U.S. patent application number 13/285643 was filed with the patent office on 2013-05-02 for angled gasket.
This patent application is currently assigned to Pompanette, LLC. The applicant listed for this patent is James H. Kyle. Invention is credited to James H. Kyle.
Application Number | 20130104788 13/285643 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 48171070 |
Filed Date | 2013-05-02 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130104788 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Kyle; James H. |
May 2, 2013 |
ANGLED GASKET
Abstract
A portlight for a marine vessel including a lens having an outer
surface, an inner surface and a first sealing surface disposed at a
first angle relative to the outer surface, wherein the first angle
is greater than ninety degrees, a portlight frame having a flange,
an extension and a second sealing surface disposed at a second
angle relative to an outer surface of the flange, wherein the
second angle is less ninety degrees and supplementary to the first
angle, a sealing gasket disposed between the first and second
sealing surfaces, and a hinge rotatably secured to the extension
and fixedly secured to the lens, wherein rotation of the hinge to a
closed position causes the first sealing surface to compress the
sealing gasket against the second sealing surface in the absence of
undesirable shearing of the gasket.
Inventors: |
Kyle; James H.; (Keene,
NH) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Kyle; James H. |
Keene |
NH |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Pompanette, LLC
Charlestown
NH
|
Family ID: |
48171070 |
Appl. No.: |
13/285643 |
Filed: |
October 31, 2011 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
114/178 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B63B 19/08 20130101;
E06B 7/22 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
114/178 |
International
Class: |
B63B 19/08 20060101
B63B019/08 |
Claims
1. A portlight for a marine vessel comprising: a lens comprising an
outer surface, an inner surface and a first sealing surface
disposed at a first angle relative to the outer surface, wherein
the first angle is greater than ninety degrees; a portlight frame
comprising a flange, an extension and a second sealing surface
disposed at a second angle relative to an outer surface of the
flange, wherein the second angle is less ninety degrees and
supplementary to the first angle; a sealing gasket disposed between
the first and second sealing surfaces; and, a hinge rotatably
secured to the extension and fixedly secured to the lens, wherein
rotation of the hinge to a closed position causes the first sealing
surface to compress the sealing gasket against the second sealing
surface in the absence of undesirable shearing of the sealing
gasket.
2. The portlight for a marine vessel of claim 1 wherein the first
angle ranges from about 120 degrees to about 150 degrees, the
second angle ranges from about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees and a
sum of the first and second angles is about 180 degrees.
3. The portlight for a marine vessel of claim 1 wherein the first
angle is about 135 degrees and the second angle is about 45
degrees.
4. The portlight for a marine vessel of claim 1 wherein the gasket
is fixedly secured to the first or second sealing surface.
5. The portlight for a marine vessel of claim 1 wherein the marine
vessel comprised a vessel wall, the vessel wall comprises an outer
surface and the portlight frame is disposed within an opening in
the vessel wall and the flange is secured against the outer surface
of the vessel wall.
6. The portlight for a marine vessel of claim 5 wherein the outer
surface of the lens is substantially coplanar with the outer
surface of vessel wall.
7. The portlight for a marine vessel of claim 1 further comprising
a lens support frame fixedly secured between the hinge and the
lens, wherein the hinge is positioned directly above the lens
support frame.
8. A portlight for a marine vessel comprising: a lens comprising an
outer surface, an inner surface and a first sealing surface
disposed at a first angle relative to the outer surface, wherein
the first angle is greater than ninety degrees; a portlight frame
comprising a flange, an extension and a second sealing surface
disposed at a second angle relative to an outer surface of the
flange, wherein the second angle is less ninety degrees and
supplementary to the first angle; a sealing gasket disposed between
the first and second sealing surfaces; and, a hinge rotatably
secured to the extension and fixedly secured to the lens, wherein
rotation of the hinge to a closed position causes the first sealing
surface or the second sealing surface to approach the sealing
gasket substantially perpendicularly, and to compress the sealing
gasket between the first sealing surface and the second sealing
surface in the absence of undesirable shearing of the sealing
gasket.
9. The portlight for a marine vessel of claim 1 wherein the first
angle ranges from about 120 degrees to about 150 degrees, the
second angle ranges from about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees and a
sum of the first and second angles is about 180 degrees.
10. The portlight for a marine vessel of claim 1 wherein the first
angle is about 135 degrees and the second angle is about 45
degrees.
11. The portlight for a marine vessel of claim 1 wherein the gasket
is fixedly secured to the first or second sealing surface.
12. The portlight for a marine vessel of claim 1 wherein the marine
vessel comprised a vessel wall, the vessel wall comprises an outer
surface and the portlight frame is disposed within an opening in
the vessel wall and the flange is secured against the outer surface
of the vessel wall.
13. The portlight for a marine vessel of claim 12 wherein the outer
surface of the lens is substantially coplanar with the outer
surface of vessel wall.
14. The portlight for a marine vessel of claim 1 further comprising
a lens support frame fixedly secured between the hinge and the
lens, wherein the hinge is positioned directly above the lens
support frame.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The invention broadly relates to gaskets, more specifically
to angled gaskets, and even more particularly to an angled gasket
for a portlight.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Portlights are constructed from many materials including but
not limited to stamped and formed stainless sheet, extruded and
cast aluminum and molded plastic. Portlights come in many styles
and shapes, having different cross sections and mounting designs
based on the needs of the ship or boat manufacturer. U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,758,593 and 5,842,433 provide examples of modern portlight
designs, and such patents are incorporated herein by reference.
[0003] It is important to remember that a portlight is an inward
opening device, with hydraulic pressure trying to push the lens
inward. Traditionally, ports, e.g., port 10, are mounted from the
inside of the vessel, with spigot 12 passing through inner wall 14
and projecting out. In such ports, hinges 16 and the dogs are
mounted on surface 18 as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. When port 10 is
in a closed position, portlight 20 compresses gasket 22 against
surface 24. The portion of gasket 22 which may be subject to
shearing or tearing, as described infra, is shown by broken line
portion 26 of gasket 22. Portlight designers face significant
challenges, depending on the sealing pressure to be achieved, to
design a hinge and gasket and cross section that allows the lens
element to rotate down and compress the gasket without shearing or
tearing it on the hinge side of the portlight.
[0004] All gaskets must be compressed to seal. Foam gaskets
typically need to be compressed 15-20%. Hard rubber gaskets are
compressed less, but can not tolerate any shearing action or the
density of the gasket will not allow the portlight lens to
close.
[0005] It should be appreciated that the sealing of the rotating
lens opposite of the hinge does not present as great of an issue as
the portion of the gasket opposite the hinge. Regardless of where
the hinge is located, the gasket sealing surfaces opposite the
hinge come down with an almost pure vertical line of travel,
referencing the horizontal lens element when it is in its final
closed position. Unless specifically noted, all further discussions
herein are with respect to the hinge side of the portlight.
[0006] One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a
portlight hinge is typically positioned at least one-half inch
outboard of the gasket. (See FIGS. 3A and 3B). The rotational axis
of hinge 50, i.e., pin 52, is positioned approximately one-half
inch from the center of gasket 54, depicted by the length shown by
bi-directional arrow 56. A one-half inch offset results in some
interference with the edge of the gasket and a shearing action on
the gasket as it closes. It is known that the higher hinge 50 is
positioned above the plane of lens 58, the worse the situation
becomes. Contrarily, if hinge 50 is on the same plane as gasket 54
and only offset a small amount, e.g., one-quarter to one-half inch,
the shearing action between gasket 54 and sealing surface is almost
eliminated. However, such an arrangement cannot be used in any
portlight design that can be readily used on a vessel of normal
construction. Conversely, the higher the position of hinge 50 the
better, which results in less offset of the position of hinge 50
being required. As shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, hinge 50 is positioned
having an offset of one-half inch (shown by bi-directional arrow
56) and a height of seven-eighths inch above the center of gasket
54 (shown by bi-directional arrow 60) substantially removed any
detrimental shearing forces between gasket 54 and sealing surface
62. Portlight 64 is arranged to be installed through vessel wall 66
from the outside of wall 66, and further includes inner ring 68
which is used to conceal securing hardware on the inner surface of
wall 66.
[0007] FIG. 4 depicts a prior art portlight design disclosed in
U.S. Pat. No. 5,758,593. One of ordinary skill in the art will
recognize that when lens 70 is moved down to outer surface 72 of
gasket 74 and hinge pin 76 is left in the same position, portion 78
of gasket 74 is sheared off, i.e., the portion of gasket 74
contained within the broken line. It is possible to form a
portlight as depicted in FIG. 5; however, frame 80 must be made
sufficiently wide to accommodate hinge 82. Such a portlight is
difficult to manufacture as well as expensive. Furthermore, the
width of frame 80 would be aesthetically offensive and thereby
render the portlight not commercially viable.
[0008] As can be derived from the variety of devices and methods
directed at forming a portlight with a gasket seal, many means have
been contemplated to accomplish the desired end, i.e., long term
consistent and repeated sealing of the portlight assembly.
Heretofore, tradeoffs between manufacturing cost and complexity and
overall performance were required. Thus, there is a long-felt need
for a portlight gasket arrangement which minimizes or removes the
shearing forces present in gaskets used in known portlight
designs.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The present invention is particularly useful for portlights
that are installed from the outside of the vessel, and as such the
dogging and hinging structures must hang off of a surface that
passes though the hole cut in the vessel side. (See FIG. 7A).
[0010] The present invention broadly comprises a portlight for a
marine vessel including a lens having an outer surface, an inner
surface and a first sealing surface disposed at a first angle
relative to the outer surface, wherein the first angle is greater
than ninety degrees, a portlight frame having a flange, an
extension and a second sealing surface disposed at a second angle
relative to an outer surface of the flange, wherein the second
angle is less ninety degrees and supplementary to the first angle,
a sealing gasket disposed between the first and second sealing
surfaces, and a hinge rotatably secured to the extension and
fixedly secured to the lens, wherein rotation of the hinge to a
closed position causes the first sealing surface to compress the
sealing gasket against the second sealing surface in the absence of
undesirable shearing of the sealing gasket.
[0011] In some embodiments, the first angle ranges from about 120
degrees to about 150 degrees, the second angle ranges from about 30
degrees to about 60 degrees and a sum of the first and second
angles is about 180 degrees. In some embodiments, the first angle
is about 135 degrees and the second angle is about 45 degrees. In
some embodiments, the gasket is fixedly secured to the first or
second sealing surface. In some embodiments, the marine vessel
includes a vessel wall, the vessel wall includes an outer surface
and the portlight frame is disposed within an opening in the vessel
wall and the flange is secured against the outer surface of the
vessel wall. In some embodiments, the outer surface of the lens is
substantially coplanar with the outer surface of vessel wall.
[0012] In some embodiments, the present invention portlight further
includes a lens support frame fixedly secured between the hinge and
the lens, wherein the hinge is positioned directly above the lens
support frame.
[0013] The present invention broadly comprises a portlight for a
marine vessel including a lens having an outer surface, an inner
surface and a first sealing surface disposed at a first angle
relative to the outer surface, wherein the first angle is greater
than ninety degrees, a portlight frame having a flange, an
extension and a second sealing surface disposed at a second angle
relative to an outer surface of the flange, wherein the second
angle is less ninety degrees and supplementary to the first angle,
a sealing gasket disposed between the first and second sealing
surfaces, and a hinge rotatably secured to the extension and
fixedly secured to the lens, wherein rotation of the hinge to a
closed position causes the first sealing surface or the second
sealing surface to approach the sealing gasket substantially
perpendicularly, and to compress the sealing gasket between the
first sealing surface and the second sealing surface in the absence
of undesirable shearing of the sealing gasket.
[0014] In some embodiments, the first angle ranges from about 120
degrees to about 150 degrees, the second angle ranges from about 30
degrees to about 60 degrees and a sum of the first and second
angles is about 180 degrees. In some embodiments, the first angle
is about 135 degrees and the second angle is about 45 degrees. In
some embodiments, the gasket is fixedly secured to the first or
second sealing surface. In some embodiments, the marine vessel
includes a vessel wall, the vessel wall includes an outer surface
and the portlight frame is disposed within an opening in the vessel
wall and the flange is secured against the outer surface of the
vessel wall. In some embodiments, the outer surface of the lens is
substantially coplanar with the outer surface of vessel wall.
[0015] In some embodiments, the present invention portlight further
includes a lens support frame fixedly secured between the hinge and
the lens, wherein the hinge is positioned directly above the lens
support frame.
[0016] It is a general object of the present invention to provide a
portlight having an angled gasket and sealing surfaces arranged to
minimize and nearly eliminate shearing forces affecting the
gasket.
[0017] It is another general object of the present invention to
permit the placement of a hinge directly above a lens support frame
without obscuring view through the portlight lens.
[0018] These and other objects and advantages of the present
invention will be readily appreciable from the following
description of preferred embodiments of the invention and from the
accompanying drawings and claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0019] The nature and mode of operation of the present invention
will now be more fully described in the following detailed
description of the invention taken with the accompanying drawing
figures, in which:
[0020] FIG. 1A is a partial cross sectional view of a prior art
portlight assembly in a closed position;
[0021] FIG. 1B is a partial cross sectional view of the prior art
portlight assembly of FIG. 1A in an open position;
[0022] FIG. 2A is a partial cross sectional view of a present
invention portlight assembly in a closed position having a known
gasket orientation;
[0023] FIG. 2B is a partial cross sectional view of the present
invention portlight assembly of FIG. 2A in an open position;
[0024] FIG. 3A is a partial cross sectional view of yet another
prior art portlight assembly in a closed position;
[0025] FIG. 3B is a partial cross sectional view of the prior art
portlight assembly of FIG. 3A in an open position;
[0026] FIG. 4 is a partial cross sectional view of still yet
another prior art portlight assembly;
[0027] FIG. 5 is a partial cross sectional view of another prior
art portlight assembly;
[0028] FIG. 6A is a partial cross sectional view of an embodiment
of a present invention portlight assembly in a closed position;
[0029] FIG. 6B is a partial cross sectional view of the present
invention portlight assembly of FIG. 6A in an open position;
[0030] FIG. 7A is a partial cross sectional view of another
embodiment of a present invention portlight assembly in a closed
position;
[0031] FIG. 7B is a partial cross sectional view of the present
invention portlight assembly of FIG. 7A in an open position;
[0032] FIG. 8 is a front plan view of portlight including an
embodiment of the present invention angled gasket; and,
[0033] FIG. 9 is a cross sectional view of the portlight of FIG. 8
taken generally along line 9-9.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0034] At the outset, it should be appreciated that like drawing
numbers on different drawing views identify identical, or
functionally similar, structural elements of the invention. While
the present invention is described with respect to what is
presently considered to be the preferred aspects, it is to be
understood that the invention as claimed is not limited to the
disclosed aspects.
[0035] Furthermore, it is understood that this invention is not
limited to the particular methodology, materials and modifications
described and as such may, of course, vary. It is also understood
that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing
particular aspects only, and is not intended to limit the scope of
the present invention, which is limited only by the appended
claims.
[0036] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms
used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of
ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It
should be appreciated that "clear viewing area" as used herein is
intended to mean that the area within the lens through which a
person may look is unobstructed by any hardware, objects, gaskets,
etc., thereby permitting full use of that area for viewing.
Furthermore, it should be appreciated that "undesirable shearing of
the gasket" as used herein is intended to mean that the gasket is
subjected to minimal shearing forces; however, as described supra,
some small amount of shearing forces may still be applied to the
gasket. Although any methods, devices or materials similar or
equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or
testing of the invention, the preferred methods, devices, and
materials are now described.
[0037] Recent design trends for portlights requires that the lens
element be flush with the outer hull surface. Traditionally, such
an arrangement could never be done, as traditional designs would
not permit it, nor was it practical to put the glass or acrylic
surface of the lens flush to the hull where is could be damaged,
scratched or pressed inward by a fender or object mounted on the
marine jetty. Regardless of such constraints, recent design trends
require such a portlight.
[0038] In addition to the design constraints described above, the
following design requirements are also present under some
circumstances: (1) a clear viewing area; (2) a small frame size;
(3) hardware visually hidden by being inside the outer perimeter of
the port; (4) a thin cross section of the port; (5) a hinge that
sits directly over the gasket; and, (6) permit a flush lens to be
made with a hinge pin inside the one-half inch width, for all the
aforementioned reasons.
[0039] It has been found that the foregoing design requirements can
be met by arranging the sealing surfaces and sealing gasket of a
portlight at an angle, e.g., an angle ranging from 30-60 degrees.
An angle of 45 degrees is preferred; however, angles ranging from
30-60 degrees have been found to also satisfy the recent design
requirements. It has been further found that angles shallower than
45 degrees, i.e., less than 45 degrees, on the hinge side begin to
introduce the shearing situation described supra. However, a
problem arises on the side opposite the hinge. If the gasket
support surfaces were vertical, pure shear and minimal translation
of the gasket support surfaces needed to generate the 20%
compression of the gasket occurs. A gasket angle of 45 degrees
averages the forces so that both sides get some compression, no
tearing of the gasket occurs and both sides of the portlight, i.e.,
hinge side and the side opposite thereto, seal properly.
[0040] It should be noted that the shearing and tearing of the
gasket are minimized; however, such conditions are not entirely
eliminated. Once the gasket is safely delivered to the mating
sealing surface, there is some friction between the gasket and that
surface which causes some "shearing" forces to be set up that
simply cause the rubber to be pushed sideways. A "shearing" force
actually does this, but it is irrelevant as the sealing surfaces of
the gasket are in contact with the mating surfaces before this
occurs. It has been found that the amount of movement or
translation of the rubber is minimal and has no affect on the
performance of the gasket, short term or long term. Moreover,
gaskets do not have to include flat surfaces. It might be desirable
to dome or curve the outer surface so the center of the gasket
makes contact with the mating surface first, thereby further
minimizing the "shearing" forces.
[0041] FIGS. 2A and 2B depict a present invention portlight hinge
arrangement; however, the embodiment depicted in these figures does
not include an angled gasket. Thus, one of ordinary skill in the
art will appreciate the benefits of the present invention angled
gasket in combination with the present invention portlight hinge
arrangement shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. Portlight 30 includes
surfaces 32 and 34 that support gasket 36. Surfaces 32 and 34 are
parallel with one another and parallel to lens element 38 when
fully closed. Such an arrangement sets up a shearing situation with
gasket 34. Portlight 30 is arranged to be installed through vessel
wall 40 from the outside of wall 40. The portion of gasket 36 which
is subject to shearing or tearing is shown by broken line portion
42 of gasket 36. As can be appreciated in view of these figures,
conventional gasket arrangements will not function with this
embodiment of the present invention hinge arrangement without
unacceptable shearing of the gasket.
[0042] FIGS. 6A and 6B shows an embodiment of a present invention
angled gasket and hinge assembly, i.e., a similar hinge assembly as
shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. In this embodiment, hinge 100 is
positioned within port 101 and directly over lens support frame
102. Such an arrangement was not previously possible as the hinge
would have visible within the outer perimeter of the port. Port
frame 104 comprises body 106 having flange 108 arranged to seal
against the outer surface of vessel wall 110. Body 106 further
comprises sealing surface 112 and extension 114 whereon hinge 100
is secured. Hinge 100 comprises extension 116, pin 118 and rotating
element 120. Rotating element 120 is fixedly secured to lens
support frame 102, while lens support frame 102 is in turn fixedly
secured to lens 122. In this embodiment, gasket 124 is secured to
lens 122; however, gasket 124 could alternatively be secured to
sealing surface 112. As the assembly of rotating element 120, lens
support frame 102, lens 122 and gasket 124 is rotated towards
sealing surface 112, surface 126 of gasket 124 approaches surface
112 substantially perpendicularly which results in minimal shearing
forces. As can be seen in the figures, sealing surface 112 and
surface 126 of gasket 124 are disposed at angle .alpha. relative to
outer surface 128 of body 106. As described supra, angle .alpha.
may range between 30 degrees and 60 degrees, and is preferably
approximately 45 degrees.
[0043] Another embodiment of a present invention angled gasket and
hinge assembly is shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B. This embodiment may
take the form of a plastic, stamped stainless steel, or extruded
aluminum port that includes an internal trim ring which may be used
to clamp the port light onto the hull surface to aid a builder in
the installation process. In this embodiment, port 150 comprises
hinge 152. Unlike the previous embodiment, hinge 152 is positioned
above port frame 154 and not positioned within port 150 or directly
over lens 156. Port frame 154 comprises body 158 having flange 160
arranged to seal against the outer surface of vessel wall 162. Body
158 further comprises sealing surface 164 and extension 166 whereon
hinge 152 is secured. Hinge 152 comprises extension 168, pin 170
and rotating element 172. Rotating element 172 is fixedly secured
to lens 156 by securing portion 174 of rotating element 172 via
screw 176 and insert 178. In this embodiment, gasket 180 is secured
to lens 156; however, gasket 180 could alternatively be secured to
sealing surface 164. As the assembly of rotating element 172, lens
156 and gasket 180 is rotated towards sealing surface 164, surface
182 of gasket 180 approaches surface 164 substantially
perpendicularly which results in minimal shearing forces. Similar
to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, sealing surface 164 and
surface 182 of gasket 180 are disposed at an angle relative to
outer surface 184 of body 158. As described supra, the angle may
range between 30 degrees and 60 degrees, and is preferably
approximately 45 degrees.
[0044] It should be appreciated that an embodiment of the present
invention includes an internal trim ring, e.g., trim ring 186. In
some embodiments, trim ring 186 is independent of port base frame
154. In other words, trim ring 186 may be purely decorative.
Alternatively, in other embodiments, trim ring 186 screws into the
port base frame, e.g., port frame 154, and draws the trim ring and
base frame together.
[0045] It should be further appreciated that the arrangement of the
present invention portlight permits the substantial coplanar
positioning of the outer surface of the port lens and the outer
surface of the vessel. Positioning the sealing gasket at an angle
relative to the foregoing outer surfaces decreases the offset of
the gasket from the sealing surface in the direction from the outer
surface and the inner surface. In other words, the known gasket
arrangements result in the lens being offset by an amount equal to
the thickness of the gasket, while the present invention angled
gasket results in the lens being offset by an amount that is less
than the thickness of the gasket, i.e., the fraction of the
thickness based on the angle of the gasket position.
[0046] FIGS. 8 and 9 depict a portlight having the present
invention angled gasket arranged therein. Portlight 200 includes
trim ring 202, lens 204, hinge 206 and dogs 208. As one of ordinary
skill in the art will appreciate dogs 208 are used to securely hold
lens 204 against gasket 210. As can be seen in FIG. 9, portlight
200 is secured within vessel wall 212 via port frame 214 and trim
ring 202. As can be further appreciated in view of FIG. 9, outer
surface 216 of lens 204 is substantially coplanar with outer
surface 218 of vessel wall 212. Moreover, the sealing surface of
lens 204 forms an angle ranging from about 120 degrees and about
150 degrees, i.e., angle .beta.. Thus, the combination of angle
.alpha. and angle .beta. results in a value of approximately 180
degrees.
[0047] One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the
foregoing present invention portlight arrangements permit the
reduction in size of the portlight frame. In other words, by
permitting the positioning of the hinge within the portlight
without obscuring the portlight's viewable area, the overall frame
size may be reduced. Furthermore, the present invention portlight
arrangement permits the outer surface of the port lens to be
substantially coplanar with the outer surface of the vessel
wall.
[0048] Thus, it is seen that the objects of the present invention
are efficiently obtained, although modifications and changes to the
invention should be readily apparent to those having ordinary skill
in the art, which modifications are intended to be within the
spirit and scope of the invention as claimed. It also is understood
that the foregoing description is illustrative of the present
invention and should not be considered as limiting. Therefore,
other embodiments of the present invention are possible without
departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
* * * * *