this effect was not observed when
recombinant flagellin was co-injected (not as a fusion protein)
with the EL4-OVA cells (FIG. 4) supporting the notion that the
fusion protein containing the ligand for TLR5/Ipaf/Naip5 should be
expressed by the tumor cells in order to induce a strong activation
of the adaptive immune system.
Example 6
Tumor Cells Expressing a TLR5/Ipaf/Naip5 Ligand Induce a Memory
Anti-Tumor Response
[0136] To test whether the injection of flagellin.sup.+ tumor cells
expressing the STFOVA fusion protein could confer protective
antigen-specific anti-tumor immunity, wild-type mice were
vaccinated in the flank with the indicated compositions (PBS
(control), 100,000 .gamma.-irradiated EL4-OVA tumor cells,
.gamma.-irradiated EL4-STFOVA tumor cells, .gamma.-irradiated
EL4-OVA tumor cells+2 ng RecFLA, or live EL4-STFOVA cells). 30 days
after vaccination, mice were challenged with 50,000 live EL4-OVA
cells in the opposite flank ("live" means non-irradiated tumor
cells) and tumor progression was measured as described above. Mice
treated with irradiated or live flagellin fusion protein expressing
tumor cells (EL4-STFOVA or EL4-STFOVA (live), respectively) were
protected from a subsequent challenge with EL4-OVA. Only twenty
percent of the mice `vaccinated` with irradiated EL4-STFOVA and
none of the mice treated with live EL4-STFOVA developed a tumor
when challenged with EL4-OVA compared to eighty percent in the
control groups (PBS or EL4-OVA vaccinated) (FIG. 6A).
[0137] Importantly, this strategy was more efficient than the
injection of tumor cells in conjunction with recombinant flagellin
(RecFLA) (FIG. 6A) again demonstrating the superior efficacy of
linking TLR/NLR ligand to antigens (e.g. tumor associated antigens)
versus co-administration (i.e. not physically linked, but
administered at the same time or nearly at the same time).
Moreover, an endogenous population of CD4.sup.+ T cells specific to
the tumor-associated antigen could be observed by flow cytometry in
mice vaccinated with irradiated EL4-STFOVA (FIG. 6B).
Interestingly, this population was not detected in mice vaccinated
with irradiated EL4-OVA in conjunction with RecFLA, underlying the
importance of the presence of the Flagellin-TAA fusion protein
constructs in the tumor cells for an efficient anti-tumor immune
response specific for a TAA.
Example 7
NLR Activating Domain of Flagellin is Required for its Anti-Tumor
Potential in Vivo
[0138] Different EL4-STFOVA cell lines carrying mutations on key
residues within flagellin for recognition by TLR5, Ipaf and Naip5
were subcutaneously injected into syngeneic mice. As expected, the
mutation of Isoleucine 411 to Alanine (STFOVA-.DELTA.TLR5) (FIG.
7A) restored the capacity of flagellin.sup.+ (fusion
protein-expressing) cells to form tumor, demonstrating the
requirement of TLR5 signaling in flagellin-mediated anti-tumor
immunity (FIG. 7B). Single mutation of Leucine L470
(STFOVA-.DELTA.Naip5 A) or the double mutation of Leucine
472/Leucine 473 (STFOVA-.DELTA.Naip5 B) (FIG. 7A), which has been
shown to abrogate Naip5 activation [Lightfield, K. L. et al.,
Critical function for Naip5 in inflammasome activation by a
conserved carboxy-terminal domain of flagellin. Nat Immunol 9 (10),
1171 (2008).], also allowed flagellin.sup.+ EL4 growth in vivo.
Flagellin.sup.+ (fusion protein-expressing) tumor cell growth was
similar to control cells when flagellin was mutated on both Leucine
470 and Isoleucine 411 (STFOVA-2.DELTA.) to prevent TLR5 and Naip5
activation, respectively (FIG. 7B). Taken together, these results
demonstrated that the anti-tumor effect of flagellin fusion protein
not only relies on TLR5 activation but also requires NLR (i.e. Ipaf
and Naip5) recognition. Taken together, these results demonstrated
that the anti-tumor effect of flagellin does not only rely on TLR5
activation but also strongly required NLR (i.e. Naip5 and Ipaf)
recognition. In fact, the inability of mutated flagellin to
activate NLRs impaired cross-priming of TAA-specific CD8.sup.+ T
cell as depicted in FIG. 7C showing that flagellin mediated-NLR
activation is important for an efficient anti-tumor immune
response.
Example 8
Tumor Cells Expressing a TLR5/Ipaf/Naip5 Ligand Induce Dendritic
Cell Activation
[0139] In vitro studies using dendritic cells (DC) isolated from
wild-type (wt) mice show that the phagocytosis of apoptotic tumor
cells expressing flagellin fusion protein induce DC maturation as
measured by flow cytometry using an antibody specific for the
activation marker CD40 (FIG. 8A). Moreover, DC that have
phagocytosed STFOVA-expressing apoptotic tumor cells produced the
inflammatory cytokine IL-12 in a Myd88 dependent manner (FIG. 8B)
confirming that DCs are properly activated after phagocytosis of
tumor cells containing the TLR5/Ipaf/Naip5 ligand.
Example 9
Melanoma Cells Expressing a TLR5/Ipaf/Naip5 Ligand Failed to
Metastase in Vivo
[0140] Thymoma cells EL4 express MHC class I molecule and thus can
be targeted by CD8.sup.+ T cells. In order to demonstrate that
tumor cells expressing a low level of MHC molecules can also be
rejected in vivo, B16 melanoma cell lines expressing the antigen
E.alpha. (the .alpha. chain of the MHC class II molecule I-E that
is not expressed in C57BL/6 mice) fused or not to flagellin were
generated. 100,000 cells were injected alone or in conjunction with
2 ng RecFla (For B16-E.alpha. only; Invivogen, San Diego, Calif.)
into the tail vein of wild-type (wt) C57BL/6 recipient mice. 28
days later, lungs were isolated and metastases were observed and
numbered under a tissue microscope. As shown in FIG. 9,
B16-STF.E.alpha. failed to metastasize in the lung. Moreover, co
administration of RecFLA with B16-E.alpha. cells did not impair
tumor development. Taken together these results show that tumor
cells expressing a low level of MHC molecules were also efficiently
eradicated when expressing a fusion flagellin-antigen protein.
Example 10
Immunization with Dendritic Cells Loaded with Tumor Cell Engineered
to Express a TLR5/Ipaf/Naip5 Induces Superior Anti-Tumor Immune
Response
[0141] Several clinical trials for anti-tumor immunotherapy are
based on the use of dendritic cells (DC) loaded with tumor cell
extracts. In the present Example, human DC precursors (i.e.
circulating monocytes) from tumor bearing patients are isolated and
differentiated over night into DCs using a well-defined protocol
that involves culture in the cytokines IL-4 and GM-CSF. [Gilliet,
M. F. and F. O. Nestle Methods in Mol Med 2001,
10.1385/1-59259-150-7:297; Sallusto, F. and Lanzavecchia, A.
(1994). J. Exp. Med. 179,1109-1118; Romani, N., Gruner, S., Brang,
D., Kampgen, E., Lenz, A., Trockenbacher, B., Konwalinka, G.,
Fritsch, P. O., Steinman, R. M., and Schuler, G. (1994) J. Exp. Med
180, 83-93]. DCs are subsequently pulsed for 6 hours with tumor
cell extracts (.gamma.-irradiated tumor cell for example) that have
been previously engineered to express the TLR5/Ipaf/Naip5 ligand
flagellin fused to a tumor associated antigen (e.g. MUC1).
Optionally, IFN-.gamma. is added to the culture to increase the
maturation of DC prior to injection into the patient. Flagellin-TAA
fusion protein expressing-tumor loaded DC is then injected into the
patient intravenously or directly into the lymph nodes draining the
tumor to ensure the proximity of the DC to T cells in the tumor
draining lymph nodes. The number of loaded DC to be injected as
well as the frequency of injection is evaluated by several clinical
trials. However, suitable numbers of DCs can range, e.g. from about
1.times.10.sup.6 to 10.times.10.sup.7 cells. Clinical criteria for
evaluating of efficacy of immunotherapies are well defined, in
particular for solid tumor (J. D Wolchok, A Hoos, S O'day, J. S
Weber, O Hamid, C Lebbe, M Maio, M Binder, O Bohnsack, G Nichol, R
Humphrey, F. S Hodi. Clinical Cancer Research, 2009 vol. 15 (23)
pp. 7412-7420). Evaluation of the efficacy of this DC-based therapy
may follow these criteria.
[0142] The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the
specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various
modifications of the invention in addition to those described
herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the
foregoing description and the accompanying figures. Such
modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended
claims.
[0143] While the compositions and methods of this invention have
been described in terms of specific embodiments, it will be
apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be
applied to the compositions and methods and in the steps or in the
sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing
from the concept and scope of the invention. More specifically, it
will be apparent that certain agents which are both chemically and
physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described
herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All
such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those
skilled in the art are deemed to be within the scope of the
invention as defined by the appended claims.
[0144] It is further to be understood that all values are
approximate, and are provided for description.
[0145] Patents, patent applications, publications, product
descriptions, and protocols are cited throughout this application,
the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in
their entireties for all purposes.
Sequence CWU 1
1
321293PRTStaphylococcus aureus 1Ala Asp Ser Asp Ile Asn Ile Lys Thr
Gly Thr Thr Asp Ile Gly Ser1 5 10 15Asn Thr Thr Val Lys Thr Gly Asp
Leu Val Thr Tyr Asp Lys Glu Asn 20 25 30Gly Met His Lys Lys Val Phe
Tyr Ser Phe Ile Asp Asp Lys Asn His 35 40 45Asn Lys Lys Leu Leu Val
Ile Arg Thr Lys Gly Thr Ile Ala Gly Gly 50 55 60Tyr Arg Val Tyr Ser
Glu Glu Gly Ala Asn Lys Ser Gly Leu Ala Trp65 70 75 80Pro Ser Ala
Phe Lys Val Gln Leu Gln Leu Pro Asp Asn Glu Val Ala 85 90 95Gln Ile
Ser Asp Tyr Tyr Pro Arg Asn Ser Ile Asp Thr Lys Glu Tyr 100 105
110Met Ser Thr Leu Thr Tyr Gly Phe Asn Gly Asn Val Thr Gly Asp Asp
115 120 125Thr Gly Lys Ile Gly Gly Leu Ile Gly Ala Asn Val Ser Ile
Gly His 130 135 140Thr Leu Lys Tyr Val Gln Pro Asp Phe Lys Thr Ile
Leu Glu Ser Pro145 150 155 160Thr Asp Lys Lys Val Gly Trp Lys Val
Ile Phe Asn Asn Met Val Asn 165 170 175Gly Asn Trp Gly Pro Tyr Asp
Arg Asp Ser Trp Asn Pro Val Tyr Gly 180 185 190Asn Gly Leu Phe Met
Lys Thr Arg Asn Gly Ser Met Lys Ala Ala Asp 195 200 205Asn Phe Leu
Asp Pro Asn Lys Ala Ser Ser Leu Leu Ser Ser Gly Phe 210 215 220Ser
Pro Asp Phe Ala Thr Val Ile Thr Met Asp Arg Lys Ala Ser Lys225 230
235 240Gln Gln Thr Asn Ile Asp Val Ile Tyr Glu Arg Val Arg Asp Asp
Tyr 245 250 255Gln Leu His Trp Thr Ser Thr Asn Trp Lys Gly Thr Asn
Thr Lys Asp 260 265 270Lys Trp Thr Asp Arg Ser Ser Glu Arg Tyr Lys
Ile Asp Trp Glu Lys 275 280 285Glu Glu Met Thr Asn
29021826DNASalmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhim
2gttatcggca atctggaggc aaagtttaat gataattttg caaaaataat gcgcggaata
60atgatggata aagcggctat ttcgccgcct aagaaaaaga tcgggggaag tgaaaaattt
120tctaaagttc gaaattcagg tgccgataca agggttacgg tgagaaaccg
tggggaacag 180cccaataaca tcaagttgta attgataagg aaaagatcat
ggcacaagtc attaatacaa 240acagcctgtc gctgttgacc cagaataacc
tgaacaaatc ccagtccgct ctgggcaccg 300ctatcgagcg tctgtcttcc
ggtctgcgta tcaacagcgc gaaagacgat gcggcaggtc 360aggcgattgc
taaccgtttt accgcgaaca tcaaaggtct gactcaggct tcccgtaacg
420ctaacgaggg tatctccatt gcgcagacca ctgaaggcgc gctgaacgaa
atcaacaaca 480acctgcagcg tgtgcgtgaa ctggcggttc agtctgctaa
cagcaccaac tcccagtctg 540acctcgactc catccaggct gaaatcaccc
agcgcctgaa cgaaatagac cgtgtatccg 600gccagactca gttcaacggc
gtgaaagtcc tggcgcagga caacaccctg accatccagg 660ttggtgccaa
cgacggtgaa actatcgata tcgatctgaa gcagatcaac tctcagaccc
720tgggtctgga tacgctgaat gtgcaacaaa aatataaggt cagcgatacg
gctgcaactg 780ttacaggata tgccgatact acgattgctt tagacaatag
tacttttaaa gcctcggcta 840ctggtcttgg tggtactgac cagaaaattg
atggcgattt aaaatttgat gatacgactg 900gaaaatatta cgccaaagtt
accgttacgg ggggaactgg taaagatggc tattatgaag 960tttccgttga
taagacgaac ggtgaggtga ctcttgctgg cggtgcgact tccccgctta
1020caggtggact acctgcgaca gcaactgagg atgtgaaaaa tgtacaagtt
gcaaatgctg 1080atttgacaga ggctaaagcc gcattgacag cagcaggtgt
taccggcaca gcatctgttg 1140ttaagatgtc ttatactgat aataacggta
aaactattga tggtggttta gcagttaagg 1200taggcgatga ttactattct
gcaactcaaa ataaagatgg ttccataagt attaatacaa 1260cgaaatacac
tgcagatgac ggtacatcca aaactgcact aaacaaactg ggtggcgcag
1320acggcaaaac cgaagttgtt tctattggtg gtaaaactta cgctgcaagt
aaagccgaag 1380gtcacaactt taaagcacag cctgatctgg cggaagcggc
tgctacaacc accgaaaacc 1440cgctgcagaa aattgatgct gctttggcac
aggttgacac gttacgttct gacctgggtg 1500cggtacagaa ccgtttcaac
tccgctatta ccaacctggg caacaccgta aacaacctga 1560cttctgcccg
tagccgtatc gaagattccg actacgcgac cgaagtttcc aacatgtctc
1620gcgcgcagat tctgcagcag gccggtacct ccgttctggc gcaggcgaac
caggttccgc 1680aaaacgtcct ctctttactg cgttaatgcg ttaatccggc
gattgattca ccgacacgtg 1740gtacacaatc aatggcagcg aaagctgcct
tttttaaccg cgcacgccct atgtaatgaa 1800agaaatcacc gtacctgaac ctgcct
18263132PRTPSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE PV. PHASEOLICOLA 3Met Val Met Asp
Met Ser Val Lys Leu Asn Val Ser Tyr Pro Ala Ala1 5 10 15Gln Pro Ala
Ser Gln Val Pro Val Pro Asp Lys Ser Val Asp Lys Pro 20 25 30Ala Asp
Thr Pro Ser Val Glu Arg Val Ala Ala Thr Ala Glu Ser Lys 35 40 45Gly
Ser Asp Leu His Lys Asp Asp Ser His Asp Glu Ala Lys Val Lys 50 55
60Ala Ala Ala Glu Asp Ile Gly Lys Phe Phe His Ser Val Lys Arg Asn65
70 75 80Leu Glu Phe Ser Ile Asp Glu Ala Ser Gly Lys Val Ile Val Lys
Val 85 90 95Ile Ala Ser Asp Ser Gly Glu Val Val Arg Gln Ile Pro Asn
Ala Glu 100 105 110Ile Leu Lys Leu Ala Asp Ser Leu Ser Asp Ala Asn
Ser Leu Leu Phe 115 120 125Arg Ala Lys Ala 1304282PRTPSEUDOMONAS
SYRINGAE PV. PHASEOLICOLA 4Met Ala Leu Thr Val Asn Thr Asn Val Ala
Ser Leu Asn Val Gln Lys1 5 10 15Asn Leu Gly Arg Ala Ser Asp Ala Leu
Ser Thr Ser Met Thr Arg Leu 20 25 30Ser Ser Gly Leu Lys Ile Asn Ser
Ala Lys Asp Asp Ala Ala Gly Leu 35 40 45Gln Ile Ala Thr Lys Ile Thr
Ser Gln Ile Arg Gly Gln Thr Met Ala 50 55 60Ile Lys Asn Ala Asn Asp
Gly Met Ser Leu Ala Gln Thr Ala Glu Gly65 70 75 80Ala Leu Gln Glu
Ser Thr Asn Ile Leu Gln Arg Met Arg Glu Leu Ala 85 90 95Val Gly Ser
Arg Asn Asp Ser Asn Ser Ser Thr Asp Arg Asp Ala Leu 100 105 110Asn
Lys Glu Phe Thr Ala Met Ser Ser Glu Leu Thr Arg Ile Ala Gln 115 120
125Ser Thr Asn Leu Asn Gly Lys Asn Leu Leu Asp Gly Ser Ala Ser Thr
130 135 140Met Thr Phe Gln Val Gly Ser Asn Ser Gly Ala Ser Asn Gln
Ile Thr145 150 155 160Leu Thr Leu Ser Ala Ser Phe Asp Ala Asn Thr
Leu Gly Val Gly Ser 165 170 175Ala Val Thr Ile Ala Gly Ser Asp Ser
Thr Thr Ala Glu Thr Asn Phe 180 185 190Ser Ala Ala Ile Ala Ala Ile
Asp Ser Ala Leu Gln Thr Ile Asn Ser 195 200 205Thr Arg Ala Asp Leu
Gly Ala Ala Gln Asn Arg Leu Thr Ser Thr Ile 210 215 220Ser Asn Leu
Gln Asn Ile Asn Glu Asn Ala Ser Ala Ala Leu Gly Arg225 230 235
240Val Gln Asp Thr Asp Phe Ala Ala Glu Thr Ala Gln Leu Thr Lys Gln
245 250 255Gln Thr Leu Gln Gln Ala Ser Thr Ser Val Leu Ala Gln Ala
Asn Gln 260 265 270Leu Pro Ser Ala Val Leu Lys Leu Leu Gln 275
2805266PRTBACILLUS CEREUS 5Met Arg Ile Gly Thr Asn Val Leu Ser Met
Asn Ala Arg Gln Ser Leu1 5 10 15Tyr Glu Asn Glu Lys Arg Met Asn Val
Ala Met Glu His Leu Ala Thr 20 25 30Gly Lys Lys Leu Asn His Ala Ser
Asn Asn Pro Ala Asn Ile Ala Ile 35 40 45Val Thr Arg Met His Ala Arg
Ala Ser Gly Met Arg Val Ala Ile Arg 50 55 60Asn Asn Glu Asp Ala Leu
Ser Met Leu Arg Thr Ala Glu Ala Ala Leu65 70 75 80Gln Thr Val Thr
Asn Ile Leu Gln Arg Met Arg Asp Leu Ala Val Gln 85 90 95Ser Ala Asn
Val Thr Asn Ser Asn Lys Asn Arg Asn Ser Leu Asn Lys 100 105 110Glu
Phe Gln Ser Leu Thr Glu Gln Ile Ser Tyr Ile Gly Glu Thr Thr 115 120
125Glu Phe Asn Asp Leu Ser Val Phe Asp Gly Gly Asn Arg Pro Val Thr
130 135 140Leu Asp Asp Ile Gly Tyr Thr Val Asn Val Thr Lys His Thr
Pro Pro145 150 155 160Ser Pro Thr Gln His Asp Ile Lys Ile Ser Thr
Glu Gln Glu Ala Arg 165 170 175Ala Ala Ile Arg Lys Ile Glu Glu Ala
Leu Gln Asn Val Ser Leu His 180 185 190Arg Ala Asp Leu Gly Ser Met
Met Asn Arg Leu Gln Phe Asn Ile Glu 195 200 205Asn Leu Asn Ser Gln
Ser Met Ala Leu Thr Asp Ala Ala Ser Arg Ile 210 215 220Glu Asp Ala
Asp Met Ala Gln Glu Met Ser Asp Phe Leu Lys Phe Lys225 230 235
240Leu Leu Thr Glu Val Ala Leu Ser Met Val Ser Gln Ala Asn Gln Ile
245 250 255Pro Gln Met Val Ser Lys Leu Leu Gln Ser 260
2656460PRTBACILLUS CEREUS 6Met Arg Ile Asn Thr Asn Ile Asn Ser Met
Arg Thr Gln Glu Tyr Met1 5 10 15Arg Gln Asn Gln Ala Lys Met Ser Thr
Ala Met Asp Arg Leu Ser Ser 20 25 30Gly Lys Arg Ile Asn Asn Ala Ser
Asp Asp Ala Ala Gly Leu Ala Ile 35 40 45Ala Thr Met Ile Arg Ala Arg
Glu Ser Gly Leu Gly Val Ala Ala Asn 50 55 60Asn Thr Gln Asp Gly Ile
Ser Leu Ile Arg Thr Ala Asp Ser Ala Met65 70 75 80Asn Ser Val Ser
Asn Ile Leu Leu Arg Met Arg Asp Leu Ala Asn Gln 85 90 95Ser Ala Asn
Gly Thr Asn Thr Asp Lys Asn Gln Gly Ala Leu Asp Lys 100 105 110Glu
Phe Ala Ala Leu Lys Glu Gln Ile Asp Tyr Ile Ser Lys Asn Thr 115 120
125Glu Phe Asn Asp Lys Lys Leu Leu Asp Gly Ser Asn Lys Ala Ile Ala
130 135 140Ile Gln Thr Leu Asp Ser Asp Asp Lys Gly Lys Gln Ile Asp
Ile Ser145 150 155 160Leu Ser Asp Thr Ser Thr Thr Ala Leu Lys Ile
Asn Asn Leu Ser Ile 165 170 175Ala Ala Asn Gly Leu Gly Ile Gly Ser
Gly Lys Glu Leu Tyr Gly Val 180 185 190Ala Asp Asn Thr Ile Ala Asn
Ala Ser Ala Glu Ala Leu Lys Lys Leu 195 200 205Asp Gly Thr Thr Gly
Asp Thr Asp Val Lys Arg Ser Asn Ala Val Lys 210 215 220Ala Phe Thr
Asp Gly Tyr Lys Asp Leu Lys Val Ala Met Asn Ala Lys225 230 235
240Asp Val Glu Thr Ile Asp Ala Ala Ile Lys Lys Phe Glu Gly Ala Asn
245 250 255Thr Leu Glu Asn Ala Gln Ala Ile Gly Ala Ala Phe Glu Gly
Ala Ala 260 265 270Lys Ala Thr Leu Thr Thr Asp Ile Asn Asn Ala Thr
Leu Thr Ser Lys 275 280 285Ala Leu Ser Asp Leu Asp Thr Asp Ser Thr
Thr Glu Thr Arg Lys Ala 290 295 300Ala Met Lys Asp Phe Val Ala Ala
Phe Asp Lys Val Lys Gly Ser Met305 310 315 320Asn Ser Ser Asp Val
Thr Lys Ile Ser Asp Ala Ile Asp Arg Phe Ser 325 330 335Lys Thr Asp
Asp Ser Gly Asn Thr Leu Glu Ala Ala Arg Ala Ile Gly 340 345 350Asp
Ala Phe Lys Ala Ala Thr Thr Asn Gly Lys Thr Ser Thr Ala Thr 355 360
365Asp Ala Asn Ser Ala Ile Lys Ala Ile Asp Glu Ala Leu Glu Thr Ile
370 375 380Ala Ser Asn Arg Ala Thr Leu Gly Ala Thr Leu Asn Arg Leu
Asp Phe385 390 395 400Asn Val Asn Asn Ile Lys Asn Gly Ala Ser Ser
Met Ala Ser Ala Ala 405 410 415Ser Gln Val Glu Asp Ala Asp Met Ala
Lys Glu Met Ser Glu Met Thr 420 425 430Lys Phe Lys Ile Leu Asn Glu
Ala Gly Ile Ser Met Leu Ser Gln Ala 435 440 445Asn Gln Thr Pro Gln
Met Val Ser Lys Leu Leu Gln 450 455 4607116PRTBacillus
thuringiensis serovar israelensis 7Met Thr Pro Trp Ala Arg Ile Thr
Ile Asn Leu Glu Ile Asp Phe Phe1 5 10 15Ala Tyr Tyr Arg Phe Ser Ile
Cys Arg Lys Val Asn Ile Lys Lys Trp 20 25 30Gly Phe Leu Asn Met Arg
Ile Asn Thr Asn Ile Asn Ser Met Arg Thr 35 40 45Gln Glu Tyr Met Arg
Gly Asn Gln Ala Lys Met Asn Ala Met Asp Arg 50 55 60Leu Ser Ser Gly
Lys Arg Ile Asn Ser Ala Ser Asp Asp Ala Ala Gly65 70 75 80Leu Ala
Ile Ala Thr Arg Met Lys Ala Arg Glu Gly Gly Leu Asn Val 85 90 95Ala
Gly Met Thr Gln Asp Gly Met Ser Leu Ile Arg Thr Leu Asp Ser 100 105
110Pro Tyr Ser Glu 1158118PRTBacillus thuringiensis serovar
israelensis 8Met Thr Pro Val Val Ala Arg Ile Thr Ile Asn Leu Glu
Ile Asp Phe1 5 10 15Phe Ala Tyr Tyr Arg Phe Ser Ile Cys Arg Lys Val
Asn Ile Lys Lys 20 25 30Trp Gly Phe Leu Asn Met Arg Ile Asn Thr Asn
Ile Asn Ser Met Arg 35 40 45Thr Gln Glu Tyr Met Arg Gln Asn Gln Ala
Lys Met Ser Asn Ala Met 50 55 60Asp Arg Leu Ser Ser Gly Lys Arg Ile
Asn Ser Ala Ser Asp Asp Ala65 70 75 80Ala Gly Leu Ala Ile Ala Thr
Arg Met Lys Ala Arg Glu Gly Gly Leu 85 90 95Asn Val Ala Gly Met Thr
Gly Asp Gly Met Ser Leu Ile Arg Thr Leu 100 105 110Asp Ser Pro Tyr
Ser Glu 1159606PRTTHIOBACILLUS DENITRIFICANS 9Met Ala Ala Val Ile
Asn Thr Asn Ile Ala Ser Leu Asn Ala Gly Met1 5 10 15Ile Asn Ser Ser
Gln Ala Ser Leu Ala Thr Ser Leu Gln Arg Leu Ser 20 25 30Ser Gly Leu
Arg Ile Asn Ser Ala Lys Asp Asp Ala Ala Gly Leu Ala 35 40 45Ile Ser
Asp Arg Phe Thr Thr Gln Ile Arg Gly Ile Asn Gly Ala Ala 50 55 60Met
Ala Asn Asp Gly Ile Ser Leu Ala Gln Thr Ala Glu Gly Ala Leu65 70 75
80Thr Glu Thr Gly Ala Asn Leu Gln Arg Ile Arg Glu Leu Ala Val Gln
85 90 95Ser Ala Asn Ser Thr Asn Ser Ala Ser Asp Arg Lys Ala Leu Asn
Ala 100 105 110Glu Val Gln Gln Leu Leu Ala Glu Val Gln Arg Val Gly
Thr Thr Thr 115 120 125Glu Phe Asn Gly Leu Lys Leu Leu Asp Gly Thr
Phe Ser Asn Ala Gln 130 135 140Phe Gln Val Gly Ala Asn Ala Asn Gln
Thr Ile Ser Val Thr Val Ser145 150 155 160Gly Ala Thr Thr Asp Leu
Ile Gly Ala Tyr Gln Ala Thr Gly Asn Ala 165 170 175Val Thr Ser Ala
Ala Phe Asp Gly Ser Gly Phe Thr Ile Asn Gly Val 180 185 190Glu Ile
Gly Val Ser Ala Gly Thr Ser Ala Ala Gly Val Thr Ala Asp 195 200
205Ser Ala Thr Ala Lys Ala Thr Ala Ile Asn Ala Lys Thr Gly Glu Thr
210 215 220Gly Val Thr Ala Thr Ala Ser Ser Asn Val Thr Gly Ser Gly
Pro Thr225 230 235 240Ala Arg Ser Gly Leu Ala Ser Gly Ala Leu Leu
Ile Asn Gly Ile Ala 245 250 255Val Gly Ala Ile Ala Ala Asp Thr Asn
Ala Val Thr Gly Gly Met Ala 260 265 270Ala Thr Ala Ile Asn Ala Val
Ser Asn Gln Thr Gly Val Ser Ala Val 275 280 285Ala Asp Ala Thr Thr
Gly Ala Leu Thr Leu Ser Thr Ala Asp Gly Arg 290 295 300Asn Ile Glu
Leu Thr Ser Ser Pro Ala Thr Ala Ala Gly Ala Gln Ala305 310 315
320Ile Gln Asn Ala Thr Gly Leu Asp Val Ser Ala Gly Ser Asn Ala Ser
325 330 335Gly Asn Glu Thr Ala Thr Leu Thr Phe Ala Val Ala Asn Ala
Asn Ala 340 345 350Ala Gly Gly Ile Thr Thr Ala Asn Gly Gly Gly Asp
Thr Ile Thr Ile 355 360 365Gly Glu Arg Thr Tyr Gly Phe Thr Ile Asp
Gly Val Val Ala Ala Gly 370 375 380Asn Val Ala Val Thr Leu Ala Ala
Gly Ala Ala Glu Thr Val Ala Ile385 390 395 400Ala Asn Ile Lys Thr
Ala Ile Asn Ala Glu Tyr Ala Ala Gly Arg Thr 405 410 415Ala Val Gln
Gly Gly Ala Thr Thr Ala Thr Ser Leu Val Val Thr Ser 420 425 430Ser
Lys Leu Gly Thr Gly Thr Leu Ala Ile Ala Glu Thr Ala Thr Asn 435 440
445Ala Ala Ala Ile Ala Pro Gly Ala Ala Ser Gly Gly Thr Ala Ala Ala
450
455 460Asp Gly Ser Gly Met Thr Thr Arg Gly Thr Leu Thr Leu Ser Ser
Pro465 470 475 480Glu Ser Phe Thr Val Ala Gly Ala Asp Val Ala Tyr
Gly Gly Leu Gly 485 490 495Ser Val Ser Ala Ser Leu Thr Lys Leu Asn
Thr Val Asp Ile Ser Thr 500 505 510Val Ala Gly Ser Asn Ala Ala Leu
Ala Val Leu Asp Gly Ala Leu Ser 515 520 525Gln Val Thr Ser Gln Arg
Ala Thr Leu Gly Ala Val Gln Asn Arg Phe 530 535 540Ala Ser Thr Val
Ser Asn Leu Gln Thr Thr Ala Glu Asn Leu Ser Ala545 550 555 560Ala
Arg Ser Arg Ile Val Asp Ala Asp Phe Ala Ala Glu Thr Ala Asn 565 570
575Leu Thr Arg Gly Gln Ile Leu Gln Gln Ala Gly Thr Ala Met Leu Ala
580 585 590Gly Ala Asn Gly Leu Pro Asn Gln Val Leu Ser Leu Leu Arg
595 600 60510160PRTBorrelia lusitaniae 10Glu Gln Leu Thr Asp Glu
Ile Asn Arg Ile Ala Asp Gln Ala Gln Tyr1 5 10 15Asn Gln Met His Met
Leu Ser Asn Lys Ser Ala Ser Gln Asn Val Arg 20 25 30Thr Ala Glu Glu
Leu Gly Met Gln Pro Ala Lys Ile Asn Thr Pro Ala 35 40 45Ser Leu Ser
Gly Ser Gln Ala Ser Trp Thr Leu Arg Val His Val Gly 50 55 60Ala Asn
Gln Asp Glu Ala Ile Ala Val Asn Ile Tyr Ala Ala Asn Val65 70 75
80Ala Asn Leu Phe Ser Gly Glu Gly Ala Gln Val Ala Gln Ala Ala Pro
85 90 95Ala Gln Glu Gly Val Gln Gln Glu Gly Ala Gln Gln Pro Ala Pro
Ala 100 105 110Thr Ala Pro Ser Gln Gly Gly Val Asn Ser Pro Ile Asn
Val Thr Thr 115 120 125Thr Val Asp Ala Asn Thr Ser Leu Ala Lys Ile
Glu Asn Ala Ile Arg 130 135 140Met Val Ser Asp Gln Arg Ala Asn Leu
Gly Ala Phe Gln Asn Arg Leu145 150 155 16011160PRTBorrelia
valaisiana 11Glu Gln Leu Thr Asp Glu Ile Asn Arg Ile Ala Asp Gln
Ala Gln Tyr1 5 10 15Asn Gln Met His Met Leu Ser Asn Lys Ser Ala Ala
Gln Asn Val Lys 20 25 30Thr Ala Glu Glu Leu Gly Met Gln Pro Ala Lys
Ile Asn Thr Pro Ala 35 40 45Ser Leu Ser Gly Ser Gln Ala Ser Trp Thr
Leu Arg Val His Val Gly 50 55 60Ala Asn Gln Asp Glu Ala Ile Ala Val
Asn Ile Tyr Ala Ala Asn Val65 70 75 80Ala Asn Leu Phe Ser Gly Glu
Gly Ala Gln Thr Ala Gln Ala Thr Pro 85 90 95Val Gln Glu Gly Ala Gln
Gln Glu Gly Ala Gln Gln Pro Ala Pro Ala 100 105 110Thr Ala Pro Ser
Gln Gly Gly Val Asn Ser Pro Val Asn Val Thr Thr 115 120 125Thr Val
Asp Ala Asn Thr Ser Leu Ala Lys Ile Glu Asn Ala Ile Arg 130 135
140Met Ile Ser Asp Gln Arg Ala Asn Leu Gly Ala Phe Gln Asn Arg
Leu145 150 155 16012160PRTBorrelia garinli 12Glu Gln Leu Thr Asp
Glu Ile Asn Arg Ile Ala Asp Gln Ala Gln Tyr1 5 10 15Asn Gln Met His
Met Leu Ser Asn Lys Ser Ala Ser Gln Asn Val Arg 20 25 30Thr Ala Glu
Glu Leu Gly Met Gln Pro Ala Lys Ile Asn Thr Pro Ala 35 40 45Ser Leu
Ser Gly Ser Gln Ala Ser Trp Thr Leu Arg Val His Val Gly 50 55 60Ala
Asn Gln Asp Glu Ala Ile Ala Val Asn Ile Tyr Ala Ala Asn Val65 70 75
80Ala Asn Leu Phe Ser Gly Glu Gly Ala Gln Ala Ala Gln Thr Ala Pro
85 90 95Val Gln Glu Gly Val Gln Gln Glu Gly Ala Gln Gln Pro Ala Pro
Ala 100 105 110Thr Ala Pro Ser Gln Gly Gly Val Asn Ser Pro Val Asn
Val Thr Thr 115 120 125Thr Val Asp Ala Asn Thr Ser Leu Ala Lys Ile
Glu Asn Ala Ile Arg 130 135 140Met Ile Ser Asp Gln Arg Ala Asn Leu
Gly Ala Phe Gln Asn Arg Leu145 150 155 16013160PRTBorrelia afzelii
13Glu Gln Leu Thr Asp Glu Ile Asn Arg Ile Ala Asp Gln Ala Gln Tyr1
5 10 15Asn Gln Met His Met Ile Ser Asn Lys Ser Ala Ser Gly Asn Val
Lys 20 25 30Thr Ala Glu Glu Leu Gly Met Gln Pro Ala Lys Ile Asn Thr
Pro Ala 35 40 45Ser Leu Ser Gly Ser Gln Ala Ser Trp Thr Leu Arg Val
His Val Gly 50 55 60Ala Asn Gln Asp Glu Ala Ile Ala Val Asn Ile Tyr
Ser Ala Asn Val65 70 75 80Ala Asn Leu Phe Ser Gly Glu Gly Ala Gln
Ala Ala Gln Ala Ala Pro 85 90 95Val Gln Glu Gly Ala Gln Glu Glu Gly
Ala Gln Gln Pro Thr Pro Ala 100 105 110Thr Ala Pro Thr Gln Gly Gly
Val Asn Ser Pro Val Asn Val Thr Thr 115 120 125Thr Val Asp Ala Asn
Thr Ser Leu Ala Lys Ile Glu Asn Ala Ile Arg 130 135 140Met Ile Ser
Asp Gln Arg Ala Asn Leu Gly Ala Phe Gln Asn Arg Leu145 150 155
16014160PRTBorrelia burgdorferi 14Glu Gln Leu Thr Asp Glu Ile Asn
Arg Ile Ala Asp Gln Ala Gln Tyr1 5 10 15Asn Gln Met His Met Leu Ser
Asn Lys Ser Ala Ser Gln Asn Val Arg 20 25 30Thr Ala Glu Glu Leu Gly
Met Gln Pro Ala Lys Ile Asn Thr Pro Ala 35 40 45Ser Leu Ser Gly Ser
Gln Ala Ser Trp Thr Leu Arg Val His Val Gly 50 55 60Ala Asn Gly Asp
Glu Ala Ile Ala Val Asn Ile Tyr Ala Ala Asn Val65 70 75 80Ala Asn
Leu Phe Ser Gly Glu Gly Ala Gln Thr Ala Gln Ala Ala Pro 85 90 95Val
Gln Glu Gly Val Gln Gln Glu Gly Ala Gln Gln Pro Ala Pro Ala 100 105
110Thr Ala Pro Ser Gln Gly Gly Val Asn Ser Pro Val Asn Val Thr Thr
115 120 125Thr Tyr Asp Ala Asn Thr Ser Leu Ala Lys Ile Glu Asn Ala
Ile Arg 130 135 140Met Ile Ser Asp Gln Arg Ala Asn Leu Gly Ala Phe
Gln Asn Arg Leu145 150 155 16015130PRTPSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE PV.
PIIASEOLICOLA 15Met Val Met Asp Met Ser Val Lys Leu Asn Val Ser Tyr
Pro Ala Ala1 5 10 15Gln Pro Ala Ser Gln Val Pro Val Pro Asp Lys Ser
Val Asp Lys Pro 20 25 30Ala Asp Thr Pro Ser Val Glu Arg Val Ala Ala
Thr Ala Glu Ser Lys 35 40 45Gly Ser Asp Leu His Lys Asp Asp Ser His
Asp Glu Ala Lys Val Lys 50 55 60Ala Ala Ala Glu Asp Ile Gly Lys Phe
Leu His Ser Val Lys Met Leu65 70 75 80Glu Phe Ser Ile Asp Glu Ala
Ser Gly Lys Val Ile Val Lys Val Ile 85 90 95Ala Ser Asp Ser Gly Glu
Trp Arg Gly Ile Pro Asn Ala Glu Ile Leu 100 105 110Lys Leu Ala Asp
Ser Leu Ser Asp Ala Asn Ser Leu Leu Phe Arg Ala 115 120 125Lys Ala
13016282PRTPseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola 16Met Ala Leu Thr
Val Asn Thr Asn Val Ala Ser Leu Asn Val Gln Lys1 5 10 15Asn Leu Gly
Arg Ala Ser Asp Ala Leu Ser Thr Ser Met Thr Arg Leu 20 25 30Ser Ser
Gly Leu Lys Ile Asn Ser Ala Lys Asp Asp Ala Ala Gly Leu 35 40 45Gln
Ile Ala Thr Lys Ile Thr Ser Gln Ile Arg Gly Gln Thr Met Ala 50 55
60Ile Lys Asn Ala Asn Asp Gly Met Ser Leu Ala Gln Thr Ala Glu Gly65
70 75 80Ala Leu Gln Glu Ser Thr Asn Ile Leu Gln Arg Met Arg Glu Leu
Ala 85 90 95Val Gly Ser Arg Asn Asp Ser Asn Ser Ser Thr Asp Arg Asp
Ala Leu 100 105 110Asn Lys Glu Phe Thr Ala Met Ser Ser Glu Leu Thr
Arg Ile Ala Gln 115 120 125Ser Thr Asn Ile Asn Gly Lys Asn Leu Leu
Asp Gly Ser Ala Ser Thr 130 135 140Met Thr Phe Gly Val Gly Ser Asn
Ser Gly Ala Ser Asn Gln Ile Thr145 150 155 160Leu Thr Leu Ser Ala
Ser Phe Asp Ala Asn Thr Leu Gly Val Gly Ser 165 170 175Ala Val Thr
Ile Ala Gly Ser Asp Ser Thr Thr Ala Glu Thr Asn Phe 180 185 190Ser
Ala Ala Ile Ala Ala Ile Asp Ser Ala Leu Gln Thr Ile Asn Ser 195 200
205Thr Arg Ala Asp Leu Gly Ala Ala Gln Asn Arg Leu Thr Ser Thr Ile
210 215 220Ser Asn Leu Gln Asn Ile Asn Glu Asn Ala Ser Ala Ala Leu
Gly Arg225 230 235 240Val Gln Asp Thr Asp Phe Ala Ala Glu Thr Ala
Gln Leu Thr Lys Gln 245 250 255Gln Thr Leu Gln Gln Ala Ser Thr Ser
Val Leu Ala Gln Ala Asn Gly 260 265 270Leu Pro Ser Ala Val Leu Lys
Leu Leu Gln 275 2801799PRTBorrelia sp. 17Ala Ser Leu Ser Gly Ser
Gly Ala Ser Trp Thr Leu Arg Val His Val1 5 10 15Gly Ala Asn Gln Asp
Glu Ala Ile Ala Val Asn Ile Tyr Ala Ala Asn 20 25 30Val Ala Asn Leu
Phe Ser Gly Glu Gly Ala Gln Gln Val Ala Pro Ala 35 40 45Gln Glu Gly
Ala Gln Gln Glu Gly Ala Gln Ala Ala Pro Ala Pro Ala 50 55 60Ala Ala
Pro Ala Gln Gly Gly Val Asn Ser Pro Val Asn Val Thr Thr65 70 75
80Ala Val Asp Ala Asn Met Ser Leu Thr Lys Ile Glu Asp Ala Ile Arg
85 90 95Met Ile Thr18334PRTWigglesworthia glossinidia 18Gly Ala Ile
Asn Glu Ile Asn Glu Asn Met His Ala Ile Arg Arg Leu1 5 10 15Thr Val
Gln Ile Lys Ser Thr Ala Ser Val Ser Lys Ala Asp Lys Lys 20 25 30Ser
Ile Gln Asp Glu Ile Lys Lys Arg Leu Ser Glu Ile Asp Arg Leu 35 40
45Ala Glu Gly Thr Glu Ser Asn Gly Met Lys Ile Leu Ser Gly Asn Gly
50 55 60Arg Leu Ser Val Gly Ile Gly Ala Asn Asp Gly Gln Val Val Asn
Ile65 70 75 80Asp Leu Phe Lys Leu Asp Thr Glu Ser Leu His Val Lys
Asp Phe Asn 85 90 95Val Asn Ser Asp Ala Leu Tyr Ala Ser Asp Ile Asp
Glu Asn Ala Val 100 105 110Thr Ser Ala Lys Ile Gly Ile Glu Ala Lys
Lys Ile Leu Asp Ser Ser 115 120 125Thr Pro Glu Ser Lys Lys Asn Ile
Lys Arg Gly Leu Tyr Glu Ser Gly 130 135 140Gly Glu Tyr Phe Phe Lys
Gln Ile Asp Gly Asn Glu Tyr Tyr Lys Val145 150 155 160Glu Ile Ser
Asn Thr Gly Val Ala Gly Tyr Asn Ser Ser Ser Pro Ala 165 170 175Glu
Leu Thr Glu Ile Pro Lys Ser Val Lys Thr Ala Gln Ile Thr Val 180 185
190Glu Ile Asp Pro Lys Thr Leu Ala Val Gly Glu Thr Leu Lys Ser Tyr
195 200 205Met Lys Asp Gly Ile Gln Gln Tyr Leu Ile His Lys Gln Glu
Gly Asp 210 215 220Lys Glu Ile Tyr His Glu Ala Ile Ile Asn Tyr Glu
Gly Lys Val Lys225 230 235 240Ser Gly Ser Glu Leu Asp Phe Glu Thr
Leu Leu Thr Met Asp Pro Leu 245 250 255Lys Glu Ile Asp Asp Ala Ile
Ala Lys Ile Asp Asp Ile Arg Gly Ser 260 265 270Leu Gly Ala Thr Gly
Asn Arg Leu Gly Ser Val Ile Asn Ser Leu Ser 275 280 285Thr Thr Ile
Ala Asn Leu Thr Gln Ser Arg Ser Asn Ile Leu Asp Ala 290 295 300Asp
Phe Ala Thr Glu Val Ser Met Met Asn Arg Ala Asn Ile Leu Gln305 310
315 320Gly Ala Gly Thr Ala Val Leu Ala Gly Ala Asn Ala Val Pro 325
33019199PRTBorrelia garinii 19Asn Thr Ser Lys Ala Ile Asn Phe Ile
Gln Thr Thr Glu Gly Asn Leu1 5 10 15Asn Glu Val Glu Lys Val Leu Val
Arg Met Lys Glu Leu Ala Val Gln 20 25 30Ser Gly Asn Gly Thr Tyr Ser
Asp Ala Asp Arg Gly Ser Ile Gln Ile 35 40 45Glu Ile Glu Gly Leu Thr
Asp Glu Ile Asn Arg Ile Ala Asp Gln Ala 50 55 60Gln Tyr Asn Gln Met
His Met Leu Ser Asn Lys Ser Ala Ser Gln Asn65 70 75 80Val Arg Thr
Ala Glu Glu Leu Gly Met Gln Pro Ala Lys Ile Asn Thr 85 90 95Pro Ala
Ser Leu Ser Gly Ser Gln Ala Ser Trp Thr Leu Arg Val His 100 105
110Val Gly Ala Asn Gln Asp Glu Ala Ile Ala Val Asn Ile Tyr Ala Ala
115 120 125Asn Val Ala Asn Leu Phe Ser Gly Glu Gly Ala Gln Ala Ala
Gln Thr 130 135 140Ala Pro Val Gln Glu Gly Ala Gln Gln Glu Gly Ala
Gln Gln Pro Ala145 150 155 160Pro Ala Thr Ala Pro Ser Gln Gly Gly
Val Asn Ser Pro Val Asn Val 165 170 175Thr Thr Thr Val Asp Ala Asn
Thr Ser Leu Ala Lys Ile Glu Asn Ala 180 185 190Ile Arg Met Ile Ser
Asp Gln 19520199PRTBorrelia garinii 20Asn Thr Ser Lys Ala Ile Asn
Phe Ile Gln Thr Thr Glu Gly Asn Leu1 5 10 15Asn Glu Val Glu Lys Val
Leu Val Arg Met Lys Glu Leu Ala Val Gln 20 25 30Ser Gly Asn Gly Thr
Tyr Ser Asp Ala Asp Arg Gly Ser Ile Gln Ile 35 40 45Glu Ile Glu Gly
Leu Thr Asp Glu Ile Asn Arg Ile Ala Asp Gln Ala 50 55 60Gln Tyr Asn
Gln Met His Met Leu Ser Asn Lys Ser Ala Ser Gln Asn65 70 75 80Val
Arg Thr Ala Glu Glu Leu Gly Met Gln Pro Ala Lys Ile Asn Thr 85 90
95Pro Ala Ser Leu Ser Gly Ser Gln Ala Ser Trp Thr Leu Arg Val His
100 105 110Val Gly Ala Asn Gln Asp Glu Ala Ile Ala Val Asn Ile Tyr
Ala Ala 115 120 125Asn Val Ala Asn Leu Phe Ser Gly Glu Gly Ala Gln
Ala Ala Gln Thr 130 135 140Ala Pro Val Gln Glu Gly Ala Gln Gln Glu
Gly Ala Gln Gln Pro Ala145 150 155 160Pro Ala Thr Ala Pro Ser Gln
Gly Gly Val Asn Ser Pro Val Asn Val 165 170 175Thr Thr Thr Val Asp
Ala Asn Thr Ser Leu Ala Lys Ile Glu Asn Ala 180 185 190Ile Arg Met
Ile Ser Asp Gln 19521164PRTBabesia bovis 21Met Ala Asp Trp Val Pro
Thr Ile Lys Gln Leu Ala Leu Ala Asp Asn1 5 10 15Ala Cys Tyr Gly Cys
Gly Ile Ala Asn Ala Glu Asp Gly Glu Ile Phe 20 25 30Ser Ala Ala Asp
Ile Asp His Asp Asp Leu Cys Trp Asp Ser Val Tyr 35 40 45Arg Asp Pro
Tyr Glu Phe Glu Ala Thr Asp Glu Asn Gly Gln Pro Ile 50 55 60Lys His
Gln Ile Thr Glu Lys Ala Thr Ile Met Glu Val Phe Glu Lys65 70 75
80Arg Arg Ser Ser Ile Gly Ile Phe Ile Gly Gly Asn Lys Tyr Thr Phe
85 90 95Ala Asn Tyr Asp Asp Asp Cys Pro Val Gly Asp Tyr Thr Phe Lys
Cys 100 105 110Val Ser Ala Ala Lys Asn Lys Gly Gly Ala His Leu Val
Lys Thr Pro 115 120 125Gly Gly Tyr Ile Val Ile Cys Val Phe Asp Glu
Asn Arg Gly Gln Asn 130 135 140Lys Thr Ala Ser Arg Met Ala Ala Phe
Ala Leu Ala Glu Tyr Met Ala145 150 155 160Ala Asn Gly Tyr
22130PRTArabidopsis thaliana 22Met Ser Trp Gly Thr Tyr Val Asp Asp
His Leu Met Cys Asp Val Ala1 5 10 15Gly Asn Arg Leu Thr Ala Ala Ala
Ile Leu Gly Gly Asp Gly Ser Val 20 25 30Trp Ala Gly Ser Asn Asn Phe
Pro Gln Val Lys Pro Glu Glu Ile Gln 35 40 45Gly Ile Lys Asp Asp Phe
Thr Thr Pro Gly Thr Leu Ala Pro Thr Gly 50 55 60Leu Phe Leu Gly Gly
Asn Lys Tyr Met Val Ile Gly Gly Glu Pro Asn65 70 75 80Ala Val Ile
Arg Gly Lys Lys Gly Ala Gly
Gly Val Thr Ile Lys Lys 85 90 95Thr Thr Leu Ala Leu Val Phe Gly Ile
Tyr Asp Glu Pro Met Thr Pro 100 105 110Gly Gln Cys Asn Met Val Val
Glu Asn Leu Gly Glu Tyr Leu Ile Glu 115 120 125Ser Gly 130
23133PRTVaccinia virus 23Met Ala Glu Trp His Lys Ile Ile Glu Asp
Ile Ser Lys Asn Asn Lys1 5 10 15Phe Glu Asp Ala Ala Ile Val Asp Tyr
Lys Thr Thr Lys Asn Val Leu 20 25 30Ala Ala Ile Pro Asn Arg Thr Phe
Ala Lys Ile Asn Pro Gly Glu Ile 35 40 45Ile Pro Leu Ile Thr Asn Arg
Asn Ile Leu Lys Pro Leu Ile Gly Gln 50 55 60Lys Tyr Cys Ile Val Tyr
Thr Asn Ser Leu Met Asp Glu Asn Thr Tyr65 70 75 80Ala Met Glu Leu
Leu Thr Gly Tyr Ala Pro Val Ser Pro Ile Val Ile 85 90 95Ala Arg Thr
His Thr Ala Leu Ile Phe Leu Met Gly Lys Pro Thr Thr 100 105 110Ser
Arg Arg Asp Val Tyr Arg Thr Cys Arg Asp His Ala Thr Arg Val 115 120
125Arg Ala Thr Gly Asn 13024133PRTTaterapox virus 24Met Ala Glu Trp
His Lys Ile Ile Glu Asp Ile Ser Lys Asn Asn Lys1 5 10 15Phe Glu Asp
Ala Ala Ile Val Asp Tyr Lys Thr Thr Lys Asn Val Leu 20 25 30Ala Ala
Ile Pro Asn Arg Thr Phe Ala Lys Ile Asn Pro Gly Glu Val 35 40 45Ile
Pro Leu Ile Thr Asn His Asn Ile Leu Lys Pro Leu Ile Gly Gly 50 55
60Lys Tyr Cys Ile Val Tyr Thr Asn Ser Leu Met Asp Glu Asn Thr Tyr65
70 75 80Ser Met Glu Leu Leu Thr Gly Tyr Ala Pro Val Ser Pro Ile Val
Ile 85 90 95Ala Arg Thr His Thr Ala Leu Ile Phe Leu Met Gly Lys Pro
Thr Thr 100 105 110Ser Arg Arg Asp Val Tyr Arg Thr Cys Arg Asp His
Ala Thr Arg Val 115 120 125Arg Ala Thr Gly Asn 13025133PRTTaterapox
virus 25Met Ala Glu Trp His Lys Ile Ile Glu Asp Ile Ser Lys Asn Asn
Lys1 5 10 15Phe Glu Asp Ala Ala Ile Val Asp Tyr Lys Thr Thr Lys Asn
Val Leu 20 25 30Ala Ala Ile Pro Asn Arg Thr Phe Ala Lys Ile Asn Pro
Gly Glu Val 35 40 45Ile Pro Leu Ile Thr Asn His Asn Ile Leu Lys Pro
Leu Ile Gly Gly 50 55 60Lys Phe Cys Ile Val Tyr Thr Asn Ser Leu Met
Asp Glu Asn Thr Tyr65 70 75 80Ser Met Glu Leu Leu Thr Gly Tyr Ala
Pro Val Ser Pro Ile Val Ile 85 90 95Ala Arg Thr His Thr Ala Leu Ile
Phe Leu Met Gly Lys Pro Thr Thr 100 105 110Ser Arg Arg Asp Val Tyr
Arg Thr Cys Arg Asp His Ala Thr Arg Val 115 120 125Arg Ala Thr Gly
Asn 13026131PRTCinnamomum camphora 26Met Ser Trp Gln Ala Tyr Val
Asp Asp His Leu Met Cys Asp Ile Asp1 5 10 15Gly Gly His Leu Thr Ala
Ala Ala Ile Val Gly His Asp Gly Ser Val 20 25 30Trp Ala Gln Ser Asp
Ser Phe Pro Gly Phe Lys Pro Glu Glu Ile Asn 35 40 45Gly Ile Met Asn
Asp Phe Ala Glu Pro Gly Tyr Leu Ala Pro Thr Gly 50 55 60Leu Tyr Leu
Gly Gly Thr Lys Tyr Met Val Ile Gln Gly Glu Pro Gly65 70 75 80Ala
Val Ile Arg Gly Lys Lys Gly Ser Gly Gly Ile Thr Ile Lys Lys 85 90
95Thr Gly Gly Ala Leu Ile Phe Gly Ile Tyr Asp Glu Pro Leu Thr Pro
100 105 110Gly Gly Cys Asn Met Ile Val Glu Arg Leu Gly Asp Tyr Leu
Ile Glu 115 120 125Gly Gly Met 13027130PRTSolanum tuberosum 27Met
Ser Trp Gln Thr Tyr Val Asp Glu His Leu Leu Cys Glu Ile Glu1 5 10
15Gly Asn His Leu Thr Ser Ala Ala Ile Val Gly Gln Asp Gly Thr Val
20 25 30Trp Ala Gly Ser Ala Asn Phe Pro Gln Phe Lys Pro Glu Glu Ile
Ser 35 40 45Gly Ile Met Asn Asp Phe Ala Glu Pro Gly Thr Leu Ala Pro
Thr Gly 50 55 60Leu Tyr Leu Gly Gly Thr Lys Tyr Met Val Ile Gln Gly
Glu Pro Gly65 70 75 80Ala Val Ile Arg Gly Lys Lys Gly Pro Gly Gly
Ile Thr Ile Lys Lys 85 90 95Thr Asn Gln Ala Leu Ile Ile Gly Ile Tyr
Asp Glu Pro Met Thr Pro 100 105 110Gly Gln Cys Asn Met Ile Val Glu
Arg Leu Gly Asp Tyr Leu Val Glu 115 120 125Gln Gly
13028133PRTMonkeypox virus 28Met Ala Glu Trp His Lys Ile Ile Glu
Asp Ile Ser Lys Asn Asn Lys1 5 10 15Phe Glu Asp Ala Ala Ile Val Asp
Tyr Lys Thr Thr Lys Asn Val Leu 20 25 30Ala Ala Ile Pro Asn Arg Thr
Phe Ala Lys Ile Asn Pro Gly Glu Val 35 40 45Ile Pro Leu Ile Thr Asn
His Asn Ile Leu Lys Pro Leu Ile Gly Gln 50 55 60Lys Phe Cys Ile Val
Tyr Thr Asn Ser Leu Met Asp Glu Asn Thr Tyr65 70 75 80Ala Met Glu
Leu Leu Thr Gly Tyr Ala Pro Val Ser Pro Ile Val Ile 85 90 95Ala Arg
Thr His Thr Ala Leu Ile Phe Leu Met Gly Lys Pro Thr Thr 100 105
110Ser Arg Arg Asp Val Tyr Arg Thr Cys Arg Asp His Ala Thr Arg Val
115 120 125Arg Ala Thr Gly Asn 130299PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic 29Leu Pro Tyr Leu Gly Trp Leu Val Phe1
53045PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic 30Met Leu Pro Tyr Leu Gly Trp
Leu Val Phe Ala Gln His Pro Asn Ala1 5 10 15Glu Leu Leu Lys His Tyr
Leu Phe Arg Asn Leu Ser Pro Ser Tyr Val 20 25 30Tyr His Gln Phe Ile
Pro Asn Pro Leu Leu Gly Leu Asp 35 40 453117PRTSalmonella
typhimurium 31Val Leu Ala Gln Ala Asn Gln Val Pro Gln Asn Val Leu
Ser Leu Leu1 5 10 15Arg3219PRTSalmonella typhimurium 32Thr Ser Val
Leu Ala Gln Ala Asn Gln Val Pro Gln Asn Val Leu Ser1 5 10 15Leu Leu
Arg
* * * * *