U.S. patent application number 13/708331 was filed with the patent office on 2013-04-18 for methods and apparatus for selecting the better cell from redundant streams within a cell-oriented environment..
This patent application is currently assigned to TELLABS OPERATIONS, INC.. The applicant listed for this patent is TELLABS OPERATIONS, INC.. Invention is credited to Mark E. Boduch, Mark A. Richmond, Lawrence D. Weizeorick.
Application Number | 20130094370 13/708331 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 23995604 |
Filed Date | 2013-04-18 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130094370 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Boduch; Mark E. ; et
al. |
April 18, 2013 |
Methods and Apparatus for Selecting the Better Cell From Redundant
Streams Within A Cell-Oriented Environment.
Abstract
The specification discloses methods and apparatus for selecting
the better of two or more copies of a cell in a cell-oriented
redundant switching system connected to an external communications
network. In the preferred embodiment, the best cell copy selection
aligns redundantly transmitted cell streams before selecting cells
for insertion in the data stream. Because the streams are aligned
before the selection is made, the best cell copy selector compares
each cell at the same instant in time, rather than basing its
selection on past events.
Inventors: |
Boduch; Mark E.; (Geneva,
IL) ; Richmond; Mark A.; (Downers Grove, IL) ;
Weizeorick; Lawrence D.; (Lisle, IL) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
TELLABS OPERATIONS, INC.; |
Naperville |
IL |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
TELLABS OPERATIONS, INC.
Naperville
IL
|
Family ID: |
23995604 |
Appl. No.: |
13/708331 |
Filed: |
December 7, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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10429761 |
May 5, 2003 |
8339941 |
|
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13708331 |
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09501930 |
Feb 10, 2000 |
6667954 |
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10429761 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
370/242 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04Q 11/0478 20130101;
H04L 29/02 20130101; H04L 49/153 20130101; H04L 2012/5627 20130101;
H04L 12/5601 20130101; H04L 2012/565 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
370/242 |
International
Class: |
H04L 29/02 20060101
H04L029/02 |
Claims
1. A method for selecting data at a network node coupled to a
communications network, the method comprising: selecting a better
copy of data at the network node from at least two copies of the
data in redundantly transmitted streams, received via one or more
communications paths, based on an error status identified for each
of the at least two copies of the data in the redundantly
transmitted streams.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein selecting the better copy of the
data from the at least two copies of the data in the redundantly
transmitted streams is further based on an arrival status
identified for each of the at least two copies of the data in the
redundantly transmitted streams.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising: identifying a
preferred switch network copy from the at least two copies of the
data in the redundantly transmitted streams, the preferred switch
network copy being data from one of the redundantly transmitted
streams from which a last better copy of data was selected; and
selecting the preferred switch network copy as the better copy of
the data based on each of the at least two copies of the data in
the redundantly transmitted streams having an error status
indicating bit errors.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the redundantly transmitted
streams each includes an asynchronous transfer mode cell.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the redundantly transmitted
streams each includes a synchronous transfer mode cell.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the redundantly transmitted
streams each includes an Internet protocol packet.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the method is performed by an
Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) at the network
node.
8. The method of claim 1 further comprising: inserting the better
copy of the data selected into a data stream being sent by the
network node or generating a cell or packet at the network node and
incorporating the better copy into the cell or packet prior to
sending the cell or the packet from the network node.
9. The method of claim 1 further comprising: extracting overhead
status information from each of the redundantly transmitted cell
streams and maintaining the overhead status information in one or
more memory locations of at least one memory in the network
node.
10. The method of claim 1 further comprising: absorbing delay
variation resulting from data received from one of the redundantly
transmitted streams at non-regular intervals.
11. A network node for selecting data, the network node comprising:
a network interface configured to receive redundantly transmitted
streams; and a selection module configured to select a better copy
of data from at least two copies of the data in the redundantly
transmitted streams, received via one or more communications paths,
based on an error status identified for each of the at least two
copies of the data in the redundantly transmitted streams.
12. The network node of claim 11 wherein the selection module is
further configured to select the better copy of the data from the
at least two copies of the data in the redundantly transmitted
streams based on an arrival status identified for each of the at
least two copies of the data in the redundantly transmitted
streams.
13. The network node of claim 11 wherein the selection module
further includes: an identification module configured to identify a
preferred switch network copy from the at least two copies of the
data in the redundantly transmitted streams, the preferred switch
network copy being data from one of the redundantly transmitted
streams from which a last better copy of data was selected; and
wherein the selection module is further configured to select the
preferred switch network copy as the better copy of the data based
on each of the at least two copies of the data in the redundantly
transmitted streams having an error status indicating bit
errors.
14. The network node of claim 11 wherein the redundantly
transmitted streams each includes an asynchronous transfer mode
cell.
15. The network node of claim 11 wherein the redundantly
transmitted streams each includes a synchronous transfer mode
cell.
16. The network node of claim 11 wherein the redundantly
transmitted streams each includes an Internet protocol packet.
17. The network node of claim 11 wherein the selection module is an
Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC).
18. The network node of claim 11 further comprising: a transmission
module configured to insert the better copy of the data selected
into a data stream being sent by the network node or to generate a
cell or packet incorporating the better copy into the cell or the
packet prior to sending the cell or packet from the network
node.
19. The network node of claim 11 further comprising: at least one
memory; and an extractor module configured to extract overhead
status information from each of the redundantly transmitted cell
streams and to maintain the overhead status information in one or
more memory locations of the at least one memory in the network
node.
20. A non-transient computer-readable medium having stored thereon
a sequence of instructions which, when loaded and executed by a
processor, causes the processor to: select a better copy of data
from at least two copies of data in redundantly transmitted
streams, received via one or more communications paths, based on an
error status identified for each of the at least two copies of the
data in the redundantly transmitted streams.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 10/429,761, filed May 5, 2003, which is continuation of U.S.
application Ser. No. 09/501,930 filed Feb. 10, 2000, now U.S. Pat.
No. 6,667,954. The entire teachings of the above applications are
incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates generally to methods and
apparatus for selecting between or among cell streams in a
communication network. More particularly, the present invention
relates generally to methods for selecting between two or more
redundant or competing cell streams from a cell-oriented
environment, such as for example in an ATM (Asynchronous Transfer
Mode) cell-based redundant switching system, connected to an
external communications network.
[0003] Switching equipment may be designed with various layers of
redundancy, including redundancy in the switch network portion of
the switch itself. A switch network which provides redundancy is
comprised of two or more redundant switch network copies. Such a
redundancy scheme provides a vehicle whereby the "better" (also
sometimes characterized in the art as the "best") cell of two or
more copies of a cell may be selected for insertion into the data
stream. Providing at least two redundant or competing cell streams
from which to choose the better cell, as determined based upon at
least one measure of cell quality, ensures the integrity of the
data and minimizes the number of cells that may be dropped as
"bad." Because different paths can be used to route different
copies of a cell to the same destination, typically a decision must
be made as to which of the copies received at that destination
shall be further communicated in the network.
[0004] One prior art solution for selecting between redundant cell
streams involves the use of control cells to synchronize cell
streams that are redundantly transmitted in a cell-based
communication network. These control cells, which contain a
continuously changing sequence number, are inserted at regular
intervals into the redundant cell streams at the start of the path.
The presence of these control cells is monitored at the end of the
path for each of the cell streams. The selected stream is
identified, but it is not passed on until the sequence number in
the selected stream matches the sequence number in its
corresponding redundant stream. However, the cells are only aligned
after a control cell is received; no alignment takes place in the
time interval between arrival of control cells. Thus, dropped cells
can cause misalignment until the next control cell is received.
Further, a cell is not selected to be sent on to the customer
network based on cell quality, i.e., the "best" of the received
cells is not necessarily the cell sent on to the customer. Instead,
the basis for selection is the presence or absence of a matching
sequence number in the control cells of the two streams.
[0005] One objective of the present invention is to intelligently
select one of two or more copies of a cell. According to one aspect
of the invention, this selection is made by aligning the cell
streams prior to selecting the best cell.
[0006] Another objective of the present invention is to tolerate a
limited delay between the arrival of both cell copies, as well as a
varying degree of bit errors associated with each of the cell
copies.
[0007] Another objective of the present invention is to provide
glitchless copy switching in a cell-oriented environment.
[0008] Another objective of the present invention is to select the
best cell copy despite bit errors or other problems which may occur
on one or both copies of the cell stream as the cell stream
propagates.
[0009] Another objective of the present invention is to select the
best cell copy while reducing or minimizing the number of cells
dropped and maintaining the ordered nature of the cell stream.
[0010] These and other objects of the invention are discussed in or
will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following
detailed description of the invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0011] The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for
selecting the better of two or more copies of any given cell from
the received cell streams, dropping the least number of cells,
while maintaining the ordered nature of the cell stream. The two or
more copies of a cell presented for selection originate from
multiple redundant switch network copies. These cell copies move
through a redundant switch network, where the best cell copy
selection is made, and the selected cell copy is inserted into the
data stream.
[0012] In the preferred embodiment, the cell streams are aligned
prior to selecting which of the two or more cells to insert into
the data stream. The corresponding cell streams from the multiple
redundant switch network copies are aligned using a buffer.
[0013] After the two or more streams are aligned, one of the cells
is selected for insertion into the data stream, based on a direct
comparison of the two or more cell copies. If a cell is missing
from all of the multiple redundant switch network copies, idle
filler bytes are used to compensate for the missing data. Because
the streams are aligned before the copy selection is made, the
cells can be compared to one another at the same instant in time to
determine which cell should be sent on to the customer network.
[0014] These and other features of the present invention are
discussed or are apparent in the following detailed description of
the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] The foregoing will be apparent from the following more
particular description of example embodiments of the invention, as
illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference
characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views.
The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being
placed upon illustrating embodiments of the present invention.
[0016] FIG. 1 is a diagram of a redundant switching system;
[0017] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the cell stream alignment best
cell copy selection ASIC;
[0018] FIG. 3 is a state machine diagram for the sequence manager
of the best cell copy selection ASIC;
[0019] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the sequence manager, the CDV
FIFO, and the byte interleaving of the cell stream alignment best
cell copy selection ASIC;
[0020] FIG. 5 is an illustration of the CDV FIFO cell stream
alignment;
[0021] FIG. 6a is a flow chart illustrating the operation of the
cell stream alignment best cell copy selection ASIC upon arrival of
a single cell or no cell;
[0022] FIG. 6b is a flow chart illustrating the operation of the
cell stream alignment best cell copy selection ASIC upon arrival of
two cells.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0023] A switching system in a communication network is often
designed with a redundant switch network. This redundancy provides
an alternate route over which traffic may be redirected in the
event that the primary route is unavailable. This redundancy scheme
also provides a vehicle where the "best" data may be selected for
insertion into the outgoing data stream, thus ensuring data
integrity and minimizing the amount of data that may be dropped as
bad. When a communication network is cell-oriented, as it is in the
case of an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) communication network,
for example, data travels through the communication network as
cells. These cells reside in cell streams. When the best cell can
be selected from redundant cell streams and can be inserted into
the outgoing data stream and sent on to a customer network, data
integrity is ensured while the ordered nature of the cell stream is
maintained.
[0024] FIG. 1 depicts a redundant switching system 100 in which the
best cell copy selection ASIC 110 may be employed. Such a redundant
switching system 100 is connected to an external communications
system. It is noted that although the discussion below proceeds
with reference, in part, to SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork)
data, the invention is not limited to SONET data. The invention may
be implemented with any cell-based data. Thus, the cells may
encapsulate, for example, synchronous transfer mode (STM) data, ATM
cells, or internet protocol (IP) packets.
[0025] Returning to FIG. 1, in the redundant switching system 100,
there are two copies of a redundant switch network, switch network
copy 107 and switch network copy 108. A signal 103 comes into the
redundant switching system 100 to an ingress port module 104.
Signal 103 may be a SONET stream consisting of multiple STS-N
payloads. The ingress port module 104 splits the signal 103 into
two identical signals, signal 105 and signal 106. Depending upon
how a given port is configured, the ingress port module 104 may
segment each of the STS-N payloads into cells (for the case of
STM-type switching), or it may retrieve ATM cells from the
payloads. In either case, signals 105, 106, 111, and 112 are
characterized as composite cell streams, each of which may contain
cells associated with multiple connections. Signal 105 and signal
106 are passed to redundant switch network copies 107 and 108,
respectively. While two switch network copies provide redundancy,
additional switch network copies (beyond two) may be used to
provide additional redundancy. In that case, ingress port module
104 would split signal 103 into additional identical copies, one
per switch network copy. For illustrative purposes, all the
connections associated with signal 103 are assumed to be forwarded
(switched) to the same egress port module. After signal 105 is
input to switch network copy 107, the signal is routed through
switch network copy 107 and output as signal 111. After signal 106
is input to switch network copy 108, the signal is routed through
switch network copy 108 and output as signal 112. Signals 111 and
112 are then passed to the egress port module 109. The egress port
module 109 determines whether signal 111 or signal 112 will be sent
on to the customer's network as output signal 113.
[0026] The best cell copy selection ASIC (Application Specific
Integrated Circuit) 110 resides in the egress port module 109. The
inputs to the best cell copy selection ASIC 110 are composite cell
streams, while the output of the best cell copy selection ASIC 110
is a data stream. The best cell copy selection is preferably
performed by an ASIC, but can alternately be implemented by
discrete hardware components or by software executing on a
microprocessor.
[0027] Each cell stream has a unique identifier, hereinafter
referred to as the source identification number. Cell streams are
those which contain cells with only one source identification
number; composite cell streams contain cells with multiple source
identification numbers. The source identification number identifies
the source of a given cell stream. Each cell stream is given a
unique source identification number within an ingress port module
104. Egress port module 109 recognizes one or more cell streams
based upon these source identification numbers. Each cell has a
multi-bit sequence number which is attached at ingress port module
104 and which is identical for both copies of the same cell, and
increasing for each subsequent cell entering the best cell copy
selection ASIC 110 for any given source identification number. The
sequence number identifies the position of the cell within the cell
stream. A source identification number is associated with each cell
stream source, and each cell stream source may assign sequence
numbers independently.
[0028] The best cell copy selection ASIC 110 aligns the cell
streams from the redundant switch network copies before selecting
which one of the two cells to insert into the data stream. As noted
above, although the discussion below proceeds with reference to
SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork) data, the invention is not
limited to SONET data. If any cells required to construct the
outgoing data stream are missing from both networks, the best cell
copy selection ASIC 110 inserts idle filler bytes, consisting, for
example, of alternating `1`s and `0's, to compensate for the
missing data. (The best cell copy selection ASIC 110 need only
insert these filler bytes for applications in which STM-type
switching, as previously defined, is used.) Because the streams are
aligned before the copy selection is made, both cells can be
compared to one another at the same instant in time, and the
historical quality of the data streams need not be considered.
[0029] FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of the cell stream alignment
best cell copy selection ASIC 110. Referring to FIG. 2, the best
cell copy selection ASIC 110 includes a cell overhead
extractor/monitor 201, a source ID translator 202, a sequence
manager 203, a cell delay variation FIFO (CDV FIFO) function 204, a
byte interleaver 205, and a copy selector 206. Although FIG. 2
shows the byte interleaver 205 occurring before the copy selecting,
the byte interleaver 205 can alternately be performed after the
copy selecting.
[0030] The cell overhead extractor/monitor 201 takes two received
composite cell streams, composite cell stream 220 and composite
cell stream 221, and extracts overhead status information from the
fields of cell overhead that accompany each cell. Composite cell
stream 220 originates from switch network copy 107 (shown in FIG.
1). Composite cell stream 221 originates from switch network copy
108 (shown in FIG. 1). The cell overhead extractor/monitor 201
extracts overhead status information from each stream emanating
from each switch network copy. The cell overhead extractor/monitor
201 maintains the status of the extracted fields in user registers
210. The user registers 210, though shown in FIG. 2 as residing
internal to the best cell copy selection ASIC 110, may alternately
reside external to the best cell copy selection ASIC 110. One or
more user registers may be associated with each source
identification number and with each switch network copy. The cell
overhead extractor/monitor 201 may also provide error counts for
each stream emanating from each switch network copy. Information
extracted by the cell overhead extractor/monitor 201 is passed to
the source ID translator 202. Alternatively, the extracted
information is stored in user registers 210 and accessed by the
source ID translator 202.
[0031] As noted above, each cell stream has a source identification
number, identifying the source of a given cell stream. The source
identification number is one of the fields extracted by the cell
overhead extractor/monitor 201.
[0032] The source ID translator 202 translates the source
identification number (extracted by the cell overhead
extractor/monitor 201) from the particular switch network copy into
multiple signals for that switch network copy. The source ID
translator 202 outputs a corresponding number of control signals
per switch network copy. For example, for a synchronous transport
signal, level 12 (STS-12), the source ID translator 202 outputs 12
control signals. These control signals indicate into which STS-1
the current cell is to be inserted.
[0033] The source ID translator 202 may also capture cell overhead
information associated with any misrouted cell. A misrouted cell is
a cell containing a source identification number which does not
match one of the expected source identification numbers with which
it is compared. For STS's, the source ID translator 202 performs
this comparison by comparing the source identification number of
each cell that arrives with as many as 24 expected source
identification numbers. Because there are two source identification
numbers for each outgoing stream, 24 expected source identification
numbers are used in the comparison process. This minimizes the
interruption of cell transmission for the case where the source of
a given STS cell stream switches from one originating ingress port
module 104 to another. If the incoming source identification number
matches an expected source identification number, a bit
corresponding to that expected source identification number is set
by the source ID translator 202. The incoming cell is then
forwarded to a corresponding STS CDV FIFO (discussed on subsequent
pages).
[0034] The STS mapping 225 is comprised of the sequence manager
203, the CDV
[0035] FIFO function 204, and the byte interleaver 205. The STS
mapping 225 combines the individual incoming streams into one
outgoing data stream.
[0036] The sequence manager 203 determines whether the cell stream
is in sequence or out of sequence and provides the sequence number
to the CDV FIFO function 204. The sequence manager 203 also ensures
the validity and order of the data passed to the CDV FIFO function
204 by monitoring the sequence number within a single cell stream.
The sequence number is used in conjunction with the source
identification number to identify the cell stream and the cell
order within that stream. The size or length of the sequence number
is programmable and may be set to, for example, 8, 10, 12, or 14
bits in length via user register controls (not shown).
[0037] The sequence manager 203 of FIG. 2 determines the sequence
status of a particular cell stream. The method by which the
sequence manager 203 determines whether a cell stream is in
sequence or out of sequence may be implemented by the state machine
shown in FIG. 3. Referring to FIG. 3, the sequence status may be in
one of three states: out of sequence 301, in sequence 302, or
sequence error 303. The sequence manager 203 evaluates the sequence
number received from the current cell and compares it to the
sequence number of the cell that was previously received. A
composite cell stream error exists when errors which affect all
cells within a composite cell stream (such as "loss of cell
delineation") are detected. Composite cell stream errors are inputs
to the state machine, the composite cell stream errors being
determined by devices external to the best cell copy selection
itself.
[0038] The sequence manager 203 initially starts in the in sequence
state 302. Repeated execution of the state machine begins in the
state of the previous cell. If the sequence manager 203 starts in
the out of sequence state 301 (the last cell was out of sequence)
and the conditions at block 304 exist, then the sequence manager
203 transitions the sequence state of that cell stream to the in
sequence state 302. In particular, if the sequence manager 203
determines that the initialization bit in the cell overhead is not
set (the initialization bit in the cell overhead is set at the
ingress port module 104 in order to force initialization of the
best cell circuitry associated with a given cell stream at the
egress port module 109), and initialization has not been commanded
by software (by means of setting a user register bit by a
microprocessor), and no composite cell stream errors have occurred,
and the sequence number is equal to the previous sequence number
+1, then the sequence manager 203 transitions the sequence status
to the in sequence state 302, writes the cell into the CDV FIFO,
and updates the previous sequence number with the value of the
sequence number of the current cell.
[0039] If the sequence manager 203 begins in the out of sequence
state 301 and the conditions at block 305 exist, then the sequence
manager 203 maintains the sequence status of that cell stream in
the out of sequence state 301. In particular, if the sequence
manager 203 determines that the sequence number is not equal to the
previous sequence number +1, or the initialization bit in the cell
overhead is set, or initialization has been commanded by software,
or a composite cell stream error has occurred, then the sequence
manager 203 maintains the sequence status in the out of sequence
state 301, reports a loss of sequence in the CDV FIFO status 207,
does not write the cell into CDV FIFO, and updates the previous
sequence number with the value of the sequence number of the
current cell.
[0040] If the sequence manager 203 begins in the in sequence state
302 (the initial execution of the state machine or the last cell
was in sequence) and the conditions at block 306 exist, then the
sequence manager 203 transitions the sequence state of that cell
stream to the sequence error state 303. In particular, if the
sequence manager 203 determines that the initialization bit in the
cell overhead is not set, and initialization has not been commanded
by software, and no composite cell stream errors have occurred, and
the sequence number is not between the previous sequence number and
the previous sequence +4, then the sequence manager 203 transitions
the sequence status to sequence error 303 and does not write the
cell into the CDV FIFO. Note that if the conditions at block 306
exist, the sequence manager 203 does not update the previous
sequence number with the value of the sequence number of the
current cell.
[0041] If the sequence manager 203 begins in the sequence state 302
and the conditions at block 307 exist, then the sequence manager
203 maintains the sequence state of that cell stream in the in
sequence state 302. In particular, if the sequence manager 203
determines that the initialization bit in the cell overhead is not
set, and initialization has not been commanded by software, and no
composite cell stream errors have occurred, and the sequence number
is between the previous sequence number and the previous sequence
+4, then the sequence manager 203 maintains the sequence status in
the in sequence state 302, writes the cell into the CDV FIFO, and
updates the previous sequence number with the value of the sequence
number of the current cell.
[0042] If the sequence manager 203 starts in the in sequence state
302 and the conditions at block 308 exist, then the sequence
manager 203 transitions the sequence state of that cell stream to
out of sequence 301. In particular, if the sequence manager 203
determines that the initialization bit in the cell overhead is set,
or initialization has been commanded by software, or composite cell
stream errors have occurred, then the sequence manager 203
transitions the sequence status to the out of sequence state 301,
reports a loss of sequence, does not write the cell into the CFV
FIFO, and updates the previous sequence number with the value of
the sequence number of the current cell.
[0043] If the sequence manager 203 starts in the sequence error
state 303 and the conditions at block 309 exist, then the sequence
manager 203 transitions the sequence state of that cell stream to
the in sequence state 302. In particular, if the sequence manager
203 determines that the initialization bit in the cell overhead is
not set, and initialization has not been commanded by software, and
no composite cell stream errors have occurred, and the sequence
number is equal to the previous sequence number +1, then the
sequence manager 203 transitions the sequence status to the in
sequence state 302, writes the cell into the CDV FIFO, and updates
the previous sequence number with the value of the sequence number
of the current cell.
[0044] If the sequence manager 203 begins in the sequence error
state 303 and the conditions at block 305 exist, then the sequence
manager 203 transitions the sequence state of that cell stream to
the out of sequence state 301. In particular, if the sequence
manager 203 determines that the sequence number is not equal to the
previous sequence number +1, or the initialization bit in the cell
overhead is set, or initialization has been commanded by software,
or composite cell stream errors have occurred, then the sequence
manager 203 transitions the sequence status to the out of sequence
state 301, reports a loss of sequence, does not write the cell into
the CDV FIFO, and updates the previous sequence number with the
value of the sequence number of the current cell.
[0045] The sequence manager 203, the CDV FIFO function 204, and the
byte interleaver 205 of FIG. 2 are further illustrated in FIG. 4.
An STS-12 signal may consist of 12 STS-1s, a combination of STS-3cs
and STS-1s, or an STS-12c. If an STS-12 signal is configured as 12
STS-1s, there is one sequence manager for each STS-1 stream pair.
Stream 449 and stream 450 form one STS-1 stream pair, for example.
In the case of an STS-12 signal configured as 12 STS-1s, sequence
manager 405 is the sequence manager for the STS-1 stream pair
formed by stream 449 and stream 450. If an STS-12 signal is
configured as a combination of STS-3cs and STS-1s, there is one
sequence manager for each STS-1 stream pair as before, and one
sequence manager for each STS-3c stream pair. In the case of an
STS-12 signal configured as a combination of STS-3cs and STS-1s, if
streams 449-454 comprise an STS-3c stream pair, then sequence
manager 405 is the sequence manager for the STS-3c stream pair
formed by streams 449-454. For an STS-12c, only sequence manager
405 is used.
[0046] The CDV FIFO collection 402 may be a RAM (random access
memory) or some other storage device which allows buffering of the
cell streams. The CDV FIFO collection 402 consists of a series of
parallel arrays, the size of each being dependent upon the number
of cell streams. The CDV FIFO collection 402 of FIG. 4 consists of
24 CDV FIFOs 425-448, forming 12 CDV FIFO pairs. Here, the size of
the CDV FIFO collection 402 is 2.times.12 by 8, or 24 parallel
arrays with eight cell locations per array. For example, CDV FIFO
447 and CDV FIFO 448 form a CDV FIFO pair. For the remainder of
this specification, when reference is made to a CDV FIFO pair, the
CDV FIFO pair formed by CDV FIFO 447 and CDV FIFO 448 will be used
to describe the CDV FIFO function 204. This description applies
equally to any of the other CDV FIFO pairs illustrated in FIG.
4.
[0047] Each cell stream has associated with it a CDV FIFO. For
example, for an STS-1, a CDV FIFO 447, eight cells deep, is used.
The CDV FIFO 448 is associated with the redundant STS-1 stream. For
an STS-3c, three CDV FIFO pairs are concatenated end-to-end to make
two larger FIFOs capable of absorbing three times the cell delay
variation. This is necessary because an STS-3c is three times the
rate of an STS1; hence, three times the buffering capacity is
required. Similarly, for an STS-12c, 12 CDV FIFO pairs are
concatenated into two larger FIFOs (one for the STS-12c and a
second for the redundant STS-12c) to absorb 12 times the delay
variation. Combining multiple CDV FIFOs to create a large FIFO
buffer allows the size to increase by a factor of three for an
STS-3c, and by a factor of 12 for an STS-12c.
[0048] The CDV FIFO function 204 is used to absorb cell delay
variation imparted by a single switch network. In addition, the CDV
FIFO function 204 aligns the cells received from the multiple
switch network copies before the copy selection decision is made.
The CDV FIFO function 204 also performs clock rate conversion as
necessary. Another function of the CDV FIFO is to serve as the
reassembly buffer which enables the SONET stream reassembly
function (for STM-type switching applications).
[0049] Cells may be received at non-regular intervals from the
redundant switch network copies, or one or more cells may be
dropped entirely. However, the CDV FIFO collection 402 must be able
to absorb this delay variation in order to pass along cells at
regular intervals.
[0050] The best cell copy selection ASIC 110 aligns the cell
streams by writing the matching cells from the multiple redundant
switch network copies (cells with the same source identification
number and same sequence number) into corresponding CDV FIFO
locations in two CDV FIFOs, CDV FIFO 447 and 448, one for each
switch network copy. By writing the matching cells into
corresponding CDV FIFO locations in CDV FIFOs 447 and 448, a read
of CDV FIFO 447 and CDV FIFO 448 at the same location will result
in cells with matching source identification and sequence
numbers.
[0051] The switch network copy associated with one STS-1 of a given
stream pair is referred to as the master switch network copy, while
the switch network copy associated with the other STS-1 of the
stream pair is referred to as the slave switch network copy. The
CDV FIFO associated with the master switch network copy is
`referred to as the master CDV FIFO, while the CDV FIFO associated
with the slave switch network copy is referred to as the slave CDV
FIFO. There is both a write pointer and a read pointer associated
with each CDV FIFO. The write pointer indicates the location within
the CDV FIFO into which the next cell should be written, where the
read pointer indicates the location within the CDV FIFO from which
the next cell should be read. The slave CDV FIFO sets its write
pointer value to the value of the master FIFO's write pointer plus
the difference between the master's sequence number value and the
slave's sequence number value.
[0052] FIG. 5 provides an illustrative example of the alignment
performed by the CDV FIFO function 204. If the master switch
network copy writes sequence number 4 into cell location 3 (8 cell
locations per CDV FIFO 447 and CDV FIFO 448), then if the slave
receives sequence number 6, it will write it into cell location
3+(6-4)=5. For the master switch network copy, sequence number 5
will be written into cell location 4 and sequence number 6 will be
written into cell location 5, which will match the slave's FIFO. In
this way, if the best cell copy selection ASIC 110 reads the same
location from both CDV FIFO 447 and CDV FIFO 448, the output cells
will have the same sequence numbers, providing a cell was not
dropped.
[0053] Because the same read pointer is used for CDV FIFO 447 and
CDV FIFO 448 and because the read pointer is incremented at regular
intervals as cells are needed for insertion into the data stream,
either CDV FIFO 447 or 448 will be centered, while the other will
be off-center by the amount of skew between the cell streams of
either switch network copy. To center the CDV FIFO associated with
one switch network copy in order to use it as a reference, one
switch network copy is declared to be the master and that switch
network copy's CDV FIFO (either CDV FIFO 447 or CDV FIFO 448) is
centered. This centering operation interrupts the flow of data, and
thus, might be performed only upon initialization. The other switch
network copy (the slave) writes its data into its CDV FIFO (CDV
FIFO 447 or CDV FIFO 448) relative to where the master is writing,
so that when both streams are read out of CDV FIFO 447 and CDV FIFO
448, they will be aligned with one another.
[0054] To determine which switch network copy is the master, the
CDV FIFO function 204 first determines which switch network copy is
"bad." A switch network copy is bad if its sequence manager 405 is
out of sequence, if the copy selection is forced to the other
switch network copy, or if the switch network copy's CDV FIFO 447
and 448 is overflowed or underflowed. An overflow may occur if
cells arrive at an average rate that is faster than the number of
cells required to make up an STS-1 frame. An underflow may occur if
cells arrive at an average rate slower than the number of cells
required to make up an STS-1 frame. An overflow or underflow
condition may exist, resulting in a switch network copy being
marked as "bad," if the data rate into CDV FIFO 447 and/or CDV FIFO
448 is not equal to the data rate out of the CDV FIFO 447 and/or
the CDV FIFO 448, respectively.
[0055] If only one switch network copy is bad, the bad switch
network copy is the slave, and the other switch network copy is the
master. If both switch network copies are bad or if both switch
network copies are not bad, the title of "master" stays with the
previous master switch network copy.
[0056] The CDV FIFO function 204 also provides a conversion from
one clock rate to another. This conversion is required when the
incoming cell payload is received by the CDV FIFO function 204 at
one clock rate, but read out to the byte interleaver 205 at another
clock rate.
[0057] The byte interleaver 205 determines which location is read
from the CDV FIFO collection 402. The byte interleaver 205 also
dictates in which order the CDV FIFOs 425-448 will be read to
create byte-interleaved STS-12 signals 422 and 423.
[0058] The byte interleave 401 consists of four STS-3 multiplexers
417, 418, 419, and 420, and one STS-12 multiplexer 421. Each of the
four STS-3 multiplexers 417-420 and the STS-12 multiplexer 421 is
depicted in FIG. 4 as a pair of multiplexers to illustrate the
redundant nature of the stream design. Hence, STS-3 multiplexer
417, for example, appears as a pair of multiplexers to accommodate
multiple streams. Similarly, STS-3 multiplexers 418, 419, and 420
are depicted as multiplexer pairs. The STS-12 multiplexer 421 is
also depicted as a pair of multiplexers. The STS-12 multiplexer
outputs two redundant streams from which the best cell copy
selection is made (by the copy selector 206).
[0059] FIG. 4 depicts 12 STS-1 signals 449-472 which are combined
into four STS-3c signals 473-476 after being operated upon by the
sequence manager 203 and the CDV FIFO function 204. The
interleaving order depends on the configuration of the STS-12
signal. As mentioned previously, there are three possible
configurations: an STS-12 (consisting of 12 STS-1 signals), an
STS-12c, or any combination of STS-3cs and STS-1s. An STS-3c is
made by combining three STS-1 streams. For example, STS-1 signals
449, 451, and 453 are combined into STS-3 or STS-3c signal 473 by
STS-3 multiplexer 417. Similarly, STS-1 signals 450, 452, and 454
(redundant copies of STS-1 signals 449, 451, and 453) are combined
into STS-3 or STS-3c signal 473 by STS-3 multiplexer 417. STS-1
signals 455, 457, and 459 are combined into STS-3 or STS-3c signal
474 at STS-3 multiplexer 418. STS-1 signals 461, 463, and 465 are
combined into STS-3 or STS-3c signal 475 at STS-3 multiplexer 419.
STS-1 signals 467, 469, and 471 are combined into STS-3 or STS-3c
signal 476 at STS-3 multiplexer 420. The STS-3 or STS3c signals
473- 476 from STS-3 multiplexers 417, 418, 419, and 420
respectively are combined into STS-12 signal 422 and STS-12 signal
423 by STS-12 multiplexer 421. Two identical STS-12 signals 422 and
423 are output by the STS-12 multiplexer 421. It is from these
signals which the best cell copy selection is made.
[0060] After the individual streams are combined into one outgoing
stream, and the stream and its corresponding redundant stream have
been aligned, the best cell copy selection ASIC 110 invokes the
copy selector 206 to select the better of the two copies of each
cell to be sent on to the customer network. The term "better"
refers to the cell that arrives at egress port module 109 of FIG. 1
with fewest errors, and the selection is made on a cell-by-cell
basis. The better of the two cells is then inserted by the best
cell copy selection ASIC 110 into the corresponding data stream.
The copy selection is made as each cell is read from the CDV FIFO
collection 402. Because the sequence number is used to write the
cells into the CDV FIFO collection 402, reading the same location
of each switch network copy's CDV FIFO collection 402 for a given
STS signal yields cells from identical streams and with the same
sequence number.
[0061] The copy selector 206 selects a cell from one of the
redundant switch network copies. When a cell is not available from
either switch network copy, the copy selector 206 inserts a filler
cell to maintain the average data rate. The filler cell is
generated by the best cell copy selection ASIC 110, and contains,
for example, alternating `1`s and `0 `s. The copy selector 206
reads the same location from each switch network copy's CDV FIFO
collection 402. The copy selector 206 bases its cell selection on
status information. This status information is read by the copy
selector 206 from a CDV FIFO status 207. This status information
includes information such as whether the FIFO cell location is
occupied, whether the CDV FIFO collection 402 has overflowed or
underflowed, and whether the given cell contains bit errors. If bit
errors are detected within the non-overhead field of a received
cell, then the cell's associated bit error status bit is set to
TRUE.
[0062] A cell has "arrived" if its occupied flag is TRUE and its
CDV FIFO collection 402 has not overflowed or underflowed. When a
single cell arrives, it is selected. When two cells arrive (one
from each switch network copy), a selection is made based on the
status of a bit error status bit. FIGS. 6a and 6b depict the
possible cell status combinations and the resulting copy selections
based on the values of the various flags and the contents of the
bit error status bit, where applicable.
[0063] FIG. 6a illustrates the cell selection strategy when the
best cell copy selection ASIC 110 detects the arrival of a single
cell or no cell. Referring to FIG. 6a, at block 600 the best cell
copy selection ASIC 110 determines whether a cell has arrived from
switch network copy A. If the best cell copy selection ASIC 110
determines that a cell has arrived from switch network copy A, the
best cell copy selection ASIC 110 proceeds to block 601. At block
601, the best cell copy selection ASIC 110 sends the cell from
switch network copy A on to the customer network.
[0064] If at block 600 the best cell copy selection ASIC 110
determines that a cell has not arrived from switch network copy A,
the best cell copy selection ASIC 110 proceeds to block 602. At
block 602, the best cell copy selection ASIC 110 determines whether
a cell has arrived from switch network copy B. If the best cell
copy selection ASIC 110 determines that a cell has arrived from
switch network copy B, the best cell copy selection ASIC 110
proceeds to block 603. At block 603, the best cell copy selection
ASIC 110 selects the cell that has arrived from switch network copy
B to send on to the customer network.
[0065] If at block 602, the best cell copy selection ASIC 110
determines that a cell has not arrived from switch network copy B,
the best cell copy selection ASIC 110 proceeds to block 604. At
block 604, the best cell copy selection ASIC 110 inserts a filler
cell (for example, alternating `1`s and `0`s) into the data stream
sent to the customer network to compensate for the missing
data.
[0066] FIG. 6b illustrates a cell selection strategy when the best
cell copy selection ASIC 110 detects the arrival of two cells, one
from switch network copy A and one from switch network copy B.
Referring to FIG. 6b, at block 605 the best cell copy selection
ASIC 110 determines whether a cell has arrived from switch network,
copy A with the bit error status bit set to FALSE. A bit error
status bit set to FALSE indicates no error, whereas a bit error
status bit set to TRUE indicates error. If the best cell copy
selection ASIC 110 determines that a cell has arrived from switch
network copy A with its bit error status bit set to FALSE, the best
cell copy selection ASIC 110 proceeds to block 606. At block 606
the best cell copy selection ASIC 110 determines whether a cell has
arrived from switch network copy B with its bit error status bit
set to FALSE. If the best cell copy selection ASIC 110 determines
that a cell has arrived from switch network copy B with its bit
error status bit set to FALSE, the best cell copy selection ASIC
110 proceeds to block 607. At block 607, the best cell copy
selection ASIC 110 sends the cell from the preferred switch network
copy on to the customer network. The preferred switch network copy
is the switch network copy from which the last cell was sent on to
the customer network.
[0067] If at block 606 the best cell copy selection ASIC 110
determines that a cell has not arrived from switch network copy B
with its bit error status bit set to FALSE, the best cell copy
selection ASIC 110 proceeds to block 608. At block 608 the best
cell copy selection ASIC 110 sends the cell from switch network
copy A on to the customer network.
[0068] If at block 605 the best cell copy selection ASIC 110
determines that a cell has not arrived from switch network copy A
with its bit error status bit set to FALSE, the best cell copy
selection ASIC 110 proceeds to block 609. At block 609 the best
cell copy selection ASIC 110 determines whether a cell arrived from
switch network copy B with its bit error status bit set to FALSE.
If the best cell copy selection ASIC 110 determines that a cell
arrived from switch network copy B with its bit error status bit
set to FALSE, the best cell copy selection ASIC 110 proceeds to
block 610. At block 610, the best cell copy selection ASIC 110
sends the cell from switch network copy B on to the customer
network.
[0069] If at block 609 the best cell copy selection ASIC 110
determines that a cell did not arrive from switch network copy B
with its bit error status bit set to FALSE, the best cell copy
election ASIC 110 proceeds to block 607. At block 607, best cell
copy selection ASIC 110 sends the cell from the preferred switch
network copy on to the customer network.
[0070] The teachings of all patents, published applications and
references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their
entirety.
[0071] While this invention has been particularly shown and
described with references to example embodiments thereof, it will
be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in
form and details may be made therein without departing from the
scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
[0072] The preferred embodiment of the present invention is
described herein. It is to be understood, of course, that changes
and modifications may be made in the above-described embodiment
without departing from the true scope and spirit of the present
invention as defined by the appended claims.
* * * * *