U.S. patent application number 13/532412 was filed with the patent office on 2013-04-18 for flexible impact protective cases, methods of making and methods of using.
This patent application is currently assigned to G-Form, LLC. The applicant listed for this patent is Thomas Cafaro, David Foster, Richard B. Fox, Richard L. Garrard, Ami Newsham, Daniel M. Wyner. Invention is credited to Thomas Cafaro, David Foster, Richard B. Fox, Richard L. Garrard, Ami Newsham, Daniel M. Wyner.
Application Number | 20130092562 13/532412 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 48085261 |
Filed Date | 2013-04-18 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130092562 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Wyner; Daniel M. ; et
al. |
April 18, 2013 |
FLEXIBLE IMPACT PROTECTIVE CASES, METHODS OF MAKING AND METHODS OF
USING
Abstract
Disclosed herein are protective cases for sensitive devices,
including devices with screen interfaces, which cases provide
protection from front, back and edge impacts, including torsional
impacts.
Inventors: |
Wyner; Daniel M.; (North
Scituate, RI) ; Fox; Richard B.; (Smithfield, RI)
; Garrard; Richard L.; (Newport, RI) ; Cafaro;
Thomas; (Foster, RI) ; Newsham; Ami;
(Providence, RI) ; Foster; David; (Swansea,
MA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Wyner; Daniel M.
Fox; Richard B.
Garrard; Richard L.
Cafaro; Thomas
Newsham; Ami
Foster; David |
North Scituate
Smithfield
Newport
Foster
Providence
Swansea |
RI
RI
RI
RI
RI
MA |
US
US
US
US
US
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
G-Form, LLC
Providence
RI
|
Family ID: |
48085261 |
Appl. No.: |
13/532412 |
Filed: |
June 25, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
13271594 |
Oct 12, 2011 |
|
|
|
13532412 |
|
|
|
|
61556749 |
Nov 7, 2011 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
206/45.23 ;
206/459.5; 206/521 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A45C 2011/002 20130101;
A45C 13/02 20130101; A45F 2200/0525 20130101; A45C 3/001 20130101;
A45C 11/00 20130101; A45C 2011/003 20130101; A45C 13/008 20130101;
A45F 2005/008 20130101; A45C 13/36 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
206/45.23 ;
206/521; 206/459.5 |
International
Class: |
B65D 81/02 20060101
B65D081/02; B65D 25/24 20060101 B65D025/24; B65D 85/00 20060101
B65D085/00 |
Claims
1. A protective case for a device, comprising: a flexible
structural panel comprising a panel interior surface and a panel
exterior surface, one of the structural panel interior and exterior
surfaces comprising an extensible material, and one of the
structural panel interior and exterior surfaces comprising a
non-extensible material; at least one flexible retaining device
disposed on the panel interior surface, the at least one flexible
retaining device comprising a layer of a rate dependent material
disposed between an extensible inner material layer and an
non-extensible outer material layer; and a cover defining an inner
cover surface, an outer cover surface, and opposing first and
second cover edges, the cover being interconnected to the
structural panel at the first edge.
2. The protective case of claim 1, further comprising a logo
disposed on one or both of the inner cover surface and the outer
cover surface.
3. The protective case of claim 1, wherein the cover comprises an
extensible material.
4. The protective case of claim 3, wherein the structural panel and
the cover are connected at the second edge to define a compression
sleeve.
5. The protective case of claim 1, wherein the cover comprises at
least one flexible protective element disposed on one or both of
the inner cover surface and the outer cover surface, the at least
one protective element comprising a layer of a rate dependent
material disposed between two opposing layers.
6. The protective case of claim 5, wherein the at least one
protective element comprises a logo.
7. The protective case of claim 1, wherein the cover is releasably
connected to the structural panel at the first cover edge by a
releasable fastener.
8. The protective case of claim 7, wherein the releasable fastener
is selected from the group consisting of a buckle, a clip, a hook
and loop tape, a zipper, a plastic zipper, and combinations
thereof.
9. The protective case of claim 7, further comprising a strap
disposed between the structural panel and the releasable
fastener.
10. The protective case of claim 9, wherein the strap is an
extensible material.
11. The protective case of claim 1, wherein the cover comprises an
inner cover material layer comprising the inner cover surface, and
an outer cover material layer comprising the outer cover surface,
at least one protective element disposed on one or both of the
inner cover surface and the outer cover surface, the at least one
protective element comprising a layer of a rate dependent material
disposed between two opposing layers.
12. The protective case of claim 11, wherein the at least one
protective element comprises a logo.
13. The protective case of claim 11, further comprising a logo
disposed on one or both of the inner cover surface and the outer
cover surface.
14. The protective case of claim 11, wherein the inner cover
material layer and the outer cover material layer of the cover
define at least one pocket.
15. The protective case of claim 14, further comprising a rigid
panel disposed in the at least one pocket.
16. The protective case of claim 11, wherein the cover comprises at
least two parallel fold lines, wherein the cover is capable of
being folded along the fold lines to form an easel
configuration.
17. The protective case of claim 16, wherein the fold lines define
at least three pockets, and further comprising a rigid panel
disposed in each of the three pockets.
18. The protective case of claim 17, wherein the at least one
protective element extends from an upper edge of the cover to a
lower edge of the cover.
19. The protective case of claim 18, wherein the at least one
protective element is parallel and disposed between at least two of
the fold lines.
20. The protective case of claims 11, wherein both of the inner and
outer cover material layers is an extensible material.
21. The protective case of claims 11, wherein both of the inner and
outer cover material layers is a non-extensible material.
22. The protective case of claims 11, wherein one of the inner and
outer cover material layers is an extensible material, and one of
the inner and outer cover material layers is a non-extensible
material.
23. The protective case of claims 20, further comprising a layer of
a rate dependent material disposed between the inner and outer
cover material layers.
24. The protective case of claim 1, wherein the structural panel
and the cover each comprise a length and a width, and the width of
the cover is greater than the width of the structural panel, and
the cover extends over at least a portion of the panel exterior
surface.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application is a continuation-in-part of
commonly-owned and co-pending application Ser. No. 13/271,594,
which was filed on Oct. 12, 2011, and claims the benefit of U.S.
Provisional Application No. 61/556,749, which was filed on Nov. 7,
2011, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their
entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The disclosure relates to flexible impact protective cases
and methods of making
BACKGROUND
[0003] Protective cases for sensitive equipment, devices or
instruments are usually designed with padding on the interior or
exterior, or both. Many times the padding is formed of continuous
sheets of protective materials, such as neoprenes, foams and/or
laminated materials, and the like. Such cases often do not offer
sufficient protection from impact, vibration, and the like.
Protection for the devices may be improved by using thicker
materials, but increasing the thickness may not be desirable due to
the added bulk or weight. Moreover, increased weight and bulk may
be undesirable for streamlined electronic devices, for which users
usually pay a premium in order to obtain slim and/or lightweight
products.
[0004] Many electronic devices have a screen interface used to
display information to users, so it is necessary to expose the
screen during use. However, screen interfaces are known to be
delicate, tending to break easily when dropped or otherwise
impacted.
[0005] Portable electronic devices, such as laptop computers, or
medical equipment, also have screen interfaces, and to protect the
screen interface, such devices often include a hinged protective
cover that provides some protection from dropping or impact, when
not in-use. However, many cell phones, media devices, and
tablet-style computers or netbooks do not include such covers.
Therefore, a screen or edge impact can easily cause severe damage
to the screen and/or device. In addition, some devices, such as
iPad devices, are very thin and delicate, which exacerbates their
ability to withstand an impact. As a result, many companies now
manufacture covers, cases and shells that can be purchased
separately from the devices, which tends to fall into a few
different categories.
[0006] One type of case is a rigid plastic shell, which may include
internal or external padding, such as rubber or silicone. Although
the rigid shells offer some protection, there are some
disadvantages. First, the shells are made for specific device sizes
and configurations, and therefore cannot be used for
"next-generation" devices, such as when a device is upgraded or
changed. Also, a store must stock multiple stock-keeping units
("SKU(s)") to accommodate the range of devices of even a like kind.
Another disadvantage is that such rigid shells, even with some soft
added elements, may not protect well against a drop of the face or
open screen. Even devices that include a protective bezel do not
absorb energy, unless made very thick, so a drop on the screen side
may result in a broken screen. Another type of case is a soft
"skin," generally made of rubber, silicone or other thermoplastic
elastomeric ("TPE") material. Like rigid plastic shells, skins are
made for specific device sizes and configurations, and therefore
cannot be used for "next-generation" devices. Other disadvantages
are that they are generally thin, and therefore provide only minor
impact protection and mostly scratch protection. They also may not
be able to protect the device from a significant drop on the screen
side, from corner or edge drops, and they offer no torsional
protection if the devices bends or twists on impact.
[0007] Another type of case is a portfolio-style case, to which the
electronic devices may be attached using clips, elastic bands or
other features. However, these types of cases do not provide screen
side impact protection, and generally offer little impact
protection.
[0008] There is a need for an improved case for sensitive
equipment, devices or instruments, which is lightweight, flexible
and provides improved impact protection, particularly for exposed
screen or "in-use" devices, and which is not specific to one device
size, but instead can accommodate a range of device sizes.
SUMMARY
[0009] The present disclosure is directed to, in one embodiment, a
protective case for a device. The case comprises a flexible
structural panel comprising a panel interior surface and a panel
exterior surface. One of the structural panel interior and exterior
surfaces comprises an extensible material, and one of the
structural panel interior and exterior surfaces comprises a
non-extensible material. At least one flexible retaining device is
disposed on the panel interior surface. The at least one flexible
retaining device comprises a layer of a rate dependent material
disposed between an extensible inner material layer and an
non-extensible outer material layer.
[0010] Some embodiments comprise a cover defining an inner cover
surface, an outer cover surface, and opposing first and second
cover edges, the cover being interconnected to the structural panel
at the first edge. In some embodiments, the cover can comprise an
optional protective element. Some embodiments can comprise
fastening devices to maintain the cover in a closed position, and
to position the case as an easel.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] The foregoing and other features and advantages will be
apparent from the following more particular description of
exemplary embodiments of the disclosure, as illustrated in the
accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters refer to
the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not
necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon
illustrating the principles of the disclosure.
[0012] FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of one embodiment of a
single-panel protective case according to the present
disclosure;
[0013] FIG. 2 is a front view of the protective case shown in FIG.
1;
[0014] FIG. 3 is a back view of the protective case shown in FIG.
1;
[0015] FIG. 4 is a top view of one embodiment of a molded panel
that can be used to form the case shown in FIG. 1;
[0016] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the sheet shown in FIG.
4, through line 5-5, showing the thickness of the stitching
channel;
[0017] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the sheet shown in FIG.
4, through line 5-5, showing the width of the stitching
channel;
[0018] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of one of the corner-retaining
devices shown on the protective case of FIG. 1;
[0019] FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the corner-retaining
device shown in FIG. 7, through line 8-8;
[0020] FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of the corner-retaining
device shown in FIG. 7, through line 9-9;
[0021] FIG. 10 is a front perspective view of the protective case
shown in FIG. 1, showing an electronic device retained in the case
by the corner-retaining devices;
[0022] FIG. 11 is a cut-away side view of the protective case and
device shown in FIG. 10, showing the curvature of the case, and the
open space between the interior surface of the case and the back
surface of the electronic device;
[0023] FIG. 12 is a front perspective view of another embodiment of
a one-sided protective case according to the present
disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 13 is a front view of the protective case shown in FIG.
12;
[0025] FIG. 14 is a back view of the protective case shown in FIG.
12;
[0026] FIG. 15 shows a perspective view of another embodiment of a
portfolio-style case according to the present disclosure, shown in
a closed position;
[0027] FIG. 16 is a perspective view of the portfolio-style case
shown in FIG. 15, in an open position;
[0028] FIG. 17 is a front perspective view of the protective case
shown in FIG. 16, showing an electronic device retained in the case
by the corner-retaining devices;
[0029] FIG. 18 is an exterior, open view of the another embodiment
of a protective case according the present disclosure;
[0030] FIG. 19 is an interior, open view of the case shown in FIG.
18;
[0031] FIG. 20 is a front perspective view of the case shown in
FIG. 18, in a closed configuration;
[0032] FIG. 21 is a front perspective view of the case shown in
FIG. 18, in a closed configuration;
[0033] FIG. 22 is a front view of the protective case shown in FIG.
18;
[0034] FIG. 23 is a back view of the protective case shown in FIG.
18;
[0035] FIG. 24 is a front perspective view of the case shown in
FIG. 21, in an "in-use" configuration;
[0036] FIG. 25 is a perspective view of the case shown in FIG. 30,
in use on a user's thigh;
[0037] FIG. 26 is a perspective view of the case shown in FIG. 21,
in an easel configuration;
[0038] FIG. 27 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a
protective case according to the present disclosure, with a
magnetic closure;
[0039] FIG. 28 is a perspective view of the protective case shown
in FIG. 327 in an open position, showing the exterior surface;
[0040] FIG. 29 is a perspective view of the protective case shown
in FIG. 27 in an open position, showing the interior surface;
[0041] FIG. 30 is a cross-section of the cover portion of the
protective case shown in FIG. 27, through line 30-30;
[0042] FIG. 31 shows a perspective view of another embodiment of a
case according of the present disclosure, which is a sleeve-style
case, shown in a closed position;
[0043] FIG. 32 shows an expanded schematic side view of the zipper
attachment and formation of the interior bumper of the case in FIG.
31; and
[0044] FIG. 33 shows an expanded cross-section side view of a
device disposed the case shown in FIG. 31, showing the device
resting in the bumper.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
[0045] The present disclosure is directed to a protective case that
allows full access to the device while the device is in the case
and in-use, as well as protection for impacts to the front, back
and sides of a device. Thus, the present case provides improved
protection for devices with screen interfaces, as are found in many
electronic and medical devices.
[0046] The present cases are lightweight, flexible and provide
improved impact protection, particularly for exposed screen or
"in-use" devices. The present cases protect the corner and edges of
devices, as well as provide torsional protection against the device
twisting or bending upon impact. In addition, due to the flexible
construction of the case, it is not specific to one device size,
but instead may accommodate a range of device sizes. The case is
also comfortable to hold and carry, due to its flexibility. The
case may also be used in a kneeboard or other body attachment with
comfort, due to its flexibility.
[0047] The present case has the further advantage of being capable
of accommodating a range of device shapes. Therefore, the cases can
be designed and used for any type of sensitive device or item that
may need protection, such as musical instruments, wine and liquor
bottles, crystal, and the like.
[0048] The present cases and methods of making provide improved
impact protection, lighter weight, reduced bulk, improved
aesthetics, reduced manufacturing costs, improved fit, and less
abrasion to the contained article. Moreover, in some instances, the
cases can be hygienic, as they may be designed so as to be able to
be washed and to also withstand the high temperatures and caustic
chemicals used in commercial-grade laundering.
[0049] FIGS. 1-11, when taken together, show one embodiment of an
exemplary protective case 10 according to the present disclosure.
As shown, case 10 comprises a perimeter "P" and opposing front and
back sides 12,14, each with corresponding front and back surfaces
12a, 14a. A retaining device 30 is disposed in each corner of the
panel 20 (hereinafter "corner-retaining device(s) 30). In the
present embodiment, the retaining devices 30 each have a
substantially triangular shape, and are positioned in the corners
of the case 10. However, those of ordinary skill in the art will
recognize that it is not necessary for the retaining devices to
have a triangular shape, and that any quantity, shape, location
and/or configuration of retaining devices may be selected, and that
the retaining devices may be positioned elsewhere. For example, an
alternative configuration for the retaining device 30 may comprise
a single retaining device shaped like a bezel (not illustrated)
extending around case 10, extending inwardly from the perimeter by
a width sufficient to retain a device in the case. Another
alternative may comprise disposing one or more retaining devices 30
on the sides, such as on each of the four sides, or at multiple
points along the sides, or a combination of corners and sides. The
retaining devices may be positioned in order to grip the device,
while providing access to, and not obscuring, the ports, controls,
and screen area.
[0050] In addition, and an optional binding 40 may be disposed
around the case 10, for functional and aesthetics reasons.
[0051] Case 10 also may comprise a plurality of access ports to
provide access to various functional devices on the device and/or
to external devices, such as battery chargers, audio ports, camera
lenses, and the like. The access ports may be disposed in any
location, as desired, to correspond with the location of such
features as found on commercial electronic devices. In the present
embodiment, case 10 comprises an audio port 50 that extends through
one of the corner-retaining devices 30, and a camera port 60 that
extends through the panel 20. Camera port 60 is disposed on a
planar, raised pad 65 formed in the case, which is adapted to press
against the backside of the device when in use. If desired, the
camera port 60 may comprise a film (not illustrated) integrated
into the port, to minimize or eliminate debris from entering the
port. Also if desired, pad 65 may comprise a recessed region (not
illustrated) disposed around the camera port 65, for receiving the
film, which can be attached to the pad by, for example, welding,
and the like. If a film is used, is may be desirable to use a
non-yellowing optical film that can withstand laundering.
[0052] Alternatively, or in addition to, the case edges, including
the binding can be flexed in order to expose and provide access to
the various functional devices. This is an important feature,
because the edges of the case (with or without binding) comprise
the rate dependent foam, which leaves the edges of the device fully
protected when in use, but also capable of being bent or folded in
order to easily to accommodate, for example, the charge cable,
etc.
[0053] Panel 20 may be formed from a variety of materials. Suitable
materials and methods of making the panels are disclosed in U.S.
Publication Nos. 2007/0261274, 2008/003614, 2009/0255625, the
subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference in its
entirety. The foregoing applications describe methods that can be
used to mold the panels and retaining devices, and the molds for
the panels and retaining devices can be designed to compress the
layers together under conditions sufficient to minimize or
eliminate the foam in the channels, while allowing the layers to
bond together, either with a chemical or thermal bond, or both.
[0054] In some embodiments, panel 20 may comprise a structural
material, and additionally may comprise one or more layers of a
variety of materials with different aesthetic and functional
characteristics, and which may be varied as needed or desired for a
particular application or design.
[0055] "Structural material," as used herein, means any material
having sufficient structural integrity to be formed into
predetermined shapes, sufficient strength to weight ratio to
provide structure to the case, and that is capable of withstanding
the environment in which it is intended to be used.
[0056] The structural material may comprise a variety of materials
such as, but not limited to, polymeric materials, including foamed
polymeric materials, composite materials, and the like. In one
exemplary embodiment, the structural material can comprise a rate
dependent material. Examples of rate dependent materials include,
but are not limited to, d3O and Poron XRD. One exemplary structural
material is a rate dependent foam available from Rogers Corporation
under the product name Poron XRD.RTM.. In the present exemplary
embodiment, the Poron XRD.RTM. foam density may range from between
about 1 and about 40 pounds per cubic foot ("pcf"), more
particularly from about 5 to about 30 pcf, more particularly from
about 1 to about 25 pcf, and more particularly still from about 15
to about 25 pd.
[0057] The structural material may be combined or co-molded with
other materials including, but not limited to, synthetic and/or
non-synthetic materials including, but not limited to, paper,
fabric, metal, metallized plastic, plastic film, metal foil, and/or
the like, as well as composites, laminates thereof, and/or
combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. Other
suitable materials include, bur are not limited to, fabrics,
leather, vinyl, composites, laminates thereof, and/or combinations
comprising at least one of the foregoing. If fabric is used, it may
be synthetic or non-synthetic, knit, woven, non-woven, laminates
thereof, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing.
Any of the foregoing materials may be laminated and/or may comprise
a coating on one or both surfaces, to impart desirable functional
or aesthetic characteristics, such as water repellency, and the
like.
[0058] When the panel or portions of the panel requires stretch,
then use of a material with elongation may be desirable. Therefore,
in some embodiments, it may be desirable to combine or co-mold the
structural material with materials than are extensible, because the
extensible materials can improve the flexing of the case, as well
as impart other desirable characteristics, such as water
repellency, air or water permeability, increased surface tension,
which may be desirable when non-slip characteristics are desired.
For example, when greater air permeability is desired, it the
extensible materials may be mesh. "Extensible material," as used
herein, means any formable material that is capable of regaining
its original shape or position after bending, stretching,
compression, or other deformation, and that is capable of
withstanding the methods used to form the material and the case,
and that is capable of withstanding the environment in which it is
intended to be used.
[0059] Other examples of suitable extensible materials include, but
are not limited to, any extensible substrate comprising a TPE film
and/or coating, composites thereof, laminates thereof, and
combinations thereof. Polyester and polyether thermoplastic
polyurethane ("TPU") have been found suitable to be used alone, or
in laminated form. One exemplary material is a Polyester
thermoplastic polyurethane ("TPU") made by Bayer and sold under the
name PS5400. Suitable film thicknesses range from about 1
milli-inch ("mil(s)") to about 15 mils, more particularly between
about 2 mils to about 10 mils, and even more particularly from
about 3 mils to about 7 mils. However, when increased durability is
desired, film thicknesses may be increased to, for example, 15-60
mils, limited only by the characteristics and performance of the
film after molding. When used in laminated form, it may be possible
to decrease film thicknesses, as laminating the film to a substrate
may enhance strength and abrasion characteristics. When laminated
to an extensible substrate (such as a circular knit or Lycra
fabric), TPE film thicknesses of about 1 mil or less could readily
be used in some applications.
[0060] Other examples of suitable extensible materials include, but
are not limited to, synthetic and non-synthetic knit, woven and
non-woven fabrics, composites thereof, laminates thereof, and
combinations thereof. Examples of suitable fabrics include those
comprising fibers such as elastane, which is also known under the
product names of Spandex, Lycra and Dorlastan which, when included
in fabrics, either by wrapping the elastane fiber with a
non-elastic thread (either natural or synthetic) or using pure
elastane threads worked or woven into fabrics made from other
fibers, may provides varying degrees of elasticity, depending on
the percentage included in the fabric, which depends on the type of
fabric and the end use. For example, about 2% may be sufficient to
allow a garment to retains its shape, whereas compression
applications, such as athletic wear, undergarments and sportswear
may comprise up to about 40% elastane, or more, if desired.
[0061] Other examples of suitable extensible materials include the
foregoing synthetic and non-synthetic knit, woven and non-woven
fabrics, composites thereof, laminates thereof, and combinations
thereof, including those comprising a TPE film and/or coating,
composites thereof, laminates thereof, and combinations
thereof.
[0062] When the panel or portions of the panel require more
rigidity or tension, it may be desirable to combine the structural
material with non-extensible materials, or materials with
relatively low stretch. Examples of non-extensible materials
include, but are not limited to, nonwoven materials, including
nonwoven fabrics, leather, woven materials, such as ballistic
fabrics, and the like. Examples of such materials include, but are
not limited to, reinforced and un-reinforced polyester, nylon,
rayon, polyamides (such as aramids and para-aramids), and the like,
and combinations thereof. Examples may include Cordura, Kevlar,
Twaron, Spectra, Zylon, ripstop weaves thereof, and combinations
thereof. One suitable ballistic material is a woven 1680 denier
ballistic
[0063] Nylon sold by RockyWoods, 418 8.sup.th Street SE, Loveland,
Colo., which has a weight of approximately 12 ounces per square
yard (oz/yd.sup.2), a polyurethane coating of approximately 1-1.25
oz/yd.sup.2 on one side for water resistance, and a durable water
repellent ("DWR") finish on the opposite side. Other suitable
materials include 1050 ballistic nylon and Cordura, both with and
without the polyurethane coating and/or DWR, which are available
from Rockywoods and Brookwood Roll Goods Group, 275 Putnam Road
Wauregan, Conn. It may be desirable for the polyurethane coating on
these fabrics to be heavier such as 2.0 oz/yd.sup.2 or more, which
may provide greater moisture resistance or durability. In addition,
a laminate of TPE on these fabrics may further enhance the water
resistance.
[0064] In one embodiment, panel 20 may comprise a layer of a
structural material (hereinafter "structural layer") and a layer of
extensible material (hereinafter "extensible layer") disposed
adjacent to the structural layer. In this embodiment, it maybe
desirable for the inside 12a of the case to be formed from an
extensible material that "grips" the electronic device, when it is
disposed in the case.
[0065] In another embodiment, panel 20 may comprise a structural
layer disposed between opposing extensible layers. In this
embodiment, it maybe desirable for the inside 12a and outside 14a
of the case to be formed from an extensible material that "grips"
the electronic device, when it is disposed in the case, and also
grips the surface on which the device may rest, or be held, during
use.
[0066] The corner-retaining devices 30 may comprise any of the
materials used for panel 20, as described above. It maybe desirable
for the thumbprint side of the retaining device to be formed from a
material that "grips" the electronic device, when it is disposed in
the case. Therefore, the corner pieces may comprise a TPU or other
film or material that has some "grip" properties, on the surface of
the retaining device that faces the device. TPU has been found
suitable for gripping a variety of devices, but a silicone or any
TPE or possible certain fabrics or leather could also have such
grip properties. One exemplary material is a Polyester TPU made by
Bayer and sold under the name PS5400. Other Polyether TPU could
easily be used or any TPU or TPE would also be good choices.
Suitable film thicknesses range from about 1 milli-inch ("mil(s)")
to about 15 mils, more particularly between about 2 mils to about
10 mils, and even more particularly from about 3 mils to about 7
mils.
[0067] The optional binding 40 may comprise any of the materials
used for panel 20, as described above. However, in may be desirable
to bind the edge with the ballistic Nylon or Cordura with DWR, or
with any other highly abrasion resistant and stain or water
resistant material, to provide durability and water resistance.
[0068] One exemplary panel 20 is shown in FIGS. 4-6, when taken
together. In the present embodiment, the composite panel 20 is
sized to be larger than the device to be protected, in order to
have edge protection that extends beyond the perimeter of the
device. As shown, panel 20 comprises a molded multilayer
construction, comprising a structural layer disposed between a
non-extensible inner layer 12 and an extensible outer layer 14.
[0069] In many embodiments, the panel may be molded with
"medallions," or areas of greater and lesser thickness, as
described in the applications mentioned above, but it is not
necessary to do so. However, inclusion of regions of very thin or
"near zero" foam thickness may improve the flex of the case, and
improve durability by minimizing or preventing delamination of the
foam. The near-zero regions also allow flex, which may be helpful,
as noted when the part is sewn under tension so that it may
accommodate a range of device sizes. Such regions also allow for
sealing out moisture or dirt from areas completely surrounded by
near zero foam thickness, as closed cell structures prevent or
minimize the migration of moisture or dirt therethrough. These near
zero areas also allow for areas to be readily heat sealed as the
near zero areas can be welded more easily without any cell
structure that absorbs or interferes with heat for welding. As
noted this may be helpful in sealing film or other clear materials
over a camera hole or for edge sealing the panels into a more water
resistant structure. A near zero area around the edge perimeter may
create a more durable structure for laundering.
[0070] Panel 20 also comprises an optional channel 22 spaced apart
from and extending around the entire perimeter 24 of the sheet. If
the retaining devices and/or optional binding are to be attached by
stitching, then it may be advantageous to include such a channel.
The channel 22 defines a bumper portion 26 adjacent to the
perimeter, which may be encapsulated in a binding material, as
discussed previously. The channel 22 has a width W.sub.1 and a
thickness T.sub.1, and the bumper 26 has a thickness T.sub.2 and a
width W.sub.2. Those of skill in the art will recognize that any
thickness or width may be selected, as desired. For example, width
W.sub.1 may be selected to be sufficient to accommodate a stitching
tool, and to be thin enough to stitch, while still being
sufficiently thick to minimize or prevent defects from the
stitching operation. For example, a thickness T.sub.1 of about
0.030'' and a bumper thickness T.sub.2 of about 0.125'' have been
found suitable, such that when stitched together with the
corner-retaining devices 30, a larger bumper can be formed.
[0071] In the present embodiment, panel 20 and corner-retaining
devices 30 are stitched together along the stitching lines, forming
a supportive and protective edge, or bumper, for an electronic
device disposed in the case.
[0072] FIG. 7-9 show an expanded perspective view of one exemplary
corner-retaining device 30, which also comprises an optional
channel 22 spaced apart from and extending around two sides 30a,b.
If the retaining devices and/or optional binding are to be attached
to the panel by stitching, then it may be advantageous to include
such a channel. The channel 22 defines a bumper portion 26 adjacent
to the edges 30a,b of the device 30. The channel 22 has a width
W.sub.1 and a thickness T.sub.1, and the bumper 26 has a thickness
T.sub.2 and a width W.sub.2. Those of skill in the art will
recognize that any thickness or width may be selected, as desired.
For example, width W.sub.i may be selected to be sufficient to
accommodate a stitching tool, and to be thin enough to stitch,
while still being sufficiently thick to minimize or prevent defects
from the stitching operation. For example, the same thicknesses and
widths as used for panel 20 have been found suitable.
[0073] The corner-retaining devices 30 have a sufficient thickness
to be able to protect the device, particularly when it includes a
screen interface, from an impact. The retaining devices may have a
thickness ranging from about 0.040'' to about 0.500'', more
particularly about 0.100'' to about 0.350'', and more particularly
about 0.150'' to about 0.300''.
[0074] Corner-retaining device 30 also comprises a notch 34, for
stress relief during assembly and use, and a recessed region 38. In
the present embodiment, the recessed region 38 has a concave or
thumbprint-like shape, which assists with insertion of a device
into the case 10. The presence of the recessed region also
maximizes the exposure of the device and/or screen surface when the
device is positioned in the case, which is advantageous for
accessing functional keys that would otherwise be hidden under the
retaining device 30. Increasing or decreasing the thickness for the
device may vary the exposure of the device and screen underneath
the retaining device 30. For example, the exposure of the device
may be increased by increasing the thickness T.sub.3 of the device
in region 31, which allows the recessed region to be further spaced
from the device, when in use.
[0075] The corner may be contoured as shown for aesthetics and to
provide access for a finger to remove and insert the device.
Maximizing the thickness toward the sewn edge of the corner may
assist with keeping the device from sliding too far to a corner or
edge. Having film wrap the entire piece, as shown in the figures,
may be desirable. The recessed region in the corner-retaining
device allows for a greater thickness in the corner where needed
for protection, but the flexibility to insert the device and access
under the corner retainer to touch the full area of the screen. The
recessed regions in the corner-retaining devices are not necessary,
but may be advantageous, in some instances, because they allow the
dimensions, including the thickness, of the corner-retaining device
to be maximized. As the dimensions of the corner-retaining device
increase, particularly the thickness of the regions closest to the
sewn edges, the ability of the retaining devices to "lock" the
device into the case, increases, and provide the ability to
accommodate a wide a range of device sizes. The thicker regions of
the corner-retaining device may compress to accommodate gripping
different sizes of devices within a reasonable range.
[0076] Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the
channel, bumper, recessed region and notch may be any size, shape
and/or configuration desired or needed to allow ease of attachment
of the retaining device 30 to the panel 20. In addition, it may be
desirable to include additional notches in the retaining device, to
provide additional flex during assembly and use.
[0077] The result of the corners of molded foam locking in the
device, the molded panel and the bound foam sewing flange edge is a
case that is capable of protecting the device from almost any type
or direction of drop. The lateral movement of the device is limited
because it is secured by the corner-retaining devices. The
corner-retaining devices absorb impact from a drop on the
screen-side, because the thickness spaces the screen from the
impact surface. The back of the molded panel also absorbs energy.
The recessed areas of the corner-retaining devices are raised above
the screen in that area, and while thinner, they also provide added
protection as they have the capability to absorb energy in flexing
of those areas during impacts.
[0078] The construction of case 10 involves attaching the retaining
devices 30 to a substantially rectangular composite panel 20.
Retaining devices 30 may be attached to panel 20 using a variety of
techniques including, but not limited to, stitching, gluing,
welding, or a combination of the foregoing. In some embodiments,
the retaining devices 30 may be attached to panel 20 under tension,
such that panel 20 has a concave shape. When assembled, the
retaining devices 30 are disposed so that the "gripping" surface is
disposed adjacent to the iPad. The use of a relatively
non-extensible material such as a Cordura or a Ballistic Nylon
fabric or other non-extensible material for the composite panel
when sewn into this concave shape has a unique synergistic effect
of creating torsional or twisting protection for a delicate device.
In use, the device is inserted into the concave non-extensible
structure under fairly significant tension and presses against the
corner retainers. As a result, the device itself is given added
torsional stability by the strength of the non-extensible fabric
structure, and is restrained from flexing forward toward the open
screen by the tension of the non-extensible panel. Thus, the
flexible case structure provides surprising torsional or twist
protection during impact. The foam thickness in the
corner-retaining devices allows different dimensioned devices to be
tightly gripped.
[0079] The optional binding 40 may be disposed around the
circumference of the panel 20, such that it extends slightly beyond
the channels on panel 20 and corner-retaining devices 30. The
optional binding 40 may be attached using a variety of techniques
including, but not limited to, stitching, gluing, welding, or a
combination of the foregoing.
[0080] In this embodiment, it maybe desirable for the inside 12a be
formed from an extensible material that "grips" the electronic
device, when it is disposed in the case, and for the outside 14a of
the case to be formed from a non-extensible material that can
provide improved abrasion resistance and/or high strength and/or
sliding characteristics for the intended application. If the
ballistic fabric is not capable of being co-molded with the panel
20, then it could be attached to the outer surface using a variety
of attachment techniques including, but not limited to, sewing,
gluing, welding, and the like.
[0081] In the present embodiment, which includes optional binding
40, the binding is attached by stitching. Accordingly, the panel 20
and retaining device 30 construction each include a stitching
channel, and the binding is disposed around the circumference of
the panel, and folded over the edge of the panel, after the
retaining devices have been attached to the panel. The binding is
then sewn to the panel at the stitching lines, through all of the
layers.
[0082] FIGS. 10-11, when taken together, shows perspective and
cross-sectional views of an electronic device 70 (hereinafter
"device 70") disposed in case 10, such that the charging plug on
device 70 is exposed to the corresponding audio port 50 on case 10,
and the camera lens on the back of device 70 is exposed to the
corresponding audio port 50. As shown, device 70 is disposed in
case 10 such that the corner-retaining devices 30 are disposed over
the corresponding corners of device 70. The retaining devices 30,
in combination with the inner surface of the case 10, "grip" or
retain the device 70 within the case 10. In the present embodiment,
corner-retaining devices 30 are under tension, such that panel 20
is forced into a concave shape, as shown in FIG. 11. As a result of
the concave shape of panel 20, a spacer region "S" is formed
between the back surface of device 70 and the front surface of case
10. The space S is advantageous because it provides heat
dissipation, space for storage, and it minimizes or prevents sound
waves emanating from the speaker, from being muffled or suppressed.
This case as described may be used as is or placed within a sleeve
for transport and full screen protection.
[0083] FIGS. 12-14, when taken together, show another embodiment of
an exemplary protective case 100 according to the present
disclosure. In the present embodiment, panel 20 comprises a molded
multilayer construction, comprising a structural layer disposed
between a non-extensible inner layer 12 and an extensible outer
layer 14. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the surfaces of the
case and the corner-retaining devices that contact the device, when
inserted into the case, have "gripping" surfaces, to help retain
the device in the case.
[0084] In the present embodiment, the case may be constructed such
that the corner-retaining devices 30 are under tension, as in the
previous embodiment, to force panel into a concave shape, as shown
in FIG. 11. The case may be used as is or placed within a sleeve
for transport and full screen protection.
[0085] FIGS. 15-17, when taken together, show one embodiment of an
exemplary protective portfolio-style case 200 according to the
present disclosure. The portfolio configuration offers screen
protection during transport but may not be needed for in field use.
The same materials and construction methods use in previous
embodiments may be used to construct the present case.
[0086] As shown, case 200 comprises a retaining panel 202 and a
cover panel 204, each of which comprise an optional binding 40 at
the outer edge. In the present embodiment, cover panel 204 may be
attached to panel 202 using various attachment methods. In the
present embodiment, panels 202, 204 are the same size and shape,
and are attached to one another along one edge by stitching, or by
an intermediate device, such as a hinge (not illustrated).
[0087] In the present embodiment, panel 202 is identical in
construction to case 100, comprising a perimeter "P" and opposing
front and back sides 12,14, each with corresponding front and back
surfaces 12a, 14a, and a retaining device 30 is disposed in each
corner of the panel 20 (hereinafter "corner-retaining device(s)
30). As in other embodiments disclosed herein, the retaining
devices 30 each have a substantially triangular shape, and are
positioned in the corners of the case 10.
[0088] As shown, case 200 comprises a zipper closure 25, but other
types of closures may be used, such as hook and loop tape, a
waterproof and/or gas resistant zipper, a plastic zipper (e.g.,
Zip-Loc-style), pillow flap type closures, or any other closure
method. The zipper closure 25 may be attached to the outer edge of
the panels by stitching adjacent to the zipper teeth, along the
stitching lines, and the panel at the closure end is sufficient
thickness to minimize or prevent defects from the stitching
operation, and is sufficient to provide protection in the zipper
area. The portfolio case utilizes a zippered edge, but the top may
be attached using other fasteners including, but not limited to, a
belt, Velcro, magnets clips, and the like.
[0089] The case may be constructed by sewing, but in the case of
more water resistance being desired, the sewing could be replaced
by heat sealing, gluing or welding of any kind
[0090] If desired, cover panel 204 may comprise a liner 23, which
may be attached to the interior surface of panel 204, for example,
by stitching. Cover panel 204 also comprises a pocket 25, formed
from the same material as the liner 23. If desired, panel 204 may
comprise additional pockets or receptacles may be included for
papers, writing instruments, cell phones, chargers, and the
like.
[0091] Case 200 may include an optional insert (not illustrated)
disposed between the liner and panel 204, which may comprise any
rigid material or a composite structure that involves a rigid
material or by itself is sufficiently rigid, preferably a
relatively light-weight, rigid, impact-resistant plastic such as
polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene ("ABS"), polyvinyl
chloride ("PCV"), polypropylene ("PP"), laminates thereof,
composites thereof, and combinations thereof
[0092] An optional binding 40 may be disposed around the
circumference of the panels, such that it extends slightly beyond
the stitching channels on the panels and corner-retaining
devices.
[0093] Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any
lightweight, rigid, impact-resistant material may be used as the
rigid support structure for the case. Optionally, the rigid
material in the case may be designed to be larger in length and
width than the electronic device stored in the device case, to
provide even further edge impact protection for the edges of the
device.
[0094] FIG. 17 shows a perspective view of a device 70 disposed in
case 200, such that the charging plug on device 70 is exposed to
the corresponding audio port 50 on case 10. As shown, device 70 is
disposed in case 10 such that the corner-retaining devices 30 are
disposed over the corresponding corners of device 70. The retaining
devices 30, in combination with the inner surface of the case 10,
"grip" or retain the device 70 within the case 10.
[0095] FIGS. 18-23, when taken together, show one embodiment of an
exemplary protective "in-use" style case 400 according to the
present disclosure. The in-use style case offers screen protection
during transport, and may be configured in a variety of ways,
including for use as a kneeboard. The same materials and
construction methods use in previous embodiments may be used to
construct the present case.
[0096] As shown, case 400 comprises a retaining panel 402 and a
cover panel 404, each of which comprise an optional binding 40 at
the outer edge. In the present embodiment, cover panel 404 is
attached to panel 402 by an intermediate hinge device 90. As shown,
cover panel 404 comprises three (3) fold lines 410.
[0097] Cover panel 402 also may comprise an optional liner (not
illustrated), which may be attached to the interior surface of
panel 402, for example, by stitching. If desired, panel 402 also
may comprise additional pockets or receptacles may be included for
papers, writing instruments, cell phones, chargers, and the
like.
[0098] Cover panel 402 also may comprise at least one optional
protective element 420. The protective element 420 may be co-molded
with the liner material, or formed separately and attached to the
liner using a variety of techniques such as sewing, gluing,
welding, and the like. The present embodiment comprises a single
rectangular protective element 420 extending between opposing edges
of panel 402, which is stitched to the liner between two of the
fold lines 410.
[0099] Case 400 also may include one or more optional inserts (not
illustrated). In the present embodiment, panel 402 comprises three
optional inserts (not illustrated) disposed in pockets (not
illustrated) created by stitching the liner along fold lines 410.
The optional inserts may comprise any relatively lightweight,
rigid, impact-resistant material, as described above.
[0100] In the present embodiment, panel 402 is identical in
construction to case 100, comprising a perimeter "P" and opposing
front and back sides 12,14, each with corresponding front and back
surfaces 12a, 14a, and a retaining device 30 is disposed in each
corner of the panel 20 (hereinafter "corner-retaining device(s)
30). As in other embodiments disclosed herein, the retaining
devices 30 each have a substantially triangular shape, and are
positioned in the corners of the case 10.
[0101] In the present embodiment, the present case may comprise at
least one fastener, to maintain the cover in a close position, when
not in use. For example, case 400 comprises two interconnectable
fastening devices 75, 77, used to close the case. In use, when
closed, the buckles pinch the two edges together. Fastener 75
comprises webbing 75s attached to opposing exterior surfaces of the
case, with corresponding quick-release buckle style fasteners 75a,b
attached to the ends of the webbing 75s. Similarly, fastener 77
comprises webbing 77s attached to opposing exterior surfaces of the
case, with corresponding quick-release style fasteners 77a,b
attached to the ends of the webbing 77s. In the present embodiment,
the webbing is attached to the case body by stitching, but those of
ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a variety of other
attachment methods may be used. The present case comprises a
buckled closure, but those of ordinary skill in the art will
recognize that a variety of other closures can be used in place of,
or in addition to, the buckle closure, such as a zipper, Velcro,
magnets, clips, and the like.
[0102] FIG. 24 shows a perspective view of case 400 in an in-use
configuration, such that the exterior surfaces face inwardly, and
with a device 70 disposed in the case. As shown, device 70 is
disposed in case 40 such that the corner-retaining devices 30 are
disposed over the corresponding corners of device 70. The retaining
devices 30, in combination with the inner surface of the case 10,
"grip" or retain the device 70 within the case 10.
[0103] Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the
present in-use case can be attached to a variety of support members
as desired, such as user's arm, leg, thigh, luggage, backpacks,
medical instruments, kitchen handles (e.g., for cook's ease of
use), and the like.
[0104] FIG. 25 shows a perspective view of case 400 in an in-use
kneeboard configuration, attached to a user's thigh. In use as a
kneeboard, the exterior surface of the case is disposed adjacent to
the user's thigh, and depending on the outer material, can "grip"
the user's thigh. Similarly, the webbing 75 may be elasticized,
which also may assist in gripping the case to the thigh/support. It
is a unique aspect of the present cases, that the exterior surface
of the case is sufficiently flexible to comfortably wrap a user's
thigh, arm, etc., while still providing full device protection.
This is achieved through the use of the exterior surface with
longitudinal supports and longitudinal optional protective elements
that allow wrapping of an arm or thigh etc., but when used as a
cover still can offer appropriate screen protection.
[0105] As shown in FIG. 26, panel 404 may be folded along fold
lines 410 to form an easel configuration.
[0106] FIGS. 27-30, when taken together, show another embodiment of
an exemplary protective in-use style case 500 according to the
present disclosure, with a magnetic closure and retractable
carrying handle 560. The same materials and construction methods
use in previous embodiments may be used to construct the present
case, including the retractable handle 560.
[0107] As shown, case 500 comprises a retaining panel 502 and a
cover 504, each of which comprise an optional binding 40 at the
outer edge. In the present embodiment, cover 504 is attached to
panel 502 by an intermediate hinge device 90.
[0108] In the present embodiment, retaining panel 502 is similar in
construction to case 100, comprising a perimeter "P" and opposing
front and back sides 12,14, each with corresponding front and back
surfaces 12a, 14a, and a retaining device 30 disposed in each
corner. As in other embodiments disclosed herein, the retaining
devices 30 each have a substantially triangular shape, and are
positioned in the corners of the case 500.
[0109] As shown, cover 504 comprises an opposing cover panel 506
and liner panel 508. In the present embodiment, cover panel 504
comprises four (4) pockets defined by at least partially stitching
the cover panel 506 and liner panel 508 together from the opposing
short edges of the cover panel, along fold lines 510.
[0110] Cover panel 504 also may include one or more optional
inserts to provide stability to the cover. Prior to attaching the
optional binding, four (4) optional inserts 520 are disposed in the
pockets. The optional inserts may comprise any relatively
lightweight, rigid, impact-resistant material, as described above,
such as polycarbonate.
[0111] Cover panel 504 also may comprise at least one optional
protective element, to provide impact resistance for the front side
of a device disposed in the case. The present embodiment comprises
two (2) rectangular protective elements 530 extending between
opposing short edges of the cover 504. The protective elements may
be formed from a variety of materials, and may be may be co-molded
with the liner material, or formed separately and attached to the
liner panel 508 using a variety of techniques such as sewing,
gluing, welding, and the like. In the present embodiment, the
protective elements 530 are the same material as the corner
retaining devices and panels, and are stitched to the liner panel
508 between the fold lines 510.
[0112] In the present embodiment, the present case may comprise at
least one fastener, to maintain the cover in a closed position,
when not in use. For example, case 500 comprises an optional
magnetic fastener, which comprises a tab 530 extending from the
retaining panel 502. Two magnets M.sub.1, M.sub.2 (shown in
phantom) are disposed in the tab 530, which allow the case to be
closed using the magnetic closure. Two additional and optional
magnets M.sub.3, M.sub.4 (shown in phantom) are disposed in the
cover panel 504, which allow the cover to be folded into an easel
configuration, with the magnets retaining the case in the easel
configuration. Tab 540 can comprise a variety of materials,
including the same material as the cover panel, described above. In
the present embodiment, the magnets M are stitched into place, but
any technique can be used to maintain the position of the
magnets.
[0113] FIGS. 31-33, when taken together, show another exemplary
sleeve-style case 600 according to the present disclosure.
[0114] Case 600 can be constructed from, for example, two (2)
panels 20 that are mirror images of one another, and can be
attached together. As shown, two panels 20 are stitched together
along the stitching lines with the outer surfaces 14a facing one
another. As shown, case 600 comprises a zipper closure 25 as in
previous embodiments, but other types of closures may be used, as
described above.
[0115] After stitching the panels 20 together and attaching the
zipper 25, the case is inverted, such that the edges are positioned
adjacent to one another and form a supportive interior bumper 610,
with a channel 620 adapted to suspend a device (not illustrated)
within the case 600.
[0116] Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a
combination of the foregoing materials and techniques can be used
to make protective cases for a variety of devices that need to be
protected, while maintaining unobstructed screen access, both in
dry or wet environments, including underwater environments. The
ability to withstand commercial laundering also applies to other
dirty environments including, but not limited to, muddy areas,
chemical exposure, hospitals, military, and the like. Those of
ordinary skill in the art will also recognize that the foregoing
these techniques can be modified and/or combined with other
features to be used for protection of other items.
[0117] The cases disclosed herein can comprise one or more of the
following advantages: 1) they provide lightweight impact
resistance; 2) the cases are flexible, and can accommodate devices
of different dimensions, in contrast to other types of cases, which
are designed specifically for one type of device; 3) improved
economics as a result of the methods of making the panels and
retaining devices; 4) the ability to provide a single-panel,
lightweight, "in-use" case with screen protection; 5) the ability
to provide a protective cover for an "in-use" case, with the linear
protective medallion on the inside cover; 6) folding cover provides
easel configuration; 7) the clip on strap extenders provide a knee
board for in-use applications; 8) the clip extenders provide a knee
strap which, when combined with the flexible panel, allow the case
to be strapped to a user's limb, unlike rigid portfolios 9) the
flexible panel allows the case to be attached to display poles,
etc., such an oven panel (for cook's ease of use); 10) the cover
provides a place for embroidering or embossing e.g., for corporate
logos, and the like; 11) clip extenders form handle or connect to
accessory pouch etc.; 12) additional components and/or accessories
may be attached to the case using successive clip attachments
(e.g., an accessory pouch, a flexible keyboard, a flexible solar
panel, Velcro handle, etc.; 13) the extender straps may be elastic
or rigid and are adjustable in length.
[0118] It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," and the
like herein do not denote any order or importance, but rather are
used to distinguish one element from another, and the terms "a" and
"an" herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather
denote the presence of at least one of the referenced items.
Similarly, it is noted that the terms "bottom" and "top" are used
herein, unless otherwise noted, merely for convenience of
description, and are not limited to any one position or spatial
orientation. In addition, the modifier "about" used in connection
with a quantity is inclusive of the stated value and has the
meaning dictated by the context (e.g., includes the degree of error
associated with measurement of the particular quantity).
[0119] Compounds are described herein using standard nomenclature.
For example, any position not substituted by an indicated group is
understood to have its valency filled by a bond as indicated, or a
hydrogen atom A dash ("--") that is not between two letters or
symbols is used to indicate a point of attachment for a
substituent. For example, --CHO is attached through the carbon of
the carbonyl group. Unless defined otherwise herein, all
percentages herein mean weight percent ("wt. %"). Furthermore, all
ranges disclosed herein are inclusive and combinable (e.g., ranges
of "up to about 25 weight percent (wt. %), with about 5 wt. % to
about 20 wt. % desired, and about 10 wt. % to about 15 wt. % more
desired," are inclusive of the endpoints and all intermediate
values of the ranges, e.g., "about 5 wt. % to about 25 wt. %, about
5 wt. % to about 15 wt. %", etc.). The notation "+/-10% means that
the indicated measurement may be from an amount that is minus 10%
to an amount that is plus 10% of the stated value.
[0120] Finally, unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific
terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood
by one of skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0121] While the disclosure has been described with reference to
exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in
the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be
substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope
of the disclosure. In addition, many modifications may be made to
adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the
disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof.
Therefore, it is intended that the disclosure not be limited to the
particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for
carrying out this disclosure, but that the disclosure will include
all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended
claims.
* * * * *