U.S. patent application number 13/536997 was filed with the patent office on 2013-03-14 for shelter structures, support systems therefor, kits, accessories and methods for assembling such structures.
This patent application is currently assigned to NOMADIC COMFORT LLC. The applicant listed for this patent is Ann W. SPECKMAN, Richard WEBSTER. Invention is credited to Ann W. SPECKMAN, Richard WEBSTER.
Application Number | 20130061897 13/536997 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 47828722 |
Filed Date | 2013-03-14 |
United States Patent
Application |
20130061897 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
WEBSTER; Richard ; et
al. |
March 14, 2013 |
SHELTER STRUCTURES, SUPPORT SYSTEMS THEREFOR, KITS, ACCESSORIES AND
METHODS FOR ASSEMBLING SUCH STRUCTURES
Abstract
Shelter structures having a shelter portion supported
(internally or externally) at an apex and one or more peripheral
support elements supported by an external suspension web provided
externally of a perimeter of the shelter portion are provided. One
or more external suspension webs may be provided at a transition
region of the structure formed at the interface of upper and lower
portions, or at a base portion of the structure, or intermediate
transition and base regions of the structure. A lower enclosure
portion may provide wall-like structures, or may form an open
network of lines, straps, wires, or bands. In some embodiments, the
upper and/or lower shelter portion(s) are provided as fabric
structures; in some embodiments the upper and/or lower shelter
portions are provided as rigid or semi-rigid panel-like structures.
Support systems, kits for assembling structures, reinforcement
features and methods for assembling structures are also
disclosed.
Inventors: |
WEBSTER; Richard;
(Shoreline, WA) ; SPECKMAN; Ann W.; (Seattle,
WA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
WEBSTER; Richard
SPECKMAN; Ann W. |
Shoreline
Seattle |
WA
WA |
US
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
NOMADIC COMFORT LLC
Shoreline
WA
|
Family ID: |
47828722 |
Appl. No.: |
13/536997 |
Filed: |
June 28, 2012 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61533732 |
Sep 12, 2011 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
135/126 ;
135/114; 135/116; 52/79.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E04B 2001/0092 20130101;
E04H 1/02 20130101; E04H 15/008 20130101; E04H 15/24 20130101; E04H
15/26 20130101; E04H 15/322 20130101; E04H 15/20 20130101; E04H
15/56 20130101; E04H 15/18 20130101; E04H 15/16 20130101; E04H
15/28 20130101; E04H 15/04 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
135/126 ;
135/116; 52/79.1; 135/114 |
International
Class: |
E04H 15/40 20060101
E04H015/40; E04H 1/02 20060101 E04H001/02; E04H 15/60 20060101
E04H015/60; E04H 15/56 20060101 E04H015/56 |
Claims
1. An assembly that, when assembled, provides a tensioned shelter
structure, comprising: a shelter portion having an apex and a base
peripheral region; and an external peripheral suspension web
extending externally of the base peripheral region of the shelter
portion and configured for supporting a peripheral support element
externally of the shelter portion.
2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the external peripheral
suspension web has substantially continuous inner edge mounted or
attached to the base peripheral region of the shelter portion.
3. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the external peripheral
suspension web is configured to suspend a peripheral support
element having a substantially continuous perimeter and a
substantially closed structure form.
4. The assembly of claim 1, additionally comprising a plurality of
guy lines attachable to the assembly in a downward and outward
orientation to anchor the perimeter of the tensioned structure to
the ground or another stable support surface.
5. The assembly of claim 1, additionally comprising an inwardly
directed tensioning structure extending inwardly from the base
peripheral region and configured to be suspended between the base
peripheral region of the shelter portion and an internal apical
support structure.
6. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the inwardly directed
tensioning structure is configured for adjustment between a
downwardly angled and an upwardly angled position with respect to
the base peripheral region of the shelter portion.
7. A tensioned shelter structure comprising the assembly of claim 1
having a central apical support and an external peripheral support
element suspended by the external peripheral suspension web.
8. A fabric assembly comprising a shelter portion having a base
perimeter region and a base external suspension web associated with
and extending externally of the base perimeter region.
9. The fabric assembly of claim 8, wherein the base external
suspension web is configured for supporting a peripheral support
element externally of the base perimeter region.
10. The fabric assembly of claim 8, wherein the base external
suspension web is configured for supporting a peripheral support
element having a substantially continuous perimeter and a
substantially closed structure form externally of the base
region.
11. The fabric assembly of claim 8, wherein the base external
suspension web has a plurality of fixtures arranged for receiving
anchoring structures.
12. The fabric assembly of claim 8, wherein the base perimeter
region has a circular or polygonal configuration and the base
external suspension web is configured for supporting a
substantially round peripheral support element externally of the
base perimeter region.
13. An assembly that, when assembled, provides a tensioned
structure having an internal volume, comprising: an upper shelter
portion having an apex and a base peripheral region; a lower
framework structure having an upper region associated with the base
peripheral region of the upper shelter portion; and an external
peripheral suspension web extending externally of the transition
region and configured for supporting a peripheral support element
externally of the transition region.
14. The assembly of claim 13, wherein the lower framework structure
comprises a transition web associated with and extending below the
external peripheral suspension web, a plurality of tendons
extending from the transition web in a direction away from the
external peripheral suspension web, and lower peripheral bands
extending between lower termini of the tendons and forming a
peripheral base portion.
15. An assembly that, when assembled, provides a structure having
an internal volume, comprising: an upper shelter portion having an
apex and a base peripheral region; a lower shelter portion having
an upper region configured for association with the base peripheral
region of the upper shelter portion at a transition region; and an
external peripheral suspension web configured for supporting a
peripheral support element externally of the transition region,
wherein at least one of the upper shelter portion and the lower
shelter portion comprises a plurality of rigid or semi-rigid
panels.
16. The assembly of claim 15, wherein at least one of the upper and
lower shelter portions comprises a plurality of rigid or semi-rigid
panels attached or attachable to one another at flexible
interfaces.
17. The assembly of claim 15, wherein at least one of the upper
shelter portion and the lower shelter portion comprises a
double-walled fabric pocket structure sized and configured for
placement of rigid or semi-rigid panels in the pocket
structures.
18. A structure comprising the assembly of claim 15 having a
central apical support supporting the apex and an external
peripheral support element suspended by the external peripheral
suspension web.
19. A collapsible structure comprising a plurality of adjoining
panels fabricated from pliable fabric material and additionally
comprising: a plurality of seam stabilization elements fabricated
from a material having different stretch properties than the
pliable fabric material forming the adjoining panels positioned at
interface locations of the adjoining panels; and a plurality of
curved stabilizing bands fabricated from a material having
different stretch properties than the pliable fabric material
forming the adjoining panels positioned having end regions near
panel edges.
20. A support element comprising multiple tubular members
detachably joinable to one another to form an integral structural
element, wherein ends of individual tubular members are angled in a
bias-cut arrangement and, when individual tubular members are
detachably joined to one or more neighboring tubular members, the
bias-cut ends of neighboring tubular members align in a
pre-determined rotational orientation to provide an integrated
support element characterized by controlled and limited torsional
twisting and rotation of abutting tubular members.
Description
REFERENCE TO PRIORITY APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application
No. 61/533,732 filed Sep. 12, 2011, which is incorporated herein by
reference in its entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to shelter structures such as
tents, exhibition structures, aviaries, greenhouses, shade
structures, gazebos, pavilions, humanitarian relief structures,
transient housing structures and the like, as well as to kits,
components of, accessories for, and methods for assembling such
structures.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Early man created shelter using materials at hand: mud,
stones, snow, ice, skins, sticks, foliage, bones, etc. Nomadic
people either carry their shelter with them or build new shelter
every time they move. For those nomads who choose to carry their
shelter with them, it is a goal to make their weather-resilient
shelters as light and compact as possible while still allowing for
great internal volume.
[0004] There are two major portable shelter traditions. The
earliest tradition uses structural material, such as wood, to
create a relatively rigid framework. A canopy, perhaps of animal
skins or felt or foliage, is then draped over or hung from this
framework to seal out the weather. Teepees and yurts fit into this
category. The invention of woven fabric revolutionized nomadic
shelters, allowing for the canopy to be much lighter and more
portable. Woven fabric also led to the rise of a new portable
shelter tradition when the nomadic people of North Africa invented
Black Tents. Black tents are tensioned fabric structures in which
central poles were held in place under a ceiling of pre-stressed
fabric, relying on the canopy itself for structural support.
Another example of the early use of tensioned fabric to create a
structure is seen in medieval military campaign tents, which used a
single central mast from which a conically shaped canopy was
stretched and anchored to ground, often with multiple guy lines
added to increase internal volume and stability. Circus tents are
another example of this type of central mast supported tent.
[0005] The invention of metal did little to further the refinement
of these two shelter types--the self-supporting rigid framework
tents and the tensioned fabric structures--until modern times when
the development of light-weight tubular metal and the invention of
composites such as fiberglass and carbon fiber led to further
improvements in framing materials. Strong, collapsible framing
materials led to the invention of dome tents, which follow the
self-supporting framework tradition and tunnel tents, which follow
the tensioned fabric tradition.
[0006] In recent times, the development of strong fabric composites
has ushered in the age of large, non-portable tensioned fabric
architectural structures, along with associated methods and
techniques that are used to maintain these structures in
equilibrium. To date there has been little use of the principles
applied in this school of architecture in light-weight shelter
design.
[0007] Another relatively recent development has been the invention
of tensegrity structures, in which free-floating compression
elements are suspended in a web of tension elements. In current
practice, these structures are more artistic than practical.
[0008] Many different types of tent and canopy structures have been
developed and are in use, ranging from highly portable, lightweight
backpacking shelters to more commodious, heavier tent structures of
various sizes, to larger structures having permanent or
semi-permanent rigid supports. Various types of tent and canopy
structures are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 214,996,
1,409,316, 1,581,311, 1,601,889, 2,000,644, 2,084,778, 2,167,219,
3,063,521, 3,169,611, 3,406,698, 3,990,463, 3,945,106, 4,473,976,
4,569,362, 5,036,874, 5,163,461, 5,642,590, 5,642,750, 5,901,727,
6,145,527, 6,220,264, 6,415,806, 6,470,901, 6,615,552, 6,843,261,
6,866,055, 6,868,640, 6,892,742, 6,901,714, 7,004,183, 7,013,608,
7,137,399, 7,575,010, 7,578,306, 7,578,307, 7,766,023, 7,987,864,
7,997,292, 8,001,987, U.S. Patent Publication 2009/0145471 A1 and
U.S. Patent Publication 2012/0017955 A1.
[0009] Many tent structures, such as dome and tunnel styles of tent
structures, are shaped using multiple poles (serving as compression
elements) that extend along paths between two support locations on
the ground or between support locations positioned at or near other
poles. In dome style tents, the paths of these types of support
poles often cross or intersect one another and, in combination,
they may form a freestanding framework structure. In tunnel style
tents, these types of support poles generally run parallel to one
another and are maintained in place by their association with or
connection to fabric portions of the tent. Neither dome nor tunnel
style tents typically employ support poles forming closed or
continuous compression elements.
[0010] U.S. Pat. No. 6,877,521 discloses a tent wherein a sidewall
portion is joined to a generally conical roof section at a defined
transition. A relatively narrow fabric tension shelf is provided
internally of the transition for retaining a semi-flexible
compression hoop. An internal center pole is provided and the pole,
tension shelf, compression hoop and fabric act together as an
engineered unit to provide a stable structure without the need for
an extensive external or internal pole system and without the need
for a multiplicity of individual ties for the hoop.
[0011] Notwithstanding the considerable efforts directed to
developing shelter structures, the existing structures remain far
from ideal. Applicant's disclosure is directed to providing shelter
structures that may be assembled and disassembled easily and
transported conveniently, that provide substantial internal volume,
and that may be used in a variety of applications. The shelter
structures disclosed herein improve upon existing collapsible tent
structures, as well as exhibition structures, aviaries,
greenhouses, shade structures, gazebos, pavilions, humanitarian
relief structures, transient housing structures and the like.
SUMMARY
[0012] Tensioned structures, including tensioned fabric structures,
that apply both the newer and the historical traditions in a novel
way are disclosed. While mimicking traditional shelter shapes,
these structures may exploit the properties of strong, light-weight
fabrics and framing materials, and use principles gleaned from the
study of architectural tensioned fabric structures. In one
embodiment, tensioned structures of the present invention
incorporate an external suspension web mounted to or forming a part
of the structure and extending externally of the structure at a
transition region located at the junction of an upper canopy
portion and a lower enclosure portion. In another embodiment,
tensioned structures of the present invention incorporate an
external suspension web extending externally of the structure in
proximity to a base portion of a structure, and/or at an
intermediate region of the structure above a base region. The
external suspension web typically has a substantially continuous
inner edge mounted or attached to the fabric structure, with the
web structure extending externally of the fabric structure.
[0013] In some embodiments, the external suspension web
incorporates or is associated with one or more structures for
suspending a structural element, such as a peripheral support
element in the form of a hoop or a partial hoop, externally of the
structure. In some embodiments, the external suspension web
incorporates or is associated with one or more fixtures for
supporting anchoring structures, such as guy lines, cables, or the
like that, when the structure is erected, may be anchored to the
ground or other supports to anchor the structure and evenly
distribute tensile forces. The external suspension web may thus
serve to suspend a structural element such as a peripheral hoop or
partial hoop, and/or to be suspended by anchoring structures. In
these embodiments, the combination of the external suspension web
and a peripheral hoop or partial hoop, with or without anchoring
structures, functions to distribute forces substantially uniformly
and symmetrically along a perimeter of the structure and improves
the tautness of the structure, thereby providing a more stable,
more durable and less leak-prone structure. This arrangement also
allows for greater internal volume using fewer structural framing
support elements than are required for conventional collapsible
structures.
[0014] In one embodiment, structures of the present invention
employ at least one external suspension web for retaining a closed
compression element such as a ring-shaped element that, when the
structure is erected, is suspended externally of tensioned fabric
near the base of an upper tensioned canopy portion to define
internal space and to create large internal volumes using minimal
framing materials. The suspension of a closed compression element,
such as a ring-shaped hoop, near the base of an upper tensioned
canopy structure directs multidirectional tension forces onto a
plane defined by the closed compression element, which are easily
resisted by the closed compression element. In alternative
embodiments, a partially ring-shaped element or hoop may be
suspended externally of the structure as a compression element near
the base of an upper tensioned canopy portion. These tensioned
structures employing one or more external suspension webs
supporting an externally suspended peripheral compression element
require less structural framing material and considerably fewer
framing elements than those required for other shelter structures,
such as tunnel-like structures and dome structures, which allows
for greater portability and simpler set-up, and often provides more
usable internal volume as well.
[0015] In one aspect, shelter structures of the present invention
are formed as tensegrity structures composed of isolated
(non-intersecting and non-contacting) compression members supported
in a pre-stressed field of continuous tension that delineates the
system spatially. An external peripheral support element in the
form of a closed or partially open element serves as an isolated
compression element and is typically located at lower peripheral
region of an upper canopy portion, or at a transition region
between an upper canopy portion and a lower enclosure or framework
portion. In this embodiment, a pre-stressed field of continuous
tension is provided by the upper tensioned canopy portion alone or
in combination with a lower enclosure or framework portion. An
apical support element may be provided as an open compression
member supported by the ground or by a base structure at one end
and by a pre-stressed, tensioned upper canopy portion at an
opposite end, or as an overhead support element.
[0016] In one aspect, shelter structures of the present invention
comprise an upper shelter portion (or canopy-like structure) that,
when the structure is erected, is supported (internally or
externally) at an apex and peripherally by means of one or more
peripheral support element(s) serving as a closed or partially open
compression element. The peripheral support element is mounted
externally of the shelter structure in an externally-directed
suspension web. The upper shelter portion, or canopy, may provide a
roof-like structure and, when erected, may be supported at its apex
internally by an apical support element such as a rigid pole and/or
externally by an overhead support element. A lower shelter portion
may be connected, directly or indirectly, to the upper shelter
portion to provide a completely or partially enclosed internal
volume defined by wall panels, doors, vents, windows, and the
like.
[0017] Both the upper and lower shelter portions may be constructed
wholly or partially from pliable materials such as fabrics and
flexible sheet materials that, when supported as described herein,
form tensioned structures. The term "fabric," as used herein,
refers to any pliable material, including traditional fabrics
comprising woven or non-woven fibers or strands, as well as fiber
reinforced sheet materials, and other types of flexible sheeting
materials composed of natural and/or synthetic materials, including
flexible plastic sheeting material, pliable thermoplastic, foam and
composite materials, screen-like or mesh materials, and the like.
Other types of rigid or semi-rigid materials may be used in panel
structures of the present invention, including various types of
plastic and thermoplastic sheet material, flexible and rigid foam
materials, as well as thin wood-based and composite sheet
materials. Materials forming the upper and/or lower shelter
portions may be treated or impregnated with various types of
compositions and coatings to provide desired properties, including
water resistance, fire resistance, breathability, wear resistance
and the like, and fabric composites comprising multiple layers of
constituent materials may be used. Shelter structures described
herein are suitable for use as portable tent shelters, portable,
semi-permanent and/or permanent protected shelters for work and
recreation, transient housing structures, exhibition structures,
special purpose enclosures, and the like.
[0018] An apical support element supports an apex of the upper
shelter portion either internally or externally of the structure.
When an internal apical support element is used, it generally
comprises, or can be assembled to provide, one or more
substantially rigid support member(s). In some embodiments, an
internal central apical element is provided as a generally linear,
axial support element extending between the apex of the upper
shelter portion and a ground support surface in a generally axial
manner. In alternative embodiments, an internal apical support
element may comprise a plurality of substantially rigid support
elements arranged, in combination, to support the apex of the upper
shelter portion. In some embodiments, one or more internal apical
support element(s) may comprise telescoping or collapsible members,
such as telescoping poles, interconnecting tubular members,
shock-corded tubular members and other arrangements of smaller
units that, when assembled and fit together, form a generally rigid
apical support structure. In some embodiments, internal apical
support element(s) are adjustable to provide support members having
different, selectable lengths. In tent embodiments, an apical
support element may comprise one or more staff(s) or hiking
pole(s).
[0019] An external apical support element may be provided to
support an apex of the upper shelter portion as a substitute for,
or to supplement, one or more internal apical support element(s).
External apical support elements may be provided by overhanging
tree limbs or beams or other types of overhanging structures to
which an apex of the upper shelter portion may be attached. In
another embodiment, the apex of the upper canopy or shelter portion
may be supported by (e.g., by attachment to) an external cable
mounted to one or more supports to provide a generally taut
overhead support. Other types of external support elements may also
be provided, as described below.
[0020] In one embodiment, a peripheral support element, when
assembled, has a substantially continuous perimeter and a
substantially closed structure form. The peripheral support element
may be provided as a plurality of smaller sub-units, such as
interconnecting tubular members that can be assembled to provide
continuous perimeter forms. Once assembled, the peripheral support
element has, or can be manipulated to form, a predetermined
configuration, such as a circular configuration. When assembled,
the peripheral support element of this embodiment provides a
substantially continuous peripheral form defining a plane. In
another embodiment, a peripheral support element forms a partially
open element extending around at least 50% of the perimeter of the
underlying structure at the location of the peripheral support
element. The portion of the perimeter not supported by the
peripheral support element may be open, or it may be closed by
means of a stabilizing strut having a linear or curved or polygonal
configuration, arranged on the same plane as the plane formed by
the partial peripheral support element, or on a different
plane.
[0021] While substantially hoop-like, circular peripheral support
elements are preferred for many applications, peripheral support
element(s) having a variety of other perimeter configurations,
including oval, elliptical, polygonal, and the like, may be
suitable for various applications. The perimeter configuration of
the peripheral support element(s) generally matches the peripheral
configuration of the base of the upper shelter portion. In many
embodiments, the peripheral support element is provided as a
generally circular, hoop-like structure; in many embodiments the
peripheral support element is constructed from multiple tubular
members attachable to or interlockable with one another to form a
linear rod that bends sufficiently along its axis to form a
generally rigid, hoop-like, continuous support element when the
ends are joined. Shock-corded tubular sections or other types of
sections that fit together to provide a continuous linear and/or
closed structure may be used.
[0022] The upper shelter portion may be constructed from a
continuous sheet or from multiple joined panels of pliable fabric
material, and/or from relatively lightweight rigid or semi-rigid
elements, such as panels, that are connected to or connectible to
one another and that, when supported at an apex, form a downwardly
extending geometric shape providing an internal volume. In many
embodiments, the upper shelter portion is provided as a generally
cone-shaped structure having a central apex and a circular base
portion. In alternative embodiments, the upper shelter portion may
have an oval- or elliptical-shaped base portion, or it may have a
polygonal-shaped base portion, such as rectangular, square,
pentagonal, hexagonal, octagonal, etc. In some embodiments,
depending on the configuration, size, material and other factors,
the upper shelter portion may have multiple apical portions, or it
may have an apex formed in the configuration of a line or a
geometrical shape, rather than as a point. In some embodiments, the
apex is at a central point of the upper shelter portion, while in
other embodiments, the apex may not be at a center point of the
upper shelter portion, and either or both the upper shelter portion
and/or the lower enclosure portion may be asymmetrically arranged
with respect to the apex of the structure.
[0023] A lower enclosure portion or framework structure may be
connected or connectible, directly or indirectly, to an upper
shelter portion at a transition region to provide sidewalls that,
together with the upper shelter portion, provide a partially or
fully enclosed internal space. In some embodiments, the upper
shelter and lower enclosure portions may interface directly with
one another at a transition region provided as a seam or another
type of substantially continuous attachment. In some embodiments,
the upper shelter and lower enclosure portions may interface
directly or indirectly with one another and/or with an additional
element, such as a band or web, or another element that provides
enhanced strength, durability, and/or stability at the transition
region.
[0024] The lower enclosure portion may be constructed from a
continuous sheet of pliable material, or it may be constructed from
a plurality of pliable panels attached or attachable to one another
by sewing, bonding, sealing, or the like. Alternatively, the lower
enclosure portion may be formed from relatively lightweight rigid
or semi-rigid elements that are connected or connectible to one
another. An upper region of the lower enclosure portion typically
has the same general cross-sectional configuration as the base
region of the upper shelter portion or another element provided at
the transition region. In tent-like structures, the lower enclosure
portion is constructed from a pliable fabric that may be sewn or
bonded or otherwise connected (directly or indirectly), at a
transition region, to the upper shelter portion. The upper region
of the lower enclosure portion may be attached to the base region
of the upper shelter portion directly or indirectly when a band or
web or another element is provided at the transition region.
[0025] In tensioned fabric structures employing an externally
directed suspension web at a transition region, the suspension web
is attached or connected to, or otherwise associated with, a
perimeter region of the upper shelter portion or lower enclosure
portion, or to a transition element provided at the interface of
the upper shelter and a lower enclosure portions, and extends
externally of the upper shelter portion (i.e., away from a central
region and apex of the fabric structure). When the structure is
assembled with an apical support element supporting the apex of an
upper shelter portion and a peripheral support element mounted in
the externally directed suspension web at the transition region,
the peripheral support element provides compressive resistance to
the tensile forces exerted on it at the base region of the upper
shelter or the transition region, and substantially all of the
local forces are transferred through the external suspension web to
the peripheral support element. The peripheral support element is
thus a compressive element that is suspended in and by the
pre-stressed tension elements, including the upper and lower
shelter portions and the external suspension web. Together, this
balance of elements and the forces they exert provides a stable
tensioned structure. When the internal edge of the externally
directed suspension web has a generally round configuration and the
peripheral support element is a generally continuous circular
hoop-like structure, the forces are exerted in a substantially
uniform and/or symmetrical manner, and a very stable structure is
provided. Support and/or reinforcement structures may be provided
internally or externally of the fabric structure in connection with
suspension webs provided at a transition region.
[0026] Multiple peripheral support elements having the same or
different perimeter dimensions may be provided and may be mounted
to the same or to a co-located external suspension web. Multiple
peripheral support elements may be supported at multiple externally
directed suspension webs at different locations along the
structure--i.e., at different levels of the structure. In one
embodiment, for example, a peripheral support element is retained
in an external suspension web provided at a transition region
between the upper shelter portion and a lower shelter portion of
the structure, and another peripheral support element is retained
in another external suspension web provided at a transition region
between the lower shelter portion and a base portion of the
structure, which may be associated with an integral floor.
[0027] In another aspect, shelter structures of the present
invention having a peripheral support element suspended at a
transition region between the upper shelter portion and a lower
enclosure portion may additionally include a fabric eave or panel
located generally below the transition region. The fabric eave or
panel may have the same general configuration as the transition
region and, when the transition region has a generally circular
configuration, the fabric eave or panel may be provided as a
generally cylindrical band, or as an annular band having a larger
diameter peripheral edge and an opposite smaller diameter
peripheral edge. A cylindrical fabric eave or band may be attached
or mounted to the fabric structure at a location below the
transition region and the suspension web located at the transition
region, forming a generally cylindrical band below the suspension
web when the fabric structure is erected. An annular fabric eave or
ventilation band may be attached or mounted to the fabric structure
at a location below the transition region and the suspension web,
with the eave or band angled internally or externally with respect
to the inner edge of the suspension web when the fabric structure
is erected. The eave may be fabricated from a material having
different structural and/or functional properties than the material
forming the upper shelter portion and/or the lower enclosure
portion. The eave may be provided as a structural element that
assists in the distribution of forces exerted in the transition
region, and it may additionally or alternatively provide
ventilation between the interior of the shelter structure and the
outside environment when it is constructed from an air permeable
material and provided in a location that is protected from the
elements by the overhanging external suspension web and/or base
region of the upper shelter portion, or by a fly or another
accessory element.
[0028] In yet another aspect, shelter structures of the present
invention having a peripheral support element suspended at a
transition region between the upper shelter portion and a lower
enclosure portion may additionally include an internally directed
tensioning structure suspended between the transition region of the
fabric structure and a central internal region of the shelter, such
as an internal central apical support element. In some embodiments,
the internally directed suspension structure may be adjustably
positioned in association with a central support structure,
providing for adjustment of the position of the internal suspension
structure along a portion of the length of an internal central
apical support element. An internally directed tensioning structure
may comprise, for example, a plurality of radially arranged webs or
supports, or a substantially continuous fabric element.
[0029] A base portion of the lower enclosure portion is generally
anchored to the ground or to a base support structure when the
structure is erected to provide a pre-stressed structure that
exerts tensile forces at the transition region between the lower
enclosure portion and the upper shelter portion. The tensile forces
are preferably substantially uniformly and/or symmetrically
distributed around the periphery of the transition region. These
tensile forces generally oppose compressive forces exerted by the
apical support element and the peripheral support element, via the
external suspension web provided at the transition region. In
structures that don't incorporate a lower enclosure portion,
various elements, such as suspension web(s), straps or lines or
wires may be used to exert the desired tensile forces on the base
of the upper shelter portion or at the transition region.
[0030] In some embodiments, an externally directed suspension web
may be provided at a base portion of the lower enclosure portion. A
substantially continuous inner edge of the base external support
web is preferably mounted or bonded to, or otherwise associated
with, the base region of the lower enclosure portion of the
structure and extends externally of the base region. In one
embodiment, an external suspension web may be provided at a base
region of a shelter portion of a fabric structure and configured
for retaining a peripheral support element, as described above with
reference to shelter structures having an external suspension
system provided at a transition region between an upper shelter
portion and a lower enclosure portion. In another embodiment, an
external suspension web may be provided at a base region of the
fabric shelter structure, the external suspension web having an
inner edge mounted or attached to, or otherwise associated with,
the fabric structure and an outer edge of the external suspension
web having fittings for attaching or supporting anchoring
structures, such as guy lines, cables, stakes, or the like that,
when the structure is erected, may be anchored to the ground or
other supports to anchor the structure and evenly distribute
tensile forces. In these embodiments, the use of a base external
suspension web facilitates more uniform and/or symmetrical
distribution of tensile forces at a base region of a structure.
[0031] According to yet another aspect, shelter structures of the
present invention may comprise an external suspension web provided
at an intermediate region of the structure, in a region above the
base region of a shelter portion. A substantially continuous inner
edge of the external support web in this embodiment is preferably
mounted or bonded to, or otherwise associated with, an intermediate
peripheral region of the structure, extending externally of the
structure. In one embodiment, an intermediate external suspension
web may be configured for retaining a peripheral support element,
as described above with reference to shelter structures having an
external suspension system provided at a transition region between
an upper shelter portion and a lower shelter portion. In another
embodiment, an intermediate external suspension web may provide
fittings for attaching or supporting anchoring structures, such as
guy lines, cables, or the like that, when the structure is erected,
may be anchored to the ground or other support structures to anchor
an intermediate region of the structure and evenly distribute
tensile forces through the intermediate region. In these
embodiments, the intermediate external suspension web facilitates
more uniform and/or symmetrical distribution of tensile forces in
an intermediate region of a structure.
[0032] Stabilizing webs and panels are disclosed for use with the
fabric structures of the present invention. In some embodiments,
the upper shelter portion and/or the lower shelter portion may be
largely open, and one or both shelter portions may comprise an
"open" network of structural ribs, tendons, webbing, lines, straps,
wires, bands, buttresses or the like. These components may be used
to assemble open structural frameworks and skeletal support
structures suitable for supporting coverings or canopies of various
types. This type of structural framework may be covered to provide
a partially or completely enclosed internal space using various
types of fabric coverings, coverings composed of natural and
synthetic sheet materials, screening materials, and the like.
[0033] In some applications, fabric structures of the present
invention may be designed for and used as portable and collapsible
structures, such as tents, that may be erected, taken down and
transported easily and conveniently. In other applications,
structures of the present invention may be designed for and used as
semi-permanent or permanent structures having a generally larger
internal volume for applications such as temporary or
semi-permanent housing structures, operational bases, exhibition
spaces, aviaries, greenhouses, or the like. In yet other
applications, structures of the present invention may be scaled and
erected, permanently or temporarily, as larger architectural
structures, exhibition structures, and the like.
[0034] Kits for erecting structures of the present invention
generally comprise a structure having at least a shelter portion
and an external peripheral suspension web provided at a peripheral
portion of the base of the shelter portion for suspending one or
more peripheral support element(s), and/or for supporting a
plurality of anchoring structures. Structures of the present
invention may comprise one or more peripheral suspension webs
positioned at one or more of the following locations: at a base
region of an upper shelter portion; at a transition region located
at the interface of an upper shelter portion and a lower enclosure
portion; at a base region of a structure; and/or at an intermediate
region of a structure located above the base region. Additional kit
components may include one or more peripheral support element(s), a
lower enclosure portion, one or more internal or external apical
support element(s), one or more additional external suspension webs
or systems and peripheral support elements, a base or floor, a
"fly" or another external covering, and anchoring elements such as
straps, lines, wires, stakes, or the like.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0035] Illustrative embodiments of various aspects and elements of
the present invention will be described in greater detail in the
following detailed description with reference to the accompanying
illustrations and images.
[0036] FIGS. 1A-1C are schematic drawings from an upper perspective
view, showing the exterior of an assembled fabric structure in the
form of a tent having an upper shelter portion and a lower
enclosure structure, and having a peripheral suspension web
suspending a continuous peripheral support element externally of
the fabric structure at the transition region. FIG. 1A shows a tent
embodiment having a conical upper shelter portion supported by an
internal central apical support pole and a continuous circular
peripheral support element, with an access opening in the lower
enclosure structure in a closed condition, and FIG. 1B shows a tent
embodiment having a conical upper shelter portion supported by
multiple internal apical support poles and a continuous circular
peripheral support element, with an access opening in the lower
enclosure structure in a closed condition. FIG. 1C shows a tent
having a pyramidal upper shelter portion and a polygonal peripheral
suspension web supporting a polygonal peripheral support element at
a transition region between upper and lower enclosure
structures.
[0037] FIGS. 2A-2D schematically illustrate structures of the
present invention employing an external rather than internal apical
support element for supporting an apex of the upper shelter
portion. FIG. 2A shows a cantilevered curved external support
element; FIG. 2B shows a two-legged bipodal arrangement for
supporting the apex; FIG. 2C shows a two-legged arrangement for
suspending a cable over the apex; and FIG. 2D shows a three-legged
tripodal arrangement for supporting the apex.
[0038] FIGS. 3A-3F show exemplary embodiments of externally
directed peripheral suspension webs configured for supporting a
peripheral support element at a lower region of an upper shelter
portion, or at a transition region of a structure. FIG. 3A shows an
enlarged perspective view illustrating a section of the external
peripheral suspension web and support element as illustrated in the
fabric structures shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 3B shows a
perspective view illustrating a section of another embodiment of an
external peripheral suspension web having a different configuration
from that shown in FIG. 3A. FIG. 3C shows an alternative embodiment
in which the external peripheral suspension web comprises a
plurality of spaced tabs extending externally of the structure.
FIG. 3D shows another alternative embodiment in which the external
peripheral suspension web is provided as a sleeve extending
externally of the structure. FIG. 3E shows another alternative
embodiment in which the external peripheral suspension web
comprises a band in combination with a pocket, both extending
externally of the structure. FIG. 3F shows an alternative
embodiment in which the external peripheral suspension web
comprises multiple spaced sleeve or band elements.
[0039] FIG. 4A shows a partial perspective view of the exterior of
an assembled fabric structure similar to that shown in FIGS. 1A and
1B having an external peripheral suspension web and supporting two
peripheral support elements having different perimeters. FIG. 4B
shows an enlarged view illustrating the mounting of peripheral
support elements to the external peripheral suspension web.
[0040] FIGS. 5A and 5B show exemplary external and internal
buttressing elements mounted for stabilizing the transition region
and external suspension web. FIG. 5A schematically illustrates
external buttressing elements provided at the transition region for
stabilizing an external suspension web, and FIG. 5B schematically
illustrates internal buttressing elements provided at the
transition region for stabilizing the transition region, with a
section of the transition area broken away to illustrate the
internal buttressing element.
[0041] FIGS. 6A-D show exemplary eave and band structures provided
in proximity to the external suspension web at a transition region.
FIG. 6A schematically illustrates an embodiment in which a fabric
eave has an annular configuration and is positioned between an
inner edge of the external suspension web and an upper edge of the
lower shelter portion, providing an eave configuration that extends
downwardly and inwardly from a portion of the suspension web or the
transition region. FIG. 6B schematically illustrates an embodiment
in which a fabric band having a generally cylindrical configuration
is positioned between an inner edge of the external suspension web
and an upper edge of the lower shelter portion, providing a
downwardly directed band. FIG. 6C schematically illustrates a band
having a generally cylindrical configuration and location as shown
in FIG. 6B, wherein the band incorporates regions having different
structural and/or functional properties, including air permeable
ventilation regions. FIG. 6D schematically illustrates an
embodiment in which a fabric band has an annular configuration and
is configured as an extension of an upper portion of the lower
enclosure portion of the fabric structure and extends downwardly
and outwardly from a portion of the suspension web or the
transition region.
[0042] FIGS. 7A-7C show schematic drawings illustrating internal
tensioning elements. FIG. 7A shows an internal tensioning element
in the form of a liner mounted between an internal transition
region and an internal support element in an downwardly angled
orientation. FIG. 7B shows a liner similar to that shown in FIG. 7A
mounted between an internal transition region and an internal
support element in an upwardly angled orientation. FIG. 7C shows a
canopy structure having an internal tensioning element in the form
of a plurality of straps extending between an internally directed
suspension web and an internal support element, with the tensioning
element in a downwardly angled orientation.
[0043] FIGS. 8A and 8B show schematic drawings of the exterior of
an assembled fabric structure in the form of a tent having multiple
apexes and multiple apical support elements. FIG. 8A illustrates an
embodiment having a single peripheral suspension web and a
generally elliptical peripheral support element provided near a
transition between the upper shelter portion and the lower
enclosure portion. FIG. 8B illustrates an embodiment having
multiple peripheral suspension webs and peripheral support elements
provided near transition regions.
[0044] FIG. 9 shows a schematic drawing from an upper perspective
view of the exterior of an assembled structure in the form of a
tent having multiple external peripheral suspension webs with
multiple peripheral support elements and a lower enclosure
structure.
[0045] FIGS. 10A-10E show drawings schematically illustrating
structures having an external suspension web provided at a
transition region for supporting a peripheral support element and
additionally incorporating an external suspension web extending
from a base region of the structure. FIG. 10A shows a structure
having a generally round base portion and an external suspension
web having a generally round internal edge and a polygonal external
edge extending externally of the base portion. FIG. 10B shows a
fabric structure having an external suspension web positioned at a
base portion as shown in FIG. 10A and having a differently
configured external suspension web supporting a peripheral support
element. FIG. 10C shows a structure having a generally polygonal
base portion and an external suspension web comprising a plurality
of tabs extending externally from a portion of the base of the
fabric structure. FIG. 10D shows a structure having a generally
round base portion for a portion of its perimeter and an external
suspension web having a generally round internal edge extending
partially around the base portion of the fabric structure. FIG. 10E
shows a structure having external suspension webs extending along a
portion of the perimeter of both a transition region and a base
region of the structure, each supporting a peripheral support
element extending around at least 50% of the perimeter of the
structure.
[0046] FIGS. 11A-11E show drawings schematically illustrating
structures having different configurations and incorporating an
external suspension web extending from a base region of the fabric
structure. FIG. 11A shows a conical tent structure incorporating an
external web extending from a base region and having an integral
and reinforced floor. FIG. 11B shows a conical tent structure
incorporating an external web extending from a base region and
suspending a peripheral ring, and additionally providing a central
base support element. FIG. 11C shows a structure having an external
suspension web extending externally from a portion of the base of
the structure along a portion of its perimeter and having an
alternative internal apical support structure. FIG. 11D shows a
rectangular tent incorporating an external web extending from a
base region; and FIG. 11E shows a rectangular tent incorporating an
external web extending from a base region and suspending a rigid
rectangular peripheral support element.
[0047] FIG. 12 shows a drawing schematically illustrating the use
of an external suspension web extending externally of an
intermediate region of a fabric structure located above the base
region.
[0048] FIGS. 13A and 13B show schematic drawings from an upper
perspective view of the exterior assembled structures in the form
of tents having various stabilization features.
[0049] FIGS. 14A and 14B show schematic drawings illustrating
different skeletal structural embodiments comprising an upper
shelter portion having an apex, an external peripheral suspension
web and peripheral support element at the transition region. FIG.
14A shows one exemplary embodiment of a lower open network
structure and a base external suspension web. FIG. 14B illustrates
another exemplary embodiment of a lower open network structure. The
apical support member is not shown for purposes of clarity.
[0050] FIGS. 15A-15C show schematic drawings illustrating a partial
fly structure mounted over the upper canopy portion of a fabric
structure, with FIG. 15A showing the outer contours of the
structure with the partial fly structure in place and FIGS. 15B and
15C illustrating one example of how the fly structure could
interact with the external ring and the lower enclosure for stable
mounting.
[0051] FIGS. 16A and 16B show schematic drawings illustrating an
exemplary full fly structure, including a vestibule, mounted over a
fabric structure of the present invention. FIG. 16A shows the
external contours of the tent with the fly mounted over it and FIG.
16B shows the fabric structures below the fly.
[0052] FIG. 17 shows a schematic diagram illustrating a structure
of the present invention having an upper canopy portion and a lower
shelter portion composed of panels incorporating a rigid or
semi-rigid material joined to one another at flexible seams and
having external support webs provided at both transition and base
regions of the structure.
DESCRIPTION
[0053] FIGS. 1A and 1B show the exterior and interior supporting
structures (interior in dashed lines) of shelter structure 10
comprising one or more internal apical support element(s) 12 (12',
12'') positioned, directly or indirectly, on the ground or on a
stable support or platform when the structure is erected, an upper
shelter portion 14 supported (directly or indirectly) at an apex 16
by one or more internal apical support element(s) 12 (12', 12''),
an external suspension web 18 supporting a peripheral support
element 20, and a lower enclosure portion 22 extending from and
below the upper shelter portion. Doors, vents, windows, openings
and other structures may be provided in the upper and/or lower
enclosure portion(s), as is known in the art.
[0054] For lightweight, portable shelters suitable for use as tents
or other types of portable and collapsible structures, the upper
shelter portion 14 (e.g., a canopy-like structure) and lower
enclosure portion 22 (e.g., sidewalls) may be constructed from
continuous sheet materials, or by joining multiple panels of a
pliable fabric or sheet material, with the upper shelter and lower
enclosure portions being joined (directly or indirectly) at a
transition region. The pliable fabric or sheet material may be
stretchable, at least to some degree, or it may comprise a
substantially non-stretchable material. In alternative embodiments,
described in more detail later, the upper shelter portion and/or
the lower enclosure portion may be constructed from semi-rigid or
even substantially rigid, generally lightweight materials that form
the desired configuration of the upper shelter and/or lower
enclosure portion(s), or from panels or other sub-units that may be
assembled to form the desired configuration of the upper shelter
and/or lower enclosure portion(s).
[0055] In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, upper shelter
portion 14 has a generally conical configuration and forms a
circular base region at an interface with external suspension web
18. Lower enclosure portion 22 comprises multiple panels joined to
form the enclosure portion and has a generally circular upper
region where it interfaces with external suspension web 18 and a
generally polygonal base region. It will be appreciated that in
alternative embodiments, the base region of lower enclosure portion
22 may have a generally circular rather than polygonal
configuration, or it may have a partially circular and a partially
polygonal configuration. The tent structure of FIG. 1A is supported
at the apex 16 of upper shelter portion 14 by a single internal
apical support element 12 positioned centrally, while the tent
structure of FIG. 1B is supported at the apex 16 of upper shelter
portion 14 by two internal central support elements 12', 12''
positioned at angles to the support surface. Suitable reinforcement
and fittings may be provided at apex 16 for interfacing with one or
more end(s) of apical support element(s) 12, 12', 12''.
[0056] FIG. 1C schematically illustrates an embodiment in which
upper shelter portion 14P is generally pyramidal and has a
rectangular base region where it interfaces with a polygonal (e.g.,
square) external suspension web 18P. In the embodiments shown in
FIGS. 1A-1C, the configuration of external suspension webs 18, 18P
and peripheral support elements 20, 20P generally match the
configuration of the base region of the upper shelter portion
(e.g., circular in the embodiment of FIGS. 1A and 1B and square or
rectangular in the embodiment of FIG. 1C). The external suspension
web 18, 18P is mounted (directly or indirectly) in proximity to,
and preferably at, a transition region between upper shelter
portion 14, 14P and lower enclosure portion 22, 22P. In alternative
embodiments, the configurations of the base region of the upper
shelter portion and the peripheral support elements need not match.
In one embodiment, for example, a base region of the upper shelter
portion may be polygonal, e.g., having at least three sides, and an
inner edge of an external suspension web is configured to match the
polygonal configuration of the shelter portion base region, while
the outer portion of the external suspension web is configured to
capture and retain a curved or generally circular peripheral
support element.
[0057] Pre-stressed fabric is suspended between opposing apical and
base support termini and further spatially delineated by at least
one peripheral support element suspended in at least one peripheral
suspension web. Base regions of the lower enclosure portion 22, 22P
are preferably staked or otherwise attached to the ground or
another support surface, for example using stake tabs 19 oriented
generally radially and positioned at intervals along the periphery
of the lower enclosure portion. Various portions of the lower
enclosure portion may also have connections for guying out, or
attaching lines to anchor regions of the lower enclosure portion to
the ground. Anchoring of the lower enclosure portion to the ground
or another support structure creates a lower terminus for
supporting the pre-stressed fabric structure. The arrangement of
the external suspension web suspending a peripheral support
element, in combination with one or more apical support element(s)
for supporting an apex of the shelter and enclosure portions and an
anchored base at the opposite support terminus, provides a stable
structure in which the shelter and enclosure portions, and external
suspension web, are maintained under tension while the apical and
peripheral support elements and the base anchoring portions are
maintained under compression.
[0058] It will be appreciated that a variety of shelter structures
having different geometries that employ the structural elements
described herein, including one or more apical support elements,
one or more peripheral support elements supported by one or more
external suspension web(s), an upper shelter portion, and an
(optional) lower enclosure portion may be provided. Various
configurations of upper shelter portions and external suspension
webs may be used, and may be combined with various configurations
of lower enclosure portions. In some embodiments, the
configurations of the lower enclosure portions and upper shelter
portions match one another, while in other embodiments, the
configurations of the lower enclosure and upper shelter portions
may be different. In some embodiments, an overhead canopy structure
may be erected without a lower enclosure portion by providing one
or more internal or external central support element(s) supporting
the apex of an upper shelter portion and positioning one or more
peripheral support elements in an external suspension web. A base
region of the upper shelter portion and/or the external suspension
web may be anchored to the ground or to another stationary
structure in the absence of a lower enclosure portion to provide
the desired lower support terminus for balancing the tensile
forces.
[0059] Structures of the present invention may be erected in
various ways to provide different internal spaces. In some
embodiments, the length of one or more apical support element(s)
may be varied to provide shelter structures having different
configurations. In one arrangement, for example, when one or more
apical support element(s) are used to support the apex of the upper
shelter portion at a higher location, increased standing room and
floor space is provided. In an alternative arrangement, when one or
more apical support element(s) are used to support the apex of the
upper shelter portion at a lower location, the structure has a
generally lower profile, the side walls of the enclosure portion
have a lower profile and may have less surface area, and the
structure may be better able to withstand extreme conditions, such
as high winds and storms. The same structural elements may thus be
arranged to provide different internal volumes simply by raising
and lowering the position of the apex of the upper shelter portion
and, optionally, by using anchoring points provided at different
locations along the side walls. Asymmetrical structures may be
supported from one or more centrally positioned, or off-center,
apical support element(s). Floors may be provided in the structures
by permanently or detachably attaching a floor component having a
footprint that substantially matches the configuration of the base
region of the enclosure portion.
[0060] FIGS. 2A-2D illustrate structures having an external rather
than internal apical support element for supporting the apex of the
upper shelter portion. Essentially any stable overhead structure
may be used to support the apex of the upper shelter portion from
an external location, such as a tree limb, an existing structural
beam, a line or cable strung between opposed support elements, a
bipod or tripod structure, a curved or angular anchored structure,
a cantilevered structure, or the like. FIG. 2A illustrates an
external apical support element comprising a base 24, a curved
support element 25 and a cable 26 for attachment to the apex 16 of
the shelter structure 10. FIG. 2B illustrates an external apical
support element comprising two support elements 27, 27' joined at
one end at a central fixture 28, each of the support elements
supported at the other end by the ground or another base support.
Cable 29 may be suspended between central fixture 28, positioned
above apex 16, and apex 16 of shelter structure 10. FIG. 2C
illustrates an external support system having two support elements
30, 30' having a cable 31 suspended between extending ends of the
support elements. Apex 16 of tent structure 10 may by suspended
along cable 31 by attachment to another cable 32, or by interfacing
with a fixture mounted, directed or indirectly at apex 16. FIG. 2D
illustrates an external tripod structure comprising a plurality of
supports 33 anchored to the ground or a support structure and
intersecting at a fixture 34 positioned above apex 16. A cable 35
is provided for attachment of fixture 34 to apex 16, or a fixture
provided at or near apex 16 may be supported by cable 35. Support
elements 25, 27, 30 and 33 are preferably substantially rigid or
semi-rigid and, in combination with other elements of the external
support system, provide stable positioning of and external support
at apex 16 of structure 10. It will be appreciated that many other
types of external support structures may be provided. And, while
reference is made to cables 26, 20, 31, 32 and 35, it will be
appreciated that other flexible elements, such as lines, chains,
webs, or the like may provide the desired support, in addition to
other desirable characteristics, including portability, durability,
lightweight properties, weather resistant properties, and the
like.
[0061] Enlarged drawings of various embodiments of external
suspension webs extending externally of a lower region of the upper
canopy portion 14 and suspending peripheral support element 20 are
shown in greater detail in FIGS. 3A-3F. In many embodiments, the
external suspension web suspends the peripheral support element 20
a measurable distance externally of the transition region and
bearing outwardly, away from the transition location 40. The
external suspension web is taut when a peripheral support element
is mounted extending externally of the transition region and
suspension web, and tensile forces are exerted substantially
uniformly and/or symmetrically along the transition region in the
area of the external suspension web. The external suspension web
generally extends and suspends peripheral support element 20 at
least about 1 cm, or at least about 3 cm, or at least about 5 cm,
or at least about 8 cm externally of the transition region. In some
embodiments, the external suspension web suspends the peripheral
support element 20 a distance of from about 3 cm to about 30 cm, or
from about 3 cm to about 25 cm, or from about 5 cm to about 20 cm
externally of the transition region. It will be appreciated that
different distances may be appropriate for shelter structures
having large or unusual dimensions and configurations.
[0062] When a circular or partially circular peripheral support
element is used, the external suspension web is preferably
configured to support the peripheral support element a
substantially constant distance from the transition region along
the perimeter of the peripheral support element. Thus, when the
transition region forms a generally circular perimeter, the
external suspension web is preferably configured to support a
circular peripheral support element along a substantially
concentric path externally of the transition region. When the
transition region is generally polygonal and a corresponding
polygonal peripheral support element is used, the suspension web is
preferably configured to suspend the polygonal support element a
substantially constant distance from the transition region along
side regions of the polygon, with a different distance between the
support element and transition region at corners of the polygonal
structures. In alternative embodiments, when a circular or
partially circular support element is used with structures having a
polygonal transition region, the external suspension web is
preferably configured to support the circular or partially circular
support element in such a way that the perimeter of the polygonal
transition region is substantially centered within the curved
support element.
[0063] Structures of the present invention are typically configured
so that when the structures are erected and a peripheral support
element is suspended by the external suspension web, the external
suspension web and the peripheral support element are arranged on a
plane that is substantially parallel to the plane of the ground or
another support surface. In structures that employ an internal
apical support element, the external suspension web and the
peripheral support element are typically (but not always) arranged
on a plane that is substantially orthogonal to the axis of the
apical support element. It may be desirable, in some embodiments,
to provide structures in which a peripheral support element and
external suspension web, when assembled, are arranged forming a
plane that is not parallel to the plane of the ground but, rather,
is arranged at an angle to the plane of the ground, or another
support surface, or a structure floor. This arrangement may be
preferred, for example, in structures having canopy and/or lower
shelter portions that are arranged asymmetrically with respect to a
central region or an apex of the upper canopy portion.
[0064] The combination of the external suspension web and the
peripheral support element distributes forces substantially
uniformly and/or symmetrically along and at the transition region.
Substantially uniformly and/or symmetrically directed forces may be
provided using an external suspension web having a substantially
continuous interface with the transition region, and/or using an
external suspension web having multiple elements, or tabs, that
interface with the peripheral support element at intervals. The
external suspension web may be constructed from a pliable material
have substantially non-stretch properties, such as a reinforced
sheet material. In alternative embodiments, the external suspension
web may be constructed from a material that is stretchable to
pre-determined limits, or that has isotropic stretch
characteristics. In some embodiments, the external suspension web
may be constructed from a material that is rigid or semi-rigid.
[0065] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3A, an inner edge of
external suspension web 18 has a configuration that generally
matches the configuration of the transition region 40 and extends
from and is anchored (directly or indirectly) to a base region of
upper shelter portion 14, and/or to an upper region of the lower
enclosure portion, or both. In one embodiment, external suspension
web 18 is sewn or bonded or otherwise attached to both a base
region of upper shelter portion 14 and an upper region of the lower
enclosure portion as part of substantially continuous transition or
interface region 40. In embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3A, external
suspension web 18 comprises a web member 42 mounted to upper
shelter portion 14 and/or lower enclosure portion 22 at transition
region 40 and a plurality of attachment mechanisms 44 extending
peripherally from portions of the web for mounting, and retaining,
peripheral support element 20. In this embodiment, web member 42
preferably has a continuous inner edge 38 having a size and
configuration (e.g., generally circular) that matches the size and
configuration of the base region of upper shelter portion 14 and is
joined or attached or sealed to the upper shelter portion and/or
the lower enclosure portion substantially continuously at or near
transition region 40.
[0066] In some embodiments, web member 42 may comprise a generally
annular band having generally concentric inner and outer edges, and
having fasteners spaced at intervals along the outer edge for
attachment of a peripheral support element 20. In alternative
embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, web member 42, 42'
incorporates or interfaces with a plurality of extending portions
or tabs 46, 46' arranged at regular intervals along its outer edge.
The tabs may be provided as an integral part of web member 42, 42',
as illustrated, or they may be provided as distinct elements
attached or mounted to web member 42, 42'. The outer (external)
edges of the web member 42 extending between tabs 46 may have an
inwardly angled configuration as shown in FIG. 3A, forming
generally triangular-shaped tabs 46. In another embodiment, the
outer edges of web member 42' extending between tabs 46' may form a
generally straight line, forming a generally polygonal outer edge
of web member 42', as shown in FIG. 3B. In yet another embodiment
(not illustrated here but shown and described later with respect to
a base suspension web), the outer edges of the web member in the
regions extending between spaced tabs may have an inwardly curved
configuration (e.g., a generally catenary curved
configuration).
[0067] FIG. 3C illustrates another embodiment of an external
suspension web for supporting peripheral support element 20 formed
as a plurality of spaced tabs 48 extending from transition region
40 and supporting externally directed attachment mechanisms 44.
Spaced tabs 48 may be anchored (directly or indirectly) to a base
region of upper shelter portion 14, and/or to an upper region of
the lower enclosure portion, or both, and may form part of
substantially continuous transition or interface region 40. Tabs 48
are illustrated as being generally triangular, with a wider
interface portion positioned toward the transition region and a
narrower support portion positioned externally away from the
transition region, near an interface with a peripheral support
member.
[0068] Fasteners for retaining the peripheral support element 20
are generally provided at the narrower external support portion of
tabs 48. In alternative embodiments, the peripheral suspension web
may comprise a series of straps with attachment mechanisms provided
at regular intervals along the transition region for suspending a
peripheral support element a substantially constant distance away
from the transition region. In some embodiments, it may be
desirable to provide an external suspension web comprising the
combination of a substantially non-stretch band extending at and
around the transition region, for example by bonding or sewing or
otherwise attaching a substantially non-stretch element around the
transition region and a plurality of externally extending tabs or
straps extending externally of the band at regular intervals along
the transition region. In these embodiments, mounting extending
tabs or straps directly or indirectly to the band facilitates
uniform distribution of the load along the transition region.
[0069] The number of extending tabs 46, 46', 48 may vary depending
on various aspects of the structure's configuration, size and
materials of construction, but at least three extending tabs are
generally provided, and more than three tabs are preferred for many
applications. In preferred embodiments, the extending tabs are
arranged in a radially symmetrical manner around at least a portion
of the transition region and the number of extending tabs 46, 46',
48 is sufficient to distribute forces substantially uniformly along
the transition region 40 when the peripheral support element 20 is
installed. In many embodiments, the material forming extending tabs
46, 46', 48 and stabilizing band 49 may be substantially
non-stretchy, or may have substantially isotropic stretch
characteristics.
[0070] One or more attachment mechanisms 44 is provided, typically
at or near an outermost area of extending tabs 46, 46', 48.
Attachment mechanisms 44 may be provided as various types of clips,
hooks, straps, buckles, loops, anchors, sleeves, pockets,
fasteners, and the like, suitable for capturing and retaining
peripheral support element 20. In some embodiments, attachment
mechanism 44 comprises a securing mechanism 50 comprising a clip or
a hook or another fixture suitable for capturing and securing a
peripheral support element, and strap 52 provides flexible and
(optionally) adjustable positioning of securing mechanism 50.
Attachment, securing and adjustment mechanisms may be adjustable,
in various ways, to accommodate and retain different types, sizes,
perimeter dimensions and profiles of peripheral support elements,
and (optionally) to vary the distance of the peripheral support
element from the transition region. It will be appreciated that
many different types of attachment, securing and adjustment
mechanisms may be used for this purpose.
[0071] FIGS. 3D-3F show additional exemplary embodiments of
external suspension webs for suspending a peripheral support
element externally of a transition region between a base region of
an upper shelter portion and an upper region of a lower enclosure
portion of the structure. FIG. 3D schematically illustrates a
section of a simple sleeve element 54 provided as the external
suspension web and retaining peripheral support element 20. An
internally directed edge of sleeve 54 may be joined or attached or
sealed to the upper shelter portion and/or the lower enclosure
portion at or near transition region 40 and, in this embodiment,
the peripheral support member 20 generally bears against an
opposite surface of the sleeve when the structure is erected. The
sleeve thus serves to suspend the peripheral support member at a
distance externally of the transition region and also serves to
distribute forces substantially uniformly along the transition
region. The sleeve structure may extend continuously or
discontinuously around the transition region.
[0072] FIG. 3E schematically illustrates yet another embodiment in
which an external suspension web is provided as a retaining web 56
having an inner edge that matches the size and configuration and is
joined or attached or sealed to the transition region 40, and one
or more pockets 57 positioned externally of the inner edge and
facing inwardly toward the transition area. The pocket(s) 57 may be
oriented and accessible from either above or below the retaining
web 56, and peripheral support element 20 is insertable into and
captured between the retaining web and the inner surface of the
capturing pockets. It will be appreciated that a single continuous
capturing pocket having an open inner edge may be provided, or that
a plurality of capturing pockets may be provided at intervals along
retaining web 56.
[0073] FIG. 3F schematically illustrates an embodiment in which an
external suspension web comprises an externally directed band 58
having a substantially continuous inner edge that matches the size
and configuration and is joined or attached or sealed to transition
region 40. In this embodiment, one or more sleeve segment(s) 59 is
attached or mounted to an outer edge of band 58 for retaining a
peripheral support member. Access to the interior portion of the
sleeve for insertion or removal of the peripheral support member in
the sleeve may be provided by one or more accessible region(s) such
as zippered region(s) Z, one or more non-continuous or open
region(s) O, or by a combination of open and accessible regions
providing suspension of peripheral support member 20. Tabs and
fasteners may be used to support the peripheral support member, if
necessary or desired, at one or more open regions provided between
sleeve segments.
[0074] It will be appreciated that the external suspension web may
take a variety of forms, any of which function to support a
peripheral support element a distance externally of the transition
region and to distribute forces substantially evenly and/or
symmetrically along the transition region. Additional embodiments
of external suspension webs, not specifically illustrated in the
exemplary embodiments described above, are intended to be
encompassed within the disclosure and claims of this
application.
[0075] FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate an embodiment wherein multiple
external peripheral support elements 20A, 20B are provided, each of
the support elements having a different perimeter dimension.
Providing multiple peripheral support elements may provide
additional structural stability and strength for the structure, and
it may provide greater flexibility for using various types of
accessories. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, peripheral
support elements 20A, 20B are both circular and one has a larger
perimeter (i.e., diameter) than the other. Multiple peripheral
support elements may have the same or different diameters, and they
may be constructed from the same or different materials. Although
common attachment mechanisms may be provided for attachment of
multiple peripheral support elements, additional attachment
mechanisms are preferably provided for attaching multiple
peripheral support element(s), allowing each peripheral support
element to be suspended independently from the structure's
transition region.
[0076] In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B, an
external suspension web 18 has clip mechanisms 45 projecting
externally of the suspension web for capturing and suspending an
inner peripheral support element 20A, while adjustable strap
mechanisms 47 are provided for capturing and suspending outer
peripheral support element 20B. Adjustable straps 47 or other
attachment mechanisms for supporting a peripheral support element
may be mounted (directly or indirectly) to a portion of the
external suspension web, or they may be mounted (directly or
indirectly) to the upper shelter portion and/or the lower enclosure
portion at or near the transition region. In some embodiments (not
shown), the locations of attachment mechanisms for mounting
multiple peripheral support elements are radially offset from
rather than aligned with one another around the periphery of the
transition region. It will be appreciated that many different types
of attachment mechanisms may be employed, including various types
of clips, hooks, anchors, straps, buckles, loops, fasteners, and
the like.
[0077] External and/or internal buttressing elements may be
provided for stabilizing the external suspension web and peripheral
support element and/or the transition region. FIG. 5A schematically
illustrates an exemplary embodiment of external buttressing
elements, and FIG. 5B schematically illustrates an exemplary
embodiment of internal buttressing elements. FIG. 5A shows an
embodiment similar to that illustrated in FIG. 3A, wherein an
external suspension web 42 incorporates or interfaces with a
plurality of extending portions or tabs arranged at regular
intervals along its outer edge, with the tabs having attachment
support mechanisms in the form of clips 50 for mounting peripheral
support element 20. Multiple external buttress elements 60 are
provided extending below the external suspension web.
[0078] External buttress elements 60 generally provide a physical
link between lower enclosure structure 22 and the external
suspension web 42 and (indirectly) peripheral support element 20
and tend to stabilize the external suspension web and peripheral
support element when loads are applied, such as from high winds.
Several external buttress elements 60 may be provided at intervals
below the external suspension web, as shown, and may be bonded,
sewn, or otherwise attached to the external suspension web and the
lower enclosure portion. While the external buttress elements are
illustrated as generally triangular structures, it will be
appreciated that other types of external buttress elements, such as
cords, straps, and the like, may be provided to link the external
suspension web to the lower enclosure portion in addition or
alternatively to the external buttress elements shown. External
buttress elements are preferably fabricated from pliable materials
that have low or substantially no-stretch properties, and/or that
have isotropic stretch properties.
[0079] FIG. 5B schematically illustrates another embodiment in
which internal buttress elements 61 are provided, linking the upper
canopy portion 14 and a lower enclosure portion 22 in the area of
the transition region 40. These internal buttress elements 61
provide additional support and stability to the transition region,
which helps to stabilize the peripheral suspension web and
peripheral support element when loads are applied. Several internal
buttress elements 61 may be provided internally at intervals around
the transition region, as shown, and may be bonded, sewn, or
otherwise attached to the internal canopy, the lower enclosure
portion and, optionally, the transition region. In one embodiment,
internal buttress elements 61 may be bonded or sewn or otherwise
attached to the canopy 14 and lower enclosure portions 22 at fabric
seams. While the internal buttress elements 61 are illustrated as
generally triangular structures, it will be appreciated that other
types of internal buttress elements, including cords, straps, and
the like, may be provided to link the upper canopy and lower
enclosure portions. Internal buttress elements are preferably
fabricated from pliable materials that have low or substantially
no-stretch properties, and/or that have isotropic stretch
properties. Structures of the present invention may incorporate
both internal and external buttress elements.
[0080] Peripheral support elements (20, 20A, 20B) comprising many
different materials and having various cross-sectional profiles and
sizes may be used. Exemplary cross-sectional profiles include:
rectangular profiles having the longer dimension arranged in the
vertical direction when in use; rectangular profiles having the
longer dimension arranged in the horizontal direction when in use;
circular and substantially circular profiles; oval or oblong
profiles with the longer axis arranged in the vertical direction
when in use; and oval and oblong profiles with the longer axis
arranged in the horizontal direction when in use. Peripheral
support elements having a substantially flat profile may also be
used.
[0081] Peripheral support element(s) for use with structures having
a generally round transition region have a generally continuous
curved form when assembled and are generally lightweight. In many
embodiments, the peripheral support element(s) form a substantially
continuous, closed circular form when assembled, while in other
embodiments the peripheral support element(s) form a continuous
curved and partially circular form when assembled. Peripheral
support elements are generally substantially rigid along their
longitudinal axis and form, or can be arranged to form, a
continuous structural element that is at least somewhat rigid with
respect to the plane defined by the continuous form when assembled.
Peripheral support elements may be provided as a single, continuous
structural element, such as a rod that can be arranged to form a
hoop, or they may be provided as multiple constituent members that,
when assembled (generally, end to end) provide a continuous, curved
structural element. Disassembled peripheral support elements may be
provided as pre-bent, partially pre-bent or straight sections that
can be temporarily bowed to the assembled, curved form of the
peripheral support element used in the erected structure.
[0082] Many different types of support elements are suitable,
including conventional tent poles comprising multiple tubular
members that may be detachably joined to or interlocked with one
another to form an integral structural element, such as
shock-corded or other types of joinable but collapsible or
detachable members. Tubular sections designed to be joined to one
another for applications such as tent poles generally have ends cut
at a right angle to the axis of the section, with adjacent sections
meeting by abutting (and/or interlocking) blunt ends of adjacent
sections. These types of section joints are suitable for many
applications, but they permit rotation and twisting of the adjacent
sections with respect to one another. In alternative embodiments,
adjacent tubular sections are provided with mating, or mirror image
angular ends arranged on a bias, and adjoining ends meet and abut
only in one rotational orientation. This embodiment provides
structural interlocking members that, in combination, provide an
integrated, longer scarfed joint characterized by controlled and
limited torsional twisting and rotation of adjacent sections.
Providing adjoining tubular sections having angled or biased end
configurations also facilitates alignment and orientation of curved
or angled tubular sections during assembly to produce the desired
assembled configuration.
[0083] Constituent members or sections that are assembled to
provide a generally continuous, curved form may be fabricated from
individual members having a curved, arced configuration, or from
individual members having linear configurations that, when
assembled end to end to form a linear rod, may then be arranged in
a continuous curved and/or closed circular configuration.
Peripheral support elements may be constructed as unitary elements
or as constituent members or sections from materials such as
generally lightweight metallic and polymeric materials, natural
materials such as bamboo and other woods, substantially rigid
plastics and composite materials, and the like.
[0084] The structures described herein may be characterized as
tensile structures, with the upper shelter portion and the
(optional) lower enclosure portion being pre-stressed when the
structures are erected and thereafter maintained substantially in
tension. In these structures, the peripheral support element serves
as an external, "floating" or "suspended" compression element. The
suspended peripheral compression element is joined to the structure
via the external suspension web at the transition region between
the upper and lower fabric components of the structure. The forces
applied above and below the transition region by the suspended
peripheral support element are preferably applied substantially
uniformly and/or symmetrically around the perimeter of the
transition region. Because these structures perform best when the
upper shelter portion and lower enclosure portions are under
substantially uniform tension and remain under substantially
uniform tension during their lifetimes, it is generally desirable
to fabricate the structures using materials having low stretch
characteristics, and/or having limited and pre-determined or
substantially uniform stretch characteristics in all directions.
Because using these types of materials is not always practical or
cost effective, the upper shelter and (optional) lower enclosure
portions may be constructed from woven materials that exhibit
different stretch characteristics in different directions. In these
circumstances, attention must be paid to the weave orientation and
the stretch characteristics of the fabric as oriented relative to
the transition region.
[0085] FIGS. 6A-D show exemplary eave and band structures provided
in proximity to and below the external suspension web at a
transition region. Eave and band structures may be arranged below
an externally directed suspension web, and may thus be sheltered
from rain, snow, and the like, while providing desired ventilation
and air flow into and through the structure. Eaves may be
fabricated from a material that is different from the material used
for upper and/or lower shelter portions and may be provided as
wholly or partially screen- or mesh-like fabric structures to
facilitate ventilation and air flow from outside to inside the
structure and vice versa. The edges of fabric eaves may be mounted
to other fabric components directly or indirectly using reinforcing
and stabilizing materials, such as materials having low- or
no-stretch characteristics, and/or materials having limited and
pre-determined or substantially uniform stretch characteristics in
all directions. In some embodiments, an eave may extend around the
full perimeter of the structure; in other embodiments an eave may
extend partially around the perimeter of the structure, or a
plurality of eave segments may be provided at different locations
around the perimeter of the structure below an externally directed
suspension web.
[0086] FIG. 6A schematically illustrates an embodiment in which an
eave 62 has an annular configuration and is positioned below the
external suspension web and between the external suspension web
(and/or the transition region) and an upper region of the lower
shelter portion. This arrangement provides an eave configuration
that extends downwardly and inwardly from a portion of the
suspension web and/or the transition region. In this embodiment, a
larger diameter edge 63 of eave 62 is mounted below the suspension
web 18 and peripheral support element 20, and a smaller diameter
edge 64 of eave 62 is mounted to an upper region of lower shelter
portion 22.
[0087] FIG. 6B schematically illustrates an embodiment in which an
eave 65 having a generally cylindrical configuration is positioned
below and between an inner edge of the external suspension web 18
(and/or the transition region) and an upper edge of lower shelter
portion 22, providing a downwardly directed, generally cylindrical
band. FIG. 6C schematically illustrates an eave 65 having a
generally cylindrical configuration and location as shown in FIG.
6B, wherein the eave incorporates regions having different
structural and/or functional properties, including air permeable
ventilation regions 66. FIG. 6D schematically illustrates yet
another embodiment in which an eave 68 is mounted below external
suspension web 18 and is configured as an extension of an upper
region of the lower enclosure portion of the fabric structure. In
this embodiment, eave 68 has an annular configuration with a
smaller diameter upper edge mounted to an inner edge of the
external suspension web 18 (and/or the transition region) and a
larger diameter lower edge mounted to an upper edge of the lower
shelter portion 22. In the eave embodiments shown in FIGS. 6B-6D,
the eave structure may be configured and arranged such that it may
be wholly or partly "closed" or folded away or covered to restrict
air flow and ventilation as desired.
[0088] FIGS. 7A and 7B show schematic drawings illustrating an
internal tensioning liner provided in connection with structures of
the present invention supported by one or more peripheral support
members. In the embodiments illustrated, the shelter structure,
when erected, employs an internal apical support element 12
supporting an apex 16 of upper shelter portion 14. An external
suspension web 18 extends externally from a transition region 40 at
the interface of upper shelter portion 14 and lower enclosure
portion 22 and supports a peripheral support element 20 provided as
a continuous, closed circular rod. In this embodiment, an inwardly
directed stabilizing structure 70 extends inwardly from the
transition region 40 toward the center of the structure and forms a
generally inverted cone-shaped tensioning structure. A central area
of stabilizing structure 70 may be mounted to an internal apical
support element 12, as shown, to exert inwardly directed forces on
the structure at the transition region in a substantially uniform
and symmetrical manner. Providing an internally directed, inverted
cone-shaped tensioning structure to direct forces inwardly from the
transition region toward the center of the structure provides
additional rigidity and stability and is particularly useful when
the structure is subjected to harsh conditions such as high winds.
In some embodiments, an internal cone-shaped structure, whether
under tension or not, may also provide an insulating layer to
reduce heat loss from and condensation in the internal volume below
the tensioning structure. In some embodiments, the internal space
between the upper canopy and the stabilizing structure may be used
for storage or for other purposes.
[0089] In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B, an
internal edge of stabilizing structure 70 may be mounted to a
central collar 72 that is movable along apical support element 12
to provide adjustable positioning of stabilizing structure 70 in a
generally downwardly-directed orientation as shown in FIG. 7A, or
in a generally upwardly-directed orientation as shown in FIG. 7B.
Central collar 72 may be adjustable to provide both movement along
and stable positioning of the collar at different locations on
apical support element 12. Predetermined stops or positions may be
arranged by cooperation of collar 72 and the apical support element
to provide stable positioning of collar 72 at different areas along
apical support element, thereby providing positioning of
stabilizing structure 70 in different orientations.
[0090] While stabilizing structure 70 is shown as a substantially
solid, cone-shaped fabric structure in the illustrative embodiments
of FIGS. 7A and 7B, it will be appreciated that alternative
embodiments, in which stabilizing structure 70 comprises a webbing
or net-like structure, or a framework structure incorporating
series of straps or lines or cables, may also be used. FIG. 7C
shows an embodiment of a canopy structure having an internal apical
support element 12 supporting an apex 16 of an upper shelter
portion. An external suspension web 18 extends externally from the
lower perimeter of the upper shelter portion and supports a
peripheral support element 20 in the form of a continuous, closed
circular rod. In this embodiment, an inwardly directed stabilizing
structure comprising a plurality of radially arranged straps 74, or
cables or lines or the like, extends inwardly from the lower
perimeter of the upper shelter portion toward the center of the
structure and forms a generally inverted cone-shaped tensioning
structure. Straps 74 may be mounted at or in proximity to the lower
perimeter of the upper shelter portion and/or an inner perimeter of
external suspension web 18.
[0091] In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7C, straps 74 are
mounted on an inwardly directed web 76 mounted or mountable to and
extending inwardly from the lower perimeter of the upper shelter
portion and/or an inner perimeter of external suspension web 18.
Internal edge ends of straps 74 may be mounted to a central collar
77 that is movable along apical support element 12 to provide
variable tensioning and adjustable positioning of the stabilizing
structure in a generally downwardly-directed orientation as shown
in FIG. 7C, or in a generally upwardly-directed orientation. In
canopy structures that lack sidewalls or lower enclosure portions,
such as the canopy structure schematically illustrated in FIG. 7C,
guy lines or cables 78 may additionally be provided extending from
the lower perimeter of the upper shelter portion and/or an inner
perimeter of external suspension web 18, or they may be mounted on
an additional outwardly and downwardly directed web having a
configuration similar to web 76 and attached to the lower perimeter
of the upper shelter portion (not shown) to anchor the perimeter of
the canopy structure to the ground or another stable support
surface. The stabilizing structure, whether provided in a generally
solid or strap-like form, is preferably fabricated from materials
having low- or no-stretch characteristics, and/or having limited
and pre-determined or substantially uniform stretch characteristics
in all directions.
[0092] FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate alternative structures of the
present invention incorporating multiple apical support elements
12' supporting multiple upper shelter portion apexes 16'. The
apical support elements may be erected at angles to one another and
at non-right angles to the ground or support structure, although
the apical support elements may be positioned and used as upright
supports as well. The exemplary structure illustrated in FIG. 8A
implements a single external suspension web 18 and a single
peripheral support element 20, each having a generally round or
slightly oval or elliptical configuration. The structure
illustrated in FIG. 8B implements dual external retaining systems
18' and dual peripheral support elements 20'. These configurations
may be employed, for example, in circumstances in which it may be
desired to reduce the load resulting from the weight of the upper
shelter portion by providing multiple central support elements, or
to provide different configurations of internal volumes and
different external appearances. Large structures, for example, may
benefit from having multiple apexes and the support provided by
multiple central support elements.
[0093] FIG. 9 illustrates another embodiment of a shelter structure
employing multiple external suspension webs and multiple peripheral
support elements. In this embodiment, an upper shelter portion is
composed of multiple sections, including a conical upper central
section 80 and a frustoconical lower peripheral section 82. The
upper and lower sections of the shelter portion are connected to
one another (directly or indirectly) at a first transition region
84, where a first external suspension web 85 captures and supports
a first peripheral support element 86. The lower section 82 of the
shelter portion is connected to a lower enclosure portion 90 at a
second transition region 88, where a second suspension web 87 is
mounted and supports a second peripheral support element 89. In the
embodiment shown in FIG. 9, the structure is erected with the
sidewalls of lower enclosure portion 90 arranged in a substantially
upright orientation in which they're substantially orthogonal to
the plane of the ground or other support surface. In alternative
embodiments, the sidewalls of the lower enclosure may be arranged
in an outwardly angled orientation in which the base of the lower
enclosure portion is positioned at a greater distance from the
center than is an upper region of the lower enclosure portion. The
combination and arrangement of external suspension webs, peripheral
support elements, shelter and enclosure portions provides a stable
structure in which the shelter and enclosure portions and external
suspension webs are maintained under tension while central and
peripheral support elements are maintained under compression.
[0094] FIGS. 10A-10E schematically illustrate fabric structures of
the present invention having an external suspension web 18 provided
at a transition region 40 located at the interface of a base region
of an upper canopy and the upper region of a lower shelter portion
supporting a continuous peripheral support element 20 and
additionally incorporating a floor 91 and a base external
suspension web 92, 100, 108, 110 extending from a base region of
the fabric structure. Floor 91 is attached or attachable to, or
bonded or mounted to, or otherwise associated with a base region of
lower shelter portion 22 to provide a substantially closed or
closable internal space. The floor may be reinforced in the region
where an apical support structure contacts the floor, such as at a
central portion of the floor structure.
[0095] FIG. 10A shows a structure having a generally round base
configuration, with a base external suspension web 92 having a
generally round internal edge mounted at a base transition region
93 formed at the intersection of the base of the shelter portion 22
and external suspension web 92. In this embodiment, base external
suspension web 92 extends around the base perimeter of shelter
portion 22 and has generally polygonal external edges 94 extending
between points 95 positioned a distance from base transition region
93. In this embodiment, points 95 preferably circumscribe a
circular form having a circumference larger than, and concentric
with, the circumference of the base region of the fabric structure.
Fixtures 96, such as rings, clips, fasteners, grommets, or the
like, may be provided at or near points 95 for attaching stakes,
guy lines, or the like, that may be used to provide balanced
compressive resistance to the tensile forces emanating from the
base transition region 93. Balanced radial forces transmitted
through the suspension web to the base of the structure in a
substantially uniform and/or symmetrical manner, as shown, impart
improved tautness and stability to the walls of the structure.
[0096] FIG. 10B shows a structure having an external base
suspension web 100 positioned at a base transition region 93 formed
at the intersection of the base of shelter portion 22 and external
suspension web 100. In this embodiment, external suspension web 100
has generally inwardly curved external edges 102 extending between
points 103 positioned a distance from base transition region 93.
Clips 104 for attachment of a peripheral base support member 105
having a closed, continuous configuration are provided at or near
points 103. Fixtures 106, such as rings, clips, fasteners,
grommets, or the like, may optionally be provided at or near points
103 for attaching stakes, guy lines, or the like. Mounting a
closed, continuous peripheral base support member on a base
suspension web extending externally of the base of the structure
desirably tensions the base of the structure and exerts forces
radially through the base transition region 93 in a substantially
uniform and/or symmetrical manner, and also facilitates the
erection and use of such structures in applications where the use
of stakes and guy lines is impossible or impractical.
[0097] FIG. 10C illustrates a structure similar in some respects to
that illustrated in FIGS. 10A and 10B, and having a base external
suspension web provided in the form of a plurality of tabs 108
extending externally from perimeter regions of the base of lower
shelter portion 22. In this embodiment, the base of lower shelter
portion 22 has a polygonal configuration and tabs 108 extend
externally from and are aligned with the corners of the base
perimeter. Tabs 108 are illustrated as having a generally
triangular configuration with a wider base portion aligned with
corners of the base perimeter and a narrower portion extending
externally of the base perimeter and forming a narrow external
region or point. Clips for attachment of a peripheral base support
member 105 having a closed, continuous configuration are provided
at or near external points of tabs 108. Fixtures 109, such as
rings, clips, fasteners, grommets, or the like, may optionally be
provided for attaching stakes, guy lines, or the like. It will be
appreciated that while a base suspension web in the form of a
plurality of externally directed tabs is illustrated in FIG. 10C in
combination with a lower shelter portion having a polygonal base
configuration, the base external suspension web configurations
described previously may also be used in combination with a lower
shelter portion having a polygonal base configuration.
[0098] FIG. 10D schematically illustrates a structure of the
present invention having a partially round base configuration and
an external base suspension web 110 having a generally round
internal edge extending partially around the base portion of the
lower shelter portion at transition region 93. Clips for attachment
of a peripheral base support member 113 having a continuous curved
configuration in a partially circular form are provided at or near
external points of base external suspension web 110. Fixtures, such
as rings, clips, fasteners, grommets, or the like, may optionally
additionally be provided for attaching stakes, guy lines, or the
like. In this embodiment, external base suspension web 110 and
peripheral base support member 113 extend along at least 50%,
preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, and yet more
preferably at least 75% or 80% of the perimeter of the base region
of shelter portion 22. Suitable end caps or other types of fixtures
may be provided for supporting and/or stabilizing terminal ends of
peripheral base support member 113 with respect to the peripheral
support member. Although the peripheral base support member and the
external base suspension web extend for only a portion of the
perimeter of the base region of the shelter structure, the forces
exerted radially through the base transition region 93 are captured
in a substantially uniform and/or symmetrical manner.
[0099] The configuration of the base of shelter portion 22 may be
curved having a substantially uniform radius of curvature along the
transition region 93 where external suspension web 110 and
peripheral base support member 113 are mounted, and may have a
different configuration, such as a polygonal configuration at the
base of panels 22A, 22B, as shown. Panels 22A, 22B may, for
example, form a polygonal base structure. Panels 22A, 22B are
suitable for use, in whole or in part, as an entry opening or
doorway or vent structure.
[0100] FIG. 10E illustrates an embodiment similar to that shown in
FIG. 10D, in which both the peripheral base support member 113 and
a transition region peripheral support member 20P have open,
continuous curved configurations and extend partially along the
path of base transition region 93 and upper transition region 40.
In this embodiment, external base suspension web 110, peripheral
base support member 113, upper peripheral suspension web 18P and
transition region peripheral support member 20P extend along at
least 50%, preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%,
and yet more preferably at least 75% or 80% of the perimeter of the
base region of shelter portion 22. Suitable end caps or other types
of fixtures may be provided for supporting and/or stabilizing
terminal ends of peripheral base support member 113 and upper
peripheral support member 20P. This embodiment provides a higher
entry point and potentially more accessible internal space.
[0101] The externally directed base suspension web with attachment
mechanisms for mounting an external base support member and/or for
attachment of stakes, guy lines, or the like may be used in
combination with structures of the present invention incorporating
an external suspension web supporting a peripheral support element
at or near a transition region located at the interface of an upper
canopy portion and a lower shelter portion, as shown in FIGS.
10A-10E. An externally directed base suspension web with attachment
mechanisms for mounting an external base support member and/or for
attachment of stakes, guy lines, or the like, may also be used with
other types of structures having curved or polygonal base regions
that don't incorporate an externally directed suspension web or
peripheral support member at a transition region between an upper
canopy and lower shelter portion. It will be appreciated that
externally directed suspension webs described for use at or near a
transition region may be used at or near the base of a lower
shelter portion of a structure as base suspension webs.
[0102] FIGS. 11A and 11B schematically illustrate shelter
structures 115, 115' having generally conical configurations and
generally curved, round base perimeters 116. Base suspension web
118 extends externally of base perimeter 116 and has a generally
round internal edge 119 mounted at the base perimeter 116 of
shelter structure 115. In this embodiment, base external suspension
web 118 extends around the base perimeter of shelter structure 115
and has generally polygonal external edges extending between points
120 positioned a distance from base perimeter 116. Fixtures 121,
such as rings, clips, fasteners, grommets, or the like, may be
provided at or near points 120 for attaching stakes, guy lines, or
the like, to provide balanced compressive resistance in a
substantially uniform and/or symmetrical manner to the tensile
forces traveling through the base suspension web and emanating from
the base perimeter 116.
[0103] Shelter structure 115 additionally comprises a floor 91
attached or attachable to, or bonded or mounted to or otherwise
associated with, a base region of shelter structure 115 to provide
a substantially closed or close-able internal space. The floor may
be reinforced in the region where an apical support structure
contacts the floor, such as in a central portion of the floor. The
floor 91 may also incorporate one or more reinforcing or
stabilizing straps 97 radiating from a central region of the floor
and, in the embodiment shown, essentially crossing one another at a
center point of the floor structure. Reinforcing straps 97 may
comprise a substantially non-stretch material, or a material that
stretches in a direction other than radially (with respect to the
central region of the floor), and thereby stabilizing the floor and
the entire structure in its erect form.
[0104] A central mounting structure 98 may additionally be provided
that is configured and arranged to engage and position a lower end
of an internal apical support. Such an apical support mounting
structure receiving a lower end of the internal apical support
provides more stable mounting and longer term positioning of the
internal apical support when the structure is erected and during
its use. FIG. 11B illustrates a similar shelter structure 115'
having a generally conical configuration, in which base suspension
web 122 extends externally of base perimeter 116 and has a
generally round internal edge 123 mounted at the base perimeter
116. In this embodiment, base external suspension web 122 extends
around the base perimeter of shelter structure 115' and has
external edges extending between points 124 positioned a distance
from base perimeter 116. Fixtures such as clips, hooks, straps,
fasteners, or the like, may be provided at or near points 124 for
mounting a peripheral support element, such as closed, continuous
ring 125 to provide balanced compressive resistance in a
substantially uniform and/or symmetrical manner to the tensile
forces traveling through the base suspension web and emanating from
the base perimeter 116. Additional fixtures may be provided for
attaching stakes, guy lines, or the like, to base suspension web
122.
[0105] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 11B, one or more cross
member(s) 126 may be provided independently of or in conjunction
with a structure floor 91. Cross member 126, as illustrated, is
positioned to bisect shelter structure 115' and has terminal ends
extending to and stably mountable on and/or abutting peripheral
support ring 125. Cross members may be fabricated from
substantially rigid materials, such as metallic materials, as well
as from flexible and pliable materials having low or substantially
no stretch characteristics, such as webbing and the like. An
internal mounting structure may additionally be provided that is
configured and arranged to engage and stabilize a lower end of an
internal apical support.
[0106] It will be appreciated that when an attached floor and/or
reinforcing webbing are used as illustrated schematically in FIG.
11A or cross members are used as illustrated schematically in FIG.
11B, in combination with an apical support mounting structure, an
internal apical support member, an external base suspension web and
a peripheral support member as in FIG. 11B, the shelter structure
becomes a freestanding moveable structure that can be erected
absent any contact with the ground and can be transported or
relocated in an assembled form.
[0107] FIG. 11C illustrates another embodiment of a shelter
structure 130 suitable for use, for example, as an exhibition
structure and having a generally conical upper canopy portion 131
and a lower shelter portion 132 that meet at a transition region.
An external suspension web extends externally of the transition
region and supports a transition region peripheral suspension
member 133 having a generally circular configuration. A base
suspension web extends partially around the base of lower shelter
portion 132 and supports a peripheral base suspension member 134
extending partially around the base of lower shelter portion 132. A
relatively large entry or door is provided in the area that is not
traversed by the base suspension web and the peripheral base
suspension member.
[0108] Shelter structure 130 additionally comprises an internal
apical support structure provided by two (or more) curved internal
apical supports 135 having one end mounted at or near an apex of
the shelter structure and another end terminating at or near a base
portion of the shelter structure. The base ends of the internal
apical supports may be supported by the ground or a base support,
or by a floor structure. Alternatively or additionally, base ends
of internal apical supports may be supported by cross-bars 136 that
mount to or are supported by a peripheral base suspension member
134, as shown. Shelter configurations adopting multiple internal
apical supports positioned away from the central portion of the
structure provide a large internal volume that is substantially
uninterrupted and may be used for various applications, including
fabric tents, other types of fabric structures, exhibition
structures, transient housing and other types of structures It will
be appreciated that when multiple internal apical supports with
base ends attached directly to a peripheral base support member or
to cross-bars mounted to a peripheral base support member are used
in combination with an external base suspension web as in FIG. 11C,
the shelter structure becomes a freestanding moveable structure
that can be erected absent any contact with the ground and can be
transported or relocated in an assembled form.
[0109] FIGS. 11D and 11E illustrate the use of base suspension webs
with structures having a polygonal (e.g., rectangular) base
configuration. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 11D, base
suspension web 142 extends externally of rectangular base perimeter
141 of a generally box-shaped structure 140 and has a generally
rectangular internal edge mounted at the base perimeter 141 of the
shelter structure. In this embodiment, base external suspension web
142 has curved external edges 143 extending between points 144
positioned at intervals along the perimeter, a distance from base
perimeter 141. Points 144 are located extending radially from each
corner of a polygonal structure and, in many embodiments,
additional points extend from the base suspension web at regularly
spaced intervals between corners, as shown. Fixtures 145, such as
rings, clips, fasteners, grommets, tabs, or the like, may be
provided at or near points 144 for attaching stakes, guy lines, or
the like, to provide balanced compressive resistance in a
substantially uniform and/or symmetrical manner to the tensile
forces traveling through the base suspension web and emanating from
the rectangular base perimeter 141.
[0110] FIG. 11E illustrates an embodiment in which base suspension
web 146 extends externally of rectangular base perimeter 141 of a
generally box-shaped fabric structure 140 and has a generally
rectangular internal edge mounted at the base perimeter 141 of the
shelter structure. In this embodiment, base external suspension web
146 has a generally rectangular external edge 147 extending
externally around rectangular base perimeter 141 and positioned a
distance from base perimeter 141. Fixtures such as clips, hooks,
straps, fasteners, or the like, may be provided at or near corner
locations extending radially from each corner of the polygonal
structure and, additionally, at positions between corner locations
in a generally regular, as shown. Fixtures such as rings, clips,
fasteners, grommets, tabs, or the like may alternatively or
additionally be provided for mounting a peripheral support element,
such as closed, continuous rectangular rod 148 extending around the
periphery of external edge 141 of base external suspension web 146.
Additional fixtures may be provided for attaching stakes, guy
lines, or the like. The use of base suspension web 146 to mount a
peripheral support element 148 and/or external supporting
mechanisms such as stakes, guy lines, cables, or the like,
desirably exerts forces outwardly from the polygonal base perimeter
141 in a substantially uniform and/or symmetrical manner.
[0111] FIG. 12 illustrates another embodiment of shelter structures
of the present invention in which an external suspension web 150 is
mounted extending externally of the structure intermediate an upper
transition region and a base perimeter region. In this exemplary
embodiment, intermediate external suspension web 150 has a
continuous internal edge extending around the perimeter of the
structure having a size and configuration that matches the size and
configuration of a perimeter of the shelter structure at the
location of the intermediate external suspension web. A plurality
of extending portions or tabs 153 are provided for supporting
fixtures such as rings, clips, hooks, anchors, straps, buckles,
loops, fasteners, grommets, or other types of attachment mechanisms
for attaching stakes, guy lines, or the like to the intermediate
external suspension web, and/or for mounting an external peripheral
support element to the intermediate external suspension web. It
will be appreciated that alternative embodiments of suspension webs
disclosed herein may also be employed as intermediate external
suspension webs.
[0112] An intermediate external suspension web 150 may be used
alone to exert forces outwardly from an intermediate region of the
structure in a substantially uniform and/or symmetrical manner, but
it is often employed in combination with an external suspension web
18 and peripheral support element 20 extending externally of a
transition region at the interface of upper canopy portion and a
lower shelter portion. In this embodiment, the intermediate
external suspension web 150 may support a second continuous or
partial peripheral element and/or fixtures for supporting stakes,
guy lines, cables, or the like, exerting forces outwardly from the
shelter structure in a substantially uniform and/or symmetrical
manner. An intermediate external suspension web 150 may provide
additional support and structural stability in harsh weather
conditions, and may also be used to shape the external shelter
profile and the internal volume.
[0113] Structures employing an intermediate external suspension web
may (optionally) additionally incorporate a base suspension web 155
having fixtures 156 for retaining a base peripheral support element
158, as shown in FIG. 12. And, while FIG. 12 illustrates the use of
an external suspension web at an intermediate region of the
enclosure structure in combination with multiple other external
suspension webs and peripheral support elements, it will be
appreciated that providing one or more external suspension web(s)
at an intermediate region of an enclosure structure may be
advantageous in fabric structures having a variety of
configurations and profiles to shape the enclosure portion, or at
least a portion of it, to provide a substantially uniform
distribution of forces, and/or to provide a pre-defined base
footprint. It will also be appreciated that the base of an
enclosure portion may be anchored to the ground or to a platform or
another stable support using stakes, anchors, lines, cables, guy
wires, or the like.
[0114] The structures described herein may be fabricated from
pliable fabrics, including various types of sheet materials, as
well as from semi-rigid and substantially rigid panel materials. In
general, it is preferred to fabricate structures from materials
having generally low-stretch and/or isotropic stretch properties.
For applications where the portions of structures may be fabricated
from multiple panels of woven fabric or other flexible materials
having variable stretch characteristics, it may be desirable to
more evenly distribute loads by stabilizing seams (e.g., seams
joining adjacent panels, transition seams between upper shelter
portions and lower enclosure portions, and in other locations) that
are under tension when the structure is erected. Seam stabilization
may be provided in a variety of ways, such as by providing a
substantially non-stretch (or lower stretch) material sewn into, or
bonded to, or otherwise attached to the underlying material at or
near seam locations, or by providing reinforcing panels comprising
materials having different stretch characteristics or stretch
profiles along different directions at seam locations and/or at
other panel locations. More generally, providing seams, interfaces
and/or stabilizing panels composed of at least one material having
lower (or different) stretch characteristics than other materials
being joined, is useful for many types of tent and fabric structure
applications. This stabilization helps to distribute the tensile
forces and control the stretch or strain exerted on the fabric
structures at desired locations.
[0115] FIGS. 13A and 13B schematically show stabilizing strips S
provided at the seams joining adjacent pliable fabric panels P of
the lower shelter structure 22. Stabilizing strips S are generally
fabricated from a material having different stretch characteristics
(e.g., lower stretch characteristics, stretch characteristics in
different directions, etc.) than pliable fabric forming panels P.
Stabilizing strips S may be provided as an integral part of the
seam, e.g. sewn into or bonded to panel edges forming the seam, or
they may be provided overlying and bonded to the seam, or near the
seam, on the external and/or internal surface(s) of panels P.
Stabilizing strips S preferably extend for the full length of each
panel seam.
[0116] FIG. 13A illustrates another feature of the present
invention in which curved bands R are provided in proximity to the
base of panels P of lower shelter portion 22 to stabilize the
tensile forces exerted in the region of the base of the lower
shelter portion. Curved stabilizing bands R are fabricated from a
material having different stretch characteristics (e.g., lower
stretch characteristics, stretch characteristics in different
directions, etc.) than the material forming pliable fabric panels
P. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 13A, curved stabilizing bands R
are mounted to the panels as curved segments having end regions
positioned near the panel edges in proximity to panel seams and
having the curved portion extending away from the lower panel edge
between the panel seams. This type of stabilization may
additionally or alternatively be provided on panels of the
enclosure portion and/or the shelter portion in the area of the
transition seam. Curved bands may be provided, for example, at the
upper portion of lower enclosure panels and/or at the lower portion
of the upper shelter portion in the area of the transition seam,
with the band ends positioned at or near the transition seam and
curved segments in each case extending away from the transition
seam.
[0117] FIG. 13A also illustrates the use of stabilizing fabric
inserts I fabricated from fabric having lower or different stretch
properties from the material forming pliable fabric panels P. In
the embodiment shown in FIG. 13A, stabilizing inserts I are mounted
to panels P as fan-shaped segments positioned in intermediate areas
with respect to panel edges. In some embodiments, inserts I are
positioned at a location of panels P where lines joining opposite
corners of the panels intersect, as shown in dashed lines in one of
the panels P shown in FIG. 13A.
[0118] In some embodiments, stabilization of fabric structures and
improved distribution of tensile forces may be provided by
employing webs at circumferential locations where it is desirable
to have evenly distributed tensile forces, such as at transition
regions (e.g., between the upper shelter section and the lower
enclosure section). In the embodiment shown in FIG. 13B,
stabilizing strips S are provided at or in conjunction with seams
joining adjacent pliable fabric panels P of the lower shelter
structure 22. In this embodiment, a base web BW comprising a
substantially non-stretchy material may be provided and sewn,
bonded or otherwise attached to the underlying structural material
(e.g., fabric) at locations in proximity to the base of the
structure. A transition web TW comprising a substantially
non-stretchy material may be provided and sewn, bonded or otherwise
attached to the underlying structural material at locations in
proximity to the transition region at the interface of an upper
canopy portion and a lower shelter portion. Base webs BW and
transition webs TW may comprise a plurality of curved or triangular
sections having points or extensions extending from a continuous
web or band of material, similar in configuration to the suspension
webs described above. The points or extensions of base webs BW and
transition webs TW are preferably aligned with the seams of the
lower shelter portion to provide more uniform and/or symmetrical
distribution of tensile forces around the perimeter at the
transition region and/or the base region of the fabric structure
and to reduce undesired stretching of fabric at the transition and
base regions of the structure.
[0119] FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate "skeletal" embodiments of
structures of the present invention in which the upper shelter
portion 14' has a central apex 16 and comprises a plurality of
openings 17 provided between the central apex 16 and transition
region 40 where the external suspension web 18 supports peripheral
support element 20. Openings 17 may be generally oval as shown, or
may be provided in other configurations, and different numbers and
sizes of openings may be provided. In alternative embodiments,
upper shelter portion 14' may comprise a plurality of flexible,
strap- or band-like members extending between the apex or an area
in proximity to the apex and the transition region 40 and external
suspension web 18. In this embodiment, strap- or band-like members
may have enlarged areas where they approach or interface with a
reinforced apical section and/or with the external suspension web
18. This provides a flexible, lightweight, high strength upper
canopy structure that, when erected, is held in tension by an
apical support member in combination with peripheral support member
20.
[0120] In the skeletal structural embodiments shown in FIGS. 14A
and 14B, a lower framework structure takes the place of the lower
enclosure portion previously described. The lower framework
structure is connected, directly or indirectly, to the upper
shelter portion 14' and/or to external suspension web 18. The lower
framework structure, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 14A,
preferably comprises a transition web similar to that shown in FIG.
13B (not visible in FIG. 14A) connected, directly or indirectly, to
external suspension web 18 and extending below the transition
region, a plurality of tendons T extending from the transition web
in a direction away from external suspension web 18, and lower
peripheral bands B extending between the lower termini of tendons T
and forming a peripheral base portion. The framework structure may
additionally include a base external suspension web 159 as shown
and as previously described and shown. The components of the
skeletal structure are preferably fabricated from materials having
pliable, low-stretch characteristics, and/or uniform stretch
characteristics, or from materials that are substantially
non-stretchy, such as webbing, cables, flexible high strength
plastics, thermoplastic materials, reinforced non-woven materials,
and the like. Additional stabilization features may optionally be
provided, as described above.
[0121] FIG. 14 B illustrates an alternative embodiment of a lower
framework structure that takes the place of the lower enclosure
portion described previously. The lower framework structure, in
this exemplary embodiment, comprises a transition web similar to
that shown in FIG. 13B (not visible in FIG. 14B) connected,
directly or indirectly, to external suspension web 18 and extending
below the transition region, a plurality of tendons T extending
from the transition web in a direction away from external
suspension web 18, and one or more intermediate stabilizing webs S
extending laterally between tendons T around the periphery of the
structure. Intermediate stabilizing webs S preferably have low or
non-stretch characteristics along their longitudinal axes
(extending from tendon to tendon) and may have reciprocally curved
edges, as shown, in a catenary curved or hour-glass shaped
configuration.
[0122] A lower peripheral band B may be provided extending between
tendons T and forming a peripheral base portion. Intermediate
stabilizing bands S may be provided at more than one location
between the transition region and the base of the structure, as
shown. The framework structure may additionally include a base
external suspension web as previously described and shown. The
components of this skeletal structure are preferably fabricated
from materials having pliable, low-stretch characteristics, and/or
uniform stretch characteristics, or from materials that are
substantially non-stretchy. The skeletal structures illustrated
schematically in FIGS. 14A and 14B may additionally comprise
material, such as a lightweight fabric, mesh, or another pliable
sheet material, sewn or bonded to the skeletal framework to wholly
or partially cover open areas and provide a partially or completely
enclosed structure.
[0123] Alternatively or additionally, skeletal structures such as
those shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B may be used substantially as shown
as a framework for supporting a full or partial covering for
providing a partially or fully enclosed structure. Coverings having
translucent or transparent properties, or fabricated partially or
entirely of screen or mesh materials may be provided. Skeletal
structures employed in combination with full or partial coverings
may be particularly suitable for use as lightweight canopies, tents
and enclosures, as well as for temporary or semi-permanent and
movable shelters used for disaster relief and humanitarian purposes
or in other situations where climate-appropriate flexible sheet
material is readily available. These types of skeletal structures,
used in combination with a variety of coverings providing fully or
partially enclosed structures, may also provide exhibition
structures, aviaries, greenhouses, and other special purpose
structures, depending on the type and extent of covering
provided.
[0124] FIGS. 15A-15C illustrate one exemplary embodiment in which a
covering structure, or fly, is mounted over the upper canopy
portion of a structure of the present invention. In the embodiment
illustrated, the canopy fly 160 is a generally conically-shaped
structure supported at an apex of the underlying structure and
extending to and over the peripheral support element 20. The canopy
fly is preferably configured and arranged to preserve an air space
between the upper canopy portion of the structure and the canopy
fly when the fly is installed and during use of the fly.
[0125] An apex of canopy fly 160 may be reinforced where it
interfaces with the apex of the underlying canopy structure and,
directly or indirectly, with an internal or external apical support
structure. When an internal apical support structure 12 is used,
for example, an upper terminal end 162 of internal apical support
structure 12 may be received through and penetrate suitable
fittings provided at the apex of the upper canopy portion of the
structure, as well as at the apex of the canopy fly. In this
embodiment, a mating cap 164 may be mounted to the terminal end of
the internal apical support after the canopy fly is positioned over
the underlying canopy portion to securely position and retain the
apex of the canopy fly in place. When an external apical support
structure is used, the apex of the upper canopy portion and the
canopy fly may be attachable to one another and mutually supported
by the external support structure.
[0126] In one embodiment shown schematically in FIG. 15C, canopy
fly 160, when mounted over the upper canopy portion of the
underlying structure, extends around peripheral support element 20
and extending straps 166 fasten to the lower shelter portion at
intervals spaced around the perimeter of the lower shelter portion
below the transition region and external suspension web. In
alternative embodiments, a canopy fly may extend around and over
peripheral support element 20 and fasten to or be supported by the
external suspension web, the peripheral support element, and/or be
fastened at the transition region, thereby suspending the fly over
the lower shelter portion to ensure that an appropriate air space
is maintained between the fly and the lower shelter portion.
[0127] FIGS. 16A and 16B schematically illustrate an exemplary
embodiment of a structure of the present invention in which a
covering structure, or fly, is mounted and extends over
substantially the entire underlying structure. In this embodiment,
fly 170 incorporates an upper canopy portion 172 having an apex 174
configured and positioned to overly an underlying apex of the
underlying structure. Upper canopy portion 172 has a configuration
similar to the configuration of the underlying canopy portion and
is positioned and spaced a distance from the corresponding
underlying structure. Sidewalls 175 of the fly structure are
similarly positioned and configured to be spaced a distance from
the corresponding underlying lower shelter portion. In the
embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 16A and 16B, fly 170 additionally
incorporates a vestibule structure 176 that extends from the
underlying structure in the region of the door. The vestibule
structure 176 may be supported at a second, lower apex 177 by a
second apical support structure 178, such as a tent pole or rod.
Doors, windows, vents, and the like may be provided in the fly
structure, as is well known in the art. In one embodiment, the
underlying structure shown in FIGS. 16A and 16B may comprise, at
least in part, a skeletal structure or a wholly or partially
screened structure protected or protectable from the elements by
the overlying fly.
[0128] FIG. 17 illustrates a "panelized" structure 180 of the
present invention comprising an upper canopy portion composed of a
plurality of canopy panels 182 joined to one another at interfaces
183 and forming a conical structure having a central apex 184. A
lower enclosure portion is composed of a plurality of sidewall
panels 186 joined to one another at interfaces 187 and forming a
generally polygonal configuration arranged symmetrically with
respect to a central apical support 188. The upper canopy portion
and lower enclosure portion interface at a polygonal transition
region 192. A floor 190 may be mounted or mountable to a base
region of sidewall panels 186 forming the lower enclosure
portion.
[0129] Canopy panels 182 and sidewall panels 186 may be fabricated
in a variety of ways, depending on the desired structural and
functional attributes, the application, the location, etc. In one
exemplary embodiment, rigid or semi-rigid canopy and/or sidewall
panels joined or joinable to one another at flexible interfaces may
be used. In this embodiment, the panels or subsets of panels
forming the canopy and sidewalls may be foldable with respect to
one another for shipping, transport and/or storage. One example of
substantially rigid panels mounted to one another at flexible
interfaces to provide folding panels is shown, in a portable boat
application, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,524,570. In another embodiment,
canopy panels 182 and/or sidewall panels 186 may be fabricated as a
double-walled fabric pocket structure, sized and configured for
placement of rigid or semi-rigid panels in the pockets at the site
where the structure is erected. Panels comprising wood and wood
composites and wood-containing materials, metallic materials,
cardboard or paper products, plastics, foam, or the like may be
used. In another embodiment, canopy and/or sidewall panels may be
provided as inflatable or partially inflatable structures to
provide desired rigidity, insulating properties, or the like.
[0130] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 17, an external suspension
web 194, as previously described, extends externally of the
polygonal transition region 192 and supports a peripheral support
member 196 having a generally circular configuration. A base
suspension web 198, as previously described, may also be optionally
provided extending externally of the base of the lower enclosure
portion. Fixtures, such as rings, clips, fasteners, grommets, or
the like may optionally be provided in connection with the base
suspension web for attaching stakes, guy lines, or the like. Clips
for attachment of a peripheral base support member having a closed
or partially open configuration may also or alternatively be
provided in connection with base suspension web 198.
[0131] Structures as described herein are typically erected by
suspending or supporting an apex of the upper shelter portion. This
may be accomplished, for example, by placing one end of at least
one internal apical support structure at an apex of the upper
shelter portion and placing an opposite end of the one or more
internal central support structure(s) on the ground or platform, or
by suspending an apical portion of the upper shelter portion using
an overhead suspension system. The upper shelter portion is then
extended downward and away from the supported apex and one or more
peripheral support elements may be mounted in the external
suspension web provided at or near the base of the upper shelter
portion (and/or at a transition between the upper shelter portion
and a lower enclosure portion). Alternatively, one or more
peripheral support elements may be mounted and retained in the
external suspension web before the central support structure is
placed to support the apex of the upper shelter portion. In
embodiments in which the upper shelter portion is attached to a
lower enclosure portion at a transition seam or joint, a base
portion of the lower enclosure portion may then be arranged and
anchored, if necessary or desired, to the ground or another
stationary structure at several points around its periphery. The
structure is preferably erected and anchored so that forces acting
at the transition region and/or at the external suspension web are
exerted substantially uniformly around the perimeter of the
transition region and the external suspension web.
[0132] In canopy embodiments employing only an upper shelter
portion, an external retaining system and one or more peripheral
support elements, the apex of the upper shelter portion may be
suspended or supported, as described above, before or after one
more peripheral support elements is mounted in an external
suspension web. The base of the upper shelter portion is then
anchored at multiple points along its periphery to the ground or to
a platform or another stationary structure using ropes, wires, or
the like to provide tensile forces at the periphery of the upper
shelter portion. The structure is preferably erected and anchored
so that forces acting at the base of the upper shelter portion and
at the external retaining system are exerted substantially
uniformly around the perimeter.
[0133] Kits for assembling structures of the present invention
preferably comprise at least an upper shelter portion having an
apex that, when supported by an apical support element, supports
structural elements extending peripherally from the apex, and an
external suspension web provided on or attachable to a base region
of the upper shelter portion. In embodiments in which the structure
comprises both an upper shelter portion and a lower enclosure
portion, kits of the present invention preferably comprise at least
an upper shelter portion having an apex, a lower enclosure portion
joined (directly or indirectly) to a base portion of the upper
shelter portion at a transition region, and an external suspension
web provided at or attachable to the transition region. Kits may
additionally comprise one or more apical support elements and one
or more peripheral support elements in the form of or assemble-able
to provide a continuous peripheral support element, such as a
circular or partially circular peripheral support element, or a
polygonal peripheral support element. Kits may additionally
comprise coordinating protective structures such as a canopy or
fly, an integral or detachable floor element, anchoring mechanisms
such as straps, lines, cords, and stakes, internal shelves and
accessories, and the like.
[0134] The shelter structures described herein provide many
advantages. All elements other than the apical and peripheral
support elements may be fabricated from pliable materials that are
lightweight, if desired, and easily transported and stored. Pliable
fabrics and sheet materials of various types may be used to provide
shelter structures suitable for different applications and
environments. The shelter structures require minimal rigid
components, which may be provided as lightweight collapsible
structures. When shelter structures of the present invention are
assembled using an internal apical structural support, there is a
single structural support member contacting the ground or other
support structure, and the rigid components (the internal apical
support and the continuous peripheral support element) do not
intersect or contact one another, yet they function to stably
support the shelter structure and provide a capacious internal
volume.
[0135] It will be appreciated that the structures, support systems,
kits and methods of the present invention may be embodied in a
variety of different forms, and that the specific embodiments shown
in the figures and described herein are presented with the
understanding that the present disclosure is exemplary of the
principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the
invention to the embodiments, descriptions and illustrations
provided herein.
* * * * *