U.S. patent application number 13/716879 was filed with the patent office on 2013-04-25 for method for secure data exchange between two devices.
The applicant listed for this patent is Olivier BRIQUE, Christophe Nicolas, Marco Sasselli. Invention is credited to Olivier BRIQUE, Christophe Nicolas, Marco Sasselli.
Application Number | 20130101120 13/716879 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 29721339 |
Filed Date | 2013-04-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130101120 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
BRIQUE; Olivier ; et
al. |
April 25, 2013 |
METHOD FOR SECURE DATA EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO DEVICES
Abstract
This invention concerns a safe data exchange method between two
devices locally connected to one another. In a preferred
embodiment, the first device is a security module containing a
first encrypting key, said private key of a pair of asymmetric
encrypting keys. The second device is a receiver comprising at
least one second encrypting key, said public key of said pair of
asymmetric encrypting keys. Furthermore each of the devices
comprises a symmetrical key. The first device generates a first
random number, which is encrypted by said private key, then
transmitted to the second device, in which it is decrypted by means
of the public key. The second device generates a second random
number, which is encrypted by said public key, then transmitted to
the first device, in which it is decrypted by means of the private
key. A session key, used for safe data exchange, is generated by a
combination of the symmetric key and the random numbers generated
and received by each of the devices.
Inventors: |
BRIQUE; Olivier; (Le
Mont-sur-Lausanne, CH) ; Nicolas; Christophe;
(Preverenges, CH) ; Sasselli; Marco; (Chardonne,
CH) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
BRIQUE; Olivier
Nicolas; Christophe
Sasselli; Marco |
Le Mont-sur-Lausanne
Preverenges
Chardonne |
|
CH
CH
CH |
|
|
Family ID: |
29721339 |
Appl. No.: |
13/716879 |
Filed: |
December 17, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10517428 |
Apr 5, 2006 |
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PCT/IB03/02425 |
Jun 10, 2003 |
|
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13716879 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
380/268 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04N 21/4181 20130101;
G06F 21/602 20130101; H04N 21/4367 20130101; G06F 21/606 20130101;
G06F 21/72 20130101; G06F 2221/0753 20130101; G06F 2221/2153
20130101; G06F 2221/0755 20130101; G06F 2221/2129 20130101; H04L
9/0844 20130101; H04L 63/061 20130101; G06F 21/445 20130101; H04L
9/0869 20130101; H04N 7/1675 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
380/268 |
International
Class: |
H04L 9/08 20060101
H04L009/08 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jun 12, 2002 |
CH |
1002/02 |
Claims
1. Data exchange method between two devices locally connected to
one another, a first device of the two devices being a security
module and a second device of the two devices being a receiver, the
first device comprising at least one first encrypting key of a pair
of asymmetric keys and the second device comprising at least the
second encrypting key of said pair of asymmetric keys, this method
comprising: generating, at least one first random number in the
first device, generating, at least one second random number in the
second device, encrypting said first random number by said first
encrypting key, the first encrypting key initialized in the first
device during an initialization phase of the first device in a
first protected environment, encrypting said second random number
by said second encrypting key, the second encrypting key
initialized in the second device during an initialization phase of
the second device in a second protected environment, transmitting
said first encrypted random number to the second device,
transmitting said second encrypted random number to the first
device, ecrypting the first encrypted random number in said second
device, ecrypting the second encrypted random number in said first
device, combining said random numbers generated by one of the
devices and received by the other device to generate a session key,
and using the session key to encrypt and decrypt all or part of the
exchanged data between the first and second device.
2. Data exchange method according to claim 1, wherein the first
encrypted random number, transmitted to the second device and
decrypted by the second device is encrypted by said second device
by means of said second encrypting key, transmitted in an encrypted
form to said first device, ecrypted in the first device by means of
the first encrypting key and compared to said first random number
previously generated by the first device, and wherein a data
transfer between the first and second devices is stopped if the
compared random numbers are not identical.
3. Data exchange method according to claim 1, wherein the second
random number, transmitted to the first device and decrypted in the
first device is encrypted by said first device by means of said
first encrypting key, transmitted in an encrypted form to said
second device, ecrypted in the second device by means of the second
encrypting key and compared to said second random number previously
generated by the second device, and wherein a data transfer between
the first and second devices is stopped if the compared random
numbers are not identical.
4. Data exchange method according to claim 1, in which said first
device and said second device contain a symmetric encrypting key,
wherein the random numbers are combined with said symmetric key to
generate the session key.
5. Data exchange method according to claim 1, wherein the
combination of said random numbers is a concatenation.
6. Data exchange method according to claim 4, wherein the
combination of said random numbers is a concatenation.
7. Data exchange method according to claim 1, wherein the session
key is regenerated in function of a determined parameter of
use.
8. Data exchange method according to claim 7, wherein the
determined parameter of use is the duration of use.
9. Data exchange method according to claim 1, wherein at least one
of the two devices measures at least one representative physical
parameter of the communication, such as the line impedance and/or
the electric consumption, wherein at least one of the two devices
compares the values measured to the reference values, and wherein
at least one of the two devices acts on the data exchange when the
measured parameters differ from the reference values more than a
threshold value.
10. Data exchange method according to claim 9, wherein at least one
of the two devices acts by stopping the data exchange between the
two devices.
11. Data exchange method according to claim 9, wherein the session
key is regenerated in function of a determined parameter of use and
wherein the determined parameter of use is the representative
physical parameter of the communication.
12. Data exchange method according to claim 1, wherein at least one
of the devices generates at least one supplementary random number,
this supplementary random number is encrypted by said first
encrypting key, this supplementary encrypted random number is
transmitted to the second device, this transmitted encrypted
supplementary random number is decrypted in this second device, the
decrypted supplementary random number is encrypted by said second
encrypting key, the supplementary encrypted random number is
transmitted to the first device, the supplementary random number
decrypted in the first device is compared to the initial
supplementary random number generated in said first device, the
information exchange is interrupted if the comparison indicates
that the two compared numbers are not identical.
13. Data exchange method according to claim 1, wherein at least one
of the devices determines at least one predefined fixed number
memorized in the two devices, this predefined fixed number is
encrypted by said first encrypting key, this predefined fixed
encrypted number is transmitted to the second device, this
transmitted encrypted predefined fixed number is decrypted in this
second device, the predefined fixed number decrypted in the second
device is compared to the predefined fixed number memorized in this
second device, the data exchange is interrupted if the comparison
indicates that the two compared numbers are not identical.
14. Data exchange method according to claim 12, wherein each of the
numbers is encrypted separately.
15. Data exchange method according to claim 13, wherein each of the
numbers is encrypted separately.
16. Data exchange method according to claim 12, wherein a
combination of each of the numbers is encrypted.
17. Data exchange method according to claim 13, wherein a
combination of each of the numbers is encrypted.
18. Receiver for carrying out the method according to claim 1, this
receiver comprising at least one calculation unit, a read-only
memory, a demultiplexer, a descrambler, a digital/analog converter,
an external memory and a sound and image descrambler, wherein at
least the calculation unit, the read-only memory and the
descrambler are contained in a same electronic chip and wherein at
least one of the encrypting keys is stored in said electronic
chip.
19. Receiver according to claim 18, wherein at least one of the
numbers is stored in said electronic chip.
20. A data exchange method between a security module locally
connected to a receiver, the security module including a first
encrypting key of a pair of asymmetric keys and the receiver
including a second encrypting key of said pair of asymmetric keys,
the method comprising: generating, at least one first random number
in the security module, generating, at least one second random
number in the receiver, encrypting said first random number by said
first encrypting key, the first encrypting key initialized in the
security module during an initialization phase of the security
module in a first protected environment, encrypting said second
random number by said second encrypting key, the second encrypting
key initialized in the receiver during an initialization phase of
the receiver in a second protected environment, transmitting said
encrypted first random number to the receiver, transmitting said
encrypted second random number to the security module, decrypting
the encrypted first random number in the receiver, decrypting the
encrypted second random number in the security module, combining
the decrypted second random number with the first random number
generated in the security module, and combining the decrypted first
random number with the second random number generated in the
receiver, said combinations generating a session key in the
security module and the receiver, and using the session key to
encrypt and decrypt at least a portion of data exchanged between
the security module and receiver, wherein the encrypted first
random number, transmitted to the receiver and decrypted by the
receiver, is encrypted by the receiver using the second encrypting
key, transmitted in an encrypted form to the security module,
decrypted in the security module using the first encrypting key,
and compared with the first random number previously generated in
the security module, and a data transfer between the security
module and the receiver is stopped if the compared random numbers
are not identical.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of and claims priority
under 35 U.S.C. .sctn..sctn.120/121 to U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 10/517,428, filed on Dec. 10, 2004, which is a National Stage
of International Application No. PCT/IB03/02425, filed on Jun. 10,
2003, and claims the benefit of Swiss Patent Application No.
1002/02, filed on Jun. 12, 2002. The disclosures of each of the
above applications are incorporated herein by reference.
DESCRIPTION
[0002] This invention concerns a safe data exchange method between
two devices locally connected to each other, especially between a
receiver and a security module.
[0003] It also concerns a receiver designed for implementing the
method according to the invention.
[0004] Currently safe methods exist allowing data to be exchanged
between two devices such as a receiver and a security module, for
example in the domain of pay-TV.
[0005] Such a method is especially described in the international
patent application published under No. WO 97/38530. According to
this method, the receiver contains a public asymmetric encrypting
key and the security module contains the corresponding private
asymmetric encrypting key. At the time of initialising the method,
that is to say for example when the security module is inserted
into the receiver, the receiver generates a random number A and a
random key Ci. The two random elements are encrypted by the
receiver's public key, and are then sent, to the security module in
the encrypted form.
[0006] The random number and the random key are then decrypted by
means of the private key.
[0007] According to a particular embodiment, the random number A,
decrypted by the private key, can then be encrypted in the security
module by means of the random key Ci, and transferred to the
receiver, then decrypted in the receiver by means of the same
initially generated random key. The random number A' obtained at
this stage is compared to A, the one generated by the receiver in
order to verify that the security module corresponds well to the
one which must be used with the receiver. When another security
module is used with this receiver, the two random numbers A and A'
will not correspond and the communication is interrupted. If the
security module and the receiver are recognized as being able to
exchange data with each other, the random key Ci is used as a
session key, that is to say that all the data exchanged in the safe
form between the security module and the receiver during a given
session, for example till the security module is withdrawn, is
encrypted by means of this random key.
[0008] This form of execution presents drawbacks regarding
security. In fact, the receiver is not considered to be a reliable
element, unlike the security module and it is possible to determine
the public key of a receiver thanks to technical means and computer
analysis. It is therefore possible to modify a receiver in such a
way that it generates a predetermined key in place of a random key
Ci.
[0009] In this case, the verification of the communication with the
security module will be carried out with a predetermined key.
[0010] In this way, the "random" key Ci being known, the messages
can be decrypted and, in the case of pay-TV in particular, the data
necessary for the system to work, especially the <<Control
Words>> can be decrypted and made available to third parties,
for example using an network such as Internet. It should be noted
that the random key Ci is a symmetrical key.
[0011] When it is known, either because it has been predefined, or
because it has been obtained in another way, it can be used to
decipher messages originating from the receiver and those coming
from the security module at the same time.
[0012] This invention proposes avoiding this drawback by offering a
process of safe data transfer between a receiver and a security
module thanks to which the decrypting of unauthorized data is
particularly complex.
[0013] This aim is achieved by a safe data exchange method between
two devices locally connected to each other, especially between a
security module and a receiver, the first device comprising at
least one first encrypting key of a pair of asymmetric encrypting
keys and the second device comprising at least one second
encrypting key of said pair of asymmetric encrypting keys, these
keys being previously initialised in the first and second device,
this method including the steps consisting of:
[0014] generating, at least one first random number in the first
device,
[0015] generating, at least one second random number in the second
device,
[0016] encrypting said first random number by said first encrypting
key,
[0017] encrypting said second random number by said second
encrypting key,
[0018] transmitting said first random number encrypted to the
second device,
[0019] transmitting said second random number encrypted to the
first device,
[0020] decrypting, in said second device, the first encrypted
random number,
[0021] decrypting, in said first device, the second encrypted
random number,
[0022] combining said random numbers generated by one of the
devices and received by the other device to generate a session
key,
[0023] and using the session key to encrypt all or part of the
exchanged data between the first and second device.
[0024] This invention and its advantages will be better understood
with reference to different particular embodiments of the invention
and to attached drawings, in which:
[0025] FIG. 1 represents a first embodiment of this invention,
[0026] FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of the invention,
[0027] FIG. 3 schematically shows a kind of number structure such
as that used in the method according to the invention, and
[0028] FIG. 4 represents a third embodiment of this invention.
[0029] With reference to these figures, reference 10 schematically
represents, a security module and reference 11, a receiver.
[0030] The security module 10 and the receiver 11 are jointly
denominated the devices in the rest of the text. As the expert
knows, the security module 10 can especially be in the form of a
microchip card or a module containing a chip such as a connector
known by the denomination <<dongle>>. It is clear that
other embodiments could be imagined without leaving the scope of
this invention.
[0031] This security module 10 contains a private asymmetric key
PAKV of a pair of asymmetric keys. This key can be introduced into
the security module 10 for example at the time the module is
manufactured or at a further stage, in a managing data centre or
thanks to a secure connection between said managing centre and the
security module. It is stored in a non-volatile memory of the
module.
[0032] The receiver 11, in particular in the case of paying TV, is
generally formed by a box connected to the television set. It
contains a public asymmetric key PAKB coming from said pair of
asymmetric keys. This public key is thus matched to the private key
of the security module. The public key is generally programmed at
the manufacture of the receiver or during an initialisation phase
in a protected environment. It can also be safely remotely loaded
by broadcasting.
[0033] In the domain of pay-TV especially, it is desirable that
only one receiver operates with only one security module. This
allows avoiding that rights loaded in a security module belonging
to a given owner be used in several receivers belonging to other
owners. For this reason, the security module and the receiver are
matched in such a way that only one security module can only
function with only one receiver and conversely. This matching is
done thanks to the pair of asymmetric keys of which one is loaded
in the security module and of which the other is loaded in the
receiver. In principle, the pairs of asymmetric keys are unique.
However, in practice, when the users' number is very high, it is
possible to attribute the same pair of keys several times, keeping
very low the possibility that rights are exchanged. This risk can
be set to zero by using a unique supplementary symmetric key, as is
explained below referring to FIG. 4.
[0034] In the embodiment disclosed in FIG. 1, the process of the
invention takes place in the following way: when a communication
between the two devices, namely the security module 10 and the
receiver 11 is initiated, the security module first of all
generates a random number A. This is represented surrounded by a
circle in FIG. 1. This random number is encrypted in the security
module 10 by the private key PAKV, in such a way as to obtain a
random encrypted number A' (A'=PAKV(A)). This is transmitted to the
receiver 11. The random number encrypted A' is decrypted in the
receiver by means of the public key PAKB, which allows one to
obtain the initial random number A.
[0035] Inversely, the receiver 11 generates a random number B,
represented surrounded by a circle in FIG. 1. This random number B
is encrypted in the receiver using the public key PAKB. One obtains
thus a random encrypted number B' (B'=PAKB(B)), which is
transmitted to the security module 10. The random number encrypted
B' is decrypted in the security module by means of the private key
PAKV, which allows to obtain the initial random number B.
[0036] In this way, either the security module or the receiver
dispose of random number A generated by the security module and
random number B generated by the receiver. These two random numbers
are combined in such a way as to generate new random number, which
will be used, in a first embodiment as a session key SK. The
combination can be carried out by a simple concatenation of two
numbers, by a function OR EXCLUSIVE or by every other suitable
combination.
[0037] The session key SK thus generated is used for all the
security communications between the security module and the
receiver.
[0038] This embodiment offers great security to the user since it
is reputed to be impossible to know the private key contained in
the security module. If it is possible to impose a determined
number in place of the random number B in the receiver, however it
is not possible to impose a random number A in the security
module.
[0039] In a similar way, by sophisticated technical means, one can
determine the public key PAKB, but one cannot deduce the private
key PAKV. Therefore, the fact that each of the devices generates a
random number and that these numbers are encrypted with asymmetric
keys, prevents deceiving the device by imposing the keys and the
random numbers.
[0040] In the embodiment according to FIG. 2, as in that of FIG. 1,
a random number is generated by each of the devices. It is
encrypted by the corresponding key and transmitted to the other
device in the encrypted form.
[0041] The random number A received by the receiver 11 is then
encrypted again, this time by the public key PAKB of the receiver,
in such a way as to obtain a new encrypted number A'' (A''=PAKB(A))
which is sent to the security module 10.
[0042] It is decrypted there thanks to the private key PAKV. If the
private keys PAKV and the public keys PAKB used respectively in the
security module 10 and in the receiver 11 are matched, number A
thus obtained is identical to random number A of origin generated
by the security module. As described referring to FIG. 2, the
method has a comparison stage 12 between the random number A coming
from the decrypting of number A'' encrypted in the receiver 11 and
random number A generated by the security module 10. If these
numbers are not identical, one can deduce that the security module
is not matched to the receiver and that the communications or the
data transfers must be interrupted. This can happen for example
when a security module is introduced in a receiver different to
that for which it has been matched or when a security module is
simulated for example by means of a computer.
[0043] Similarly, random number B received by the security module
10 is also encrypted by the private key PAKV of this module, in
such a way as to obtain a encrypted number B'' (B''=(PAKV(B)).
[0044] This is sent to the receiver 11, in which it is decrypted by
means of the public key PAKB. Thus a random number B is obtained
which is compared to the random number B of origin generated by the
receiver 11. As previously, the two random numbers are compared in
a comparison stage 12. If these two random numbers are not
identical, the communication is interrupted.
[0045] If the comparison of the random numbers gives a positive
result, that is to say if the security module 10 and the receiver
11 are matched, a session key SK is generated by using a
combination of the random numbers A and B. This session key is used
for further security communications between the security module and
the receiver.
[0046] This embodiment presents the advantage that the random
numbers before and after encrypting are compared by both the
security module 10 and the receiver 11. In this way, even if a
third person appropriates the public key of the receiver, these
cannot be used to decrypt the exchanged messages between the
security module and the receiver. Likewise, if a security module is
used on a receiver for which it is not anticipated, the data will
not be able to be decrypted.
[0047] In the method according to FIG. 3, to the random number as
previously described is added, for example the random number A as
described referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, two parts b and c each having
a built-in function. b is a random number generated in the security
module 10. c is a fixed preset number, called "pattern", which is
memorized in the security module 10 and in the receiver 11. This
pattern can for example be formed from a sequence of 0 and 1
alternated.
[0048] According to a first embodiment, the three elements, namely
the random number A, the random number b and the pattern c are
encrypted by means of the private key PAKV. One obtains thus a
number A- such that A-=PAKV (A, b, c). This number A- is
transmitted to the receiver 11, in which it is decrypted by means
of the public key PAKB. This decrypting must result in the three
numbers A, b and c if the security module 10 and the receiver 11
are matched. As number c has a preset known value, the receiver can
easily carry out a verification of this value. For that purpose,
the receiver carries out a comparison between the value of c
memorized in the receiver and that obtained after decrypting. If
these two values are not identical, the data exchange with the
security module is stopped.
[0049] Random number b is sent back to the security module 10 for
verification. Because of this, first of all it is encrypted in the
receiver 11 by means of the public key PAKB, which gives the number
b'' (b''=PAKB(b)). This number b'' is then sent to the security
module 10 in which it is decrypted thanks to the private key PAKV.
The number thus decrypted is compared to the initial number b and
the data exchange is interrupted if these two numbers are not
identical.
[0050] According to a second embodiment, the three elements, namely
the random number A, the random number b and the pattern are
separately encrypted in the security module 10 by means of the
private key PAKV.
[0051] One then obtains three encrypted numbers. At the time of
decrypting, if the security module and the receiver are matched,
one obtains the random numbers A and b, as well as the pattern c,
as previously.
[0052] The session key SK is formed from a combination according to
a known rule, random number A generated by the security module 10,
random number B generated by the receiver and possibly random
number b generated by the security module and/or pattern c.
[0053] As all these elements are known either by the security
module 10 or by the receiver 11, the session key can be formed.
[0054] This embodiment is advantageous to different points of
view.
[0055] On the one hand, it allows one to carry out a first
verification of the matching of the security module 10 and of the
receiver 11 thanks to pattern c, using a unidirectional
communication between the two devices. When the devices are not
matched, it is desirable to carry out as few data exchanges as
possible, which is done thanks to the verification of the contents
of pattern c.
[0056] On the other hand, by sending the random number b back, it
is possible to verify the matching between these two devices,
certainly and reliably, without however transmitting the random
number A twice. This improves the security of the data exchanges
even more since one minimises the quantity of confidential data
that are exchanged between the two devices.
[0057] It should be noted that one can also add only a pattern c to
the random number A. The verification of the matching between the
two devices is only done when there is pattern c. In a similar way,
one can also add only another random number b, without pattern c to
the random number A, the verification being made in the security
module 10, on the random number b.
[0058] In the embodiment disclosed in FIG. 4, the first steps of
the method take place in the same way as in the one disclosed in
FIG. 2. Random numbers A and B are generated respectively by the
security module 10 and by the receiver 11. They are exchanged and
verified in such a way that assures that the security module 10 and
the receiver 11 are well matched. In this embodiment, the security
module and the receiver dispose furthermore of a symmetric key PHK,
carrying the reference 13. The random numbers A and B are not
simply combined to each other to obtain a session key SK, as in the
embodiment of FIG. 2, but they are also combined with the symmetric
key 13. The combination of these three elements can be done as
previously, by concatenation or by every other suitable function.
According to a particular form of the invention, the session key SK
is formed by encrypting the two concatenated numbers A and B
(SK=PHK (A, B)) with the symmetrical key 13.
[0059] This presents the advantage of making the unauthorized
decrypting of messages more difficult and obliges one to dispose of
all the keys to be able to obtain a usable piece of information.
The security of the device is thus still reinforced. This
embodiment is also advantageous because it is relatively long and
difficult to generate a very large quantity of pairs of different
asymmetric keys. For simplification, faced with a very large number
of users, it is desirable to assign the same pair of keys to
several couples of security module/receiver.
[0060] On the other hand, the symmetrical key is unique. So, using
a symmetrical key in other keys, it is possible to guarantee that a
security module is only usable with the corresponding receiver.
[0061] It is possible to memorize the session key generated for
example during the first use of the device and to always use this
key.
[0062] However, for security reasons, it is advisable to generate a
new key every time a new session is begun, a session being defined
as the period separating the start and the finish of the data
exchanges between the two devices. In order to increase the
communications' security even more, it is even possible to change
the key according to chosen intervals, for example regular ones or
according to a defined algorithm, during a same session, for
example every two hours. So, all the data that could have been
obtained without authorisation can no longer be used after this
maximum validity duration of the session key.
[0063] According to a particular embodiment of the invention, one
can use a "smart" security module or similar means, which allow one
to measure different physical parameters, such as especially line
impedance or electric consumption. The value of this or of these
parameters is compared, at regular intervals, to a reference value.
When one notices a difference, beyond a tolerance level, between
these compared values, one can deduce that an unidentical reading
risk exists of data on the system. In this case, one can, although
it will not be a preferred solution, cut the whole data exchange
between the receiver and the security module. A preferred solution
consists of sending a request to the receiver, asking the
generation for a new session key. The data exchange is blocked if
the receiver does not comply. This allows one to obtain a dynamic
system in which every access attempt to confidential data is
watched. The measurement of the physical parameters can also be
implanted in the receiver.
[0064] As is known by the expert, a receiver for pay-TV essentially
includes a processing unit, a read-only memory, a demultiplexer, a
descrambler, a digital/analogical converter, an external memory and
a sound and image descrambler. In the present systems, the
processing unit, the read-only memory and the descrambler can be
contained in a same electronic chip. In the systems of the prior
art, the public key PAKB is generally contained in the external
memory. This one is accessible; thereby it is possible to read or
to modify its contents, which can create risk of reading
unauthorized data.
[0065] In order to minimise this risk, the public key PAKB and/or
the symmetrical key 13 can advantageously be stored either in the
read-only memory, or in the descrambler. This greatly increases
security, because, to modify one of the keys, it is indispensable
to change the electronic chip, which is not very interesting from
an economical point of view and which implies that one can provide
counterfeit chips. The security of the communications is thus
particularly effective.
[0066] It should be noted that, in the description that follows,
the key carrying the reference 13 in FIG. 4 is described as being a
symmetric key. It is however also possible to use a pair of
asymmetric keys in place of this symmetric key. In this case, one
uses two pairs of asymmetric keys. One of the pairs of keys can be
common for a users' group and the other can be unique. The two
pairs can also be unique.
[0067] In the description of the examples above, the first device
corresponds to the security module and the second device
corresponds to the receiver. It is clear that the method according
to the invention operates in the same way if the first device is
the receiver and the second device is the security module.
* * * * *