U.S. patent application number 13/679145 was filed with the patent office on 2013-03-21 for water-conserving toilet.
The applicant listed for this patent is Audie MURPHY. Invention is credited to Audie MURPHY.
Application Number | 20130067652 13/679145 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 39462199 |
Filed Date | 2013-03-21 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130067652 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
MURPHY; Audie |
March 21, 2013 |
WATER-CONSERVING TOILET
Abstract
A water-conserving toilet and method of manufacture includes an
upper portion jointed to a lower portion. The upper portion
includes an upper and lower opening with a smooth, shallow,
sweeping transition therebetween. A first flowpath enters the upper
portion for allowing water to wash the upper portion. The lower
portion includes a base with sidewalls extending upward to an upper
opening, with the sidewalls defining a concave, steeply-sided
flushing cavity. A second flowpath enters the lower portion for
evacuating the pushing waste out of the flushing cavity and into a
waste outlet. In an embodiment the distance between the front and
back of the upper portion upper opening is approximately 3 times
the distance between the front and back of the upper portion lower
opening. In another embodiment the sidewalls extend from the base
at an angle between about approximately 45 degrees and
approximately 90 degrees.
Inventors: |
MURPHY; Audie;
(Independence, MO) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
MURPHY; Audie |
Independence |
MO |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
39462199 |
Appl. No.: |
13/679145 |
Filed: |
November 16, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11873874 |
Oct 17, 2007 |
8336128 |
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13679145 |
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60867477 |
Nov 28, 2006 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
4/420 ;
29/428 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y10T 29/49826 20150115;
E03D 5/00 20130101; E03D 3/02 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
4/420 ;
29/428 |
International
Class: |
E03D 5/00 20060101
E03D005/00 |
Claims
1. A toilet, comprising: a bowl including an upper portion and a
lower portion; the upper portion, comprising: an upper opening
having a length and a width; a lower opening having a length and a
width; a first flow path adjacent the upper opening; and wherein
the transition between the upper opening and lower opening is a
smooth, shallow, sweeping shape; the lower portion, comprising: an
upper opening having a length and a width; a base; a sidewall
extending between the upper opening and the base; a second flowpath
adjacent the base; a waste outlet adjacent the base; and wherein
the lower portion defines a concave, steeply-sided flushing cavity
defining a volume of space such that no more than approximately 0.5
gallons of water is sufficient to cover and seal the waste
outlet.
2. The toilet of claim 1, wherein: the first flowpath is at a back
area of the upper portion; the second flowpath is at a front area
of the lower portion; and the waste outlet is at a back area of the
lower portion.
3. The toilet of claim 2, further comprising: a wash-down jet
connected to the first flowpath and disposed within the bowl; and a
flush jet connected to the second flowpath and disposed within the
bowl.
4. The toilet of claim 3, wherein the wash-down jet comprises one
or more openings for discharging water into the upper portion.
5. The toilet of claim 1, wherein the upper and lower portions are
separately constructed and then joined together to form the
bowl.
6. The toilet of claim 1, wherein the upper portion upper opening
length is approximately 3 times the upper portion lower opening
length.
7. The toilet of claim 1, wherein: the upper portion upper opening
is separated from the upper portion lower opening by a height; and
wherein the upper portion upper opening length is approximately 3.5
times the height between the upper opening and lower opening.
8. The toilet of claim 1, wherein: the upper portion upper opening
length is between approximately 17 inches and approximately 19
inches; the upper portion upper opening width is between
approximately 13 inches and approximately 15 inches; the upper
portion lower opening length is between approximately 5 and
approximately 7 inches; and the upper portion lower opening width
is between approximately 3.5 inches and approximately 5.5
inches.
9. The toilet of claim 8, wherein: the lower portion upper opening
length is between approximately 6 inches and approximately 8
inches; and the lower portion upper opening width is between
approximately 4.5 inches and approximately 6.5 inches.
10. The toilet of claim 9, wherein: the lower portion further
includes a height; and wherein the lower portion height is between
about 2.5 inches to about 4.5 inches.
11. The toilet of claim 1, wherein: the upper portion upper opening
length is between approximately 17.5 inches and approximately 18.5
inches; the upper portion upper opening width is between
approximately 13.5 inches and approximately 14.5 inches; the upper
portion lower opening length is between approximately 5.5 and
approximately 6.5 inches; and the upper portion lower opening width
is between approximately 4 inches and approximately 5 inches.
12. The toilet of claim 11, wherein: the lower portion upper
opening length is between approximately 6.5 inches and
approximately 7.5 inches; and the lower portion upper opening width
is between approximately 5 inches and approximately 6 inches.
13. The toilet of claim 12, wherein: the lower portion further
includes a height; and wherein the lower portion height is between
about 3 inches to about 4 inches.
14. The toilet of claim 1, wherein the sidewall extends upward from
the base at an angle between about approximately 45 degrees and
approximately 90 degrees.
15. A toilet, comprising: an upper portion, comprising: an upper
opening including a front area and a back area; a lower opening
including a front area and a back area; a first flow path adjacent
the upper portion; wherein the transition between the upper opening
front area and the lower opening front area is a smooth, shallow,
sweeping shape; and wherein the transition between the upper
opening back area and the lower opening back area is smooth and
steep; a lower portion, comprising: an upper opening having a
length and a width; a base; a sidewall extending between the upper
opening and the base, wherein the angle between the sidewall and
the base is between about approximately 45 degrees and
approximately 90 degrees; a second flowpath adjacent the base; a
waste outlet adjacent the base; and wherein the upper opening of
the lower portion and the lower opening of the upper portion are
joined to form a bowl.
16. The toilet of claim 15, wherein the angle between the sidewall
and the base is between about approximately 55 degrees and
approximately 90 degrees.
17. The toilet of claim 15, wherein the angle between the sidewall
and the base is between about approximately 65 degrees and
approximately 90 degrees.
18. The toilet of claim 15, wherein the upper opening of the upper
portion further includes a rimless wash-down toilet seat.
19. A method of manufacturing a toilet, which comprises: forming an
upper portion, including: an upper opening including a length
between a front area and a back area, and a width; a lower opening
including a length between a front area and a back area, and a
width; and wherein the transition between the upper opening front
area and the lower opening front area is a smooth, shallow,
sweeping shape; forming a first flowpath adjacent the upper portion
upper opening; forming a lower portion, including: an upper opening
including a length between a front area and a back area, and a
width; a base; a sidewall extending between the upper opening and
the base; and wherein the lower portion defines a concave,
steeply-sided cavity; forming a second flowpath adjacent the lower
portion upper opening; forming a waste outlet adjacent the base;
and joining the upper opening of the lower portion with the lower
opening of the upper portion.
20. The method as recited in claim 19, wherein: the first flowpath
is at the back area of the upper portion; the second flowpath is at
the front area of the lower portion; and the waste outlet is at the
back area of the lower portion.
21. The method as recited in claim 19, wherein the upper portion
upper opening length is approximately 3 times the upper portion
lower opening length.
22. The method as recited in claim 19, wherein: the upper portion
upper opening is separated from the upper portion lower opening by
a height; and wherein the upper portion upper opening length is
approximately 3.5 times the height between the upper opening and
lower opening.
23. The method as recited in claim 19, wherein: the upper portion
upper opening length is between approximately 17 inches and
approximately 19 inches; the upper portion upper opening width is
between approximately 13 inches and approximately 15 inches; the
upper portion lower opening length is between approximately 5 and
approximately 7 inches; and the upper portion lower opening width
is between approximately 3.5 inches and approximately 5.5
inches.
24. The method as recited in claim 23, wherein: the lower portion
upper opening length is between approximately 6 inches and
approximately 8 inches; and the lower portion upper opening width
is between approximately 4.5 inches and approximately 6.5
inches.
25. The method as recited in claim 24, wherein: the lower portion
further includes a height; and wherein the lower portion height is
between about 2.5 inches to about 4.5 inches.
26. The method of claim 19, wherein the sidewall extends upward
from the base at an angle between about approximately 45 degrees
and approximately 90 degrees.
27. The method as recited in claim 19, wherein the transition
between the upper portion upper opening back area and the upper
portion lower opening back area is smooth and steep.
28. The method as recited in claim 19, further forming a seat at
the upper opening of the upper portion.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. Non-Provisional
patent application Ser. No. 11/873,874, filed Oct. 17, 2007, which
claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/867,477,
filed Nov. 28, 2006, the contents of which are hereby incorporated
herein by reference in their entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to toilets of the type
generally referred to as "blowout" toilets. More specifically, the
present invention concerns a blowout toilet which uses less than
1.6 gallons of water per flush, and which includes a valve
connected to a timing mechanism for determining a volume of water
flowing to a toilet bowl independent of water flow, a bowl with a
volume and shape such that a minimal amount of the water is
sufficient to cover and seal a waste outlet, and a distribution
manifold for distributing the water into the bowl for maximum
effect.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] In many residential toilets, a volume of water is stored in
a water tank located above the toilet. When the toilet is flushed,
gravity moves the water from the water tank into the toilet bowl
and, from there, through a waste outlet connected to a sewer pipe.
Toilets of this type may use between 1.6 and 5 gallons of water per
flush.
[0004] In many commercial and institutional toilets, generally
referred to as "blowout" toilets, the aforementioned water tank is
eliminated in favor of a flush valve, generally referred to as a
"flushometer", which directs pressurized water from a water supply
line into upper and lower portions of the bowl. In toilets of this
type, the volume of water needed to close, or reset, the
flushometer, and the volume of water needed to reseal the bowl
against migrating sewer gas, establish a minimum amount of water
needed to accomplish each flush.
[0005] More specifically, the flushometer delivers a predetermined,
metered amount of pressurized water to the bowl so as to use less
water while providing at least the same flushing effectiveness as
the conventional residential toilet which uses the force of gravity
to deliver water into the bowl. Within the flushometer, a diaphragm
or piston separates upper and lower chambers. When the flushometer
is actuated, the diaphragm or piston is lifted from its seat, which
allows water to flow. A small amount of the flowing water is
diverted into the upper chamber to eventually reseat the diaphragm
or piston and thereby reset the flushometer for the next flush.
Thus, while the flushometer is mechanically or electronically
actuated in response to an actuation action or signal, it is reset
substantially automatically by the action of the water flowing
through it. The minimum amount of water that must be diverted to
reseat the diaphragm or piston and thereby reset the flushometer
establishes the minimum amount of water that must flow through the
flushometer and into the bowl during flushing.
[0006] Furthermore, the waste outlet from the bowl is connected
directly to a sewer line. The water maintained in the bowl between
flushings covers and seals the outlet. If the water level is not
sufficient to fully cover and seal the outlet, then sewer gas in
the sewer line can migrate into the bowl. Thus, the minimum amount
of water needed to cover and seal the outlet further establishes
the minimum amount of water that must flow into the bowl during
flushing.
[0007] Available blowout toilets use 1.6 gallons or more per flush
cycle, with, for example, 0.85 gallons being used to flush waste
from the bowl, and the remaining 0.75 gallons being used to cover
and seal the outlet. Using any less water would likely either
adversely affect the proper functioning of the flushometer or fail
to cover and seal the outlet.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The present invention overcomes the above-discussed and
other problems by providing a toilet which advantageously allows
for flushing waste effectively while using substantially less water
per flush than conventional flushometer-based blowout toilets. In
one embodiment, the toilet uses less than 1.6 gallons of water per
flush. In another embodiment, the toilet uses approximately 1.0
gallon of water per flush, with approximately 0.5 gallons being
used to flush waste from its bowl, and approximately 0.5 gallons
being used to cover and seal its waste outlet. In yet another
embodiment, the toilet uses as little as approximately 0.8 gallons
per flush.
[0009] In one embodiment, the toilet broadly comprises a valve
interposed between a pressurized water supply and the toilet bowl
for controlling a volume of water flowing from the water supply to
the toilet bowl, and a timing mechanism connected to the valve for
controlling an amount of time that the valve allows water to flow
from the water supply to the toilet bowl. The valve may be a globe
valve, and the timing mechanism may be electronic. The toilet may
further include a water chamber interposed between the valve and
the toilet bowl for receiving and dispensing the volume of water.
The toilet may further include a distribution manifold interposed
between the valve and the toilet bowl for distributing the volume
of water between at least a first flowpath leading to an upper
portion of the toilet bowl and a second flowpath leading to a lower
portion of the toilet bowl. The toilet may further include a
wash-down jet connected to the first flowpath at the upper portion
of the toilet bowl and having a plurality of openings for
discharging water into the upper portion, and a flush jet connected
to the second flowpath at the lower portion of the toilet bowl for
discharging water into the lower portion. The lower portion of the
toilet bowl may define a volume of space such that a minimal amount
of the water is sufficient to cover and seal the waste outlet.
[0010] In one embodiment, the upper and lower portions of the
toilet bowl are constructed separately and then joined together.
For example, the upper portion may be constructed of deep-drawn
stainless steel, the lower portion may be constructed of die cast
stainless steel, and the two portions may be welded together to
form the final toilet bowl. The upper portion may have a smooth,
shallow sweeping shape, and the lower portion may have a generally
concave and relatively steep-sided flushing cavity.
[0011] These and other features of the present invention are
described in greater detail in the section below titled DETAILED
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES
[0012] A preferred embodiment of the present invention is disclosed
herein with references to the drawing figures, wherein:
[0013] FIG. 1 is a system diagram of an embodiment of the toilet of
the present invention;
[0014] FIG. 2 is a sectional elevation view of a water chamber
component of the toilet of FIG. 1;
[0015] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a bowl
component of the toilet of FIG. 1;
[0016] FIG. 4 is a sectional elevation view of an upper portion of
the bowl component;
[0017] FIG. 5 is a plan view of the upper portion of the bowl
component;
[0018] FIG. 6 is an isometric view of a lower portion of the bowl
component;
[0019] FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the lower portion of the bowl
component; and
[0020] FIG. 8 is an isometric view of an embodiment of a wash-down
jet fixture of the toilet of FIG. 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0021] With reference to the figures, a water-conserving toilet 10
is herein described, shown, and otherwise disclosed in accordance
with preferred embodiments of the present invention. In one
embodiment the toilet 10 uses less than 1.6 gallons of water per
flush and in another embodiment uses approximately between 0.8 and
1.2 gallons of water. In yet another embodiment, the toilet 10 uses
approximately 1.0 gallons of water per flush, with approximately
0.5 gallons being used to flush waste from its bowl 32, and
approximately 0.5 gallons being used to cover and seal its waste
outlet 34.
[0022] Referring particularly to FIG. 1, in one embodiment the
toilet 10 broadly comprises a valve 14, a timing mechanism 16, a
vacuum breaker 18, a water chamber 20, a distribution manifold 22,
a first supply tube 24 and a wash-down jet 26, a second supply tube
28 and a flush jet 30, the toilet bowl 32, and the waste outlet
34.
[0023] The valve 14 is connected to a pressurized water supply and
controls the volume of water flowing from the water supply to the
water chamber 20 and, ultimately, to the toilet bowl 32. More
specifically, the valve 14 controls the volume of water based upon
the amount of time the valve 14 remains open. The timing mechanism
16 is incorporated into or connected to the valve 14 and determines
the amount of time the valve 14 remains open independent of any
action of the water actually flowing through the valve 14. In one
embodiment, the valve 14 is a globe valve which includes an
internal baffle and which allows for relatively fine control over
throttling the flow of water through the valve 14. In various
embodiments, the valve 14 and/or the timing mechanism 16 are
electrical, mechanical, or a combination thereof in nature. More
specifically, in one embodiment, the timing mechanism 16 is
electronic in nature and settable to a desired amount of time at
the expiration of which an electronic signal is generated and
communicated to close the valve 14. In one embodiment, the valve 14
is or is replaced with a flushometer valve; the flushometer valve
may have a built-in timing mechanism. One suitable valve which may
be used as the valve of the present invention is an electronic
globe valve, manufactured by The Toro Company, which operates on 24
VAC, is internally ported and normally closed, and includes a
manual bleed assembly and an adjustable flow control.
[0024] The vacuum breaker 18 is located generally downstream of the
valve 14, and functions to break suction resulting from a reversed
flow condition, and thereby prevents contaminated water from
siphoning back into the general water supply.
[0025] The water chamber 20 is located downstream of the valve 14
and is operationally connected thereto to receive and dispense the
volume of water. Referring also to FIG. 2, in one embodiment the
water chamber 20 includes a housing 38 having an inlet 40 and an
outlet 42, a hold-back tube 44 having an upper end 46, a lower end
48, and one or more drain holes 50. The housing 38 generally
defines the capacity of the chamber 20 which, in the present
invention, corresponds approximately to the 1.6 gallons or less of
water used per flush. The inlet port 40 is coupled with the valve
14. The outlet port 42 is coupled with the distribution manifold
22. The upper end 46 of the hold-back tube 44 is open to allow
water to drain therethrough and exit the chamber 20. The lower end
48 of the hold-back tube 44 is coupled with the outlet port 42. The
one or more drain holes 50 are located on the lower end 48 to allow
for a slow release of water to drain therethrough and exit the
chamber 20.
[0026] The distribution manifold 22 is located downstream of the
water chamber and is operationally connected thereto, and
distributes water flowing out of the water chamber 20 between at
least two flowpaths, with a first flowpath leading to an upper
portion of the bowl 32 and a second flowpath leading to the lower
portion 36. The distribution manifold 22 includes a first outlet
corresponding to the first flowpath and a second outlet
corresponding to the second flowpath. The first supply tube 24
further defines the first flowpath and extends between and connects
the distribution manifold 22 and the wash-down jet 26. More
specifically, the first supply tube 24 includes a first end and a
second end, with the first end being connected to the first outlet
of the distribution manifold 22, and the second end being connected
to the wash-down jet 26. The wash-down jet 26 includes one or more
openings for discharging water at or into a rim area of the bowl 32
during flushing.
[0027] The second supply tube 28 further defines the second
flowpath and extends between and connects the distribution manifold
22 and the flush jet 30. More specifically, the second supply tube
28 includes a first end and a second end, with the first end being
connected to the second outlet of the distribution manifold 22, and
the second end being connected to the flush jet 30. The flush jet
30 is connected to the lower portion 36 of the bowl 32, and
includes one or more openings for discharging water at or into the
lower portion 36 of the bowl 32 during flushing.
[0028] The toilet bowl 32 receives waste in a substantially
conventional manner. The waste outlet 34 is associated with the
lower portion 36 of the bowl 32 and carries waste out of the bowl
32 during flushing. The lower portion 36 of the bowl 32 holds an
amount of water which is sufficient to cover and seal the outlet 34
and thereby prevent sewer gas from migrating into the bowl 32. The
shape of the lower portion 36 is such as to minimize the amount of
water needed to cover and seal the outlet 34. In one embodiment, no
more than approximately 0.5 gallons are required to sufficiently
fill the lower portion 36 and cover and seal the outlet 34. In one
embodiment, the shape of the lower portion 36 is generally concave
with relatively steep sides to better define the concavity and
thereby minimize the volume that it defines and the amount of water
needed to fill it.
[0029] Referring to FIGS. 3-8, one embodiment of the toilet bowl
132 includes the upper portion 133 and the lower portion 136 which
are welded or otherwise joined together to form the bowl 132. Such
separate construction allows for using different construction
techniques appropriate or necessary to achieve the desired shapes
of the portions 133,136. Referring particularly to FIGS. 4 and 5,
the upper portion 133 has a smooth, shallow sweeping shape and
allows for a large water spot which is necessary for sanitation,
and, in one embodiment, is constructed from deep-drawn stainless
steel. Referring particularly to FIGS. 6 and 7, the lower portion
136 provides the flushing cavity in which waste collects while
awaiting evacuation, and, in one embodiment, is constructed of
die-cast stainless steel. Thus, as a whole, the bowl 132 has a
smooth, shallow sweeping shape that transitions into the generally
concave and relatively steep-sided flushing cavity, and which
allows for extremely efficient flushing, including flushes using as
little as approximately 0.8 gpf.
[0030] In one embodiment, the smooth, shallow sweeping shape of the
upper portion 133 includes an upper opening of approximately
between 17 and 19 inches in length, i.e., maximum dimension, and
approximately between 13 and 15 inches in width, i.e., minimum
dimension; a height of approximately between 4 and 6 inches; and a
lower opening of approximately between 5 and 7 inches in length,
i.e., maximum dimension and approximately between 3.5 and 5.5
inches in width, i.e., minimum dimension. In a more specific
embodiment, the upper opening is approximately between 17.5 and
18.5 inches in length, i.e., maximum dimension, and approximately
between 13.5 and 14.5 inches in width, i.e., minimum dimension; the
height is approximately between 4.5 and 5.5 inches; and the lower
opening is approximately between 5.5 and 6.5 inches in length,
i.e., maximum dimension and approximately between 4 and 5 inches in
width, i.e., minimum dimension. Characterized another way, the
maximum dimension of the upper opening is approximately 3 times as
large as the maximum dimension of the lower opening, and
approximately 3.5 times as large as the height, i.e., the vertical
distance separating the upper and lower openings.
[0031] In one embodiment, the steep-sided flushing cavity of the
lower portion 136 includes an upper opening of approximately
between 6 and 8 inches in length, i.e., maximum dimension, and
approximately between 4.5 and 6.5 inches in width, i.e., minimum
dimension, and a height of approximately between 2.5 and 4.5
inches. In a more specific embodiment, the upper opening is
approximately between 6.5 and 7.5 inches in length, i.e., maximum
dimension, and approximately between 5 and 6 inches in width, i.e.,
minimum dimension, and the height is approximately between 3 and 4
inches. In one embodiment, the sides of the flushing cavity of the
lower portion 136 are oriented approximately between 45 degrees and
90 degrees relative to a horizontal plane extending through a base
of the lower portion 136; in a more specific embodiment,
approximately between 55 degrees and 90 degrees relative to that
plane; and, in an even more specific embodiment, approximately
between 65 degrees and 90 degrees relative to that plane.
[0032] In one embodiment, the bowl 132 has a rimless wash-down
toilet seat. Referring also to FIG. 8, the bowl further includes
the wash-down jet 126 mounted below the toilet seat at a back area
of the upper portion 133 of the bowl 132. The wash-down jet 126
shoots water in both directions around the upper portion 133 of the
bowl 132 to both clean and refill the bowl 132 after
evacuation.
[0033] The bowl 132 further includes the flush jet 130 mounted at a
front area of the lower portion 136 of the bowl 132. When the
toilet is flushed, the flush jet 130 emulsifies and pushes the
waste out of the flushing cavity and into and through the outlet
134 at the rear of the lower portion 136 of the bowl 132.
[0034] In use, an embodiment of the toilet 10 may function
substantially as follows. A flush signal is received at the valve
14, causing the valve 14 to open and the timing mechanism 16 to
start timing the preset period of time. The open valve 14 allows
the volume of water to flow into the water chamber 20 until the
timing mechanism 16 causes the valve 14 to close. The volume of
water flows out of the water chamber 20 and toward the distribution
manifold 22. At the distribution manifold 22, the volume of water
is distributed along the first and second flowpaths. Water flowing
along the first flowpath exits the wash-down jet 26 at the upper
portion of the bowl 32. Water flowing along the second flowpath
exits the flush jet 30 at the lower portion 36 of the bowl 32. In
this particular example, approximately 0.5 gallons of the water
exits the bowl 32 via the waste outlet 34, and approximately 0.5
gallons of the water remains in the lower portion 36 of the bowl 32
to cover and seal the waste outlet 34.
[0035] From the preceding description, it will be appreciated that
the toilet 10 of the present invention advantageously allows for
flushing waste effectively while using substantially less water per
flush than conventional flushometer-based blowout toilets. The
toilet 10 includes the valve 14 connected to the timing mechanism
16 for determining the volume of water flowing to the toilet bowl
32 independent of water flow, rate, and/or volume, the bowl 32
having the lower portion 36 defining a volume of space such that a
minimal amount of the water is sufficient to cover and seal the
waste outlet 34, and the distribution manifold 22 for distributing
the water into the bowl 32 for maximum effect.
* * * * *